The mammals of the Chiricahua Mountain region, Cochise County, Arizona

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Authors Maza, Bernardo George, 1931-

Publisher The University of Arizona.

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Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/551808 THE MAMMALS OF r..kix;:L' THE GHIRICAHUA MOUNTAIN REGION,

COCHISE COUNTY, ARIZONA

Bernardo G. Maza

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

In the Graduate College

THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

1965 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR

This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in The University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the University Library.

Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in their judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be ob­ tained from the author.

APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR

This thesis has been approved on the date shown below:

E. L. Cockrum Date Professor of Zoology ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I wish to express my most sincere appreciation to Dr. E.

Lendell Cockrum for having introduced me to this subject and for

his unfailing assistance and constructive criticism through the years.

I would also like to thank my fellow graduate and under­

graduate students who have, directly or indirectly, assisted in carry­

ing this project to its successful conclusion, especially Stephen Cross,

for his aid in preparing the figures, Alfred Gardner, for invaluable

assistance in the identification of specimens in the University of

Arizona collection, and Jaime Maya, for his patience, criticism, and

aid in the mechanics of preparing this manuscript.

Last but not least I wish to thank the members of this faculty who by word, deed and action have been a constant source of assistance

and inspiration to me.

ill TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION...... 1

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY .... 5

CLIMATE ...... 7

VEGETATION ...... 15

FAUNAL RELATIONSHIPS . . . 21

METHODS...... 33

ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES

Order Insectivora. 37

Order Chiroptera • 40

Order Lagomorpha . 64

Order Rodentia . . 69

Order Carnivora • 127

Order Artiodactyla 154

HYPOTHETICAL LIST...... 164

LITERATURE CITED ...... 169

iv LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Mean annual temperature and precipitation...... 9

Table 2. Distribution of Families by Continental Faunal

Region ...... 25

Table 3. Distribution of Genera by Continental Faunal

Region ...... 26

Table 4* Distribution of Species by Faunal Area ...... 28

v LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1 Map, Chiricahua Mountain Region ...... 4

Fig. 2 Climatograph. Painted Canyon and San Simon

Stations...... 10

Fig. 3 Climatograph. Rodeo and Cochise Stations ...... 11

Fig. 4 Bar-line graphs of Temperature-Precipitation for

Stations at 3600 to 4000 feet ...... 12

Fig. 5 Bar-line graphs of Temperature-Precipitation for

Stations at 4100 to 4500 feet ...... *..•• 13

Fig. 6 Bar-line graphs of Temperature-Precipitation for

Stations at 5000 to 5500 feet ...... 14

vi ABSTRACT

An annotated list of the mammals which inhabit the

Chiricahua Mountains and the adjacent valleys of southeastern

Cochise County, Arizona. One hundred two kinds of mammals, belong­ ing to 7 orders, 22 families and 58 genera, are here discussed. For each species and subspecies of mammal known to occur within the limits of the study area the following information is given: l) synonomy,

2) distribution in Arizona and within the study area, 3) general notes concerning the external measurements, dental formula and other items of interest, A) a list of specimens examined and their respective repositories. Also discussed are the physical geography, climate, vegetation, and faunal relationships of the area. INTRODUCTION

For many years the Chiricahua Mountain Region has attracted naturalists and scientists to study its fauna and flora. Many are the prominent names found in the literature concerning its mammalian fauna.

Edgar A. Mearns and F, X, Holzner made collections in the San Bernardino area during the summer of 1892 and 1893. In 1894 W. W. Price, L. H.

Miller and B. C. Condit, with headquarters at Camp Rucker on the south­ western slopes of the Chiricahua Mountains, spent several months making extensive collections, Mr. Condit also made collections, during this time, in the San Bernardino area m a r the Mexican border, about 10 miles west of the New Mexico line. In 1939 Victor H. Cahalane published the

"Mammals of the Chiricahua Mountains. . ." based on the collections which he made, on the eastern slopes from Fly Peak to the San Simon Valley floor during the summers of 1932 and 1933«

In 1954 Dr. E. Lendell Cockrum and Mr. Kieth E. Justice compiled a check list of the mammals in the area. Through the subsequent years many students under Dr. Cockrum1 s direction and other interested research­ ers have substantially added to our knowledge of the mammalian fauna of this area.

During the summer of 1959 it became my objective to bring to­ gether this wealth of information, in addition to the results of my own

studies. All specimens from the Chiricahua Mountain Region conveniently available to me have been examined, and Dr. Cockrum has graciously permitted me to include pertinent records of specimens examined by him

1 2 during the preparation of his "Recent Mammals of A r i z o n a , . (I960).

Field work consisted of trapping, hunting, analyzing tracks and other signs related to mammals, and efforts to obtain additional information from reliable observers (game wardens, Fish and Wildlife personnel, ranchers, and others). These endeavors revealed the hereto­ fore unknown presence of two species of cricetid rodents. Reithrodontomvs fulvescens and Siemodon ochrognathus (each now represented by a small series of skins in the University of Arizona, Department of Zoology col­ lection), and aided in verifying the dubious occurrence of others.

From an examination of specimens in the collection of the

University of Arizona, data were obtained on external measurements, dental formulae and distribution. Combining these locality records with those of specimens in the collections mentioned below, the general dis­ tribution pattern within the study area was ascertained.

On the basis of information yielded by field and museum studies, and a review of the literature, an evaluation of the taxonomic status of the mammals known to occur in the study area was possible, and is re­ flected in the synonymies.

From my field notes and the excellent vegetation analyses of

Drs, Marshall (1957) and Lowe (1964) I have attempted to synthesize a brief sketch of the vegetation. From analysis of the climatological data of Arizona presented by Smith (1956) and Sellers (i960), and data obtained from the U. S. Weather Bureau Climatological Data Reports for

New Mexico, I have endeavored to present the general climatic conditions prevalent in this area. Finally, I have attempted to give some meaning to this assemblage of facts by endeavoring to point out some of the relation­ ships of this mammalian fauna to the fauna of the North American

Continent. 4

CHIRICAHUA MOUNTAIN REGION COCHISE COUNTY ARIZONA

..UNITED_STATES------MEXICO 'v'ACUA PRIETA

Fig. I PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

The area here considered, henceforth referred to as the

Chiricahua Mountain Region, is an isolated mountain range and its associated valleys in the Mexican Highlands of the Basin and Range

Province in the Intermontane Plateaus of the United States (Fenneman

and Johnson, 1946). This area (Fig. 1) of southeastern Cochise County,

Arizona, lies between the United States-Mexico boundary (30° 20' latitude) on the south; State highway 86, on the north; the 109° 00* longitude east of the Arizona-New Mexico boundary on the east; and

U. S. highway 666 on the west. The Chiricahua Mountain Range extends

36.7 miles in a north-south direction from about the 31° 38* latitude northward to Apache Pass at 32° 10' latitude north. It is about fifteen miles wide and its highest elevation, Chiricahua Peak, is 9795 feet

above sea level. South of the Chiricahuas, and continuing toward the

Mexican border are the Pedregosa, Swisshelm and Ferilla Mountains.

Northward from Apache Pass lie the Dos Cabezas and Maverick Mountains.

The Peloncillo Mountains, also known as the Guadalupe Mountains, lie in

the extreme southeastern corner of the study area.

West of the Chiricahua and other mountains lies the Sulphur

Spring Valley. It extends from beyond the northern limits of the study

area here considered, southward into Mexico. Whitewater Greek drains

the southern portion of this valley into Mexico and there joins succes­

sively the Nacozari and Moctezuma rivers and the Rio Yaqui, finally

emptying into the Gulf of California.

5 6

East of the central group of mountains and extending to the

Peloncillo mountains in Hidalgo County, New Mexico, lie the San Simon and San Bernardino Valleys. The San Simon valley extends from a line which lies at a 45° angle to the intersection of the 31° 35' north latitude and 109° 10' longitude, northward beyond the limits of the study area. Its major drainage, San Simon Creek, flows northward into the Gila River, which joins the Colorado River that empties into the

Gulf of California.

The San Bernardino Valley extends southward from the line of origin of the San Simon Valley to the Mexican boundary and beyond. Its major drainage. Silver Creek, flows southward into Mexico where it be­ comes the Rio Bavispe and eventually ends up in the Gulf of California by way of the Rio Yaqui.

The bedrock of the Chiricahua Mountains is of igneous origin, composed mainly of rhyolite with small areas of granite and related intrusive crystalline rocks. At both the northern and southern ends some sedimentary rocks, mainly shales, sandstones, and limestones, occur. Except for restricted areas indicated below, the Sulphur Spring,

San Simon and San Bernardino valley floors are made up mainly of gravels, sands, and silts. The Willcox Playa, in the northern portion of the

Sulphur Spring Valley which lies within the study area, consists of lake deposits, Outcroppings of basalt with tuff and agglomerate occur in a portion of the San Bernardino Valley (Geol. Map Cochise County,

Ariz., Ariz. Bu. Mines, 1962). CLIMATE

The climate of the Chiricahua Mountain Region can be described under two headings: l) the climate of the mountain range and, 2) the climate of the adjacent valleys.

The climate of the mountains, in which elevations vary from

5000 to 9795 feet, differs considerably from that of the valleys with elevations of 3000 to 5000 feet. Data from twelve U. S. Weather Bureau stations in and around the mountain range, indicate that it becomes cool­ er and more humid with increases in altitude (Table 1). These differ­ ences become evident when data from two weather stations, one situated at a low elevation and the other at a high elevation, are plotted in a climatographj San Simon (3600 ft.) on the valley floor is warmer and receives considerably less rain both in the summer and winter than does

Painted Canyon (5400 ft.) on the mountain (Fig. 2). This difference can also be seen in a comparison of the mean annual temperatures and the mean annual total precipitation at these two stations (Table 1,

Figs. 4a and 6b),

The average annual precipitation in the mountains varies from

15 inches at lower elevations to 25 inches at the higher elevations.

The average summer temperatures for July, the hottest month, range from

65° F. at the higher elevations to 80° F. at the lower elevations, and the average winter temperatures for January, the coldest month, range from 40° F. to 45° F.

7 8

The major valleys which surround the mountains have relatively similar but milder climatic conditions. Here the average annual pre­ cipitation is about 10 inches and the average January temperature is

45° F., while the average July temperature is about 80° F.

A comparison of two weather stations of similar elevations, one in the San Simon Valley on the east and one in the Sulphur Spring Valley to the west (Fig. 3), show but a slight difference between the valleys, with the Sulphur Spring Valley being slightly cooler and wetter (Table 1 and Figs. 5a and b).

Precipitation in the Ghiricahua Mountain Region occurs in two distinct periods: a primary summer rain period in July through August and a secondary winter rain period from December through March. Summer precipitation primarily consists of heavy thundershowers while the winter rains are of lower intensity and longer duration. Most of the precipitation is in the form of rain; only at the highest elevations of the mountains does snow fall in appreciable quantities, and here snow may remain on the sheltered northern slopes until late May or early June. 9

Table 1. Mean annual temperature and precipitation data for weather stations in the Chiricahua Mountain Region, Cochise County,

Arizona (Based on Smith, 1956j Sellers, I960 and U. S. Weather Bureau

Climatological Data for New Mexico, 1940 to 1957).

Station Mean Annual

EAST S U E Elev. Temp. Precip

San Simon 3 6 0 8 61.9 8 . 9 0

Bowie 3756 64.9 9.84

Stephen's Ranch 4 0 0 0 12.34

Rodeo, New Mexico 4 1 2 6 6 1 . 6 11.15

Portal 5 0 0 0 60.4 17.09

Painted Canyon 5400 54.8 18.80

WEST SIDE

Rucker Canyon 5450 1 9 . 0 6

Chiri. Nat. Mon. 5300 57.6 18.63

Leslie Canyon 4461 12.49

Willcox 4 2 0 0 58.7 11.76

Cochise 4 1 8 0 59.9 13.35

Douglas 3972 6 2 . 8 12.25 Fig. 2

Climatograph of mean monthly temperatures and precipitation for:

Painted Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona

Elev. 4500 ft., 31° 53* latitude - 109° 12' longitude

Means for period 1906 to 1957

San Simon, Cochise County, Arizona

Elev. 3608 ft., 32° 16' latitude - 109° 13' longitude

Means for period 1899 to 1957 Mean Monthly Temperature in °F I x II x en otl Rifl i inches in Rainfall Monthly Mean Pitd Canyon Pointed — Sn Simon Son — 10 Fig. 3

Climatograph of mean monthly temperatures and precipitation for:

Rodeo, Hidalgo County, New Mexico

Elev. 4126 ft., 31° 56* latitude - 109° 59' longitude

Means for period 1940 to 1957

Cochise, Cochise County, Arizona

Elev. 4180 ft., 32° 04‘ latitude - 109° 54* longitude

Means for period 1900 to 1954 11

— Rodeo, New Mexico — Cochise. Arizona

i 1 i i r 1 2 3 Mean Monthly Rainfall in inches 12

9 K> II 12 of Year Ionia #of 7Y<

Son Simon. Ariiono Boole, Arizona SOO ft. Cool 2 Sleets Southwest Cloo. 3606 ft, LetiMe 32* l«' LongllwOo 109* IS* Else. 3736 ft. Latitude 32* tCf Longltodo 109* 2 9* Moon onnuol: Tomoorotwro 6l.9*r. Procipitotion #.90 kt Moon onnuol: Temperature 64.3*F. Procipltotioo #.#4ln. Ponfo of : Tomporofnro 37.5*F. Preelpileltee 1.71 In. Range of : Tomporoturo 37.3* F. Proolpltotlon 1.8 9 in.

9 10 II 12 Month of Yoor

D Oewgtee, Arlxene Stephone Bench 2 ml lee Wool 21 miloe ENE Doug lot Eloo. 3972ft. LofHoAo 31*21' Longlfodo 109* 38* Elev. 4000ft, Lotitude 31* 24' Longitude 109* 11 Moon onnuol: Tomporotoro 62.8*F. Procipitoflon 12.29 In. Moon annual: Temperature Precipitation 12.34k. Kongo of : Temperature 34.2*7 Precipitation 3.10 in. Range of : Temperature Preelpltotlen 2.99 in.

Fig. 4 A-D. Bor-line graphs of mean monthly temperature and mean monthly precipitation of weather stations at elevations ranging from 3 6 0 0 ft. to 4 0 0 0 ft. Chiricohua Mountain Region, Cochise County, Arizona. (Fif.40 no tomporoturo deto oveiiobie). 13

*e4eo. New Mesice Cedilee, Ari*eae A«rper|.e.Sw«lee NNE Ne#** 43 miles Seullteeet tie* 4126 lt^ LetIMe 50* 66* Lew### I Of* Sflf Elee. 4180ft., UfH#4e 32*04' Lea#Hi4e 109*64' Nee* w*#el: Tem#w*t#r# 61.••F, FreelFitetlwi II. 18fa. Meea eaawel: Tem#eret#fe. 69 9*F. PredpIteNea 13.36 la. Re*## ef ifelwre S7.4*F. Frecifltetlea l.lSla. Re»#e ef : Temperetere 36.6*F. Frecipitetba 2.691a.

Leslie Ceayen, Ariteae 6.1 miles Eeel Me Neel Elev. 4200m Letilvde 32* 15* Le«*#(tw4# 10#" 49* Else. 4461 ft, Lettfeie 31*38* Lea#*#4e 109* 34* Mean enevel: Tem#efetere 6 8.7*7 Pretl#etlea 11.76 Im Meea eaawel: Tew^eretere Free I #11 ef lea 12.49 fa. Ree## ef : Temperetwre 36 6*F Freclplfetiea 2.321a. Reage ef : Temperetwre Rretipitetiea 1.78 ia.

Fig 5 A-D. Bar-line graphs of mean monthly temperature and mean monthly precipitation otweother stations at elevations ranging from 4100 ft. to 4 5 0 0 ft. Chiricohua Mountain Region, Cochise County, Arizona. ( Fig.4Dno temperature dote available). H

A Portal, Arizona Cturicakua National Monument, Arizona 1.6 miles Southeast IS milee S E , Dos CeSezee Claw. 5 0 0 0 t l . Latitude 3 1 * 54* Longitude 1 0 V 10* Ciev. 5300ft., Latitude 32*0Cf Longitude 109* 2O' Mean annual: Temgaratura 60.4*P. Praclpltetlan 17.0#k Mean eenuoi: Temperature 5 7 ,6 * F . Precipitation I8 .6 3 in . Range of : Temperature 34.9*P. Precipitation 3.27in. Range of : Temperature 32 4*F Precipitation 4.30m

Pucker Canyon, Arizona Pointed Con yon, Arizona 16.7 milee E N E .E lfrH a 4 3 miles Southeast, Portal Elav. 5 3 3 0 ft., Lotitud 31 *4 5 " Longitude 1 0 9 *2 5 ' tie r. 5 4 0 0 f t , Latitude 31* 53" Longitude 1 0 9 * 12* Mean annual: Temperature Precipitation 19.06 In. Mean annual: Temperature 54 6 F Precipitation li.SOin. Range of : Temperature Precipitation 3.97 in. Range of : Temperature 33 4 F Precipitation 3 60k

Fig. 6 A-D. Bor-line graphs of mean monthly temperature and mean monthly precipitation of weather stations at elevations ranging from 5 0 0 0 ft. to 5 5 0 0 ft. Chiricahua Mountain Region, Cochise County, Arizona (Fig.6Cno temperature data available). VEGETATION

The deserts of North America are separated by the highlands of the Continental Divide into eastern (Chihuahuan Desert) and western

(Sonoran Desert) sections (Shreve, 1951). In extreme southeastern

Arizona and southwestern New Mexico the Continental Divide reaches the lowest elevations in its whole extent, making the separating region a series of high plains studded with relatively small mountains (Shreve,

1951; Benson and Darrow, 1954). This phenomenon places the Chiricahua

Mountain Region in the unique position of being in an area where its high basal elevations receive species from both the eastern and western deserts. The vegetation of the higher montane elevations conforms to the vertical plant zonation described by C. Hart Merriam and his co­ workers in 1889.

Beginning at the lowest elevation, four World ecological formation-classes and seven subcontinental ecological formations* are recognizable within the limits of the study area.

DESERT FORMATION-CLASS

Southwestern Desertscrub Formation (Lower Sonoran Life-zone).

This formation (3000 to 4000 feet) is composed of species from both the

Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts. Tito unique feature of this formation is

*Ecological classification based on Lowe, 1964.

15 16 the isolated areas of well developed Chihuahuan Desert vegetation which can be found in parts of the San Bernardino, San Simon and Sulphur

Spring Valleys. These areas are dominated hy communities of Tarbush

(Flourensia cernua)*. creosotebush (Larrea divaricata). sandpaperbush

(Hortonia scabrella), or Chihuahuan Whitethorn (Acacia constrictor vernicosa). In many areas tarbush, creosotebush, and white-thorn are intermixed and associated with such species as all-thorn (Koeberlinia sninosa). desert sumac (Rhus microphylla), shrubby senna (Cassia wislizeni), ocotillo (Fououieria splendens), mesquite (Prosonis luliflora), and others (Lowe, 1964). Aside from the desert shrubs these high basal elevations support a substantial amount of desert grasses which intermix with shrubs, but have a very poor representation of succulents and cacti.

GRASSLAND FORMATION-GLASS

Desert-Grassland Formation (Upper Sonoran Life-zone). This formation (3500 to 5000 feet) "is a transitional type of grass-dominated landscape commonly positioned between desert below and evergreen woodland or chaparral above" (Lowe, loc. cit.). Three genera of grasses pre­ dominate this landscape: several species of grama grasses (Bouteloua).

Tobosa grasses (Hilaria). and three-awn grasses (Aristida) (Humphrey,

1958; Lowe, loc. cit.).

Plains Grassland Formation (Upper Sonoran Life-zone). This formation ($000 to 7000 feet) is to be found primarily on the west side

*The scientific names of plants used here are based on Kearney and Peebles (i960). 17 of the mountain in the Sulphur Springs Valley where uninterrupted stands of grama grasses (Bouteloua). rauhle (Muhlenbergia). needlegrass

(Stipa). dropseed (Sporobolus). sprangletop (Letochlea) and others form an almost uniform carpet of grass (Lowe, log. cit.).

Mountain Grassland Formation (Transition, Canadian, and Hudsonian

Life-zones). This formation occurs as open meadows within the Forest

Formation Class. The conspicuous species present include mountain timothy (Phleum), mountain muhle (Muhlenbergia). pine dropseed

(Blepharoneuron). black dropseed (Sporobolus). needlegrass (Stioa). mountain brome (Bromus). Arizona wheatgrass (Agropyron). and introduced

Kentucky bluegrass (Poa).

WOODLAND FORMATION-CLASS

Evergreen Woodland Formation (Upper Sonoran Life-zone). At elevations of 4000 to 6500 feet (above the Desertscrub and Grassland vegetation of the major valleys) is a distinctive continuum dominated by- evergreen woodland trees, namely, oaks (Quercus). juniper (Junioerus). and pinyon (Pinna) (Lowe, 1961, 1964). Progressing from its lowest ele- vational limit to its highest, this formation ranges from (l) an open savannah of grasses interspersed with Emory oak (Quercus emorvi), Arizona oak (g. arizonica). Mexican blue oak (Q. oblongifolia). alligator juniper

(Junioerus deppeana) with occasional one-seed junipers (J. monosnerma) and Mexican pinyons (Pinus cembroides) intruding, to (2) a more dense oak- juniper-pinyon association which eventually gives way to an oak-pine woodland. Here we see added to the aforementioned trees, Chihuahua pine

(Pinus lelophvlla). Apache pine (P. engelmanni) and silverleaf oak 18

(Q. hypoleucoidea) (Marshall, 1957; Lowe, 1961, 1964).

Shrubs, grasses, succulents, and cacti occur in varying de­ grees of abundance in this formation. Some of the more prominent genera of shrubs are: mimosa (Mimosa). sumac (Rhus). algerita (Berber!3 ), yucca (Yucca). agave (Agave), locust (Robina). buckthorn (Rhamnus). manzanita (Arctostaohylos). mahogany (Cerocarous). and grape (Vitis) to mention only a few. Some of the genera of cacti represented are: pincushion (Mamillaria). hedgehog and barrel cactus (Echinocereus). and

cholla (Qpuntia).

Deciduous (Riparian) Woodland Formation (Lower Sonoran to

Hudsonian Life-zones). This formation consists mainly of broadleaf, winter-deciduous trees along permanent and semipermanent drainageways.

Though the species composition changes with the increases in elevation

the most characteristic trees present are: cottonwood (Pooulus fremontii),

southwestern chokecherry (Prunus virens), boxelder (Acer negundo), Rocky

Mountain and big-tooth maple (Acer glabrum. A. grandidentatum). willows

(Sallx scouleriana. S. tacifolia. and S. lasiolenis). walnut (Juglans

major), sycamore (Platanus wrightii), and ash (Fraxinua velutina).

FOREST FCRMATION-CLASS

Coniferous Forest Formation (Transition, Canadian, and Hudsonian

Life-zones). This formation consists of (l) nine forest (6000 to 9000

feet) predominated by western yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa arizonica)

with an intermixing of Chihuahua pine (P. leiophvlla). silverleaf oak

(Quercus hvpoleucoides). netleaf oak (g. reticulata). and madrono

(Arbutus arizonica) at its lower limits and Gambel oak (g. gambeli). 19 bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum). and quaking aspen (PopuIus tremuloides) at the higher elevations, (2) Fir forest and spruce- alpine-fir forest (8000 to 9796 feet). The lower limits of this forma­ tion are dominated by Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxi folia) and white fir

(Abies concolor). Also present at these elevations are Gambel oak

(Q. gambell) and quaking aspen (PopuIus tremuloides), At the upper limits the high mountain peaks are enhanced by the presence of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmanni). and southwestern white pine (Pirns reflexa).

It is well known that, in the mountainous southwestern United

States, elevation and slope exposure influence the type and extent of distribution of the various plant formations. In the Chiricahua

Mountain Region, the vertical zonation, in general, follows that de­ scribed by C. H. Merriam (1890), in that plants characteristic of lower elevations extend farther up the mountain on the south-facing slopes than on the north-facing.

Canyons running in an east-west direction support vegetation normally found at higher elevations on their cool north-facing slopes.

In canyons which run in a north-south direction, however, cold air drain­ age in the canyon floor causes an inversion of vegetation with the types normally occurring at the higher elevations being found on the canyon floor. This can be observed in Rucker and Cave Creek canyons, where

Pine-oak woodland formation type vegetation occurs on the valley floor and the oak woodland type on the adjacent slopes. At the upper end of

Turkey Creek Canyon the Pine forest formation occurs on the valley floor and the Pine-oak woodland formation on the adjacent slopes. Interdigitation of plant formations is also of common occurrence, with fingers of plants characteristic of upper formations reaching down to the lower elevations and those of lower formations extending into the higher elevations. FAUNAL RELATIONSHIPS

Zoogeographically the Ghiricahua Mountain Region falls within the Nearctic Region*" of the Megageal Realm, As is to be expected the fauna of this area, therefore, has its greatest affinities to the fauna of this Continental Faunal Region, having representatives of seven families which find their greatest expression therein. There are present, however, several Neotropical elements, in four families which find their greatest expression in that region. The remaining eleven families, of the twenty-two being considered, find about equal expression in both regions (Table 2).

At the generic level the faunal affinities with the Nearctic

Region become more apparent. Of the fifty-seven genera treated in this work, thirty-four find their greatest distribution^ in the Nearctic

Region; four in the Neotropical; fifteen being common to both regions; and four finding their distribution centered within an area of transi­ tion, i.e. their distribution is mainly centered in central Mexico with extensions north into northern Mexico and southern United States and south into southern Mexico and Central America (Darlington, 1957:456)

(Table 3).

^Zoogeographic terminology based on Darlington, 1957:425. 2 Generic distributions based on Cockrum, 1962:173-419.

21 22

At the species level the mammalian fauna of the Chiricahua

Mountain Region, which falls within the northern portion of the

Apachian Biotic Province of Dice (1943:56) and the Eastern Plains

Faunal Area of Swarth (1929:270), shows affinities with five general areas: Northern Montane, Eastern Grassland, Western Desert, Southern

Montane, Eastern Desert. These five general areas include, in general, the areas covered by the following Biotic Provinces as described by

Dice (1943).

(1) Northern Montane— Montanian, Coloradan, eastern portion of

the Artemisian, and the western and central portion of the Navahonian.

(2) Eastern Grassland— Southern portion of the Saskatchewan,

Illinoian, Kansan, and the eastern portion of the Navahonian.

(3) Western Desert— Western and central portions of the

Artemisian, Mohavian, southern portion of the Californian, Sonoran, and

the northern portion of the Sinaiosm.

(4) Southern Montane— Apachian, and Durangan.

(5) Eastern Desert— Texan, Comanchian, Chihuahuan.

When one views the known distribution of a species, it becomes

apparent that some have their greatest distribution^* in one or more of

the above mentioned general areas (Table 4).

Totalling the occurrence of each species in any given general

area we find that 35 (with 3 endemic) species have some affinities to the

fauna of the Northern Montane area, 37 (with 1 endemic) to the Eastern

Specific distributions are based on Hall and Kelson, 1959:4-1035. 23

Grassland area, 4 6 (with 4 endemic) to the Western Desert area, 56

(with 8 endemic) to the Southern Montane area, and 59 (with 2 endemic) to the Eastern Desert area. It appears, then, that the fauna of the

Ghiricahua Mountain Region has its greatest affinities to the fauna of those general areas whose Biotic Provinces find their greatest expression in the southern portion of the United States and northern Mexico.

At the subspecific level the pattern of affinities is obscure.

Additional specimens are needed before meaningful conclusions can be drawn. At present the mountain range seems to be acting as a barrier to gene flow between (a) populations on the mountain itself and those in the valleys, and (b) between the populations inhabiting the valleys of the eastern and western sides of the range.

In the first of these situations the nature of the barrier seems to be both ecological (limitations imposed by the environmental changes caused by the increases in altitude i.e. temperature, moisture, plant

cover, soil type and condition, etc.) and physical (obstruction by the increases in altitude to continuous habitat and movement). The popula­ tion of Southern pocket gophers, Thomomvs bottae collinus. (5000 to 9000 feet elev.) appears to be isolated from the populations of T. b.

extenuatus (3700 to 5200 ft. elev.) of the valleys. The same appears to

be the case with the Western harvest mice (Reithrodontomvs) of the

megalotis-group, with R. m. arizonensis occupying the montane habitats

(ca. 8000 ft. elev.) and R. m. megalotis the grasslands of the valleys

(3800-6500 ft. elev.). In the Deer mice (Peromyscus) of the maniculatus-

group the race P. m. rufinus (5600 to 9000 ft. elev.) appears to be iso­

lated from the two races which occupy the valleys (3800 to 6500 ft. elev.). 24

In the latter situation the nature of the barrier seems to be mainly physical (obstruction by the increases in altitude to continuous habitat and movement). The two races of Desert pocket mice (Ferognathus) of the oenicillatus-group appear to be restricted, P. p. pricei to the valleys of the west (3900 to 5 0 0 0 ft. elev.) and P. p. eremicus to those of the east ( 3 9 0 0 to 5 0 0 0 ft. elev.). In the Deer mice (Peromvscus)

of the manlculatus-group the race P. m. sonoriensis (Lower elevations)

seems to be restricted to the valleys of the west, whereas P. m. blandus

is restricted to those of the east ( 3 8 0 0 to 6 5 0 0 ft. elev.). Table 2. Showing Distribution of Families by Continental Faunal Region.

NEARCTIC COMMON NEOTROPICAL

Castoridae Vespertilionidae Didelphidae

Ursidae Leporidae Phyllostomatidae

Antilocapridae Sciuridae Molossidae

Bovidae Cricetidae Tayassuidae

Soricidae Muridae

Geomyidae Erethizontidae

Heteromyidae Canidae

Procyonidae

Mustelidae

Felidae

Cervidae Table 3. Showing Distribution of Genera by Continental Faunal Region.

NEARCTIC COMMON NEOTROPICAL TRANSITIONAL

Sorex Mvotis Didelohis Macrotus

Notiosorex Eotesicus Mormons Choeronycteris

Laaionycteris Lasiurus Eumons Leotonvcteris

Pipistrellus Tadarida Nasua Simnodon

Plecotus Sylvilaerus

Antrozous Sciurus

Euderma Rattus

Lenus Mas

Cynomys Urocyon

Citellus Procvon

Eutamias Mustela

Thomomys Conenatus

Perognathus Fells

Dinodomys Pecari

Castor:' Odocoileus

Onychomys

Reithrodontomys

Baiomys

Peromyscus

Neotoma

Microtus

Erethizon

Canis 27

Table 3 (continued)

NEARCTIC COMMON NEOTROPICAL TRANSITIONAL

Vulnes

Euarctoa

Ursus

Bassariscua

Taxidea

Spilosale

Mephitis Lgre Cervua

Antilocapra

Ovis 28

Table 4* Showing Distribution of Species by Faunal Area, x = Presence in entire area, xn or xs * Presence in Northern or Southern portion of area. X = Presence confined to area.

N. E. W. S. E. Mont. Grass Best. Mont. Best. Didelnhis marsunialis Introduced

Sorex vagrans X

Notiosorex crawfordi xn xn

Mormons megalophyla XS X

Macrotus californicus X

Choeronycteris mexicana XS X xs

Leptonycteris nivalis X xs

Myotis yumanensis xn x X

Mvotis velifer X X

Myotis keenii x X X

Myotis thysanodes X X

Myotis volans X

Myotis californicus X X X

Myotis subulatus X X xn

Lasionycteris noctivagans X X xn

Pipistrellus hesperus xs X X X

Eptisicus fuscus X X X X X

Lasiurus borealis X X

Lasiurus cinereus X X xn x X

Lasiurus ega Xs

Euderma maculatum Xs

Plecotus townsendii xn x x

Plecotus phyllotis X xs 29

Table 4 (continued)

N. E. We s. Ee Mont. Grass Best. Mont* Best

Antrozous nallidus X X X

Tadarida brasiliensis XX X X X

Tadarida femerosaca xs X xs

Tadarida molossa X X X

Eumons r>erotis xs X xs

L e m s ealliardi X

L e m s californicus X X X X

Sylvilamis floridanus XX

Sylvilaeus audubonii X X X

Cynomys ludovicianus X

Citellus spilosoma X X

Citellus varieeatus X X X

Citellus harrisii X

Eutamias dorsalis X X

Sciurus nayaritensis X

Thomomys bottae X X

Peroenathus flavus X X

Peroenathus baileyi X

Peroenathus hispidus X xn

Peroenathus penicillatus xs xs

Peroenathus intermedius xs xs

Dipodomvs soectabilis Xs

Dipodomys merriami X X 30

Table 4 (continued)

N. E. w. s. Ee Mont. Grass Best, Mont, Best.

DitJodomys ordi X X X

Castor canadensis Introduced

Onychomrs leucoeaster X X

Onvchorays torridus XXX

Reithrodontomys montanus X X

Reithrodontomys meealotis X X X

Reithrodontomys fulvescens X X

Baiomys tavlori X

Peromyscus eremicus X X X

Peromyscus maniculatus X X X X X

Peromyscus leuconus XX

Peromyscus boylii X X

Peromyscus difficilis XX

Siemodon hisnidus X X

Siemodon minimus X

Sismodon ochroenathus X

Neotoma albieula X XX

Neotoma mexicana X X

Microtus mexicanus X

Rattus norveeicus Introduced

Mus mus cuius Introduced

Erethizon dorsatum X X

Cards latrans X X XX X 31

Table 4 (continued)

N. E. W. s. Ee Mont. Grass Best. Monte Dost

Canis lumis X X X X

Values macrotis X X

Urocyon cinereoareenteus X X X X X

Euarctos americanus XX X X

Ursus horribilis X X X X

Bassariscus astutus X X X X X

Procvon lotor X X X X

Nasua narica X xs

Mustela frenata X XX X

Taxidia taxus XXX X X

Sniloeale uutorius X X X X X

Meuhitis meuhitis X X XXX

Mephitis macroura XX

Conepatus mesoleucus XX X

Fells pardalis X

Fells onca X

Fells yaeouaroundi X

Fells concolor X X X X X

Pecari ta.iacu X X X X X

Cervus canadensis Extinct

Odocoileus hemionus X XX X

Odocoileus vireinianus X XXX Table 4 (continued)

N. E. w. s. E. Mont. Grass Best. Mont. Best.

Antilocanra americana X X X X

Ovis canadensis X X

Total No. Species in area 35 37 46 56 59 Total No. Species endemic to area 3 1 ___k___ 8 2 METHODS

The general sequence used herein for listing the various kinds of mammals follows Hall and Kelson (1959). Minor changes have been made to make this listing conform with more recently published taxo­ nomic studies. For each named kind of mammal the following types of information are listed sequentially:

1 . Synonymy. The first citation listed is the original de­ scription; the second refers to the first usage of the name combination currently recognized as applicable; and the rest, if any, are name com­ binations that have been used in the past to refer to this animal in the

Chiricahua Mountain Region. A pure synonymy is recognizable because the citation is followed by the designation of a type locality.

Throughout the synonymy a comma is placed between the scientific name and the name of the author if that author did not originally pro­ pose the name in the work referred to; conversely the absence of a comma indicates that the author did propose the name in that work. The type locality is given as a part of the citation of the original description.

2. Distribution within the state and within the study area.

3. Remarks beginning with measurements (in millimeters, unless otherwise stated) of the total length (tip of nose to the end of the last caudal vertebra), length of tail (from point where tail may be bent at a right angle with the back to the end of the last caudal vertebra), length of hind foot (back of heel to tip of longest claw when foot is

33 34 laid out flat), and length of ear (measured from notch). These measure­ ments are given in the order mentioned here; they are then followed by the dental formula and, in most cases, by literature references and observations of local residents or personal observations pertinent to the species.

4. Specimens Examined. Under this heading is given, first the total number of specimens available to me for study and second a list of the localities from which these specimens were taken with an indication of the number of specimens from each locality together with the institu­ tion where these specimens now reside. In sighting localities, the original spelling and abbreviations on the label of the specimen have been retained. Where these spellings are highly inconsistent, the pre­ ferred spelling, or present name of the locality, has been added in brackets.

Following is a list of the abbreviations used and an explanation of their meanings:

AMNH - American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York.

BS = United States Biological Survey Collection, Washington, D. C,

CAS = Chicago Academy of Science, Chicago, Illinois.

CNHM = Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, Illinois.

CM = Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

KU = University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas.

LACM = Los Angeles County Museum, Los Angeles, California.

MVZ = Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

NM = United States National Museum, Washington, D. C. 35

RWD - Private Collection, Robert W. Dickerman (now a part of the

museum of the University of Minnesota).

SDSNH = San Diego Society of Natural History, San Diego, California.

UA * Museum, Department of Zoology, the University of Arizona,

Tucson, Arizona.

UI = Museum of Zoology, the University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

UM = Museum of Zoology, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,

Michigan.

5. Additional Records. In this section are listed specimens that have been mentioned in the literature hut which have not been ex­

amined hy me, together with a citation to the source of the record. ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES

Only six orders of mammals are known to be represented in this area. A seventh. Order Harsupialia. has been provisionally included in the hypothetical list on the basis of reports indicated.

The following key will aid in the separation of the orders known to occur in the Chiricahua Mountain Region. It is designed to be of use to those with some knowledge of mammalian morphology and who have a com­ plete mammal or a conventional study skin and skull available. To a large extent a skull only or a skin only can also be identified by means of this key. Those who are not familiar with the terminology employed in this key are referred to the glossaries in Cockrum (1962) or Hall and

Kelson (1959).

1 Fingers lacking claws (thumb has one), longer than forearm

and supporting a leathery membrane which serves as a

w i n g ...... CHIROPTERA l 1 Fingers with claws, shorter than forearm and not support­

ing a leathery membrane for flight ...... 2

2(1*) Tooth rows continuous above (without a true diastema,

that is, no spaces as long as twice the length of the

first lower molar devoid of teeth); canine teeth present

above and below ...... 3

2* Tooth rows not continuous (with true diastema); canine

teeth absent below and sometimes above ...... 5

36 37

3(2) Total length less than 200 mm.; canine teeth but little

if any larger than teeth on either side of same; snout

long and pointed ...... INSECTIVORA

3* Total length more than 200 ram.; canine teeth larger

than teeth on either side ...... A

4.(3’) Six upper incisors; feet with claws...... CARNIVORA

A* Four upper incisors; feet with hooves...... ARTIODACTYLA

5(2') Two or four upper incisors; feet with claws...... 6

5' No upper incisors; feet with hooves ...... ARTIODACTYLA

6(5) Two upper incisors; ears shorter than tail

vertebrae...... RODENT IA

6 ' Four upper incisors; ears longer than tail

vertebrae...... LAGOMQRPHA

Order INSECTIVQRA, Insectivores

Insectivores (insectum - L. insect-f vovare - L. devour) are primarily insect eaters, as their name indicates. They are, in general, small animals which walk with their heel on the ground and have five toes on each foot, each with a claw. Their snout is usually long and pointed, their eyes are minute and the ears are small.

Family SORICIDAE, Shrews

Only two families of this large order occur in North America.

These are the moles (Family Talpidae) which do not occur in Arizona, and tire shrews (Family Soricidae) of which two species are known to occur in the area covered by this work. Most North American representatives of 38 this family live on the surface of damp or boggy habitats, occupying burrows only for sleeping and resting. The desert shrew (Crawford's shrew), although living in the more arid western deserts, is most commonly found in the riparian woodland situations. The following key will aid in their identification.

1 Total number of teeth 28 Notiosorex crawfordi

1 * Total number of teeth 32 . . . Sorex vagrans

Sorex vagrans monticola Merriam

Vagrant Shrew

Sorex monticolus Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 3:4-3, September 11, 1890,'

type from San Francisco Mountain, 11,500 feet, Coconino

County, Arizona.

Sorex vagrans monticola. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10:69, December 31,

1895; Jackson, N. Amer. Fauna, 51:110, 1928; Cahalane, Jour.

Mamm., 20:421, 1939; Findley, Univ. of Kansas Pub!., Mus. Nat.

Hist., 9:50, Dec. 10, 1955; Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer.,

1:32, March 31, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 26, I960.

Distribution. In Arizona this species is known from the Tunitcha

Mountains, Apache County; from San Francisco Peaks southeastwardly to

the White Mountains, and from isolated mountains in the southeastern

corner of the state.

In the Chiricahua Mountains it is known only from six specimens

taken in the high Mountain Grassland meadows of Fly, Long, and Rustlers

Parks, at elevations ranging from 8200 to 9600 feet. 39

Remarks. External measurements 90-153; 31-67; 11-17.5.

Dental formula 13/1, C 1/1, P 3/1, M 3/3 = 26.

Cahalane (1939:421) wrote, "Despite intensive trapping in suitable habitats above 8000 feet no specimens were taken except a single female in Long Park on July 11, 1933." That specimen, a lactat- ing adult female, had the following measurementsi 1 0 0 ; 4 1 ; 1 1 .9 ; 4 . 9 weight 11 grams. No specimens were taken during our study.

Specimens Examined. Total 6 , distributed as follows: Fly

Park, 4, BS; Long Park, 9000 feet, 1, NM; Rustler Park, 1, SDSNH.

Additional Records. Long Park, 1, Cahalane (1939:421).

Notiosorex crawfordi erawfordi (Coues)

Desert Shrew

Sorex (Notiosorex) crawfordi Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv.

Terr., 3:651, May 15, 1877, type from Old Fort Bliss, about

2 mi. above El Paso, El Paso County, Texas.

Notiosorex crawfordi. Marriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10:32, Dec. 31, 1895;

Fisher, Jour. Mamm., 22:265, 1941.

Notiosorex crawfordi crawfordi. Blossom, Jour. Mamm., 14:70, Feb. 14,

1933; Dice and Blossom, Carnegie Inst. Washington PubL. 485:17,

1937; Cahalane, Jour, Mamm., 20:421, 1939; Miller and Kellogg,

U. S. Nat. Hus. Bull., 205:42, 1955; Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N.

Amer., 1:64, March 31, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Maim. Ariz,, p. 29, I960.

Distribution. In Arizona it probably occurs throughout the state. In the study area it has been taken at elevations ranging from 4400 to 5500 feet in Desert Grassland and Oak Woodland type vegeta­

tion and the associated riparian situations.

Remarks. External measurements 87-90j 26-31; 11-11.5.

Dental formula I 3/2, C 1/0; P l/l, M 3/3 = 28.

Specimens Examined. Total 5> distributed as follows: 20 mi.

east of Pearce, 1, DM; Southwestern Research Station near Portal, 13

June 1959, 2, DAj Portal phone office, 29 July 1959, 1, UA; Bridge,

Texas Canyon Rd. at junction US 80, Chiricahua Mts., April 1959, 1, DA.

Additional Records. Pinery Canyon, 6 500 feet, 1, Blossom,

1933:70.

Order CHIROPTERA, Bats

Chiropterans (cheiro - Gr. hand+ pteron - Gr. wing) are

placental mammals unique in having limbs modified for flight. Digits

two to five are greatly lengthened for the support of the wing-membrane.

A well developed membrane (interfemoral) is usually present between the

small hind legs and encloses the tail. The ears are well developed and

often enormously so. The eyes are usually small. Bats are crepuscular

or nocturnal.

Members of three families occur in this region. The following

key will aid in their identification:

1 No diastema in upper incisor series; two upper incisors on

each side; bony plate complete in front three complete bony

phalanges in third finger...... PHYLL03T0MATIDAE 41

1* Distinct diastema usually present in upper incisor series

(if diastema appears to be absent, then upper incisors

only one on each side); Upper incisors various; bony

plate incomplete anteriorly; two complete bony phalanges

in third finger (may appear to be three in Plecotis). . . . 2

2(1) Tail projecting conspicuously beyond free edge of short

interfemoral membrane; fifth finger much shortened;

diastema in upper incisor series present or

a b s e n t ...... M0L03SIDAE

2* Tail not projecting conspicuously beyond free edge of

interfemoral membrane; (may project a few millimeters);

fifth finger not greatly shortened; diastema in upper

incisor series present ...... • VESPERTILIONIDAE

Family PHYLL03T0MATIDAE, Leaf-nosed bats

These bats, restricted to the New World and mainly the tropics,

are represented tyr two species known to occur in this region. Two

additional species occur in adjacent areas and may yet be recorded from

the Chiricahua Mountains. The following key will aid to separate these

species.

1 No leaf-like appendage on muzzle; plate-like outgrowths on

lower lips present; skull short, rostrum and braincase as

broad as, or broader than long; entire braincase so elevated

that the base of foramen magnum is above level of top of

the rostrum Mormoops megalophylla 42

1* Distinct leaf-like appendage on muzzle; no plate-like

outgrowths on lower lips; skull long and slender,

rostrum narrow and tapering; braincase not so elevated. . . 2

2(1*) Ears more than twice length of hind foot; tail more

than twice the length of the hind foot; nine teeth

in each half of lower jaw...... Macrotus californicus

2* Ears approximately length of hand foot; tail less than

two times length of hind foot; seven or eight teeth

in each half of lower jaw...... 3

3(2') Tail extremely reduced; zygomatic arch complete; lower

incisors one on each side...... Leotonvcteris nivalis

3 * Tail more than 10 mm in length; zygomatic arch in­

complete; no lower incisors...... Choeronvcteris mexicana

Choeronvcteris mexicana Tschudi

Long-tongued Bat

Choeronvcteris mexicana Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, P. 72, 1844, type from

Mexico; Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 19:96, June 4,

1906; G. M. Allen, Jour. Mamm., 3:156, 1922; Cahalane, Jour.

Mamm., 20:421, 1939; Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer., 1:120,

March 31, 1959; Coderurn, Recent Mamm. Ariz., P. 34, I960.

Distribution. This bat is known only from the southeastern corner of the state. In the study area it has been taken at elevations ranging from 5000 to 6000 feet, mainly in Oak Woodland type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements for one male are 93; 3 ; 12; 17; tragus, 8 , and of four females, 77-90; 7-12; 12-13; 13-18, tragus, 3-7. 43

Dental formula I 2 /0 , C l/l, P 2/3, M 3/3 = 30.

Sneelaena Examined. Total 7, distributed as follows; Mine tunnel, 1 mi. N. Paradise, 5200 ft., 4, UA; 8 mi. W. of Paradise, 1,

BSj South fork Gave Creek, 5400 ft., 2, UA.

Additional Records. 10 mi. S. Rodeo, Hidalgo County, New

Mexico, Findley (1957:513).

Lentonvchteris nivalis nivalis (Saussure)

Long-nosed Bat

M Qachnogloasaj. nivalis Saussure, Revue et Magazin de Zoologie, Paris,

ser. 2, vol. 12, p. 492, Nov. 1860, type from near the snow line

on Mount Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico.

Leptonvcteris nivalis. Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 13:126,

April 6 , 1900; Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer., 1:122, March

31, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 34, I960.

Distribution. In Arizona the long-nosed bat is known only from the southeastern part of the state. In the study area it has been taken at elevations ranging from 4000 to 5200 feet in both Desertscrub and

Desert grassland types of vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements of 13 males are: 73-120} 5-10}

1 4 -1 8 } 11-18} tragus, 6 - 8 } and of 1 0 females are 7 0 -9 3 } 7 -9 } 1 5 -1 6 } 6 -8 } tragus, 6-7. The dental formula is I 2/2, C l/l, P 2/3, M 2/2 = 30.

Specimens Examined. Total 34, distributed as follows: Mine

tunnel, 1 mi. N. Paradise, 5200 ft., 23, UA} W. end Blue Mts., 17 mi.

S. San Simon, 1, UA} Buckalew Gave, 13 mi., N. Portal, 2, UA} NEW

MEXICO, Hidalgo County Mine tunnel, 17 mi. NNE Rodeo, 1, UA. 44

Family VESPERTILIONIDAE, Plain-nosed Bats

The Plain-nosed bats are widely distributed through both the

Old World and the New World. The following key will aid in the identi­ fication of the species known or suspected to occur in the Chiricahua

Mountain Region.

1 One upper incisor on each side...... 2

1' Two upper incisors on each s i d e ...... 4

2(1) Upper surface of interfemoral membrane completely furred;

total number of teeth 3 2 ...... 3

2* Upper surface of interfemoral membrane entirely bare

or furred slightly at extreme base; total number of

teeth 28...... Antrozous pallldus

3(2) Color of body hoary (brown mixed with grayish white);

total length more than 1 2 0 m m ...... Lasiurus cinereus

3' Color of body reddish or yellowish brown; total

length less than 120 mm ...... Lasiurus borealis

4(1*) Dorsal surface of interfemoral membrane densely

furred for more than one half of total length; total

number of teeth 3 6 (width across canines 5 mm or more);

skull flat-topped ...... Lasionvcteris noctivagans

4* Dorsal surface of interfemoral membrane entirely bare

or densely furred on basal one-third only; total

number of teeth 3 2 , 34, 3 6 , or 3 8 (if 3 6 , then width

across canine less than 5 mm); skull arched and

round-topped 5 45

5(4') Ears less than 25 nmtj total number of teeth 32, 34, or

3 8 (if 3 4 , then greatest length of skull less

than 1 4 m m ) ...... 6

5' Ears more than 25 mm; total number of teeth 34 or 36

(if 3 4 , then greatest length of skull more than 1 4 mm). . 15

6(5) Interfemoral membrane slightly furred on basal one-

third; height of tragus from notch usually less

than half the height of ear from notch; total number

of teeth 3 4 ...... Pipistrelles hesperus

6 * Interfemoral membrane bare or slightly furred only at

base; height of tragus from notch usually more than

half the height of the ear from notch; total number

of teeth 32 or 3 8 ...... 7

7(6*) Tragus broadly rounded at tip; total length more than

105 mm; total number of teeth 32...... Eotesicus fuscus

7* Tragus usually long, slender and pointed at tip; total

length less than 1 0 5 mm; total number of teeth 3 8 . . . . 8

8(7*) Underside of wing furred to level of elbow; skull with

rostrum shortened and occiput usually elevated; calcar

with well developed k e e l ...... • • • Mrotis volans

8 * Underside of wing not furred to level of elbow; skull

with normal rostrum and occiput; calcar keeled or

not keeled ...... 9

9(8') Foot small, the ratio of its length to that of the

tibia usually ranging from 4 0 to 4 6 mm; calcar with

well developed keel 10 46

9* Foot normal or large, the ratio of its length to that

of tibia usually ranging from about 4 8 to 6 0 mm;

calcar with keel rudimentary or absent...... • . 1 1

10(9) Hairs on back with long shiny tips; third metacarpal

not as long as forearms; skull larger, with flattened

braincase and gradually rising profile. . . . Myotls subulatus

10* Hairs on back dull tipped; third metacarpal usually

as long as forearm; skull smaller, with rounded brain-

case and abruptly rising profile...... Myotls californicus

11(9') Ears relatively long, more than 16 mm; fringe of

stiff hairs on free edge of interfemoral membrane

(not always conspicuous); calcar with keel

rudimentary or absent ...... 1 2

11' Ears relatively short, less than 16 mm; no stiff

hairs on free edge of interfemoral membrane;

calcar without k e e l ...... 1 3

12(11) Free border of interfemoral membrane with incon­

spicuous, scattered, stiff hairs; ear twice as long

(or more) as hindfoot; skull relatively slightly

built, slender sagittal crest sometimes present ......

...... Myotis keenii

12' Free border of interfemoral membrane with short

but conspicuous, scattered, stiff hairs; ear less

than twice as long as hindfoot; skull large,

robustly built, broader; sagittal crest well

developed ...... Myotis thysanodes 47

13 Sagittal and occipital crest veil defined vhen

viewed dorsally; cheek teeth exceptionally large;

length of forearm more than 3 7 mm; total length

less than 80mm, 1 4

13* Sagittal and occipital crests not well defined;

cheek teeth not exceptionally large; length of

forearm less than 37 mm; total length less

than 80 mm...... Mvotis yirmanengis

14(13) Braincase low and flattened when viewed laterally;

rostrum enlarged; fur glossy, usually cinnamon or

. grayish-brown; length of forearm less than 4 1 mm.

...... Mvotis occultus

14» Braincase high and rounded when viewed laterally;

rostrum not enlarged; fur dull sepia or drab; length

of forearm more than 41 mm...... Mvotis velifer

15(5*) Ears joined across forehead by a band of membrane;

dorsal surface blackish with three patches of white;

total number of teeth 34...... Euderma maculata

15' Ears not joined across forehead; dorsal surface

never blackish with white spots; total number

of teeth 3 6 ...... 16

16(15*) A pair of accessory lappets between the bases of the

ears; total length more them 1 1 0 mm. . . . .Plecotus phvllotis

16* No accessory lappets between the base of the ears;

total length less than 110 mm...... Plecotus townsendli 48

Mrotls velifer brevis Vaughn

Cave Myotis

Mvotis velifer brevis Vaughan, Univ. Kansas Publ. Mas. Nat. Hist.,

7:509, July 23, 1954, type from Madera Canyon, 5000 feet.,

Santa Rita Mts., Pima County (Santa Cruz County), Arizona;

Hall and Kelson, Mamin. N. Amer., 1:166, March 31, 1959;

Cockrum, Recent Hamm. Ariz., p. 37, I960.

Distribution. In Arizona, this species occurs in the area south of the Mogollon Rim. It has been taken at elevations ranging from 3 8 0 0 to 5 0 0 0 feet in Desert type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements of four adult males and one adult female from Old Fort Bowie are 93-99; 41-46; 10-11; 14-17; tragus, 8-10. The dental formula is I 2/3, 0 l/l, P 3/3, M 3/3 = 38.

Specimens Examined. Total 10, distributed as follows: Riggs

Ranch, mouth Pinery Canyon, 1, BS; San Bernardino Ranch, 4, NM (Miller and Allen, 1928:91, reported these as being from Sonora); Old Fort

Bowie, 4900 feet, 5, UA.

Mvotis keenii apache Hoffmeister and Krutzsch

Keen's Myotis

Mvotis evotis apache Hoffmeister and Krutzsch, Chicago Acad. Sci., Nat.

Hist. Misc., 151:1, Dec. 28, 1955, type from Snow Flat, 8750

feet, Graham Mts., Graham County, Arizona; Cockrum, Recent

Hamm. Ariz., p. 41, I960.

Mvotis keenii apache. Findley, Jour. Hamm., 41:16, Feb. 20, I9 6 0 . 49

Myotls evotia auriculas. Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer., 1:169,

March 31, 1959.

Myotls evotia chrvsonotua. Miller and Allen, U. S. Nat. Hus. Bull.,

144:116, 1928j Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:422, 1939.

Vespertilio evotia. J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mas. Nat. Hist.,

7:249, 1895.

Mvotis evotis. Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 1 3 :8 0 , 1897.

Distribution. In Arizona Keen's myotls is known from the south­ eastern portion. This species has been taken in the study area at elevations ranging from 4500 to 8200 feet in Fine-Oak Woodland, Pine

Forest and associated Riparian type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements of five males are 84-99; 40-44;

8-11; 12-23; tragus, 11-13; and for six females, 81-99; 32-47; 6 -1 1 ;

15-21; tragus, 8-12. Dental formula is I 2/3, 0 1/1, P 3/3, M 3/3 = 38.

Specimens Examined. Total 12, distributed as follows: Paradise,

5500 ft., 1, KM; South Fork, 1 mi. above Jet. Cave Creek, 4500 ft., 5,

UA; Barfoot Park, 8200 ft., 3, UA; Southwestern Research Station, 1, DA;

South Fork Cave Creek 3 mi., SW Portal, 1, DA; Dam, 1 mi. W. SWRS, 1, DA.

Additional Records. "Chiricahua Mts." 1, AMNH, Miller and

Allen, 1928:117.

Mvotis thvsanodes thysanodes Miller

Fringed Myotls

Mvotis thvsanodes Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:80, Oct. 16, 1897, type

from Old Fort Tejon, Tehachupi Mts., 3200 feet, Kern County,

California; Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:422, 1939. 50

Hyotia thyaanodes thvsanodes. Hiller and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mtia.,

144:126, May 25, 1928; Hall and Kelaon, Hamm. N. Amer., 1:170,

March 31, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Maim. Aria., p. 47, I9 6 0 .

Distribution. The Fringed myotia probably occurs at higher

elevations throughout the state. In the study area it has been taken

at elevations ranging from 4500 to 8200 feet mainly in Oak-Pine Wood­

land, Pine Forest and the associated Riparian type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements of eight males are 82-101;

34-45; 9-H; 14-20; tragus, 7-14J and of eleven females are 73-97;

26-47; 9-H; 15-20; tragus 8-11. The dental formula is I 2/3, C 1/1,

P 3/3, M 3/3 * 38.

Specimens Examined. Total 20, distributed as follows: Blue

Mts. cave, ca. 5000 feet, 16 mi. S. San Simon, 5, UA; S. Fork, 1 mi.

above Cave Creek, 5400 feet, 3, DA; Barfoot Park, 8200 feet, 2, UA;

1 mi. NW Portal, 1, DM; Virtue Mine 3/4 mi., E Portal, ca, 4800 feet,

1, UA; El Tigre Mine, Pinery Canyon, 1, UA; 12 mi., SB Dos Cabezas,

6 , UA; 1 mi., N Paradise, 1, UA.

Additional Records. 1/2 mi. NW Portal, 1, Cahalane (1939).

Mvotis volans interior Miller

Long-legged Myotis

Mvotis longlcrus interior Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 27:211,

Oct. 31# 1914, type from 5 mi. S Twining, 11,300 feet, Taos

County, New Mexico.

Mvotis volans interior. Miller and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mas., 144:142,

May 25, 1928; Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:422, 1939; Hall and 51

Kelson, Maim. N. Amer., 1:172, March 31, 1959; Cockrum,

Recent Maim. Ariz., p. 43» I960.

Vespertlllo lucifugus. J, A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mas. Nat. Hist.,

7:249, June 29, 1895.

Distribution. In Arizona this species occurs at higher ele­ vations throughout the state. In the study area it has been taken at elevations ranging from 4500 to 8200 feet in Evergreen woodland and

Pine forest type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements of six males are 88-98;

3 5 -4 6 ; 6 -1 0 ; 6 -1 3 ; tragus, 4 -9 J and of six females are 9 8 -1 0 4 ; 4 0 -4 6 ;

8-12; 13-14; tragus, 7-9. The dental formula is I 2/3, 0 l/l,

P 3/3, M 3/3 = 3 8 .

Specimens Examined. Total 31, distributed as follows: S fork

Gave Creek, 1 mi. above Jet., 4, UA; Dam, 1 mi. V Southwestern Research

Station, 5400 feet, 2, UA; Rustler Park, 16, SDSNH; Chiricahua Mts., 1,

CNHM; 1 mi. W Portal, 1, DM; Fly Peak, 1, BS; 1 mi. WNW Portal, 4900 feet, 1, UA; Barfoot Park, 8200 feet, 1, UA; Southwestern Research

Station, 5400 feet, 3, UA; South fork Cave Creek, 3 mi., SW Portal,

1, UA.

Additional Records. Cave Creek, 2, C a b a lane (1939).

Mvotis californicus californlcus (Audoubon and Bachman)

California Myotis

Vespertilio californicus Audubon and Bachman, Jour. Acad, Nat. Sci.

Philadelphia, 8 (2) :285, 1842, type from "California, 11 by

subsequent restriction, Monterey County, California, see Miller

and G. M. Allen, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 144:153, May 25, 1928. 52

Myotls californicua. Miller, N. Amar. Fauna, 13:69, Oct. 16, 1897.

Myotia californicua californicua. Miller and Allen, U. S. Nat. Mus.

Bull., 144:151, May 25, 1928; Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:422,

1939; Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Auer., 1:173, March 31, 1959J

Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 44, I960.

Vesnertilio nutidua. J. A. Allen, Bull. Amar. Mis. Nat. Hist., 7:248,

June 29, 1895 (part from Rock Creek, Chiricahua Mta.).

Diatribution. In Arizona the California myotia is found in central and southeastern parts of the state. In the study area this species has been taken at elevations ranging from 4 5 0 0 to 8200 feet in Evergreen Woodland and Pirn Forest type vegetation with its associated Riparian communities.

Remarks. The external measurements of sixteen males are

70-92; 29-41; 5 -1 0 ; 9-16; tragus, 6 -8 ; of nine females are 75-86;

29-39; 5-8; 10-15; tragus, 5-8. The dental formula is I 2/3, C l/l,

P 3/3, M 3/3 = 3 8 .

Specimens Examined. Total 3 0 , distributed as follows: Pinery

Canyon 6000 feet, 1, BS; South fork Cave Creek, 3 mi. W Portal, 17,

UA; Barfoot Park, 8200 feet, 1, UA; South fork, 1 mi. above Jet. Cave

Creek, 3, UA; Southwestern Research Station, 5400 feet, 4, UA; San

Bernardino Ranch, 1, CAS; "Chiricahua Mts.," 2, NM; Crystal Cave,

3/4 mi., WNW Southwestern Research Station, 1, UA.

Additional Records. "Chiricahua Mts.," Miller and Allen,

1928:154; San Bernardino Ranch, 1, CNHM; Rock Creek, 1, AMNH, Allen,

1895:248. 53

Myotis aubulatus aelanorhinus (Harriam)

Small-footed Myotis

Yeapertillo melanorhlnua Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 3:46, Sept. 11,

1 8 9 0 , type from Little Spring, 8250 feet, north base San

Francisco Mtn., Coconino County, Arizona.

Myotis subulatus melanorhlnua. Miller and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mas.,

144:169, May 25, 1928; Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer., 1:175,

March 31, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 47, I960.

Distribution. The Small-footed myotis occurs in central and southeastern Arizona. In the study area it has been taken at eleva­ tions ranging from 4500 to 5500 ft. in Desert Grassland and Evergreen

Woodland type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements of five males are 78-85; 38-40;

6-7; 13-14; tragus, 7-10; for three females are 87-90; 36-43; 6-7;

12-14; tragus, 2-8. The dental formula is I 2/3, C l/l, P 3/3, M 3/3

= 38.

Specimens Examined. Total 7, distributed as follows: South fork Cave Creek, 5500 feet, 3^ mi. SW Portal, 5, UA; 1^ mi. SW Portal,

1, UA; Southwestern Research Sta., 2, UA; South fork, 1 mi. above Jet.

Cave Creek, 1 , UA.

Lasionvcteris noctivaeans (Le Conte)

Silver-haired Bat

V .noctivagans Le Conte, in McMurtrie, The Animal Kingdom

....by the Baron Cuvier, l:(App.) 431, June, 1831, type from 54

eastern United States.

Lasionveteris noctiragans. Peters, Monatsber K. Preuss. Akad.

Wiasensoh. Berlin, 1865, p. 6 4 8 ; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mua. Nat.

Hist., 7:248, June 29, 1895; Elliot, Field Columbian Mus.,

Publ. 115, Zoo. Ser, 8:506, 1907; Cahalane, Jour. Hamm.,

20:422, 1939; Hall and Kelson, Hamm. N. Amer., 1:179, March

31, 1959; Cockrun, Recent Hamm. Ariz., p. 47, I960.

Distribution. The Silver-haired bat probably occurs statewide at least during certain seasons of the year. In the study this species has been taken at elevations ranging from 5 4 0 0 to 9000 feet in Ever­ green Woodland, Pine Forest, and Fir Forest type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements for nine males are 92-106j

34-45; 8-11; 8-16; tragus 5-7; and for five females are 93-109; 37-41;

8-11; 14-18j tragus, 4-6. The dental formula is I 2/3, C l/l, P 2/3,

M 3/3 = 36.

Specimens Examined. Chiricahua Mts. Fly Park, 9000 ft., 1,

AMMHj Southwestern Research Station, 5400 ft., 11, UA; S fork Cave

Creek, Chiricahua Mts., 2, UA.

Pioistrellus hesoerus anus Elliot

Western Pipistrelle

Pioistrellus hesoerus aous Elliot, Field Columb, Mus., Zool. Ser.,

3(15):269, March 8, 1904, type from Providencia Mines, Sonora,

Mexico; Cockrum, Recent Mamm, Ariz., p. 50, I960.

Pioistrellus hesoerus australis. Hatfield, Jour. Mama., 17:261, Aug. 14,

1936 (part from Arizona); Hall and Dalquest, Univ. Kansas Pubis. Mis. 55

Nat. Hist., 1:597, Jan. 20, 1950 (part from Arizona and north­

eastern Sonora); Hall and Kelson, Hamm. N. Amer., 1:181,

March 31, 1959.

Vesnerugo hesperus. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:247, June

29, 1895.

Pinistrellus hesperus. Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:88, Oct. 16, 1897

(part); Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., Publ. 115, Zool. Ser.,

8:507, 1907 (part from Chiricahua Mts.).

Pinistrellus hesperus merriami. Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:422, 1939.

Distribution. In Arizona this species occurs state wide. The subspecies here considered is found in the southeastern corner of the state. In the study area it has been taken at elevations ranging from

4500 to 5400 feet in Desert Shrub, Grassland and Evergreen Woodland type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements for 16 males are 68-78; 24-33;

4-8; 4-14? tragus, 3-7; and for one female, 71; 30; 5? 13; tragus, 00.

The dental formula is I 2/3, C l/l, P 2/2, M 3/3.

Specimens Examined. Total 20, distributed as follows: Fort

Bowie, 1, BS; Dos Gabezos (Dos Cabezas), 1, BS; j> mi. W Portal, 1, UM;

Southwestern Research Station, 10, UA; Mesquite Wash and Pond, W end

Blue Mts., 17 mi. S San Simon, 2, UA; South fork Gave Creek, 3 mi. SW

Portal, 4, UA; South fork, 1 mi. above Jet. with Gave Greek, 1, UA.

Additional Records. Guadalupe Canyon, 4, Miller, 1897:89;

Rucker Canyon, 1, Allen, 1895:247; Gave Creek near Portal, Cahalane,

1, 1939:422. 56 Entesicus fuacua pallidua Young Big Brown Bat

Epteaicua pallidua Young, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philidelphia, 60:408,

Oct. 14, 1 9 0 8, type fro m Boulder, Boulder County, Colorado.

Epteaicua fuacua pallidua. Miller, Bull. U, S. Nat. Mus., 79:62,

Dec. 31, 1912; Cahalane, Jour. Hamm., 20:422, 1939; Hall and

Kelson, Maim. N. Amer., 1:186, March 31, 1959; Cockrum, Recent

Hamm. Aria., p. 51, I960.

Veapertilio fuacua. Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 12:98, 1897; Elliot, Field

Columb. Mus., Publ. 115, Zool. Ser., 8:509, 1907.

Distribution. Occurs statewide. In the study area it has been

found at elevations ranging from 4900 to 8000 feet in Desert Shrub,

Grassland, Evergreen Woodland, and Pine Forest type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements of five males are 1 0 9 -1 2 2 ;

43-47; 9 -3 0 ; 14-23; tragus, 5-10; and for five females are 115-121;

45-51; 11-12; 14-18; tragus, 7-9. The dental formula is I 2/3, C 1/1,

P 1/2, M 3/3 = 32.

Specimena Examined. Total 28, distributed as follows:

Chiricahua Mts., 16 (14, AMNH; 1, UM; 1, BS); Southwestern Research

Station, 5400 feet, 8 , UA; Rustlers Park, 1 , UM; 4 mi. SW Portal, 2,

UM; South fork of Cave Creek Canyon, 5 mi. W Portal, 1, UA; South fork

of Cave Creek, 4 mi. SW Portal 1, UA.

Additional Records. Fly Park, Chiricahua Mts., 30, Allen

1895:247; Guadalupe Canyon, 2, Miller, 1897:98. 57

Laslurua borealis teliotis (H. Allen)

Red Bat

Atalaoha teliotis H. Allen, Proc. Amer. Philos, Soc., 29:5, Apr. 10,

1 8 9 1 , type from unknown locality, possibly somewhere in

California.

Lasiurus borealis teliotis. Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:110, Oct. 16,

1897} Cahalane, Jour. Hamm., 20:422, 1939. Hall and Kelson,

Hamm. N. Amer., 1:190, March 31, 1959} Cockrum, Recent Mamm.

Ariz., p. 53, I960.

Atalanha borealis. J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:246,

June 29, 1895.

Lasiurus borealis. Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., Publ. 115, Zool. Ser.,

8:513, 1907.

Distribution. Occurs statewide in Riparian communities. In the study area it has been taken at elevations ranging from 4 5 0 0 to

6000 feet in Evergreen Woodland, Pine Forest and their associated

Riparian Woodlands.

Remarks. External measurements of one male is 94} 44} 8 } 10} tragus, 6 } and of one female is 105} 50} 9} 12} tragus, 5. The dental formula is I 1/2, C 1/1, P 2 /2 , M 3/3 = 3 2 .

Specimens Examined. Total 11, distributed as follows: mi.

W Portal, 6 , UM; unspecified (probably Wilgus P. 0 . 4 5 0 0 ft., see

Cockrum and Ordway, 1959), 3, CNHM} South fork Cave Creek, 4500 ft., 1,

UA} AVA Ranch, Portal, 1, UA. 58

Lasiurua cinereus cinereus (Beauvios)

Hoary Bat

Veapertilio clnereua (miapelled linereus) Palisot de Beauvois, Gatal.

Peale’s Mus., Philadelphia, p. 18, 1796, type from Phila­

delphia, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania.

Laaiurua cinereus. H. Allen, Monogr. N. Amer, Bats, p. 21, 1864.

Laaiurua clnereua cinereus. Hoffmeister and Goodpaster, Illinois Biol.

Monogr., 24:67, 1954; Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N, Amer., 1:192,

March 31, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 54, I9 6 0 .

Distribution. Occurs statewide. In the study area it has been taken at elevations ranging from 5400 to 6700 feet in Evergreen Wood­ land type vegetation and the associated Riparian Communities.

Remarks. External measurements of twelve males are 120-140;

43-63; 8-121; 13-19; tragus, 5-11. The dental formula is I 1/2,

C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 = 32.

Specimens Examined. Total 12, distributed as follows: South­ western Research Station, 5400 ft., 11, DA; South fork of Cave Creek,

3& mi. SW Portal, 1, DA.

Plecotus townsendii oallescena Miller

Townsends Big-eared Bat

Corvnorhinus macrotis paliesoens Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:52, Oct.

16, 1897, type from Keam Canyon, Navajo County, Arizona.

Plecotus townsendii paliesoens. Handley, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 110:127,

1959. 59

C jjarynorhlnuaj t ^ownaendiij nallescans. Handley, Jour. Washington

Acad. Sci., 45:147, May 23, 1955.

Corvnorhinus townsendii nallescena. Hall and Kelson, Hamm. N. Amer.,

1:200, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 56, I960.

Corynorhinus rafinescull pallesoena. Gahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:422,

1939.

Distribution. Found more or less statewide. In the study area it has been found at elevations ranging from 4 8 0 0 to 8200 feet in

Evergreen Woodland and Pine Forest type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements for six males are 85-100;

40-47; 8 -1 1 ; 29-33; tragus, 11-15; for twelve females; 7 5 -1 3 0 ; 3 0 -5 2 ;

6-12; 25-38; tragus, 7-18. The dental formula is I 2/3, C 1/1,

P 2/3, M.3/3 = 36.

Specimens Examined. Total 38, distributed as follows: Cave

Canyon, 7 , UA; mi. NW Portal (Virtue Mine), 7, UM; Virtue Mine,

5000 ft., i mi. NW AVA Ranch, 4, UA; Crystal Cave, 5700 ft., 6 , UA;

Paradise, 5700 ft., 2, UA; Mine Tunnel, 1 mi. N Paradise, 4, UA;

Barfoot Park, 8200 ft., 2, UA; El Tigre Mine, Pinery Canyon, 5, UA;

Southwestern Research Station, 9 mi. SSW Portal, 5400 ft., 1, UA.

Plecotus phvllotis (Allen)

Allen's Big-eared Bat

Corvnorhinus phvllotis G. M. Allen, Bull. Mis. Comp. Zool., 60:352,

Apr. 1916, type from San Luis Potosi (probably near city of

same name), Mexico. 60

Plecotus phyllotis. Dalquest, Louisiana State Dniv. Studies Biol.

Sci., 1:63, 1953.

Idionycterls msxicana Anthony, Amer. Mus. Nev., 54:1, Jan. 17, 1923,

type from Miquihuana, Tamaulipaa, Mexico.

Idionycterls phyllotis. Handley, Proo. Biol. Soc. Washington 69:56,

1956j Cockrum, Jour. Mama., 37:546, 1956; Hall and Kelson,

Mama. N. Amer., 1:201, 1959; Cockrum, Recent.Mamm. Ariz.,

p. 59, I9 6 0 .

Distribution. Known in Arizona only from the Chiricahua Mts.,

where it has been taken at elevations ranging from 4 5 0 0 to 6000 feet

in Evergreen Woodland and Pine Forest type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements of seven males are 105-117;

45-50; 8-10; 40-42; tragus, 5-16. The dental formula is I 2/3, C 1/1,

P 2/3, M 3/3 = 36.

Specimens Examined . Total 9, distributed as follows: South­

western Research Station, 5400 ft., 2, UA; South fork Cave Creek, 5400

ft., 4, UA; Waterhole 1 mi. NNW Portal, 4900 ft., 3, UA.

Antrozous pallidus pallidus (Le Conte)

Pallid Bat

V Ijespertilioj. pallidus Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

7:437, 1856, type from El Paso, El Paso County, Texas.

Antrozous pallidus. H. Allen, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 7:68, June 1864;

Allen, Bull. Amer. Mis. Nat. Hist., 7:249, June 29, 1895.

Antrozous pallidus pallidus. Swarth, Proc. California Acad. Sci., 18:347,

April 26, 1929; Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:422, 1939; Hall and 61

Kelson, Hamm, N, Amer., 1:202, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Hamm.

Aria., p. 59, I9 6 0 ,

Distribution. In Arizona it occurs statewide. In the study area it has been taken at elevations ranging from 4 5 0 0 to 6 0 0 0 feet in Grassland and Evergreen Woodland type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements for five males are 103-123;

35-48; 12-13; 13-31; tragus, 11-16. The dental formula is I 1/2,

C 1/1, P 1/2, M 3/3 = 28.

Specimens Examined. Total 18, distributed as follows: South­ western Research Station, 5400 ft., 2, UA; 6 mi. HE Paradise, 13, SDSNH;

Chiricahua Nat. Mon., 2, CNHM; South fork Cave Creek, 3 mi. SW Portal,

6 , UA; 17 mi. S San Simon, ca. 5000 ft., 2, UA; Portal, 1, UM.

Additional Records. Portal, 1, Cahalane (1939:422).

Family MQL0SSIDAE, Freetail Bats

The Freetailed Bats are distributed worldwide in warmer regions.

These bats are all insectivorous and primarily colonial. The following

key will aid in the identification of the species known or suspected

to occur in the study area.

1 Forearm more than 65 mm.; upper lips without deep vertical

grooves; palate with no medium emargination; lower incisors

subequal, much exceeded in height by cingulum of canines,

beneath which they are crowded in a semicircular

row Eumops perotis 62

1* Forearm less than 65 mm. j upper lips with deep

vertical grooves; palate with medium emargination;

lower incisors equal, crowns in contact with each

other and with the canine, cutting edge on level

with cingulum of canine ...... 2

2(1') Forearm less than 45 nm.; ears not united at base;

second phalanx of fourth finger more than 5 mm.;

skull considerably wider anteriorly than at the S least interorbital constriction; greatest length of

skull less than 18 m m ...... Tadarida brasillensis

2* Forearm more than 45 mm.; ears united at base;

second phalanx of fourth finger less than 5 mm.;

skull scarcely wider anteriorly than at the least

interorbital constriction; greatest length of

skull more than 18 mm...... 3

3(2') Forearm more than 53 mm.; skull more than 21 mm. • . .

...... Tadarida molossa

3' Forearm less than 53 mm.; skull less than 21 mm. . . .

...... Tadarida femorosacca

Tadarida brasillensis mexlcana (Sanasure)

Brazilian Freetailed Bat

Molossus mexicanus Saussure, Revue et Magasin de Soologie (Ser. 2)

12:283, July, 1860, type from Cofre de Perote, 1 3 0 0 0 feet,

Veracruz, Mexico. 63

Tadarida brasillensia mexlcana. Schwartz, Jour. Hamm., 36:108, 1955?

Hall and Kelson, Hamm. N. Amer., 1:206, 1959? Cockrum, Recent

Hamm. Ariz., p. 61, I9 6 0 .

Tadarida mexlcana. Shamel, Proc. U. S. Nat. Hus. 78:4, May 6 , 1931?

Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:423, 1939.

Nyctionomus brasillensia. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:246,

June 29, 1895.

Distribution. During certain times of the year it occurs

statewide. In the study area it has been taken at elevations ranging from 3800 to 8200 feet in Desert Shrub, Grassland, Evergreen Woodland,

and Pine Forest type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements for sixteen males are 90-108?

30-40? 4 - H ? 15-19? tragus, 2-6? and for ten females are 86-102? 30-43?

7-12? 14-19? tragus, 2-6. The dental formula is I 1/3, 0 1/1, P 2/2,

M 3/3.

Specimens Examined. Total 30, distributed as follows: San

Bernardino Ranch, 4, NM? Southwestern Research Station, 4500 ft., 24,

DA? 16 mi. S San Simon, ca. 5000 ft., 1, DA? South fork Gave Greek,

3i mi. SW Portal, 5500 ft., 1, DA.

Additional Records. "Chiricahua Mts. ’1 6 , Allen, 1895:246.

Tadarida molossa (Pallas)

Big Freetailed Bat

V jjespertilio]. molossus Pallas, Micellania Zoologies, p. 49, 1776,

type from nAmerica, ” not improbably from Surinam. 64

Tadarlda moloaaa. Miller and Kellogg, U. S. Nat. Mua. Bull. 205:116,

1955; Hall and Kelson, Maim. N. Aaer., 1:208, 1959; Cockrum,

Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 64, I960.

Tadarlda nevadensls. Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:423, 1939.

Nyctinomus nevadensls. Allen, Bull. Azaer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:245, 1895.

Tadarlda macrotls. Shamel, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 78:15, May 6 , 1931.

Distribution. Known only from Pima, Santa Cruz, and Cochise counties, but probably occurs statewide. In the study area this species has been taken at elevations ranging from 4 5 0 0 to 9500 feet in Desert

Grassland, Evergreen Woodland, and Coniferous Forest type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurement for two females are 132-133;

44-51; 11-12; 30-32; tragus, 23. The dental formula is I l/3, C l/l,

P 2/2, M 3/3.

Specimens Examined. Total 5 , distributed as follows: Fly

Park, 9500 ft., 1, AMNH; Southwestern Research Station, 5400 ft., 4# UA.

Order LAGOMORPHA, Pikas, Hares and Rabbits

These Lagomorphs (Fr. lago = hare + Gr. morph = form) are terrestrial, short-tailed, herbivores. Their most striking characteris­

tic is to be found in their dentition. Unlike the rodents they have four upper incisors, two large ones in front and two peg-like incisors

directly behind them. Their elongated hind feet and ears also set them

apart from all others. Of the two families (Ochotonidae and Leporidae)

of this Order which occur in North America; only one (Leporidae) has

representatives in the study area. 65

Family LEPGRIDAE, Hares and Rabbits

This group of mammals is mainly diurnal or crepuscular and feeds principally on leaves and nonwoody stems. Of the members of this family only two genera have been taken in the study area. The key which follows will aid in the identification of the species found there.

I Hind foot more than 105 mm.; ears more than 90 mm.;

interparietal not evident (fused with parietals)...... 2

I I Hind foot more than 105 mm,; ears less than 90 mm.;

interparietal evident (not fused with parietals). .... 3

2(1) Ears with terminal black patch...... Lenus califomicus

2* Ears without terminal black patch ...... Leons gaillardi

3(1*) Tympanic bullae large ...... Svlvilagus audubonil

3 * Tympanic bullae small ...... Svlvilagus floridanus

Leous Californians eremi ana J. A. Allen

Black-tailed Jack Rabbit

Leous texianus eremicus J. A. Allen, Bull, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

6:347, Dec. 7, 1894, type from Fairbank, Cochise County, Arizona;

Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:202, June 29, 1895.

Leous californlcus eremicus. Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:140, Aug. 31,

1909; Cabalane, Jour. Hamm., 20:435, 1939; Hall, Univ. Kansas

Publ,, Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:184, 1951; Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N.

Amer., 1:284, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 70, I960.

Leous texianus. Hearns, Bull. Amer. Mas. Nat. Hist., 2:304, 1890

(part from Sulphur Spring Valley). 66

Distribution. In Arizona this subspecies is found in the southeastern portion of the state. In the study area it has been taken at elevations ranging from 3000 to 7 0 0 0 feet in Desert Shrub,

Grassland, and Evergreen Woodland type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements of three females are 305-601;

75-93; 111-185; 128-147. The dental formula is I 2/1, C 0/0, P 3/2,

M 3/3 = 28. Price (in Allen, 1895:202) reported that they were

"abundant over the entire region to about 7000 ft. elevation.*

Cabalane (1939:436) thought their distribution was "mainly Lower

Sonoran, entering the Upper Sonoran locally for short distances."

Specimens Examined. Total 15, distributed as follows: Fort

Bowie, 1 , BS; Willcox, 1, BS; 2 mi. E Portal, 3, UM; 1, UA; San

Bernardino Ranch, 5, NM; Sulphur Spring Valley, 1, MVZ; Southwestern

Research Station, Portal, 2, UA; 12 mi. N. Portal on San Simon Rd.,

1, UA.

Sylvilagus floridanus holzneri (Hearns)

Eastern Cottontail

Leons svlvaticus holzneri Hearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Hus., 18:554, June

24, 1896, type from Douglas Spruce Zone near summit Huachuca

Hts., Cochise County, Arizona.

Sylvilagus floridanus holzneri. Lyon, Smithsonian Misc. Coll,, 45:336,

June 15, 1904; Cabalane, Jour. Hamm., 20:436, 1939; Hall and

Kelson, Univ. Kansas Fubl. Mas. Nat. Hist., 5:54, Oct. 1, 1951;

Hall and Kelson, Hamm. N. Amer,, 1:262, 1959; Cockrum, Recent

Hamm. Ariz., p. 71, I960; Hofftneister and Lee, Amer. Hid. Nat., 67

70:143, July 1, 1963.

Distribution. This species occurs in scattered mountain ranges of the southeastern part of the state. In the study area it has been taken at elevations ranging from 5200 to 8800 feet in Ever­ green Woodland, Pine Forest, and Fir-Spruce-Alpine Forest type vegetation and the associated Deciduous (Riparian) Woodland.

Remarks. External measurements of one juvenile is 255; 6 8 ;

50; 30; and of one male adult is 403; 47; 8 8 ; 69. The dental formula is I 2/1, C 0/0, P 3/2, M 3/3. The specimens from the higher eleva­ tions of the Chiricahua Hts. referred by Allen (1895:203) to Leons sylvatious arizonae ( - Sylviagus audubonil arlzonae), are actually of this species. Cahalane (1 9 3 9 :4 3 6 ) found it to be restricted primarily to the Transition Zone.

Specimens Examined. Total 7, distributed as follows: Mouth

Bonita Canyon, 1 , BS; Rustlers Park, 1 , UM; 4 mi. Si Portal, 1, UM;

Pinery Canyon, 7500 ft., 1, BS; 1 mi. N. Rustlers Park, 1, UM; South

Fork, 7 mi. NS Chiricahua Peak, ca. 5000 ft., 1, UA; 1 ml. S El Tigre

Mine, 1, UA.

Sylvilaeus audubonil minor (Hearns)

Desert Cottontail

Lepus arlzonae minor Hearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18:557, June 24,

1896, type from El Paso, El Paso County, Texas.

S fjylvilagusj. a Qiduboniij. minor. Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc, Washington,

20:83, July 22, 1896. \

68

Sylvilagus audubonli minor. Cahalane, Jour. Hamm., 20:436, 1939;

Hall, Univ. Kansas Pub!., Mas. Nat. Hist., 5:165, 1951; Hall

and Kelson, Hamm. N. Amer., 1:266, March 31# 1959; Cockrum,

Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 75, I960; Hoffmeister and Lee, Jour.

Hamm., 4 4 :5 0 8 , Dec. 13, 1963; ’

Lepus arizonae. Elliot, Field Golumb. Mus., Publ. 115, Zool. Ser.

8:375, 1907 (part).

Sylvilagus audubonii arizonae. Hall, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat.

Hist., 5:164, 1951; Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer., 1:265,

1959; Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 73, I960.

Lepus sylvaticua arizonae. J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

7:203, 1895.

Distribution. This subspecies of Desert cottontail occurs in the southeastern corner of the state (Hoffmeister and Lee, 1963). In the study area it has been taken at elevations ranging from 3 0 0 0 to 6700 feet in Desert Shrub, Grassland, and Evergreen Woodland type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements for one male and two females are

352-400; 42-70; 75-80; 64-69. The dental formula is as for S, florjdanus. Hoffmeister and Lee (1963:510) in their revision of this

species state that "Although S. &. minor intergrades with S. a. warreni

in New Mexico, in Arizona minor intergrades only with S. a. arizonae.

Here, the Mogollon Plateau serves as an effective barrier between minor

and warreni. The zone of intergradation between minor and ariyonae is

broad and specimens from several localities are intermediate in varying

degrees between the 2 subspecies." 69

Specimens Examined. Total 10, distributed as follows; San

Bernardino Ranch, 2, NMj 2 mi. E Portal, 3, UM; S fork Cave Creek, 1,

UAj 1 mi. W Portal, 1, UAj Willcox, 2 (1, DM; 1 , BS); Dos Gabesos

( = Dos Cabezas), 1, BS.

Order RODENTIA, Rodents

Rodentia (L. rodere ■ to gnaw), refers to the manner in which the members of this order use their teeth. The incisors are reduced in number to one on each side above and below, with the canines absent.

The maximum dental formula is I 1/1, C 0/0, P 2/1, M 3/3. The animals in this order are primarily herbivorus. Most of them are small in size and range from terrestrial, fossorial, arboreal, glissant, to semi- aquatic in habits.

Rodents make up more than one third of the known kinds of mammals.

Individually they are the most abundant mammals in this study area. Of the fourteen families of this order found in North America, seven have representatives in the Chirioahua Mountains. The following key will aid in the separation of the families:

1 Body and tail covered with quills; infraorbital foramen

larger than foramen magnum...... EKETHIZONTIDAE

1' Body and tail without quills; infraorbital foramen

smaller than foramen magnum ...... 2

2(1') Tail flattened dorsoventrally; crowns of teeth with

eight to ten transverse ridges...... CASTCRIDAE 70

2* Tail not flattened dorsoventrally; crowns of teeth

not with eight to ten transverse ridges ...... 3

3(2') Anterior end of infraorbital canal on side of rostrum;

external fur-lined cheek pouches present...... 4

3' Anterior end of infraorbital canal on or involving

maxillary plate or zygoma; external fur-lined

cheek pouches absent...... 5

4(3) Skull modified for fossorial life, angular and massive;

bullae and mastoids never abnormally inflated; tail

short, never as long as head and body; front feet

larger than hind feet and with large claws...... GBOMZIDAE

4' Skull never modified for fossorial life, thin and

papery; bullae and mastoids often abnormally inflated;

tail as long as, or longer than, head and body; hind

feet larger than front f e e t ...... HETERCMIDAE

5(3') Infraorbital canal amnll and inconspicuous; post­

orbital processes present; form squirrel-like. . . . SCIURIDAE

5* Infraorbital canal as long vertical slit or a long

oval; postorbital processes absent; form various.

not squirrel-like ...... 6

6(5') Upper molars with three longitudinal rows of

cusps ...... MURIDAE

6 ' Upper molars with two longitudinal rows of cusps

or consisting of numerous triangles and transverse

enamel folds...... CRICETIDAE 71

Family SCIURIDAE, Squirrels and Allies

The sciurid rodents are worldwide in their distribution. In the main they are diurnal in their activity and primarily herbivorous.

The following key will aid in their identification:

1 Sides of head striped; no infraorbital canal (merely

the infraorbital pierces the zygomatic plate of

the maxilla...... Entmmlaa dorsalis

1* Sides of head without stripes; infraorbital

canal present...... 2

2(1') Zygomata constricted anteriorly and with anterior

portions twisted toward median plane so that it is

horizontal; no black line separating light-colored under­

parts from dark colored dorsal parts ...... 3

2' Zygomata parallel (not constricted anteriorly) and

with anterior portions vertical; black line separating

light colored underparts from dark-colored upper

parts ...... Sc turns navaritensis

3(2) Tail length less than 25 percent of total length;

upper premolar enlarged, complex, with four

ridges...... Cvnomvs lucoviclams

3' Tail length more than 25 percent of total length;

upper premolar simple and peg-like...... 4

4(3') Tail length more than 135 mm.; dorsal color mottled

grayish and white; length of skull more than 5 0 mm. . . .

Citellus variegatus 72

4* Tail length less than 135 mm.; dorsal color pattern

of stripes or spots; length of skull less than 5 0 mm. . . 5

5(4') Upper parts striped along the sides...... Cltellus harrisi

5' Upper parts spotted with white ...... Citellus spiloaoma

Gynomys ludovlclanus ariaonensis Mearns

Black-tailed Prairie Dog

Gynomys arizonanais Hearns, Bull. Amer. Mas. Nat. Hist., 2:305, Feb. 21,

1890, type from Point of Mountain, near Willcox, Cochise

County, Arizona; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mas. Nat. Hist., 7:237, 1895.

C jjsmomysj. ludovlclanus arizonensis. Marriam, Proc. Biol. Soc.

Washington, 7:158, July 27, 1892.

Gynomys ludovie^amia arizonensis. Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.

56:339* 1907; Hollister, N. Amer. Fauna, 40:19* June 20, 1916;

Cahalane, Jour. Hamm., 20:427, 1939; Hall and Kelson, Hamm. N.

Amer., 1:364, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Mamin. Aria., p. 76, I960.

Distribution. In Arizona this animal is now virtually extinct.

Formerly it was abundant in the southeastern corner of the state. In the study area this species was found at elevations ranging from 4 0 0 0 to 5000 feet in the Desert Shrub and Grassland type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements recorded for this species by

Hall and Kelson (1959) are 335-415; 72-115; 57-67; (no ear measurement given). The dental formula is I 1/1, G 0/0, P 2/1, M 3/3 - 22. Price

(in Allen, 1895:237) reported that in 1894 "In the Sulphur Springs and

San Simon Valleys, Prairie Dogs are found in numerous colonies, especially about Willcox. . . 11 Cahalane (1939:427-428) reported (for 1932) that, 73

"Prairie-dogs have been diligently shot and poisoned until they are now relatively rare. The remaining ’towns* are small, infrequent and at most only a few acres in extent. In the San Simon Valley only two colonies were found and investigated. One, containing about 25 animals, was located a mile east of Rodeo, and the second, considerably smaller, was a mile west of the same village.... In the Sulphur Springs

Valley, on the west side of the Chiricahuas, the species may be extinct

.... I was told by ranchers near Rodeo that colonies usually did not last long; that when the animals increased in number sufficiently to attract notice, a complaint to the Biological Survey Trapper brought attention in the form of a poisoning campaign.M

Mr. Carson Marrow, of Portal, recalled for us that in 1924 the round-up crew of the Double Z Ranch in Sulphur Springs Valley spent the whole year, except when actually engaged in round-up, in poisoning prairie-dogs. This concentrated poisoning campaign saw the extinction of most of the prairie-dogs in the area. Carson Marrow also told us that within two years from the killing off of the prairie-dogs, all of the shallow wells in the area went dry. Also, McFalls Cienega, which prior to that time always had at least some water, dried up and the ranchers there had to dig a well 90 feet deep to secure water. It was

Mr. Marrow’s opinion that water which was formerly absorbed by the prairie-dog and associated badger holes was running off and was no longer available to the shallow wells and denegas.

Mearns (1907:342) reported that "In the year 1885 I observed immense colonies of Arizona prairie-dogs in the region contiguous to the Southern Pacific Railroad in southeastern Arizona, extending as far 74 vest as the town of Benson, on the San Pedro River. Other colonies were located in the region about the junction of the Gila and Salt

Rivers, also in Sulphur Spring Valley.n

Specimens Examined. Total 17, distributed as follows: Dos

Cabesos (= Dos Cabezas), 1, BS; Willcox, 4136 ft., 15 (12, BS; 3, MVZ); l£ mi. W Light, 1, MVZ.

Additional Records. 1 mi. W Rodeo, Cahalane (1939:428);

Sulphur Springs Valley, 2, Hollos ter (1916:21).

Citellus anilosomw caneseens (Merriam)

Spotted Ground Squirrel '

Spermophilus canoscens Merriam, N. Amor. Fauna, 4 $38, Oct. 8 , 1890,

type from Willcox, Cochise County, Arizona.

Citellus spilosoma canescens . Swarth, Proc. California Acad, Sci.,

18:348, 1929; Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 56:125, 1938; Cahalane,

Jour. Mamm., 20:427, 1939; Cockrum, Recent Maim. Ariz., p. 79, I960.

Spermophilus spiloaomu canescens. Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer.,

1:349, 1959.

Aniaonvx (Xeroaphermophilua) canescens. J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Hus.

Nat. Hist., 7:239, June 29, 1895.

Citellus spilosoma macrospjlotus. Mearns, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.,

56:334# 1907; Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., Publ. 115, Zool.

Ser., 8:164, 1907. 75

Distribution. This species occurs in the southeastern corner

of the state. In the study area it has been taken at elevations

ranging from 3800 to 5 0 0 0 feet in Desert and Plains Grassland type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements of one male are 214; 56; 32; 9.

The dental formula is I 1/1, C 0/0, P 2/1, M 3/3 = 22.

Hearns (1907:334) reported that they saw this squirrel as they

were crossing over Steins Pass from New Mexico to San Simon, Arizona on

April 28, 1885. He also mentions that several large colonies were en­

countered in Sulphur Springs Valley along the west base of the mountain.

"Here", he states, "they have hillocks towns not unlike those of the

Prairie Dog." Mr. Condit, with the same party, found a small colony

at San Bernardino Ranch and collected a single specimen.

Cabalane (1939:427) found the spotted ground squirrel in the

mesquite east of Portal.

Specimens Examined. Total 35, distributed as follows: Willcox,

4163 ft., 24 (23, BS; 1, MVZ); Dos Cabesos (= Dos Cabezas), 5000 feet,

1, MVZ; Chiricahua Mts., 1, CNHM; Portal, 1, DM; 3 mi. E Portal, 2, DM;

Fort Bowie, 1, BS; 17 mi. S Dos Cabesos (= Dos Cabezas); 3, DA; Sulphur

Springs Valley, near Pinery Canyon, 1, SDSNH.

Additional Records. San Simon, seen by Hearns, 1907:334; East

of Portal, Cahalane, 3# 1939:436. 76

Citellus variegatus gramn ug (Say)

Rock Squirrel

§ jslurugj, grammurua Say, is Long, Account of an expedition from

Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountain, 2:72, 1823, type from

Purgatory River, near mouth of Chacuaeo Creek, Las Animas

County, Colorado.

Citellus variegatus grammurua. Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., Publ. 115,

Zool. Ser. 4:176, 1907; Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 56:142, 1938;

Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 81, I960.

Citellus grarnTmimp grammurus. Dice and Blossom, Carnegie Inst.

Washington Publ,, 485:20, 1937; Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:427,

1939.

Spermophilus grammurua. Gone a and Yarrow, Rep. Expl. Surv. W 100th

Merid. (Wheeler, 1875), 5:121, 1976.

Anisonvx (Otospermophilus) grammurua. Allen, Bull. Amer, Mus. Nat.

Hist., 7:237, 1895.

Otospermophilus gram™ in is. Mearns, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 56:315# 1907;

Miller, Jour. Mamm., 16:324; 1935.

Spermophilus variegatus grammurua. Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer.,

1:353, 1959.

Distribution. This species is widely distributed throughout

the state. In the study area it has been taken at elevations ranging

from 3800 to 8800 feet in Desert Shrub, Evergreen Woodland, and Pine

Forest type vegetation. It is especially common in the Evergreen

Woodland, at about 6000 feet. 77

Remarks. The external measurements for five males are 185-200;

54-58; 20-29; 57-58; 20-29; and for three females they are 433-436;

183-197; 57-58; 26-30. The dental formula is I l/l, C 0/0, P 2/1, M 3/3 = 22.

Cabalane (1939:427) found the rook squirrel feeding on meat

(trap bait and a kangaroo rat killed in captivity) acorns, agave seeds, and seeds of lupine (Lupinus sp.).

Specimens Examined. Total 29# distributed as follows: 10 mi.

W Paradise, 1, UM; Rustlers Park, 3, (2, UM; 1, SDSNH); 4 mi. SW

Portal, 2, UM; 1 mi. S Paradise, 1, UM; 3 mi. W Portal, Pinery Canyon,

7500 ft., 1, BS; Fort Bowie, 3, B3; Portal, 5000 ft., 2, BS; Apache,

2, MM; San Bernardino Ranch, 1, MM; Turkey Greek Ranger Station, 6500 ft., 1, UA; 4 mi. MW Southwestern Research Station, 1, UA; South­ western Research Station, 4, UA; Cochise County, 1, UA; 3 mi. N South­ western Research Station, 1 , UA.

Citellus harrisii harrisii (Audubon and Bachman)

Yuma Antelope Squirrel

Spermoohilus harrisii Audubon and Bachman, The Viviparous Quadrupeds

of North America, 3:267, 1854, type locality not designated by

original describers. "Fixed11 by A. H. Howell (N. Amer, Fauna,

56:167, 1938) in the Santa Cruz Valley, Santa Cruz County,

Arizona, at the Mexican boundary line,

jcitellusj harrisl. Elliot, Field Columb. Mas,, Zool. Ser. 4:141,

Aug. 2, 1904. 78

Gitellua h’arrlsil harrisli. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 56:167, May 18,

1938; Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:427, 1939; Cookrua, Recent

Mamm. Ariz., p. 84, I960.

Ammospermoohilus harrlall harrisli. Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer.,

1:331, 1959.

Distribution. This Antelope squirrel is found in southwestern and southeastern Arizona except for most of Yuma County. In the study area it has been found at elevations ranging from 4 0 0 0 to 6000 feet in

Desert Shrub, Grassland, type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements recorded for this species by Hall and Kelson (1959) are 222-250; 74-94$ 38-42; ear measurements not given. The dental formula is I l/l, C 0/0, P 2/1, M 3/3 * 22.

Specimens Examined. Total 16, distributed as follows: 2 mi.

SB Portal, 2, DM; 2 mi. E Portal, 1, DM; Fort Bowie, 8 BS; Mouth

Pinery Canyon, 1, BS; Dos Cabesos (= Dos Cabezas), 5000 ft., 1, MVZ;

Willcox, 4163 ft., 2, MVZ; 6 mi. HE Paradise, 1, SDSNH.

Eutamias dorsalis dorsalis (Baird)

Cliff Chipmunk

Tamias dorsalis Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7:332,

April, 1955, type from Fort Webster, Copper Mines of Mimbres,

Grant County, New Mexico; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mas. Nat. Hist.,

7:241, 1895; Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., Publ. 115, Zool. Ser.,

8:143, 1907.

E dorsalis. Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11:210,

July 1, 1897. 79

Eutamlafl dorsalis dorsalis. Dice and Blossom, Publ. Carnegie Inst.

Washington, 485:24, 1937; Cabalana, Jour. Hamm., 20:429,

1939; Hall and Kelson, Hamm. N. Amer., 1:311, 1959; Cockrum,

Recent Hamm. Ariz., p. 96, I960.

Distribution. The Cliff chipmunk is widely distributed in the mountains of central and southeastern portions of the state. In the study area it has been taken at elevations ranging from 4 5 0 0 to 9 0 0 0 feet in Evergreen Woodland, Pine Forest, and Fir Forest.

Remarks. The external measurements of four males are 191-238;

33-107; 31-34; 20-22; and for six females are 222-265; 92-105; 3 0 -3 6 ;

20-23. The dental formula is I 1/1, C 0/0, P 2/1, M 3/3 * 22.

Price (in Allen, 1895:242) reported that in 1894 "In the

Chiricahua Mountains I found it continuously after my arrival there on

March 19. It was common from the scrub-oaks to the base of the thick firs and aspen on the very summit, 10000 ft. elevation... .They are generally distributed in rocks, brush fences, thick woods and brushy hillsides.”

SpeoimenH Examirgd. Total 65, distributed as follows: John

Hands Picnic area,, 3^- mi. E Flys Peak, 1, UA; 1 mi. N Rustlers Park,

1, UM; Rustlers Park, 10, (3, OH; 5, SDSNH; 2, UA); 4 mi. SW Portal,

4, UM; 10 mi. W Paradise, 5, UM; Rucker Canyon 9, BS; Fly Park, 10000 ft., 2, BS; Mouth Bonita Canyon, 1, BS; Turkey Creek Canyon, 28 mi. S

Ft. Bowie, 2, BS; Pinery Canyon, 7500 ft., 21, (12, BS; 9, SDSNH);

Cave Creek, 6500 ft., 1, BS; Head Rock Creek, 3, SDSNH; Onion Saddle,

2, SDSNH; Portal, 5000 ft., 2, BS; Chiricahua Mts., 4, (1, BS; 2, UA; 80

1, MVZ); ^ ml. down W Slope Onion Saddle, 1, UA; Southwestern Research

Station, 4600 ft., 1, UA.

Sciurus nayaritensis chlricahua Goldman

Ghiricahua Fox Squirrel

Sciurus chiricahuae Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 46:71,

Apr. 27, 1933, type from Gave Greek, 5200 ft., Ghiricahua Mts.,

Cochise County, Arizona; Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:429, 1939;

Miller and Kellogg, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 205:255, 1955; Hall

and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer., 1:392, 1959.

Sciurus nayaritensis chiricahuae. Lee and Hoffmeister, Proc. Biol. Soc.

Washington, 76:189, August 2, 1963.

Sciurus apache. Hearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56:270, 1907, (Part from

Ghiricahua Mountains).

Sciurus apache chiricahuae. Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 103, I960.

Distribution. The Ghiricahua Fox squirrel is known only from

the study area, where it has been taken at elevations ranging from

4900 to 9000 feet in Evergreen Woodland, Pine Forest, and Fir Forest

type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements for five males are 508-550;

240-271; 66-75; 31-34; and for two females are 5 2 1 - 5 8 8 ; 2 5 6 -2 6 0 ; 71-75;

34-36. The dental formula is I 1/1, C 0/0, P l/l, M 3/3 = 20.

Specimens Examined. Total 25, distributed as follows:

Ghiricahua Mts., 4, (1, LACM; 3, MVZ); Cave Creek, 5900 ft., 1, CM;

3 mi. SE Portal, 1, UM; Rustler Park, 1, UM; Gave Greek, 5800 to 7500 81 ft., 3, UA; Rucker Canyon, 6000 ft., 1, UA; Head Turkey Creek Canyon,

6500 ft., 1, UA; South Fork Cave Creek, 5 4 0 0 ft., 1, UA; Pinery Canyon, ca. 6900 ft., 1, UA; Pinery Camp, 1, UA; South fork of Cave Creek, 3& ml. SW Portal, 1, UA; Cochise County, 1, UA.

Family GEOMIIDAE, Pocket Gophers

As their common name Implies, these thick-bodied, loose skinned rodents have large external fur-lined cheek pouches. Their general morphology is adapted for their fossorial life. They are active in their tunnels most of the day coming to the surface at night. Of the eight living genera in this family only one occurs in the study area.

Thomomvs bottae collinus Goldman

Mountain Pocket Gopher

Thomomvs fulvus collinus Goldman, Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., 21:421,

Oct. 19, 1931, type from Fly Park 9000 ft., Chiricahua Mts.,

Cochise County, Arizona.

Thomomvs bottae collinus. Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 48:157,

Oct. 31, 1935; Dice and Blossom, Carnegie Inst. Washington,

Publ. 485:15, 1937; Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:429, 1939;

Goldman, Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., 33:147, May 15, 1943;

Goldman, N. Amer. Fauna, 59:27, 1947; Miller and Kellog, U. S.

Nat. Mus. Bull., 205:292, 1955; Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz.,

p. 1 1 0 , i9 6 0 .

Thomomvs fulvus. J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:205, 1895 82

(part); Elliot, Field Colwnb. Mas. Publ. 115, Zool. Ser.,

8:317, 1907 (part).

Thomomya umbrinus obirloahuae Nelson aid Goldman, Jour. Hamm,, 15:117,

May 15, 1934, type from Pinery Canyon, 7500 ft., Chiricahua

Mts., Cochise County, Arizona.

Thomomya umbrinus collinus, Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer., 1:423,

1959.

Distribution. This subspecies of Thomomya bottae has been

taken at elevations ranging from 5000 to 9000 feet in Evergreen Wood­ land, and Forest type vegetation within the mountain range.

Remarks. The external measurements for five males are 200-223;

50-65; 27-31; 5-7; and for seven females are 188-202; 59-70; 26-28;

5-8. The dental formula is I 1/1, 0 0/0, P 1/1, M 3/3 = 20. The

cheek teeth are evergrowing with greatly reduced enamel.

Specimens Examined. Total 92, distributed as follows:

Rustlers Park, 8400-8000 ft., 51, (8, UVZ; 15, UM; 18, SDSNH; 10, B3);

Fly Peak, 9700 ft., 2, BS; Pinery Canyon, 7000 ft., 5, UM; above

Onion Saddle 7800 ft., 4 UM; Pinery Canyon, 7500 ft., 3, BS; Paradise,

5200 ft., 2 UM; Mouth Turkey Creek, 5000 ft., 10 BS; Turkey Creek

Ranger Station, 6000 ft., 8, BS; Turkey Creek, 6500 ft., BS; Rucker

Canyon, 5# BS.

Additional Records. Chiricahua Mts., 24, Allen (1895:205). 83

Thomomya bottae extenuatua Goldman

Valley Pocket Gopher

Thomomya bottae extenuatua Goldman, Proo. Biol. Soc. Washington,

4 8 :149, Oct. 31, 1935, type from Willcox, 4000 ft., Cochise

County, Arizona; Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,

48:157, Oct. 31, 1935; Dice and Blossom, Carnegie Inst.

Washington, Publ. 485:15, 1937; Goldman, Jour. Washington,

Acad. Sci., 28:339# 1938; Cahalane, Jour. Hamm. 20:430, 1939;

Goldman, N. Amer. Fauna, 59:24# 1947; Miller and Kellogg,

U. S. Mus. Bull., 205:292, 1955; Coderum, Recent Hamm. Ariz.,

p. 112, I960.

Thomoncrs baileyj mearnsi. Nelson and Goldman, Jour. Hamm., 15:124,

1934; Goldman, N. Amer. Fauna, 58:31# 1947; Miller and Kellogg,

D. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 205:309# 1955 (part from Arizona).

Thomomya fulvua. J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:205#

1895 (part from San Bernardino Ranch); Elliot, Field Columb.

Mus., Publ. 115, Zool. Ser., 8:317, 1907 (part).

Thomomya iunbrirmig extenuatua. Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer.,

1:424, 1959.

Distribution. This subspecies of Thomomya bottae has been taken at elevations ranging from 3700 to 5200 feet in Desertscrub and

Grassland type vegetation of the valleys surrounding the mountain range.

Remarks. See $. b. collinua. Hall and Kelson (1:412# 1959) had this to say about pocket gophers in general: "Pocket gophers are 84 relatively sedentary and live where there is suitable soil for burrowing. In many parts of their range, they are found in localized, isolated areas. Possibly because of their discontinuous distribution and great genetic plasticity, there are a great many kinds known.

Indeed, in many areas, each individual population possesses some de­ gree of uniqueness. Which of these populations are to be recognized nomenclaturally is often a highly subjective matter. Because of their remarkably great variability, more than 300 kinds of pocket gophers have been formally named."

Specimens Examined. Total 73, distributed as follows: Willcox,

3, RWDj Bowie, 1, SDSNH; Port Bowie, 6, BS; Dos Cabesos (= Dos Cabezas),

5, BS; 12 mi, SB Sulphur Springs Valley, 30 mi. N Douglas, 2, UM;

Pinery Canyon, 5500 ft., 4, UM; Mouth Bonita Canyon, 5000 ft., 8, UM;

Cave Greek 5000 ft., 1, BS; 1 mi. S Paradise, 1, UM; Portal, 5000 ft.,

2, BS; 2 mi. E Portal, 2, UM; 3 mi. E Portal, 1, UM; San Simon Cattle

Co. Ranch, 3800 ft., 3, BS; Black Draw, 9000 ft., San Bernardino

Ranch, 1, 04; San Bernardino Ranch, 15 mi. E. Douglas, 22 (5, BS;

15, AMUR; 1, MVZ; 1, UM).

Family HETEROMXIDAE

Kangaroo Rats and Pocket Mice

The heteromyids are primarily animals of the warm subtropical

and tropical forests, but they have successfully invaded the arid

American Deserts. The members of this family characteristically have

limbs modified for jumping, a tail that is longer than the body, and

fur-lined cheek pouches. The following key will aid in their 85 identification:

1 Soles of hind feet densely haired; interparietal

less than one-fourth of greatest width of skull...... 6

1* Soles of hind feet naked or haired only from heel

to plantar surface; interparietal more than one-

fourth of greatest width of skull...... 2

2(1*) Total length more than 150 mm.; hind foot more than

20 mm.; mastoids relatively small, not projecting

beyond plane of occiput; audital bullae separated

by full width of basisphinoid...... 3

2* Total length less than 150 mm.; hind foot less than

20 mm.; mastoids greatly developed, projecting beyond

plane of occiput; audital bullae nearly meeting an­

teriorly on ventral surface...... Perognathus flavus

3(2) Rump with more or less distinct spines; length of

hind foot less than 22 mm.; length of head and body

less than 80 mm...... Perognathus intermedins

3* Rump without spines; length of hind foot more than 22

mm.; length of head and body more than 80 nan...... 4

4(3') Tail crested, as long as or longer than head and body;

skull without supraorbital furrow in adult ...... 5

4* Tail not crested, shorter than head and body; skull

with supraorbital furrow in adults. . . . Perognathus hispldus

5(4) Tail much longer than head and body; head and body

usually more than 95 mm.; interparietal width equal to

or less than least interorbital width. , . Perognathus bailevi 86

5* Tail slightly longer than head and body; head and body

usually less than 95 mm.; interparietal width exceeds

least interorbital w i d t h ...... Peroenathus •penicillatus

6(l) Four toes on hind foot; breadth across bullae more

than 27 mm.; (if less than 27, merrjaml. width

interorbital breadth more than half of basal length). . . 7

6' Five toes on hind foot; breadth across bullae less

than 27 mm.; interorbital breadth less than half of

basal l e n g t h ...... Dipodomvs ordii

7(6) Size large; total length more than 300 mm.; terminal

part of tail white; basal length of skull more than

27.3 mm...... Dinodomvs spectabilis

7' Size medium; total length less than 260 mm,;

terminal part of tail dark; basal length of skull

less than 27.3 ram...... Dipodoravs merriami

Perognathus flavus flavus Baird

Silky Pocket Mouse

Peroenatus |sicj flavus Baird, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

7(1854-1855):332, type from El Paso, El Paso County, Texas.

Perognathus flavus. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mas. Nat. Hist., 7:215, 1895;

Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 18:24, 1900; Elliot, Field Columb.

Hus. Pubi. 115, Zool. Ser., 8:332, 1907.

Perognathus flavus flavus. Swarth, Proc. California Acad. Sci., 18:267,

Apr. 26, 1929? Cahalane, Jour. Mamin. 20:430, 1939? Hall and 87

Kelson, Mamin. N. Amer., 1:479, 1959} Cockrum, Recent Mamm.

Arlz., p. 123, I960.

Distribution. This subspecies is known from the southeastern corner of the state. In the study area it has been taken at eleva­ tions ranging from 3800 to 5400 feet in Desert Shrub and Grassland type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements for thirty-one males are

97-119} 38-60; 14-17; 5-8; and for thirty-seven females are 78-120;

30.5-60; 15-17; 4.5-8. The dental formula is I l/l, C 0/0, P l/l,

M 3/3 = 20.

Specimens Examined. Total 42, distributed as follows: 9&- mi.

W New Mexican line, 6, BS; 0.6 mi. N Carter Tank, 4 mi. ESE Chiricahua, : 14, UA; Southwestern Research Station, 5 4 0 0 ft., 1, DA; Chiricahua,

4600 ft., 1, UA; li mi. E Portal, 4625 ft., 1, UA; £ mi. NW Portal Po.

4600 ft., 1, DA; 0.3 mi. N Portal, 4800 ft., 5, UA; 4.4 mi. E Portal,

1, DA; 0.3 mi, HE Portal, 1, UA; 2.2 mi. E Portal, 1, UA; Portal, 5,

DA; l£ mi. E New Mexico, 2£ mi. N mi. W Rodeo, 1, UA; Will cox, 18

(17, BS; 1, MUZ); Dos Bacesos (= Dos Cabezas), 4, BS; 1 mi. S Paradise,

1, DM; Sulphur Springs Valley, 30 mi. N Douglas, 2, NM.

Additional Records. Chiricahua Mts., 2, Osgood, 1900:24} Dos

Cabezas, 4, Osgood, 1900:24} Willcox, 13, Osgood, 1900:24} Chiricahua

Mts., W base, 3, Allen (1895:215). 88 Perognathus ballevi baileyi Merriam Bailey's Pocket Mouse

Perognathus baileyi Merriam, Froc. Acad. Nat. Sol. Philadelphia,

4-6:262, Sept. 27, 1894, type from Magdalena, Sonora, Mexico.

Perognathus baileyi baileyi. Sworth, Proc. California Acad. Sol.,

18:355, 1929? Hall and Kelson, Mama. N. Amer., 1:493, 1959;

Cockrum, Recent Hamm. Aria., p. 134, I960.

Distribution. This pocket mouse is known from the southern half of the state. In the study area it has been taken at elevations rang­ ing from 3800 to $000 feet in Desert Shrub and Grassland type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements for one male and one female are 190-226; 110-122; 25-26; — 9. The dental formula is as in

P. flavus flavus.

Specimens Examined. Total 8, distributed as follows: Dos

Cabesos (- Dos Cabezas), $000 ft., $, MVZ; San Bernardino Ranch, 3966 ft., 1, MVZ; Black Draw, 3900 ft., San Bernardino Ranch, 1, DA; 1 mi.

E Portal, 4700 ft., 1, DA.

Perognathus hisnidus conditi Allen

Hispid Pocket Mouse

Perognathus conditi J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:316,

Nov. 7, 1894, type from San Bernardino Ranch, Cochise County,

Arizona; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:219, 1895. 89 Ferognathus hlspidus oonditi. Hoffmeister, Illinois Biol* Monogr.

24:103, 1955; Cocknun, Recent Mama. Ariz., p. 135* I960.

Ferognathus hlsnidus paradoxus. Osgood, N. Aaer. Fauna, 1 8 :44, 1900;

Cahalane, Jour. Mama., 20:430, 1939; Glass, Jour. Mama,,

28:178, May, 1947; Miller and Kellogg, U. S. Nat. Mas. Bull.,

205:371, 1955; Hall and Kelson, Mama. N. Aaer., 1:495, 1959.

Distribution. The Hispid pocket mouse occurs in the south­

eastern corner of the state. In the study area it has been taken at

elevations ranging from 3800 to 5000 in Grassland type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements for five males are

181-200; 187-104; 19-27; 12-13; and for six females are 178-198;

80-97; 23-27; 11-13. The dental formula is as for P. flavus flavus.

Specimens Examined. Total 10, distributed as follows: 3 mi.

N Portal, 1, DM; 12 mi. SB Dos Cabesos (= Dos Cabezas), 1, DM; Mouth

Turkey Creek, 5000 ft., 3, BS; Dos Cabezas, 5000 ft., 1, MVZ; 5J- mi.

N of Mexican boundary, 9& mi. W of New Mexico line, 1, DA; 3 mi. E,

1, mi. N Chiricahua, 4600 ft*, 1, DA; I V Bar Ranch, Vicinity Carter

Tank, 4& mi. E of SE Chiricahua, 7, DA; 7.4 mi. W El Coronado Ranch,

Turkey Creek Rd, W Slope Chiricahua Mt., 2, DA.

Additional Records. San Bernardino Ranch, 3, Allen (1895:219).

Ferognathus penicillatus price! Allen

Desert Pocket Mouse

Ferognathus price! J. A. Allen, Bull. Aaer. Mas. Nat. Hist., 6:318,

1894, type from Oposura, Sonora, Mexico. 90

i' pricel. Osgood, N. Aster. Fauna, 18:47, 1900j

Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer., 1:498, 1959; Cockrum, Recent

Maim. Ariz., p. 138, I960.

Perognathua penicillatus pricii. Elliot, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. 115,

Zool. Ser., 8:339, 1906 (part).

Distribution. This subspecies occurs in the south central and southeastern portions of the state. In the study area it has been taken at elevations ranging from 3900 to 5000 feet in Desert Shrub and

Grassland type vegetation on the western side of the mountain range.

Remarks. For external measurements and dental formula see

P. p. eremlcus.

Specimens Examined. Total 4, distributed as follows: Willcox,

4163 ft., 1, MVZ; Fort Bowie, 3, BS; Dos Cabesos (= Dos Cabezas),

1, BS.

Perognathus penicillatus eremlcus Maarns Desert Pocket Mouse I

Perognathus eremlcus Msarns, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 10:300,

Aug. 31, 1898, type from Fort Hancock, Hudspeth County, Texas.

Perognathus penicillatus eremlcus. Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 18:48,

Sept. 20, 1900j Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:430, 1939; Miller

and Kellogg, U. S. Mus. Bull., 205:373, 1955; Hall and Kelson,

Mamm. N, Amer., 1:498, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz.,

p. 139, I960.

Distribution. This subspecies occurs in the extreme south­ eastern corner of the state. On the eastern side of the mountain 91 range. It has been taken at elevations ranging from 3900 to 5000 feet in Desert Shrub and Grassland type vegetation.

, Remarks. The external measurements for six males are 128-185;

83-101; 13-23; 8-18; and for two females are 163-167; 87-90; 22-24;

7-8. The dental formula is I 1/1, C 0/0, P 1/1, H 3/3 = 20.

Snemlm^ns Examined. Total 24, distributed as follows: Portal,

4500 ft., 1, BS; 2 mi. E Portal, 3, UM; 3 mi. E Portal, 1, UM; San

Bernardino Ranch, 3966 ft., 19 (7, MVZ; 12, NM).

Perottna^hus intermedins intermedins Merriam

Rock Pocket House

Perognathus intermedins Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 1:18, Oct. 25, 1889,

type from Mud Spring, Mohave County, Arizona; Osgood, N. Amer.

Fauna, 18:52, 1900.

Perognathus intermedins intermedins. Benson, Proc. Biol, Soc. Washington

Pub!., 42:201, 1934; Cahalane, Jour. Hamm., 20:430, 1939; Hall

and Kelson, Hamm. N. Amer., 1:501, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Hamm.

Ariz., p. 139, I960.

Distribution. The Rock pocket mouse is known from Mohave

County southward and eastward, across most of the state to Cochise

County. In the study area it has been taken at elevations ranging from

3700 to 4900 feet in the Desert Shrub and Grassland type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements recorded for these species

by Hall and Kelson (1959) are 152-180; 83-103; 19-24; ear measurements

not given. The dental formula is as for P. p. ere miens. 92

Specimens Examined. Total 3, Distributed as follows: Port

Bowie, 1, BS; 8 mi. W Bowie, 1, LACK; Dos Gabesos (= Dos Cabezas),

6000 ft., 1, MVZ.

Dipodomvs spectabilis snectabilis Merriam

Banner-tailed Kangaroo Rat

Dipodomys snectabilis Merriam, N. Arner. Fauna, 4:46, Oct. 8, 1890,

type from Dos Cabezos (- Dos Cabezas), Cochise County, Arizona;

Allen, Bull. Amer. Mis. Nat. Hist., 7:212, June 29, 1895;

Elliot, Field Columb. Mis. Publ. 115, Zool. Ser., 8:327, 1907;

Cahalane, Jour. Mamin., %):430, 1939.

Dipodomys spectabilis spectabilis. Hoffmeister, Illinois Biol. Monogr.,

24:108, 1955; Hall and Kelson, M a m . N. Amer., 1:528, 1959;

Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 143, I960.

Distribution. Banner-tailed kangaroo rats are known from the

grasslands of southeastern part of the state. In the study area they

have been taken at elevations ranging from 4000 to 5000 feet in Grass­

land type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements for two males and one

female are 228-332; 120-195; 48-55; 7-19. The dental formula is I l/l,

C 0/0, P 1/1, M 3/3 = 20.

Dale (1939:730) points out that the environmental factors

favoring the distribution of the genus Dipodomvs are (1) arid or semi-

arid climate, (2) proper drainage, (3) any combination of soil and

climatic factors to provide an abundance of seed plants with light 93 ground cover, (4) some provision for shelter, and ($) the availability of dusting places for at least a part of the year.

Specimens Examined. Total 43> distributed as follows: 2 mi.

E Portal, 2, UM; 5 mi. E Willcox, 1, UMj 5 mi. HE Willcox, 1, KU;

Willcox, 3, BS; San Bernardino, 4000 ft., 9 (8, MNM; 1, CNHM); 6 mi.

NE San Bernardino, 4000 ft., 3# BS; 12 mi. S Dos Gabezos (- Dos

Cabezas), 1, MVZ; Fort Bowie, 7, BS; Dos Gabezos (= Dos Cabezas), 5000 ft., 23, (16, NM; 7, MVZ); 8 mi. W Bowie, 1, LACK.

Additional Records. San Bernardino Ranch, 5# Allen,

1895:212.

Dipodomys merriami merriami Mearns

Merrlam's Kangaroo Rat

Dipodomys merriami Mearns, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:290, Feb.

21, 1890, type from New River, north of Phoenix, Maricopa

County, Arizona; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:213,

1895; Elliot, Field Columb. Mus. PuhL. 115, Zool. Ser., 8:322,

1907.

Dipodomys merriami merriami. Benson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,

47:182, 1934; Cahalane, Jour. Mama., 20:431, 1939; Hall and

Kelson, Mama. N. Amer., 1:530, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Hamm.

Ariz., p. 144, I960.

Distribution. This species occurs through most of western and

southern Arizona. In the study area it has been taken at elevations

ranging from 3900 to 5000 feet in Desert Shrub and Grassland type

vegetation. Remarks, The external measurements for 28 males are 196-258;

116-154; 35-40; 10-16; and for 13 females are 216-254; 125-154; 34-46;

10-14. The dental formula is as for D. speotabilis. Specimens Examined. Total 70, distributed as follows: San

Bernardino Ranch, 3966 ft., 27 (16, CHUM; 9, NM; 2, MVZ); Portal, 3,

(1, UM; 2, BS); 2 mi. E Portal, 1, UM; 4 mi. SE Portal, 1, UM; 2 mi.

E Hilltop, 1, RWD; 5 mi. E Will cox, 1, KtT; Dos Cabezos (* Dos Cabezas),

5, (4# BS; 1, MVZO; Fort Bowie, 3, BS; 6 mi. E San Bernardino, 4000 ft.

1, BS; 4 mi. WSH Chiricahua Nat. Monument, 5000 ft., 1, MVZ; 12 mi. S

Dos Cabezas, 1, MVZ; Will cox, 2, MVZ; 5& mi. N of Mexican border, 9&- mi

W of New Mexico line, 2, DA; Black Draw, San Bernardino Ranch, 3900 ft.

3, DA; 2 mi. E 2^- mi. N Chiricahua, ca. 4600 ft., 3, DA; 5 mi. S Portal

4, DA; i mi. W Portal, 1, DA; 4.4 mi. NW Portal, 1, DA; 2.2 mi. S

Portal, 1, DA; 1 mi. E, 1 mi. N Portal, 4600 ft., 3, DA; NEW MEXICO: 2& mi. N i mi. W Rodeo, 4200 ft., 1, DA.

Additional Records. San Bernardino Ranch, 33# Allen 1895:213.

Dioodomrs ordii ordii Woodhouse

Ord's Kangaroo Rat

D jinodomy^. ordii Woodhouse. Proc., Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

6:224# 1853# type from El Paso, El Paso County, Texas.

Dipodomys ordii ordii. Setzer, Dniv. Kansas Pubis., Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1(23) :530, Dec. 27# 1949; Hall and Kelson# Hamm. N. Amer.,

1:516# 1959; Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 151# I960.

Distribution. Ord's kangaroo rat occurs in the grasslands of 95 southeastern Arizona, In the study area it has been taken at eleva­ tions ranging from 3900 to 5000 feet in Desert and Plains Grassland type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements for four males are 214-233;

113-144; 36-38; 11-15. The dental formula is I 1/1, C 0/0, P l/l, M 3/3 = 20.

Spanlmanty Examined. Total 40, distributed as follows: 8 mi.

W Bowie, 1, LACMj 4 mi. WSW Ghiricahua Nat. Hon., 5000 ft., 1, MVZ;

Will cox, 4163 ft., 24 (4, M Z ; 4, UM; 16, BS); 12 mi. SB Dos Cabezos

(- Dos Cabezas), 4# UM; Riggs Ranch, mouth Pinery Canyon, 4# BS; Portal, 4500 ft., 2, BS; Ghiricahua, 4700 ft., 1, UA; 2 mi. E, 2^ mi.

N Ghiricahua, ca. 4 6 OO ft., 1, UA; NEW MEXICO: Earl Swift Ranch, 10 mi. N Rodeo, 1, UA; San Simon Cienaga, 15 mi* N Rodeo, 1, UA.

Additional Records. San Bernardino Ranch, 4, Allen (1895:202).

Willcox, 1; S Bowie, 3; Dos Cabezas, 1; 1 mi. NW Portal, 1; i" mi. W

Portal, 4780 ft,, 2; 8 mi. E Douglas, 5; San Bernardino, 2, Hoffmeister and Lee (1963:511).

Family GRIGETIDAE, Native Rats and Mice

These New World rodents are small and usually somewhat special­ ized for fossorial life. Of the two subfamilies that occur in North

America (Cricetinae and Microtinae) only Cricetinae occurs in the

Ghiricahua Mountain Region. Here six of the seven genera which occur in the United States have representatives. The following key will aid in their identification: 96

1 Cheek teeth with cusps arranged in two rows (or may

be ground flat in the case of old individuals, if

so, the tooth will be outlined with an even rim of

enamel and containing no lakes of enamel)...... 2

1' Cheek teeth non-cusped; occlusal areas consist of

dentine lakes surrounded by e n a m e l ...... 13

2(1) Upper incisors grooved on anterior face, Genus

Reithrodontomya...... 3

2* Upper incisors not grooved ...... 5

3(2) Upper parts golden brownish; venter grayish white,

usually washed with buff; length of tail more

than 77 m m ...... Reithrodontoravs fulvescans

3* Upper parts grayish or brownish; venter never washed

with buff; length of tail less than 77 mm...... 4

4(3*) Dorsal tail stripe wide, covering dorsal surface of

tail; venter grayish; middorsal stripe faintly defined;

length of tail usually more than 65 mm.; greatest length

of skull usually more than 20.3 mm.; in unworn dentition,

small accessory cusp evident on outer surface of first

lower molar between first and second lower cusps . • • .

...... Re ithr odont omvs meealotis

4* Dorsal tail stripe narrow, not covering dorsal surface

of tail; middorsal stripe usually well defined; length

of tail usually less than 65 mm.; no accessory cusp

evident ...... Reithrodontomvs montanus 97

5(2') Total length less than 115 mm.; hind foot less than

15 mm.; greatest length of skull less than 18.5 mm. . •

...... Balomrs taylori

5' Total length more than 155 mm.; hind foot more than

15 mm.; greatest length of skull more than 18.5 mm. . . . 6

6(5') Tail length less than 60 per cent of length of head

and body; coronoid process of mandible high, Genus

Ony ch o w s ...... 7

6' Tail more than 60 per cent of length of head and

body; coronoid process of mandible low. Genus

Peromyscus...... 8

7(6) Tail less than one half length of head and body; third

upper molar as long as broad; first upper molar less

than one half length of too throw...... Qnychomys leucoeaster

7' Tail more than one half length of head and body; third

upper molar broader than long; first upper molar more

than one half length of toothrow...... Qnychomys torridus

8(6') Two principal outer angles of ML/ and M2/ with more

or less well developed accessory tubercles or enamel

loops; mammae 3/3 (12/2, A 0/0, P 1/1). Subgenus

Peromyscus...... 9

8' Two principal outer angles of ML/ and M2/ simple,

without accessory cusps or enamel loops or with only

rudimentary ones; mammae 2/2 (I 2/2, A 0/0, P 0/0)

Subgenus Haplomylomys • • • • * ...... 12 98

9(8) Length of ear greater than 22.5 mm.; breadth of bralnoaae more than 13.0 mm...... Peromysous dtfflcllis

9* Length of ear less than 22.5 mm.; breadth of

bralncase less than 13.0 mm...... 10

10(9*) Tail less than 90 percent of length of head and body;

total length less than 205 mm...... 11

10* Tail more than 90 per cent of length of head and body;

total length more than 205 mm...... 3 ...... Peromysous boylei

11(10) Tail usually very sharply bicolored and pencillate;

white spot at anterior base of ear present or absent;

palatine slits usually long and nearly parallel­

sided ...... Peromysous maniculatus

11* Tail less distinctly bicolored, slightly or not at

all penicillate; no white spot at anterior base of

ear; palatine slits short and curve-sided......

...... Peromysous leucoous

12(8*) Greatest length of skull less than 25.5 mm.;

maxillary tooth row less than least interorbital

constriction; mastoid breadth less than 11.4 mm. ....

...... Peromysous eremicus

12* Greatest length of skull more than 15.5 mm.;

maxillary tooth row greater than least interorbital

constriction; mastoid breadth more than 11.4 mm. ....

...... Peromysous merriami 99

13(1*) Molar crown pattern consisting of enamel folds

arranged In a sigmoid pattern...... 14

13* Molar crown pattern consisting of enamel folds

forming a prismatic pattern (tracts of dentine

surrounded by enamel and separated by re-entrant

angles)...... 16

14(13) Hind foot usually more than 30 mm.; venter whitish...... Slgmodon hisoidus

14* Hind foot usually less than 30 mm. j venter

buff or gray ...... 15

15(14') Nose, orbital rings and upper forelegs bright huffy...... Slgmodon ochrognathus

15' Nose, orbital rings, and upper forelegs not

bright huffy ...... Slgmodon minimus

16(13') Anterointernal re-entrant angle of first upper

molar extending more than half way across anterior lobe...... Neotoma mexicana

16' Anterointernal re-entrant angle of first upper

molar never extending more than half way across

anterior lobe...... Neotoma albigula

Oavchomrs leucogaster ruidosae Stone and Rehn Northern Grasshopper Mouse

Onvchomvs ruidosae Stone and Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, Philadelphia,

55:22, May 7, 1903, type from Hale's Ranch, Ruidosa, Lincoln 100

County, New Mexico.

Omrchomrs leucogaster ruldosae. Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,

26:216, 1913; Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer., 2:665, 1959;

Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 158, I960.

Onychomvs melanophrys. Mearna, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 56:374, 1907

(part from San Bernardino Ranch).

Distribution. This species is most commonly found in the grass­ lands of central and southeastern part of the state. In the study area it has been taken at elevations ranging from 3800 to 5000 feet in

Desert Shrub and Grassland type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements of five males are 135-150;

33-49; 20-23; 12-20; and for twelve females are 130-164; 40-54; 20-24;

15-37. The dental formula is I l/l, C 0/0, P 0/0, M 3/3 = 22.

Specimens Examined. Total 15, distributed as follows: Dos

Cabesos (= Dos Cabezas), 2, BS; Riggs Ranch, mouth Pinery Canyon, 5,

BS; Will cox, 2, (1, BS; 1, MVZ); £ mi. SW Chiricahua, 4700 ft., 3, UA;

Chiricahua, 4600 ft., 1, UA; 1.4 mi. N of Carter Tank, 3 mi. E of

Chiricahua, 1, UA; San Bernardino Ranch, 1, NM.

Onychomvs torridus torridus (Coues)

Southern Grasshopper Mouse

Hesperomys (Onvchomys) torridus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila­

delphia, 26:183, Dec. 15, 1874# type from Old Camp Grant,

Pinal County, Arizona. 101

Onvchomys torridus. Marriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 2:3, 1889; Allen, Amer,

Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull., 7:224, 1895; Elliot, Field Columb. Mas.,

Publ. 115, Zool. Ser. 8:201, 1907.

Onrchomys torridus torridus. Swarth, Froc. California Acad. Sci.,

18:359, 1929; Cahalane, Jour. Hamm., 20:432, 1939; Hall and

Kelson, Hamm. N. Amer., 2:667, 1959; Coderum, Recent M a m .

Aria., p. 159, I960.

Distribution. This species occurs in the southeastern quarter of the state. In the study area it has been taken at elevations rang­ ing from 3800 to 5400 feet in Desert Shrub and Grassland type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements for ten males are 124-156;

44-55; 16-21; 15-19; and for ten females, 130-146; 38-55; 19-23; 13-21.

The dental formula is as for 0. leucogaster.

Specimens Examined. Total 33, distributed as follows: 2 mi.

E Portal, 1, DM; 3 mi. E Portal, 3, DM; Dos Cabesos [- Dos Cabezas), 7,

BS; 4 mi. SW Chiricahua Nat. Mon., 5000 ft., 1, MVZ; San Bernardino

Ranch, 3955 ft., 1, MVZ; 7 mi. N, £ mi. W Rodeo (Arix??), 4150 ft., 1,

DA; 1 mi. E, 1 mi. N. Portal, 3, DA; 4.4 mi. E Portal, ca. 3800 ft.,

2, DA; Southwestern Research Station, Portal, 1, DA; 5 mi. S Portal,

1, DA; mi. E Portal Ranger Station, 4900 ft., 1, DA; £ mi. N. Portal,

1, DA; i" mi. NW Portal P. 0., 4800 ft., 1, DA; 1 mi. E Portal, 3, DA;

5 mi. N Portal, 1, DA; 5 mi. V Portal, 1, DA; 2 mi. E, 2% mi. N

Chiricahua, ca. 4600 ft., 1, DA; NEW MEXICO: 2& mi. N, mi. W Rodeo,

2, DA; 16£ mi. N, £ mi. W Rodeo, 1, DA.

Additional Records. San Bernardino Ranch, 3, Allen 1895:224. 102

Reithrodontomrs nontanua montanua (Baird)

Plains Harvest Mouse

Relthrodon montanus Baird, Proc. Aoad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7:335#

April, 1855, type from Rocky Mountains, Lat. 39° N (regarded

as probably near upper end of San Luis Valley, Saguache County,

Colorado, by J. A. Allen, Bull. Aaer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:124;

1895).

Reithrodontomys montanus. J. A. Allen, Bull. Aaer. Mas. Nat. Hist.,

4:80, April, 28, 1893.

Reithrodontomys montanus montanus. Benson, Jour. Mama., 16:141, May

15, 1935; Hall and Kelson, Mama. N. Aaer., 2:583, 1959;

Cockrum, Recent Mama. Ariz., p. 163, I960.

Distribution. In Arizona it is found in the grasslands of the

southeastern part of the state. In the study area this species has

been taken at elevations ranging from 4300 to 5000 feet in Grassland

type vegetation. *

Remarks. The external measurements for five males and one

female are 115-128; 60-63; 15-16; 12-14. The dental formula is

I 1/1, C 0/0, P 0/0, M 3/3 = 16.

Specimens Examined. Total 6, from 0.6 mi. N of Carter Tank,

4 mi. ESE of Chiricahua.

Reithrodontomys megalotis megalotis (Baird)

Western Harvest Mouse

Relthrodon megalotis Baird, Mammals, in Rep. Expl. Surv. Railr. to 103

Pacific, 8(1):451, July 14, 1858, type from between Janos,

Chihuahua, Mexico, and San Luis Springs, Grant County, New

Mexico.

Relthrodontomys meealotis. J. A. Allen Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

5:79, 1893j J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:235,

1895.

Reithrodontoars meealotis meealotis. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 36:26,

1914; Cahalane, Jour. Manrn., 20:432, 1939; Hall and Kelson,

Mamm. N. Amer., 2:587, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Hamm. Ariz.,

p. 163, I960.

Distribution. This species occurs throughout the state. In the study area it has been taken at elevations ranging from 3800 to

6500 feet in Desert Shrub and Grassland type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements for seventeen males are

119-148; 55-74; 14-19; 12-16; and for eleven females are 130-147;

61-74; 15-18; 12-15. The dental formula is I l/l, C 0/0, P 0/0, M 3/3.

Specimens Examined. Total 48, distributed as follows: 3 mi.

E Portal, 4500 ft., 4 (1, 0M; 3, BS); mouth Turkey Creek, 5000 ft.,

4, BS; Portal, 4500 ft., 4, BS; San Simon Cattle Co. Ranch, 3800 ft.,

San Simon Valley, 4, BS; Riggs Ranch, mouth Pinery Canyon, 2, BS; 3 mi.

E, 1 mi, N Chiricahua, 4600 ft., 2, UA; 2 mi, E, mi. N. Chiricahua, ca 4600 ft., 2, UA; £ mi. NW Portal P. 0., 4800 ft., 1, UA; £ mi. E

Portal Ranger Station, 4900 ft., 1, UA; 6 mi. W E I Coronado Ranch,

Turkey Greek Rd., 20, UA; El Coronado Ranch, Turkey Creek Rd., ca 6500,

1, UA; NEW MEXICO: Pearl Swift Ranch 1 mi. N Rodeo, ca. 3900 ft., 1, UA. 104

Additional Records. San Bernardino Ranch, Allen, 1895:234.

Reithrodontomys megalotie arizonensia (Allen)

Western Harvest House

Reithrodontomvs arizonensia J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer.’Mus. Nat. Hist.,

7:134, 1895, type from Rock Creek, 8000 ft., Chiricahua

Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona? Allen, Bull. Amer. Mas.

Nat. Hist., 7:235, 1895.

Reithrodontomrs meealotia arizonensia. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 36:38,

1914; Cahalane, Jour. Hamm., 20:432, 1939? Hooper, Univ.

Michigan Mus. Zool., Misc. Publ., 77:219, 1952; Miller and

Kellogg, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 205; 453, 1955; Hall and

Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer., 2:585, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Hamm.

Ariz., p. 165, I960.

Rhithrodontomvs [sic} arizonensia. Elliot, Field Columb. Mus. Publ,,

115, Zool. Ser., 8:258, 1907.

Rhithrodontomvs [sic] longicaudus. Elliot, Field Columb. Mus. Publ.

115, Zool. Ser., 8:258, 1907.

Distribution. This subspecies is known only from the

Chiricahua Mountains. No specimens were taken during this study.

Remarks. Dental formula as for R. m. meealotia. According to

Price (in Allen, 1895:236) five specimens of this race (4 adults) were

taken between July 7 and 9, 1894. "Two were in rocks and dry soil

away from the bed of the creek, and the others were caught under logs

and brush near the water." The average and extreme measurements of

the four adults are as follows: 149(145-152); 78(74-80); 17(16-18); 105

14(13.5-14). Hooper (1952:219) compared the topotypes to specimens from the surrounding lowlands and found them to be darker, more reddish dorsally, more huffy ventrally and with a more distinct pectoral spot. In cranial characteristics he found the teeth to be smaller (length), the tooth row to be 3.1-3.2 mm., and the zygomatic notch shorter anter-posteriorly.

Specimens Examined. Total 3, from the type locality, in the collection of the Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

Reithrodontomys fulvescans fulvescans Allen

Fulvous Harvest Mouse

Reithrodontomvs mexicanus fulvescans Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.

Hist., 6:319, 1894, type from Oposura, 2000 ft., Sonora, Mexico.

Reithrodontomvs fulvespens. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

7:138, 1895.

Reithrodontomys fulvescens fulvescans. Burt, Jour. Mamm., 14:119, 1933;

Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer., 2:592, 1959.

Distribution. This species was known in Arizona, only from a few localities in southeastern Pima County, Santa Cruz County, and southeastern Cochise County. Recently it was found to occur in the study area at elevations ranging from 4800 to 5400 feet in Desert

Shrub and Grassland type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements of three males are 163-168;

90-97; 17-19; 13-17; and for two females are 144-150; 73-76; 16-19;

13-15. The dental formula is I 2/3, C 1/1, P 3/3, M 3/3 = 38. 106

Specimens Examined. Total 5> distributed as follows: 17 mi.

E of Douglas on 01overdale Rd., 1, UA; 20 mi. E Douglas on 01overdale

Rd., 1, UA; 1 ml. W Portal, 4-800 ft., 1, UA; Southwestern Research

Station, 5400 feet, 1, UA; 7.4 mi. W El Coronado Ranch, Turkey Creek,

1, UA.

. Baiomvs tavlori ater Blossom and Burt

Pigmy Mouse

Baiomvs tavlori ater Blossom and Burt, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.

Michigan, 465:2, Oct. 8, 1942, type from 7 mi. W Hereford,

Cochise County, Arizona; Hall and Kelson, Mamm, N. Amer.,

2:659, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 167, I960.

Baiomvs tavlori. Justice, Jour. Mamm., 38:520, 1957.

Distribution. In Arizona this species occurs in the grasslands of southeastern corner. In the study area it has been found at eleva­ tions ranging from 3800 to 5000 feet in Desert Shrub and Grassland

type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements for thirteen males are

91-106; 30-46; 12-15; 9-11; and for ten females are 89-118; 34-45;

12-14; 8-13. The dental formula is I 1/1, C 0/0, P 0/0, M 3/3 = 16.

Justice (1956:521) reported that, "In November, 1955, and again

in August, 1956, I collected a total of 49 pigmy mice at several lo­

calities in heavy grass (Hilaria jamesii) on a lava flow at 4300 to

4500 feet elevation, 5 to 20 miles north of the Mexican border and

southeast of Chiricahua.... Here Baiomvs was associated with z

107

Peromyscus manlculatus. Perognathua flavus, Relthrodontoava montanua.

Onychomya torridus, 0. leucogaster. Slemodon minimus, and Perognathua

baileyi. in order of decreasing abundance. Dlpodomya merriami and

D. anectabilis were taken from nearby areas of sparse grass. In

August, 1956, in the Sulphur Springs Valley, 4 miles vest of Pearce,

4700 feet, Cochise County, I collected the pigmy mouse from a small

strip of Hilaria .lamesit approximately 30 yards wide and several times

as long. Perognathua flavus and Onvchomys torridus were also taken

from the heaty grass at this locality, while the surrounding relatively

bare areas yielded Dinodomys merriami. Perognathua penicillatus.

Onvchomys torridus and Peromyscus sp., Baiomvs remains were found in

barn owl pellets collected by E. Lendell Cockrum near Dos Cabezas,

Cochise County, also in the Sulphur Springs Valley."

Specimens Examined. Total 44, distributed as follows: 0.6 mi.

N of Carter tank, 4 mi. SSE (Mricahua, 19, DA; mi. N, 2 mi. E

Chiricahua, ca. 4600 ft., 1, UAj 3 mi. E, 1 mi. N Chiricahua, 4600 ft.,

3, UA; 9i mi. W of New Mexico line, 5i" mi. N Mexican border, 20, UAj

Dos Cabezas (owl pellet remains), UAj W Pearce, 4700 ft., 1, UA.

Peromyscus eremicus eramicna (Baird)

Cactus Mouse

Hesoeromys eremicus Baird, Hamm. N. Amer., in Rep. Expl. Sur. Railr.

to Pacific, 8(1):479» July 14, 1857, type from Old Fort Yuma,

Imperial County, California.

Peromyscus eremicus. J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:226,

June 29, 1895.

\ \ Peromvscus eremlcus eremlaaa. Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool.,

12:229, 1914) Hall and Kelson, Hamm. N. Amer., 2:606, 1959;

Cockrum, Recent Mama. Ariz., p. 169, I960.

Distribution. This subspecies occurs through the western and southern part of the state. In the study area these species are to be found at elevations ranging from 4000 to 5000 feet in Desert Shrub type vegetation, on the western side of the mountain.

Remarks. The external measurements of two females are 166-200;

75-111; 21-20; 17-23. The dental formula is I l/l, C 0/0, P 0/0, M 3/3

= 16.

Specimens Examined. Total 2, El Dorado School, 3 mi. W of

Chiricahua Nat. Mon., 1, UA; 6 mi. E Warren, Sulphur Springs Valley,

1, UA.

Peromvscus eremicus anthonvl (Merriam)

Cactus Mouse

Hesperomvs (Vesperimus) anthonvl Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,

4:5, Apr. 15, 1887, type from Camp Apache, Big Hachita

Mountains, Hidalgo County, New Mexico.

Peromvscus eremicus anthonvl. Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 28:249, 1909;

Hall and Kelson, Hamm. N. Amer., 2:605, 1959; Cockrum, Recent

Mamm. Ariz., p. 173, I960.

Peromvscus eremicus eremicus, Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:432, 1939.

Distribution. In Arizona this subspecies enters the state

only at the extreme southeast corner. In the study area it has been 109 found at elevations ranging from 3800 to 5600 feet in Desert Shrub type vegetation, on the eastern side of the mountain.

Remarks. The external measurements of 22 males are 160-199;

83-114; 18-23; 15-22j and for seven females are 160-196; 82-106;

17-23; 17-21, The dental formula is as for P. eremioua eremicas.

Specimens Examined. Total 37, distributed as follows: San

Bernardino Ranch, 3966 ft., 1, MVZ; 2 mi. E Hilltop, 17 mi. S San

Simon, 1, RWDj 2 mi, E Portal, 2, UM; 2 mi. S Portal, 3, UMj 1 mi, E,

1 mi. N Portal, 4600 ft., 9, UA; 1 mi. HE Portal, 4600 ft., 1, UA;

1 mi. E Portal, 4700 ft., 5, UA; 4.4 mi. E Portal, 3800 ft., 1, UA;

5 mi. N Portal, 1, UA; 5 mi. S Portal, 1, UA; 16 mi. S San Simon, ca.

5000 ft., 1, UA. NEW MEXICO: 16£ mi. N, £ mi. W of Rodeo, 3800 ft.,

7, UA; Swift Ranch, 10 mi. N Rodeo, 3, UA; San Simon Cienega, 15 mi.

N Rodeo, 1, UA.

Peromvscus manieulatus rufinus (Merriam)

Deer Mouse

Hesperomvs leucopus rufinus Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 3:65, Sept. 11,

1890, type from San Francisco Mts., 9000 ft., Coconino County,

Arizona,

Peromvscus manieulatus rufinus. Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 28:72, April

17, 1909; Dice and Blossom, Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publ,,

483:34, 1937; Cahalane, Jour. Maram., 20:433, 1939; Hall and

Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer., 2:623, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Mamm.

Ariz., p. 175, I960. 110 Feromyscua leucopua ruf Inua. J. A. Allen, Bull. Aster. Hus. Nat, Hist.,

7:232, 1895. Feromyscua rufinua. Elliot, Field Golumb. Hus. Publ. 115, Zool. Ser.,

8:216, 1907.

Distribution. This subspecies of the Deer mouse is found at higher elevations throughout the state. In the study area it has been taken at elevations ranging from 5600 to 9000 feet in Forest (Fine and

Fir-Spruce) type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements of eleven males are

129.5-165; 50-73; 16-22; 16-20; and for six females are 151-165; 66-70;

16-20; 16-20. The dental formula is I l/l, C 0/0, P 0/0, H 3/3 = 16.

Allen (1895:232-233) in commenting of the taxonomic status of the deer mice from the various isolated mountain ranges of Arizona (including the Chiricahua Mountains) made a statement that to me seems just as appropriate today as when he originally made it. "There are slight shades of differences between the series from the different localities represented (various isolated mountains in New Mexico and Arizona), but there is also such a wide range of individual variation in color, size and proportions, and such an endless and complicating variation resulting from season and age, that apparently nothing is to be gained by attempting to recognize in nomenclature the slight average differ­ ences in coloration and other features that may possibly exist in the various more or less isolated mountain ranges of Arizona, New Mexico and adjoining regions."

Specimens Examined. Total 50, distributed as follows: Rustlers

Park, 8400 ft., 1, MVZ; Pinery Canyon, 7500 ft., 2, BS; Fly Park, 13, BS; HI

1 ml. S Fly Peak, 3, UM; 10 mi. V Paradise, 9, UM; Cave Creek, 5900 ft., 1, CM; Green House, 2 mi. E Fly Park, 1, UA; Barfoot Park, 3,

UA; Barfoot Park turnoff, 8600 ft., 7# UA; Barfoot Lookout, 8800 ft.,

1, UA; Barfoot Pass, 8826 ft., near Southwestern Research Station, 2,

UA; Onion Saddle, 7600 ft., 2, UA; Pinery Ridge Gamp Grounds, 1, UA;

Upper Pinery Canyon, 6200 ft., ij UA; Upper Pinery Canyon, oa. 5600 ft., 1, UA.

Additional Records. "Chiricahua Mts." 86, Allen 1895:232;

Rock Creek Canyon, 6, Dice and Blossom, 1937:34*

Peromvscus maniculatus sonoriensis (Le Conte)

Sonoran Deer Mouse

HesperofflYS sonoriensis Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei., Philadelphia,

6(1852-3):413, 1853, type from Santa Cruz, Sonora, Mexico.

Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 28:89,

April 17, 1909; Miller and Kellogg, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.,

205:484# 1955; Cahalane, Jour. Hamm., 20:433, 1939; Hall and

Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer., 2:624, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Hamm,

Aria., p. 177, I960.

Peromyscus leucoous sonoriensis. J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.

Hist., 7:299, 1895.

Peromyscus sonoriensis. Hearns, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 56:384, 1907.

Distribution. In the state this subspecies in the grasslands at lower elevations. In the study area it is known from the Grassland type vegetation of the western side of the mountain. 112

Remarks. The external measurements for five males are

161-173; 63-74; 18-23; 14-17. The dental formula is as for

P. m. rufinus. Hearns (1907:386) reported that "Dr. J. A. Allen has already called attention to the darker coloration of specimens from the San Bernardino ranch, at the head of the Yaqui River system; and our specimens from that locality are also darker than usual, with the exception of No. 21327, which is curiously albinistic. In the vicinity of Monument No. 77 of the Mexican Line, on the San Bernardino River, these mice are semi-aquatic, living amongst the aquatic vegetation beside the stream. Such individuals are usually darker, but on the ad­ jacent high ground nearly typical examples of F. s. aonoriensls were trapped. While this dark form is recognizably different from true sonoriensis. I have preferred for the present....to wait until the

Yaqui Basin Tract can be further explored, rather than name its peculiar forms from specimens from its terminal twigs, without being able to assign definite geographic ranges to the subspecies." Osgood

(1909:74) indicated that the specimens from San Bernardino Ranch were

Peromysous maniculatus rufinus, "approaching sonoriensis". I am in­ clined to agree with Osgood, but hesitate to offer any other alternative.

This area of extreme southeastern Arizona seems to be the meeting ground for three subspecies of P. maniculatus sonoriensis. P. m. rufinus. and F. m. blandus. Large series of specimens are needed to be studied in order to determine exactly where the subspecific divisions occur.

Specimens Examined. Total 6, distributed as follows: Dos

Cabesos (= Dos Cabezas), 1, BS; 7.4 mi. W El Coronado Ranch, Turkey Creek 113

Rd., 3> UAj 6 mi. W El Coronado Ranch, Turkey Creek Rd., 2, UA.

Additional Records. Willcox, 1, Allen (1895:231).

Peromyscus maniculatus blandus Osgood

Deer Mouse

Peromyscus sonoriensis hlandus Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,

17:56, Mar. 21, 1904, type from Escalon, Chihuahua, Mexico.

Peromyscus maniculatus hlandus. Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 28:84, April

17, 1909; Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:433, 1939; Miller and

Kellogg, U. S. Nat. Hus. PutiL., 502:483, 1955; Hall and

Kelson, Mamm, N, Amer., 2:619, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Mamm.

Ariz., p. 179, I960.

Distribution. In Arizona this subspecies enters the state

only at the extreme southeastern corner. In the study area it has

been taken at elevations ranging from 3200 to 4900 feet in Desert Shrub

and Grassland type vegetation on the eastern side of the mountain.

Remarks. The external measurements of 30 males are 132-189;

57-83; 19-23; 13-20; and of 14 females are 125-190; 56-89; 19-24;

16-19. The dental formula is as for P. m. rufinus.

Specimens Examined. Total 58, distributed as follows: 2 mi.

E Portal, 1, UM; 3 mi. E Portal, 1, UM; San Bernardino Ranch, 2, NM;

i mi. SW Chiricahua, 4700 ft., 5, UA; Chiricahua, 4600 ft., 11, UA;

1,4 mi. N Carter Tank, 3 mi. E Chiricahua, 13, UA; 2 mi. N Carter Tank,

2£ mi. N Chiricahua, 5, UA; 1 mi. N, 1 mi. E Portal, 4600 ft., 1, UA;

1 mi. NW Portal, 1, UA; £ mi. SW Portal, 4800 ft., 2, UA; 3 mi. E, 114

1 mi. S Portal, 4400 ft., 1, UA; 1 mi. HE Portal, ca. 4800 ft., 1, UA;

Portal, 1, UA; 5 mi. S Portal, 1, UA; £ mi. NW Portal P. 0., 4800 ft.,

1, UA; 2 mi. E, mi. N. Chiricahua ca. 4600 ft., 1, UA; NEW MEXICO:

Swift Ranch, 10 mi. N Rodeo ca. 3900 ft., 2, UA; 16^ mi. N, £ mi. W

Rodeo, 3860 ft., 1, UA; San Simon Cienega, 16 mi. N Rodeo, 2, UA; 8 mi. N 4 mi. E of Rodeo, 1, UA; 7 mi. N £ mi. W Rodeo, 4150 ft., 2, UA.

Peromyacua leucooua arizonae (Allen)

White-footed Mouse

Sitomya americanua arlzonae J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mua. Nat. Hist.,

6:321, Nov. 7, 1894, type from Fair bank, Cochise County,

Arizona.

Peromyacua leucooua arlzonae. Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 28:126, Apr. 17,

1909; Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:433, 1939} Hall and Kelson,

Hamm. N. Amer., 2:629, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz.,

p. 179, I960.

Distribution. The White-footed mouse is found in the south­ eastern quarter of the state. In the study area it has been found at elevations ranging from 3800 to 4600 feet in Desert Shrub and Grassland type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements of one male and one female

are 158-154} 70-64} 18-20; 16-16. The dental formula is I l/l, C 0/0,

P 0/0, M 3/3 = 16.

Specimens Examined. Total 14, distributed as follows: Riggs

Ranch, mouth Pinery Canyon, 3, BS; San Simon Cattle Co., 3800 ft., 115

San Simon Valley, 2, BS; Chiricahua Mts., 3, MVZ; Sulphur Springs

Valley, 1, MVZ; 7.4 mi. W Coronado Ranch, Turkey Creek Rd., 1, UA;

Star Ranch, St. Rte. 186, 7 mi. W Chiricahua Nat. Hon., 1, UA;

NEW MEXICO: San Simon Cienega, 15 mi. N Rodeo, 1, UA; Pearl Swift

Ranch, 10 mi. N Rodeo, ca. 3900 ft., 1, UA.

Peromyscus boylii rowleyi (Allen)

Brush Mouse

Sitomys rowleyi J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Hus. Nat. Hist., 5:76, April

28, 1893, type from Noland Ranch, San Juan River, Utah.

Peromyscus boylii rowleyi. Hearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Hus., 19:139, May

25, 1896; Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 28:145, 1909; Cahalane, Jour.

Hamm., 20:433, 1939; Miller and Kellogg, U. S. Nat. Hus. Bull.,

205:493, 1955; Hall and Kelson, Hamm. N. Amer., 2:635, 1959;

Cockrum, Recent Hamm. Ariz., p. 181, I960.

Distribution. The Brush mouse is found widely distributed throughout the state at higher elevations. In the study area it has been found at elevations ranging from 4900 to 8600 feet in Evergreen

Woodland, Pine Forest and Fir-Spruce type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements of 27 males are 135-228;

72-123; 16-26; 15-24; and of 25 females are 169-229; 82-120; 19-23;

17-24. The dental formula is I 1/1, C 0/0, P 0/0, M 3/3 = 16.

Specimens Examined. Total 59, distributed as follows:

Turkey Greek Ranger Station, 6000 ft., 3, UA; Portal, 5000 ft., 4, BS;

Rucker Canyon, 9 (6, BS; 3, UA); Rucker Canyon, 6100 ft., 2, UA; 116 mouth Bonita Canon (= Canyon) 2, BSj Pinery Canyon, 7500 ft., 1, BSj

Cave Creek, 5000 ft., 1, B3; 2 mi. W Chiricahua Nat. Monument, 5200 ft., 1, MVZj Onion Saddle, 7600 ft., 2, (l, MVZj 1, UA)j Rustler Rirk,

8400 ft., 5, (l, M7Z; 4, UA); Fort Bowie, 5, BSj 12 mi. SB Dos Cabesos

(= Dos Cabezas), 1, UMj 5 mi. SW Portal, 1, UM; 4 mi. SW Portal, 18,

UMj 1 mi. S Paradise, 4, UM; Herb Martyr Dam, 3 mi. E Fly Peak, 6000 ft., 12, UA; Green House, 2 mi. E Fly Peak, 5, UA; John Hands Picnic

Area, 3£ mi. E Fly Peak, ca. 6400 ft., 2, UA; Barfoot Park turnoff,

8600 ft., 1, UA; El Tigre mine, ca. 6800 ft., 4> UA; mi. E Portal

Ranger Station, ca. 4900 ft., 2, UA; 2 mi. W of Southwestern Research

Station, 1, UA; Ash Springs Canyon, 6500 ft., 11, UA; Pine Canyon 1, UA.

Additional Records. "Chiricahua Mts." 74, Allen (1895:227).

Peromyscus dificilis nasutus (Allen)

Deer Mouse

Vesperimus nasutus J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:299,

June 30, 1891, type from Estes Park, Larimer County, Colorado.

nasutus. Trouessart, Catal. Mamm., p. 517, 1897.

Peromyscus nasutus. Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 28:176, Apr. 17, 1909J

Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:434, 1939.

Peromyscus true! true!. Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer., 2:642, 1959}

Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p, 184, I960.

Peromyscus nasutus nasutus. Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer., 2:643,

1959} Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 187, I960.

Peromyscus difficilis nasutus. Hoffmeister and De La Torre, Jour. Mamm.,

42:7, Feb. 20, 1961. 117

Distribution. According to Hoffmeister and De La Torre (1961:1) the Deer mouse occurs "along the easternmost parts of southeastern

Arizona at least to the Chiricahua Mountains. In the study area it has been taken at elevations ranging from 5200 to 9000 feet in Evergreen

Woodland and Forest type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements for four males are 190-222;

105-123; 22-24; 20-24; and for six females are 117-225; 122-125; 24-25;

21-26. The dental formula is I l/l, C 0/0, P 0/0, M 3/3 • 16.

Hoffmeister and De La Torre (1961:1) in their recent revision of P. difficilis. report that, "Specimens from the Chiricahua Mountains, southeastern Arizona, recently acquired by our museum and by the Ameri­ can Museum, bridge the characteristics between the northern populations, nominal species nasutus and the southern populations, nominal species difficilis. Study of this material in conjunction with that from northern and southern localities indicates that the differences between nasutus and difficilis are interspecific clinal variations and not

specific differences.... Thus, we are of the opinion that nasutus and

difficilis are nonspecific. The nominal units are regarded as geo­

graphical races of the one species Peromyscus difficilis."

Specimens Examined. Total 14, distributed as follows: 2 mi.

W. Chiricahua National Monument, 5200 ft., 1, MVZ; Rustlers Park, 1,

UM; 1 mi. S Fly Peak, 2, UM; % mi, E Fly Peak, 5, UA; Green House, 2

mi. E Fly Peak, 5, UA.

Additional Records. mi. E Fly's Peak, Greenhouse Canyon,

Chiricahua Mts., 7500 ft., 14; Sentinel Peak, Chiricahua Mts., 8990

ft., 10; Hoffmeister and De La Torre (1961:8). 118 Sigmodon hispidua olenegae A. B. Howell Hispid Cotton Rat

Sigmodon hispidus cienegae A. B. Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,

32:161, 1919, type from Bullock's Ranch 4 mi. E Fort Lowell,

Pima County, Arizona; Hall and Davis, Proc. Biol. Soc.

Washington, 47:54, 1934; Hall and Kelson, Hamm. N. Amer.,

2:672, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Hamm. Ariz., p. 187, i960.

Sigmodon hispidus berlandieri. Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 2 0 :434, 1939.

Distribution. The H ispid cotton rat is locally common in the southeastern corner of the state. In the study area it has been taken at elevations ranging from 4800 to 6000 feet in Grassland and Evergreen

Woodland type vegetation.

Remarks. No specimens were taken during this study. The external measurements given for this species by Hall and Kelson

(1959:671) are 224-365; 81-166; 28-41; 16-24. The dental formula is I

1/1, C 0/0, P 0/0, M 3/3 = 16.

Specimens Examined. Total 10, distributed as follows: 3 mi.

N Portal, 1, UM; Pinery Canyon, 2, MVZ; below forks in Finery Canyon,

2, BS; mouth of Turkey Creek, 3, BS; Chiricahua Mts., 2, MVZ.

Sigmodon minimus minimus Hearns

Least Cotton Rat

Sigmodon minima Hearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Hus., 17:130, 1894, type from

near Mexican Boundary Monument No. 40, Hidalgo County, New

Mexico. 119

Sigmodon minimus. J, A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:220,

1895? Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., Publ. 115, Zool. Ser.,

8:243, 1907.

Sigmodon minimus minimus. Dice and Blossom, Carnegie Inst. Washington

Publ., 485:37, 1937. Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:434» 1939?

Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer., 2:677, 1959? Cockrum, Recent

Mamm. Ariz., p. 189, I960.

Distribution. The Least cotton rat is known from scattered localities in southeastern corner of the state. In the study area it has been taken at elevations ranging from 3800 to 5000 feet in Desert

Shrub and Grassland type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements for 10 males are 173-245?

68-100; 21-27? 13-20; and for 11 females are 166-252? 72-106? 21-29?

14-21. The dental formula is as for S. hlspidus. Price (in Allen,

1895:220) reported, "Two specimens of this species were taken by Mr.

Condit at San Bernardino Ranch. They were found in a boggy patch of ground, a half-acre or so in extent, thickly grown with coarse sacaton grass."

Specimens Examined. Total 41, distributed as follows: San

Simon Cattle Co., 3800 ft., San Simon Valley, 17, BS; San Bernardino

Ranch, 1, CNHM? 1.4 mi. N Carter Tank, 3 mi. E Chiricahua, 1, UA? 5& mi, N Mexican Border, 9& mi. W New Mexico Line, 1, UA? ^ mi. NW Portal

P. 0,, 4800 ft., 3, UA? 6 mi. W E I Coronado Ranch, Turkey Cr. Rd., 12,

UA? 18 mi. E Douglas, on Cloverdale Rd., 2, UA; NEW MEXICO: 2^ mi. N

and j? mi. W Rodeo, 4200 ft., 1, UA? San Simon Cienega Lake, 15 mi, N

Rodeo, Hidalgo Co., 3, UA. 120

Sigmodon ochrognathus montanus Benson

Yellow-nosed Cotton Rat

Sigmodon ochrognathus montanus Benson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,

53:157, Dec. 19, 1940, type'from Peterson’s Ranch (Sylvania),

6100 ft., 2 mi. N Sunnyside, Huachuca Mts., Cochise County,

Arizona; Hall and Kelson, Mamm, N. Amer., 2:677, 1959;

Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 191, I960.

Distrihution. Formerly the Yellow-nosed cotton rat was known from five specimens taken at the type locality and one from Miller

Canyon, Huachuca Mts., 4800 ft.; it is known also to occur in the study

area at elevations ranging from 4500 to 6500 feet in Grassland and

Evergreen Woodland type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements of two females are

(142)-179; (0)-77; 26-28; 17-19. The dental formula is as for S.

hisoidus.

Specimens Examined. Total 2, distributed as follows: Cabin,

Southwestern Research Station, 1, UA; El Coronado Ranch, Turkey Creek

Canyon, ca. 6500 ft., 1, UA.

Neotoma albigula albigula Hartley

White-throated Woodrat

Neotoma albigula Hartley, Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, 4:157,

May 9, 1894, type from vicinity of Fort Lowell, near Tucson,

Pima County, Arizona; Mearns, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 56:476,

1907; Goldman, N. Amer. Fauna, 31:31, 1910. 121

Neotoma albigula albigula. Jackson, Jour. Hamm., 1:242, 1920;

Cahalane, Jour. Hamm., 20:434, 1939; Hall and Kelson, Hamm.

N. Amer., 2:686, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Hamm. Ariz.,

p. 191, I960.

Distribution. In Arizona it occurs commonly south of the

Mogollon Rim. In the study area it has been taken at elevations ranging from 3800 to 6500 feet in Desert Shrub and Evergreen Woodland type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements for seven males are

274-331; 117-150; 29-36; 27-31; and for five females are 206-338;

130-148; 32-35; 26-30; The dental formula is I l/l, C 0/0, P 0/0,

H 3/3 = 16.

Specimens Examined. Total 31, distributed as follows: 4 mi.

SW Portal, 4, UM; 2 mi. E Portal, 2, UM; 5 mi. SW Portal, 1, UM;

Portal, 1, UM; Ridge S of Turkey Creek Ranger Station, 6500 ft., 1,

BS; San Simon Cattle Co., 3800 ft., San Simon Valley, 1, BS; 3 mi. E

Portal, 4500 ft., 4, BS; Fort Bowie, 1, BS; 8 mi. W Bowie, 1, BS; Dos

Cabesos (= Dos Cabezas), 1, BS; San Bernardino Ranch, 1, BS; 2 mi. W

Chiricahua National Monument, 5000 ft., 1, MVZ; 1 mi. N 1 mi. E Portal,

4600 ft., 2, UA; Southwestern Research Station, 5400 ft., 4, UA; 2 mi.

N Chiricahua, 4600 ft., 1, UA; 3 mi. E 1 mi. S Portal, 4400 ft., 1,

UA; 1 mi. E Portal ca. 4700 ft., 1, UA; Ash Spring Canyon, 6500 ft., 1,

UA; NEW MEXICO: 16£ mi. N, £ mi. W Rodeo, 3800 ft., 1, UA; 7 mi. N £ mi. W Rodeo, 4150 ft., 1, UA. 122

Neotoma maxloana m exican a Baird

Mexican Woodrat

Neotoma mexicana Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 7:333,

Apr. 1855, type from mountains near Chihuahua, Chihuahua,

Mexico; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mas. Nat. Hist., 7:221, 1895;

Goldman, N. Amer. Fauna, 31:56, 1910.

Neotoma mexicana mexicana. Dice and Blossom, Carnegie Inst. Washington

Publ., 485:39, 1937; Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:435, 1939; Hall

and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer., 2:696, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Mamm.

Ariz., p. 196, I960.

Distribution. The Mexican woodrat is found in the higher ele­ vation of Graham, Santa Cruz, and Cochise counties. In the study area it has been taken at elevations ranging from 5500 to 9200 feet in

Evergreen Woodland, Pine Forest, and Fir-Spruce Forest type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements for four males are 281-324;

118-167; 27-33; 21-28; the dental formula is as for N, a, alblgula.

Specimens Examined. Total 23, distributed as follows:

Chiricahua Mts., unspecified, 2, (l, MVZ; 1, 9200 ft., BS); Rustler

Park, 5, UM; 4 mi. SW Portal, 3, UM; 10 mi. W Paradise, 3, DM; Fly Park,

3, BS; Rucker Canyon, upper camp, 1, BS; Turkey Creek Ranger Station,

6500 ft., 1, DA; El Tigre Mine, 6800 ft., 1, DA; Barfoot Lookout, 8800 ft., 1, DA; Barfoot Turnoff, 8600 ft., 1, DA; Onion Saddle, 7600 ft.,

2, DA. 123

Family MURIDAE, Introduced Rats and Mice

Two genera of these most generalized Old World rats and mice were Introduced into the United States and are now usually found associated with human habitation. The following key will aid in their separation:

1 Upper molars with three longitudinal rows of

cusps, Family MURIDAE...... 2

1' Upper molars with two longitudinal rows of cusps or

consisting of numerous triangles and transverse

enamel folds. Family CRICETIDAE......

2(1) Hind foot more than 25 mm.; first upper molar

shorter than combined lengths of second and third

upper molars ...... 3

21 Hind foot less than 25 mm.; first upper molar

longer than combined length of second and third

upper molars ...... Mis muscuius

3(2) Tail as long as or longer than head and body;

length of parietal measured along temporal ridge

less than distance between temporal ridges. . . .Rattus rattus

3 1 Tail less than head and body; length of parietal

measured along temporal ridge more than distance

between temporal ridges...... Rattus norvegicus 124

Rattus norveglcus (Berkenhout)

Edlflcarian Norway Rat

Mua norveglcus Berkenhout, Outline of the Natural History of Great

Britain..., 1:5, 1769, type from England; Hearns, U. S. Nat.

Hus. Bull., 56:365, 1907.

Rattus norveglcus. Cabrera, Trab. Mus. Mac. Glen. Nat., Madrid, Spain,

57:264, 1932; Cahalane, Jour. Hamm., 20; 638, 1939; Miller

and Kellogg, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 205:619, 1955; Cockrum,

Recent Hamm. Ariz., p. 212, I960.

Mus decumanus. Coues, Amer. Nat., 1:398, 1867.

Rattus norveglcus norveglcus. Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer.,

2:769, 1959.

Distribution. In Arizona at present, it is known only from a few scattered populations in or near towns and cities.

Remarks. No specimens were taken during this study. The ex­ ternal measurements given for this species by Hall and Kelson (1959:

769) are 316-460; 122-215; 30-45; no ear measurement given. The dental formula is I 1/1, C 0/0, P 0/0, M 3/3 = 16. Cahalane (1939:438) reported that "The common rat has not been able to gain a foothold in the open country or on scattered ranches. According to local informa­

tion it is found in all the railroad towns."

Specimens Examined. None. 125

Mas musculua Linnaeus

House Mouse

Mus musculua Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1:62, 1758; Coues, Amer.

Nat., 1:398, 1867; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mis. Nat. Hist., 7:236,

1895; Elliot, Field Colum. Mis. Publ., 115, Zool. Ser., 8:196,

1907.

Mus muscuius muscuius. Swarth, Proc. California Acad. Sci. 18:364,

1929; Dice and Blossom, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ., 485:39,

1937; Cabaleme. Jour. Hamm., 20:435, 1939.

Distribution. In Arizona it occurs throughout the state in association with human habitations; many feral populations are estab­ lished in various areas.

Remarks. No specimens were taken during this study. The exter­ nal measurements given for this species by Hall and Kelson (1959:770) are 130-198; 63-102; 14-21; 11-18. The dental formula is as for Rattus norveglcus. Cahalane (1939:435) found the house mouse "abundant in and around grain storehouses, barns, and other buildings in Paradise and

Portal.11 According to Schwarz and Schwarz, Jour. Mamm., 24:64, 1943,

two introduced subspecies of the house mouse are to be expected in

Arizona, Mus mus cuius brevirostria Waterhouse and Mis mus cuius domesticus

Rutty. The nominate race, M, m. mus cuius Linnaeus does not occur in

North America.

Specimens Examined. Paradise, 1. UM.

Additional Records. Willcox, Allen (1895:236); Portal, Cahalane

(1939-$435); Chiricahua Mts., 1, Allen, (1895:236). 126

Family ERETHIZONTIDAE, Porcupines

Large, mostly arboreal rodent, with quills intermixed with the fur* Of the two genera known in North America, only the mono- typic genus Erethrizon occurs in the study area.

Erethizon dorsatum couesi Hear ns

Porcupine

Erethrizon epixanthus couesi Hearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19:723,

July 30, 1897, type from Ft. Whipple, Yavapai County, Arizona.

Erethizon dorsatum couesi. Hall, Mamm. of Nevada, p. 649, July 1, 1946;

Hall and Kelson, Hamm. N. Amer,, 2:781, 1959; Cockrum, Recent

Mamm. Ariz., p. 215, I960.

Erethizon epixanthum cousei. Dice and Blossom, Carnegie Inst,,

Washington Publ., 485:39, 1937; Cabalane, Jour. Mama., 20:438,

1939.

Distribution. In Arizona it is found statewide in the moun­ tains and Decidiuos Woodlands. In the study area it has been taken in Evergreen Woodland and Pine Forest type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements of two males are 655-719;

125-190; 72.5-97; 25-35. The dental formula is I 1/1, C 0/0, P l/l,

M 3/3 = 20, Cabalane (1939:438) stated that "Porcupines, if present are very scarce.... In nearly twenty years of lion hunting the Kee brothers of Paradise have seen only three." Dice and Blossom (1939:39) reported that only two had been killed in the Chiricahua Mountains in

the 27 years prior to 1931 and that they were thought to be extinct in 1931. 127

Bill Reed (a resident, Nov. 16, 1958) told me that he had never seen a porcupine when he was a kid (1905-1911) but had heard a few reports (1923). When he worked for the forest service he noted a few porcupine signs. He left the area in 1934.

Specimens Examined. Total 2, Rt. 186, mi., E Dos Gabezas,

1, UAj •£• mi. E Portal Ranger St a.. Cave Creek Canyon, 1, UA.

Order CARNIVORA, Carnivores

The name Carnivora (L. carnis = flesh + vorare = to devour) indicates the flesh-eating preference of these animals. As one would expect, their dentition is highly modified to accommodate this diet.

Their feet are arranged so as to facilitate walking and running.

The members of this Order are found in all continents. Of the six families of carnivores which occur in North America five are known to occur in the study area. The following key will aid in their separation;

1 Total number of teeth 28 or 32; muzzle short and

broad; claws retractile...... FELIDAE

1' Total number of teeth more than 32; muzzle not short

and broad; claws not retractile (or only partially so). . . 2

2(1') Length of head and body more than 1200 mm. (47 in.) in

adults; tail less than 14 per cent of total length;

total number of teeth 42; width across upper tooth

rows greater across second upper molars than across

fourth premolar...... URSIDAE 128

2* Length of head and body leas than 1200 mm.; tail

more than 14 per cent of total length; total number

of teeth various; if 42, then width across upper tooth

rows less across fourth premolar than across second

upper molars...... '...... 3

3(2') Total number of teeth 42; hind foot usually with

four t o e s ...... CANXDAE

3' Total number of teeth less than 42; hind foot

with five toes...... 4

4(3') Total number of teeth 40; anal scent glands absent;

tail usually r i n g e d ...... PR0CY0NIDAE

4' Total number of teeth less than 40; anal scent

glands present; tail never ringed ...... MUSTELIDAE

Family GANIDAE, Dogs and Foxes

The members of this family are for the most part medium-sized, long-legged and cursorial. All three genera which are known from the

United States have representatives in the study area. The following key will aid in their identification:

1 Adults weigh less than 15 pounds; pupil of eye

elliptical; postorbital processes thick and concave

dorsally; upper incisors not lobed; basilar length

of skull less than 147 mm...... 3

1' Adults weigh more than 15 pounds; pupil of eye round;

postorbital processes thick and convex above and even 129

continuous with inflated frontal areaj upper

incisors distinctly lobed; basilar length of

skull more than 147 mm...... 2

2(1*) Rostral width across canines more than 1 3/4 of

length of tympanic bullae; weight of adults

usually more than 40 pounds ...... Canis lupus

2' Rostral width across canines less than 1 3/4 of

length of tympanic bullae; weight of adults

usually less than 40 pounds ...... Canis latrans

3(1') Tail with coarse mane of concealed stiff hairs,

tip black; skulls of adults with high lyrate

temporal ridges; inferior margin of lower mandible

with distinct step midway between tip of angular

process and a line dropped from anterior border of

the coronoid process...... Urocyon cinereoargenteus

3' Tail not as above, tip white; skulls of adults

with sagittal crest or with temporal ridges low;

inferior margin of lower mandible without prominent

step...... Vulpes macrotis

Canis latrans mearnsi Marriam

Coyote

Canis mearnsi Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11:30, March 15,

1897, type from Quitobaquito, Pima County, Arizona.

Canis latrans mearnsi. Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 45:224,

Nov. 26, 1932; Cahalane, Jour. Hamm., 20:425, 1939; Hall and 130

Kelson, Msunm. N. Amer., 2:846, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Mamm,

Ariz., p. 216, I960.

Distribution. The coyote is widely distributed throughout the state. In the study area it is known to occur at elevations ranging from

3800 to 6000 feet in Desert Shrub, Grassland and the lower edge of the

Evergreen Woodland.

Remarks. No specimens were taken during this study. The external measurements given for this species by Hall and Kelson (1959:

843) are 1052-1320; 300-394; 177-220; no ear measurement given. The dental formula is I 3 /3 , C l/l, P 4 /4 , M 2 / 3 = 4 2 .

Specimens Examined. Total 77, distributed as follows: SW

corner of Cochise County, 49, H7Z; Chiricahua Hts., 18, MVZ; Chiricahua

Mts., P. Hand's Ranch, 1, MVZ; Chiricahua Mts., foothills near White-

tail Canyon, 6 mi. NE Paradise, 2, MVZ; Thompson Ranch, Dos Cabezos

(- Dos Cabezas), 3, MVZ; 3 mi. W Rodeo, New Mexico, 1, UMj 5 mi. SB

Willcox, 2, MVZ.

Canis lupus bailevi Nelson and Goldman

Gray Wolf

Canis nubilus bailevi Nelson and Goldman, Jour. Manm.', 10:156, May 9,

1929, type from Colonia Garcia, 6700 ft., Chihuahua, Mexico.

Canis lupus bailevi. Goldman, Jour. Mamm., 18:45, 1937; Cahalane, Jour.

Mamm., 20:426, 1939; Goldman in Young and Goldman, The Wolves

of North America, p. 471, 1944; Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer.,

2:847, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 218, I960. 131

Distribution. In Arizona this subspecies is known from

Cochise, Santa Cruz, and southeastern Pima counties. In the study area it is known to have occurred at elevations ranging from 4-600 to

6000 feet in Grassland and Evergreen Woodland type vegetation.

Remarks. No specimens were taken during this study. The external measurements given for this species by Hall and Kelson

(1959:84-7) are 1003-2046; 356-500; 220-310; no ear measurement given.

The dental formula is as for C. latrans. Price (in Allen, 1895:254) reported that "It is found over the entire region, though more es­ pecially in the mountainous parts. We saw it on several occasions during our stay in the county.M Cahalane (1939:426) found, in 1932, that "Local ranchers said that wolves are very rare, although they are occasionally seen and sometimes taken in traps."

Specimens Examined. Total 11, distributed as follows: Fort

Bowie, 1, BS; Sulphur Springs Valley, 2, MVZ; White tail Canyon, 1,

MVZ; vicinity Old Camp Rucker Ranch, 7, MVZ.

Additional Records. Chiricahua, 20 mi. NE Douglas, 1,

Cahalane (1939:426); Seep Spring, 35 mi. E Douglas, Young and Goldman,

(1944:471).

Urocvon cinareoargenteus scottli Mearns

Gray Fox

Urocvon virginianus scottli Mearns, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

3:236, June 5, 1891, type from Pinal County, Arizona (probably

near Oracle, according to Goldman, Jour. Washington Acad. Sci.,

28:495, 1938). 132

Urocyon cinereo-argenteus acottli. J. A. Allen, Bull.' Amer. Mus. Nat.

Hist., 7:253, June 29, 1895.

Urocyon cinereoargenteus scottii. Grinnell, Univ. California Publ.

Zool., 12:255, 1914; Cahalane, Jour. Mam., 20:425, 1939; l Hall and Kelson, M a m . N. Amer., 2:863, 1959; Cockrum, Recent

M a m . Ariz., p. 221, I960.

Distribution. The Gray fox is widely distributed throughout the state. In the study area it is known to occur at elevations ranging from 4900 to 6500 feet in Evergreen Woodland type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements of one male are 985; 920;

135; 85. The dental formula is I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 3/3 = 42.

Specimens Examined. Total 17, distributed as follows:

Chiricahua Mts., 1, BS; Pinery Canyon, 1, BS; Chiricahua Mts., 9, MVZ;

Pinery Canyon, 5800 ft., 2, WZ; P. Hands Ranch, 1, MVZ; Mouth Bonita

Canyon, 1, BS; Ft. Bowie, 1, BS; Douglas, 1, UA.

Family URSIDAE, Bears

Large, heavily built animals that walk on the entire foot.

Unlike other carnivora, bears are very generalized in their feeding

habits.

At present the taxonomic status of the members of this family

that occur in North America is quite uncertain and confused. Hall

and Kelson (1959:865-875) lists two genera (Thalarctos. Polar bears,

and Ursus, Black and Brown bears) under this family. The genus Ursus

is then divided into two subgenera, (l) Euarctos which consists of the 133 widely distributed Black bears (Ursus americanus) and"(2) Ursus under which are listed seventy nine species of Brown bears, of which fifty one are listed under Ursus horribilis. the Grizzly Bear.

The following cuplet will aid in distinguishing the two species known.to occur (or have occurred) in the study area:

I Pelage variable, usually black; claws on fore feet

only slightly larger than on hind feet; facial pro­

file straight; no hump at shoulder. . . . .Euarctos americanus

I I Pelage color brown or yellowish brown grizzled with

white; d a w s of fore feet much longer than on hind

feet; facial profile dished; shoulders humped ......

...... Ursus horribilus

Euarctos americanus amblvceos (Baird)

Black Bear

Ursus amblycens Baird, Mammals of the Boundary, in Emory, Rep. U. S.

and Mexican Boundary Surv...., 2(2):29, Jan., 1859, type from

Old Copper Mines near present town of Santa Rita, Grant County,

New Mexico.

Ursus americanus amblyceos. V. Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 25:187, Oct.

24, 1905.

Euarctos americanus amblyceos. V. Bailey, Grand Canyon Nat. Hist.

Assoc., Nat. Hist., Bull., 1:34, 1935; Cahalane, Jour. Mamm.,

20:423, 1939; Miller and Kellogg, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.,

205:695, 1955; Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer., 2:867, 1959; 134

Cockrum, Recent Hamm. Ariz., p. 223, i9 6 0 .

Distribution. The Black bear occurs throughout the state, at least in mountainous areas. In the study area it has been taken at

8500 feet elevation in Pine Forest type vegetation.

Remarks. No external measurements are available and no specimens were taken during this study. The skull of bear killed by

A. D. Cecil was recently brought to the Vertebrate Museum of the

Department of Zoology. Noted along with the locality was the fact that the animal weighed "78 lbs. field dressed.M The dental formula is I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, H 2/3 = 42. Price (in Allen, 1895:255) re­ ported that in 1894 "At Rucker Canyon, in the Chiricahua Mountains, they were quite common during March and April. They had evidently left hibernation and were migrating. Bands of three or four, judging from the tracks, frequently passed through the canyon," Cahalane

(1939:423) found, in 1932 and 1933, that "The species is evidently much reduced in numbers at the present time, as no indications of such abundance were observed."

Specimens Examined. Total 7, distributed as follows:

Chiricahua Mts., 5, MVZ; Rock Creek, 1, MVZj ca. 1 mi. S Rustler Park

Recreation Area, ca. 8$00 ft., 1 (skull only), UA.

Ursus horribllis Baird

Grizzly Bear

U jjrsusj. horribllis var. horriaeus Baird, Mamm., in Repts. Expl.

Surv...., 8 (l):224, July 14, 1958, type from Old Copper Mines

near present town of Santa Rita, Grant County, New Mexico. 135

Uraus horrlbilis. J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:255,

1895; Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 224, I960.

Uraus horriaeus. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 41:85, 1918, (reported from

SB Arizona, but no specimens); Miller and Kellogg, U. S. Nat.

Hist., Bull., 205:705, 1955, (probably....Eastern Arizona).

Ursus kennerlyi Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 27:194, Aug. 13,

1914* type from Los Nogales, Sonora, Mexico; Merriam, N. Amer.

Fauna, 41:61, 1918 (no specimens from Arizona).

Ursus nelson!. Cabalane, Jour. Mamm,, 20:437, 1939# (reported from

Chiricahua).

Distribution. This large bear formerly occurred statewide but is now extinct.

Remarks. No external measurements available. The dental

formula is as for U. americanus. Price (in Allen, 1895:255) in 1894

reported, "This huge bear is said by the natives to inhabit all the

mountains, but his needs verification. So far as I was able to learn,

only one ‘Silver Tip' has been killed in Southern Arizona in recent

years. The skin of this one is now in the possession of Mr. J. H.

Slaughter, owner of the San Bernardino Ranch, and was killed by one

of his men near Guadalupe Canyon." Cabalane (1939:437) reported

that "Postmaster James C. Hancock of Paradise, who has lived here for

many years, told me that ‘silver-tip* grizzlies were once in the

Chiricahuas, but that there have been none for a long time." Mr.

Walter Reed, of Portal, who was born and raised in the area that is now

the Southwestern Research Station, told me that sometime ago, about 136

1903-1905) a George Walker killed a 'silver-tip1 near what is now

Herb Martyr Dam. This was accomplished by a series of shots from a

44 caliber Winchester fired at the bear as it chased after a dog.

There is no doubt that grizzly bears formerly inhabited the Chiricahua

Mountains. The present taxonomic status of the name to be applied to these bears is quite uncertain and confused.

Specimens Examined. None.

Family PROCYONIDAE, Raccoons, Coatis, and Allies

Three genera of these small to medium sized carnivores occur

in the study area. Their most distinctive characteristic is the

alternately dark and light banded tail.

"At one time or another each of the genera has been made the

type of a monotypic family or subfamily." (Hall and Kelson, 1959:878).

The following key will aid in the separation of the genera and species

which occur in the study area:

1 Total length more than 1000 mm.; nose with tough

pad for rooting; basilar length of skull more than

115 mm...... Nasua narica

1' Total length less than 1000 mm.; nose without tough

pad; basilar length of skull less than 115 mm, ...... 2

2(1') Tail near one third total length; black rings on

tail complete all round; posterior margin of hard

palate extending behind last upper molar for a

distance of more than combined length of first 137

and second upper molars Procyon lotor

2* Tail near one half total length; black rings on

tail incomplete, being absent on ventral side;

posterior margin of hard palate terminating on

a line with last upper molars or extending behind

them for a distance less than combined lengths of

the first and second upper molars Basaariscus astutus

Bassariscus astutus flavus Rhoads

Ringtail Cat

Bassariscus astutus flavus Rhoads, Froc; Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

A5(for 1893) $417, Jan. 30, 1894, type from Texas, exact

locality unknown; Cockrum, Recent Hamm. Aria., p. 228, I960.

, Dice and Blossom, Carnegie Inst.

Washington Fubl,, 485:18, 1937; Cahalane, Jour. Mamm,,

20:423, 1939; Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer., 2:879, 1959.

Bassariscus astutus. J. A. Allan, Bull. Amer. Mas. Nat., Hist.,

7:252, 1895.

Distribution. In the state the species occurs throughout. The

subspecies here mentioned is restricted to the study area where it has

been taken at elevations ranging from 4900 to 5500 feet in Grassland

and Evergreen Woodland type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements of one male are 705; 355;

64; 44. The dental formula is I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40.

Price (in Allen, 1895:252) reported that "In the Chiricahus'Mountains 138 a single specimen had been killed several years previous to my visit

(in 1894)> the only case of its capture of which I could find evidence."

Cahalane (1939:423) found in 1932 and 1933, that "This animal was locally abundant in suitable habitats in the Upper Sonoran zone. In

Cave Greek near the Maloney Ranch, ring-tails were numerous...." He relates that a number had been trapped previous to 1930 for their fur and that former residents of Paradise, planned to raise and sell ring­ tails for pets, at one time they had 42 in a large inclosure. These were eventually released.

Specimens Examined. Total 7, distributed as follows; 1 mi.

W Paradise, 2, MVZ; Frank Hands Ranch, Pinery Canyon, 1, MVZ; 4 mi. SW

Portal, 2, UM; Portal, 1, UMj 1.2 mi. W of El Coronado Ranch, 1, UA.

Additional Records. Cave Creek near Maloney Ranch and South

Fork Cave Creek, Cahalane, 1939:424. j

Procvon lotor mexicanus Baird

Raccoon

Procvon hernandezii var. mexlcana Baird, Mammals, in Rep. Expl. Surv.

Rail, to Pacific, 8(1):21$, July 14, 1858, type from Espia,

northwestern Chihuahua, Mexico.

Procvon lotor mexicanus. Hearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 27:65,

Mar. 20, 1914; Cahalane, Jour. Hamm., 20:423, 1939; Goldman, N.

Amer. Fauna, 60:53, 1950; Hall and Kelson, Hamm. N. Amer.,

2:883, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Hamm. Ariz., p. 228, I960. 139

Distribution. This species is known from localities in northern, western and southeastern parts of the state. In the study area it is known to occur at elevations ranging from 3800 to 6700 feet in Deciduous (Riparian) Woodlands within the Desert Shrub and

Evergreen Woodland type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements of two males are 682-767;

272-293; 115-115; 25-57. The dental formula is I 3/3, C l/l, P 4/4,

M 2/2 = 40. Price (in Allen, 1895:250) reported, rtI did not see any signs of them in the Chiricahua Mountains (in 1894), and an old settler informed me that they were not found in the range.M Cahalane (1939:

423) in 1932 and 1933 found no signs of raccoon but included it in his list on the basis of reliable testimony from local residents. "Jack

Maloney, a rancher in Cave Creek about four miles above Portal, told me that about ten years ago (ca. 1922) raccoons were numerous in this vicinity, and that his corn crop was almost ruined by them at that time. For several years previous to 1932 he had seen more evidence of the animals.11

Specimens Examined. Ca. 3 mi, E of Portal Ranger Sta., 1, UA;

Behind Faraway Ranch, along stream, 1 mi. W of Chiricahua Nat. Mon.,

1, UA.

Additional Records. San Bernardino Ranch, Goldman, 1950:53.

Nasua narica pallida Allen

Coati

Nasua narica pallida J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 20:53, 140

Feb. 29, 1904, type from Sierra Madre, near Guadalupe y Calvo,

Chihuahua, Mexico; Cabalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:423, 1939; Taber,

Jour. Mamm., 21:13, 1940; Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 230, I960.

Naaua narica molar is. Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer., 2:892, 1959.

Distribution. The coati is known from the southeastern quarter of the state. In the study area it is known from elevations ranging from 5400 to 6500 feet in Evergreen Woodland type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements of two females are $84-830;

280-365; 70-84; 32-25. The dental formula is as for Frocvon lotor.

Price (1895) made no mention of coatis. Cabal ane (1939:423) found, in

1932, that coatis were unusual in the Chiricahua area. He obtained one specimen that had been killed by a cowboy along the highway 4 miles south of Apache. Mr. Carson Marrow of Portal recalled for us that the first •chula* he ever heard about in this region was killed in 1929 at Pinery Canyon.

Specimens Examined. Total 3, distributed as follows: 4 mi. S

Apache, 1, UM; 1^- mi. E Southwestern Research Station, 1, UA; South fork Cave Creek Rd., Portal, 1, UA.

Family MU3TELIDAE, Weasels, Skunks, and Allies

The members of this family vary in size and color. They are,

for the most part, slender animals with strong muscles, strong teeth,

and irritable dispositions. It is from this family that we get some

of our most valuable furs. 141

Of the nine genera of these generalized, fosserial, or semi- aquatic highly peredaceous carnivores, which occur in the United States, six have representatives in the study area. The following key will aid in their identification:

1 General color upper parts of some shade of brown,

buffy-yellow or silvery, but never predominantly

black and white; posterior border of hard palate

extending appreciably beyond posterior edges of

last upper molars ...... 5

1* General color of upper parts black and white; posterior

border of hard palate not extending appreciably be­

yond posterior edge of last upper m o l a r s ...... 2

2(1') Nose modified with a hairless turned up rooting

area; two upper premolars on each side; total

number of teeth 32 ...... Conepatus mesoleucus

2' Nose normal; three upper premolars on each side;

total number of teeth 3U • • • ...... 3

3(2') Back with four or more lines of broken white stripes,

or white spots; total length of adults less than

500 mm.; length of upper tooth rows less than 23.5

mm.; infraorbital canal opening above anterior half

of carnassial...... Soiloeale putorius

3* Back black or with continuous white stripes; total

length of adults more than 500 mm.; length of upper

tooth rows more than 23,5 mm.; infraorbital canal opening above posterior half of carnassial ...... 4

4(3*) Length of tail less than length of body; dorsum

usually with a white dorsal stripe divided

posteriorly; anterior palatine foramina small and

narrow; auditory bullae not markedly inflated ......

...... Mephitis mephitis

4* Length of tail more than length of body; dorsum usually

all black or all white; anterior palatine foramina

large and rounded; auditory bullae inflated......

...... Mephitis macroura

5(1) Color of upper parts some shade of brown,

buffy-yellow, or white; basilar length of skull

less than 80 mm...... Mas tela frenata

5* Color of upper parts silvery, with a single white

stripe on middle of head extending a varying

distance toward the tail; basilar length of

skull more than 80 m m ...... Taxidea taxus

Mustela frenata neomexicana (Barber and Cockerell)

Longtailed Weasel

Putorlus frenatus neomexicanus Barber and Cockerell, Proc. Acad. Nat.

Sci. Philadelphia, 50:188, 1898, type from Armstrong’s Lake,

Mesilla Valley, Dona Ana County, New Mexico.

Mustela frenata neomexicana. Miller, U. S. Nat. Mas. Bull., 79:100,

1912, Hall, Carnegie Inst. Publ., Washington, 473:168, 1936; U 3

Hall, Univ. Kansas Pubis., Mus. Nat. Hist., 4038, 1951 j

Hall and Kelson, Hamm. N, Amer., 2:912, 1959; Cockrum,

Recent Hamm. Aria., p, 232, I960.

Mustela frenata. Cahalane, Jour. Hamm., 20:438, 1939*

Distribution. In Arizona this species is known from the northwestern, central and southeastern parts of the state. In the study area it is known to occur at elevations ranging from 5000 to

8000 feet in Deciduous (Riparian) Woodlands within the Desert Shrub,

Evergreen Woodland and Pine Forest type vegetation.

Remarks. No specimens were taken during this study. External measurements for this species are limited to the following statement by Hall and Kelson (1959:909): "Total length, 300-550; tail two-fifths to seven-tenths of length of head and body, with distinct black pencil at end...." Dental formula is I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/3, M 1/2 = 34.

Cahalane (1939:438) included the weasel in a hypothetical list on the basis of reports of local residents. They informed him that two were caught in the spring of 1933, about a mile northeast of Portal and later one was caught in a woodpile in Barfoot Park.

Specimens Examined. Total 5, distributed as follows: 2 mi.

W Willcox, 1, BS; Willcox, 2, BS; Chiricahua Mts., 8000 ft., 1, BS;

Sulphur Springs Valley, 1, MVZ.

Additional Records. Pinery Canyon, Chiricahua Mts., Hall,

1951:338. 144

TaxIdea taxus aonoriensls Goldman

Badger

Taxidea taxus sonorlensls Goldman, Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., 29:

300, July 15, 1939» type from Canoa, Rio Mayo, about 15 mi.

above Navojoa, Sonora, Mexico; Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N.

Amer., 2:928, 1959.

Taxidea taxus berlandieri. J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

7:256, 1895; Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:425, 1939; Miller and

Kellogg, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 205, 1955.

Taxidea taxus apache. Schantz, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 61:175,

Nov. 12, 1948, type from San Pedro River, Arizona and Sonora,

Mexico-U.S. boundary.

Taxidea taxus. Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 234, I960.

Distribution. Badgers are to be found throughout the state.

In the study area they are known to occur at elevations ranging from

4000 to 5200 feet in Desert Shrub and Desert Grassland type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements for one male are 620; 110;

95; 40. The dental formula is I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3 /3 , M 1/2 = 34.

Just which taxonomic name should be applied to the badgers of the

Ghiricahua Mountain area is obscure. In 1948 V. S. Schantz (Proc.

Biol. Soc. Washington, 61:175) described a race, Taxidiea taxus apache,

with the type locality at San Pedro River, Arizona and Sonora, Mexico-

U* S. Boundary, and a range of "grassy plains region of southeastern

Arizona and northeastern Sonora, near Mexican boundary, 25 miles

south into Sonora and 6 5 miles north to Willcox, Arizona." 145

Hoffmeister and Goodpaster (1945$79)> however, thought that the single specimen examined by them from a point seven miles from the type locality of T. t. apache. more nearly fitted the description of

T. sonoriensis as given by Goldman (1939:300) when he named the subspecies. From this Hoffmeister and Goodpaster concluded (loc. cit.)

MWe believe that the features ascribed to apache are within the range of variation of T. t. sonoriensis and that apache best be regarded as a synonym of that form." Hall and Kelson (1959:927) place the line separating the western limits of T. t. berlandieri and the eastern limits of T. t. sonoriensis in the valley between the Chiricahua and

Pilosillo Mountains. The northern limits of sonoriensis is placed at approximately the northern limits of our study area, as here defined.

The specimens from the Arizona side of the valley are referred to

T. t. sonoriensis and those from the New Mexico side to T. t. berlandieri. I, however, suspect that there is some intergradation here. It is our opinion that, until a revision of this genus is accomplished, specimens from this area are best referred to T. t. sonoriensis.

Specimens Examined. Total 5, distributed as follows: Apache

Pass Draw, on Valley road, 1, MVZj 2 mi. E Portal, 1, UMj Willcox, 2,

BSj 3 mi. S of junction of U. S. 666 and State 181, or 11 mi. N

Webb, 1, UA. 146

Spilogale putorius leucoparla Herrlam

Spotted Skunk

Spilogale leucoparla Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 4:11, Oct. 8, 1890,

type from Mason, Mason County, Texas; Howell, N. Amer.

Fauna, 26:21, Nov. 26, 1906.

Spilogale putorius leucoparla. Van Gelder, Bull. Amer. Mas. Nat.

Hist., 117:299# June 15, 1959, (Revision).

Spilogale arizonae arizonae. Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:424, 1939.

Spilogale gracilis gracilis, Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer.,

2:931, 1959.

Spilogale putorius gracilis, Cockrum, Recent Mamm, Ariz., p. 236, I960.

Distribution. In Arizona the Spotted skunk occurs statewide.

Van Gelder (1959:251) maps two subspecies in the state, one (S. p. gracilis) across the northern part of the state and the other

(S. p. leucoparla) southern part of the state with a wide intergrade area in the central part of the state. In the study area it is known to occur at elevations ranging from 4900 to 8000 feet in Grassland,

Evergreen Woodland and Pine Forest type vegetation.

Remarks. No specimens were taken during this study. The following external measurements are listed by Van Gelder (1959:299) for this subspecies: (males) 404.0 (340-450); 143.2 (110-172); 45.2

(37-52)j no ear measurement given; (females) 361.1 (330-394)} 131.2

(100-158); 40.3 (36-47); no ear measurement given. (Measurements include specimens from Chiricahua Mts.). The dental formula is

I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/3, M 1/2 = 34. 147

Specimens Examined. Total 3, distributed as follows: Frank

Hands Ranch, Pinery Canyon, 1, MVZ; 2 mi. SE Portal 2, UM.

Mephitis mephitis estor Herriam

Striped Skunk

Mephitis estor Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 3:81, Sept. 11, 1890, type

from San Francisco Mountain (Little Spring, at north base),

8200 feet, Coconino County, Arizona; Dice and Blossom,

Carnegie, Inst. Washington Publ., 485:19, 1937.

Mephitis mephitis estor. Hall, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 37:1,

1931} Cahalane, Jour. Hamm., 20:425, 1939} Hall and Kelson,

Maim. N. Amer., 2:935, 1959} Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz.,

p. 237, I960.

Distribution. The Striped skunk occurs throughout the state.

In the study area it is known to occur at elevations ranging from 4800 to 9000 feet in Grassland, Evergreen Woodland and Forest type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements for one male are 640} 285}

65} 25. The dental formula is as for S. p. leucoparia.

Specimens Examined. Total 12, distributed as follows: Rustler

Park, 8200 ft., 1, UM; 1 mi. S Fly Peak, 1, UM; SW Portal, 2, UM; 10 mi. W Paradise, 2, UM; F. Hand's Ranch, Pinery Canyon, 1, MVZ;

Chiricahua Mts., 4, MVZ; Pinery Canyon Camp area, 1, UA.

Mephitis macroura miller! (Mearns)

Hooded Skunk

Mephitis miller! Mearns, Prel. Diag. of New Mammals of the Genera 148

Mephitis. Dorcelaphus. and Dicotvlea. from the Mexican Border

of the U. S., p. 1, Feb. 11, 1897, type from Fort Lowell,

near Tucson, Pima County, Arizona.

Mephitis macroura milleri. J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

14:334, Nov. 12, 1907; Cahalane, Jour. Hamm., 20:425, 1939;

Hall and Kelson, Mama. N. Amer., 2:939, 1959; Cockrum, Recent

Mama. Ariz., p. 238, I960.

Distribution. The Hooded skunk occurs in south central and southeastern part of the state. In the study area it is known to occur at elevations ranging from 5000 to 6000 feet in Evergreen Woodland type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements of one male are 579; 313;

64; no ear measurement. The dental formula is as for S. j>. leucoporia.

Specimens Examined. Total 4, distributed as follows: F.

Hand's Ranch, Pinery Canyon, 3, MVZ; Turkey Greek Ranger Station,

6000 ft., 1, UA.

Gonenatus mesoleucus venations Goldman

Hog-nosed Skunk

Coneoatus mesoleucus venaticus Goldman, Jour. Mamm,, 3:40, Feb. 8, 1922,

type from Gosper Ranch, 5000 ft., 12 mi, S Blue, Greenlee

County, Arizona; Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:348, 1939; Hall and

Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer., 2:942, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Mamm.

Ariz., p. 240, I960.

Distribution. The Hog-nosed skunk occurs in the south central and southeastern part of the state. In the study area it is known from 149 elevations ranging from 5000 to 6500 feet in Grassland and Evergreen

Woodland type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements for one male are 338; 192;

70; 27. The dental formula is I 3/3, C 1/1, P 2/3, M l/2 = 32.

Cahalane (1939$438) included the Hog-nosed skunk on a hypothetical list based on descriptions of the animal by local residents but was unable to secure any specimens in 1932 or 33.

Specimens Examined. Total 9, distributed as follows:

Chiricahua Mts., 8, MVZ; South Fork Cave Creek, 6500 ft., 1, UA.

Family FELIDAE, Cats

The members of this highly carnivorous family are well known to most of us. They all have retractil claws, and long tails except for the Bobcat (whence the common name).

Two genera are generally recognized in North America. Both occur in the study area. Of the five species listed for the genus

Fells, two are known to have representatives in the study area and two could well occur there. The following key will aid in their identifi­ cation:

1 Tail more than 30 percent of total length;

three upper premolars...... 2

1* Tail less than 30 percent of total length; two

upper premolars ...... Lynx rufus

2(1) Total length more than 4 feet; length of tail

more than 16 inches ...... 3 150

2' Total length less than 4 feet; length of tail

less than 16 inches...... 4

3(2) Dorsal color nearly uniform...... Fells concolor

3* Dorsal color spotted ...... Fells onca

4(2') Dorsal color nearly uniform...... Fells yagouaroundi

4' Dorsal color spotted ...... Fells nardalis

Fells onca arizonensis Goldman

Jaguar

Fells onca arizonensis Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 4 5 :144,

Sept. 9, 1932, type from near Gibecue, Navajo County, Arizona;

Cahalane, Jour. Maram., 20:426, 1939; Miller and Kellogg, U. S.

Nat. Mus. Bull. 205:796, 1955; Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer.,

2:955, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 243, I960.

Distribution. The jaguar probably ranged widely throughout the

state in the not too distant past, now only a few individuals are

occasionally reported from the southern part of the state. In the study

area it is known to have occurred in Evergreen Woodland and the lower

Pine Forest type vegetation.

Remarks. No specimens were taken during this study. Hall and

Kelson (1959:952) give the following external measurements: (6 males)

1727-2419; 523-665; 229-302 (3 males); (5 females) 1574-2190; 432-604;

225 (one female). The dental formula is I 3/3, G l/l, P 3/2, M 1/1 = 30.

Price (in Allen, 1895:256) reported "A spotted cat has been seen about

the Chiricahua Mountains on several occasions and I saw a Mexican who

had a saddle-bag made of the skin of one taken near Guadalupe Canyon." 151

Cahalane (1939:426) reports five jaguars for the area: l) ••At least one animal has been seen in the vicinity of Portal.•' 2) "... a large jaguar leaped across the Portal-Rodeo road ... in front of a car driven by Mrs. Margaret Girnett....’• 3) •’Another jaguar was trapped years ago on top of the Chiricahuas, according to information furnished by

Frank H. Hands of Dos Cabezos." 4) "Another killed a steer at the Long

Ranch and was shot by Walter Birehfield...." 5) "The Hands brothers,

John, Frank H. and Percy, killed a jaguar near the present Chiricahua

National Monument, sometime between January 1 and 12, 1912." Although

Cahalane (loc. cit.) indicates that the skin of the last mentioned jaguar "is in the collection of the University of Arizona", such is not the case. The skin (with skull attached) is mounted in the form of a rug and now hangs on the wall of the small John H. Hands memorial museum on the AVA Ranch at the mouth of Cave Creek.

Specimens Examined. None.

Fells concolor azteca Marriam

Mountain Lion

Fells hippolestes azteca Marriam, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 3:592,

Dec. 11, 1901, type from Colonia Garcia, 6700 ft., Chihuahua,

Mexico.

Fells concolor azteca. Nelson and Goldman, Jour. Mamm., 10:347, 1929J

Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer., 2:956, 1959; Cockrum, Recent

Mamm. Ariz., p. 243, I960.

Fells concolor. J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:253, 1895;

Dice and Blossom, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ., 485:20, 1937. 152

Distribution. The Mountain lion is widely distributed throughout the state. In the study area it is known to occur at elevations ranging from 4300 to 6000 feet in Evergreen Woodland and Pine Forest type vegetation.

Remarks. No specimens were taken during this study. Hall and Kelson (1959:955) give the following external measurements for

(male) 1710-2743; 660-734; 240-292; (female) 1500-2332; 534-315;

220-267. The dental formula is as for F. onca. Price (in Allen,

1895:254) reported that "In the Chiricahua Mountains lions are ex­ ceedingly troublesome to the raisers of colts and donkeys. In some canyons, horse ranges have become nearly depopulated by the ravages of this animal. Just before my arrival in Rucker Canyon (in 1894) a lion killed a mare weighing over 1500 pounds.” Cabalane (1939:426) found that the mountain lion (puma) have been "reduced in numbers".

"A number of pumas are usually killed each year by hunters, notably the Lee Brothers of Paradise, from whom we obtained three skulls taken respectively at Cave Creek, Falls (south of Reeds), the North Fork of

Cave Greek, and on Rough Mountain near the north end of the Chiricahuas."

Specimens Examined. Total 7, distributed as follows: Cave

Greek, 1, MVZ; Ratcliff Ranch, Witch Creek, 1, MVZ; Five Miles Canyon,

20 mi. W Paradise, 1, MVZ; Horse Canyon, 12 mi. S Paradise, 1, MVZ;

Fort Bowie Peak, 1, BS; Portal, 1, BS; N Fork Cave Creek, 1, UM;

Peloncillo Mts., E of Apache, 1, BS. 153

Lynx rufus ballevi Herriam

Bobcat

Lynx baileyi Jferriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 3:79, Sept. 11, 1890, type from

Moccasin Spring, North of Colorado River, Coconino County,

Arizona} Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:253, 1895.

Lynx rufus baileyi. Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 53:291, 1932$ Cahalane,

Jour. Mamm., 20:427, 1939$ Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer.,

2:969, 1959$ Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 247, I960.

Distribution. The Bobcat occurs throughout the state. In

the study area it is known to occur at elevations ranging from 3800

to 5800 feet in Desert Shrub and Evergreen Woodland type vegetation.

Remarks. The external measurements of one female are 795$

130$ 160$ 80$ and of one male are 740$ 177$ 158$ 75. The dental

formula is as for F. onca. Price (in Allen, 1895:253) reported that

in 1894 "wild cats were not uncommon over the entire county. Their

tracks were seen on the summit of the Chiricahua Mountains, 10000 feet

above sea level.*' Cahalane (1939:427) found in 1932-33 that "bobcats

are numerous in the foothills in the vicinity of Portal and Paradise."

Mr. Jerry Day of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service reported to us

(Nov. 17, 1958) that the predator control work which had been done in

the Chiricahua Mountains during all of January 1957, by eleven men

(4 novice), had yielded: 75 bobcats$ 43 coyotes$ 76 foxes$ 32 skunks$

11 badgers$ 6 raccoons$ 6 coaties. He further added that the "Bobcats

and coyotes were mainly in the foothill country. Most of the bobcats

were found on the east side of the mountain." 154

Specimens Examined. Total 24, distributed as follows:

Ghiricahua Mts., 5, MVZ; Pinery Canyon, 5800 ft., 1, MVZj P. Hands

Ranch, 3, MVZ; SB corner of county, 10, MVZ; Fort Bowie, 1, BS;

3 mi. W New Mex.-Ariz. line on U. S. 86, 1, UA; 1 mi. SW of South­ western Research Sta., 1, UA.

Order ARTIODACTYLA, Arteodactyls

Artiodactyls (Gr. Artios = even + Daktylos = toes) are the even-toed (2 or 4)> hoofed, game mammals. Large in size, unguligrade, with limb modifications for cursorial locomotion.

Of the four families recognized in North America, three have representatives in the study area. The following key will aid in their identification:

1 Four upper incisors, body shape pig-like.

Family TAYAS3UIDAE...... Pecari taiacu

1' No upper incisors, body shape not pig-like...... 2

2(1*) Males with antlers; females without antlers or

horns; lateral digits present, Family GERVIDAE...... 3

2* Males and females with horns (permanent bone core

covered with horny sheath); lateral digits

vestigial. Family ANTILOCAPRIDAE...... Antllocanra americana

3(2) Tail white, tipped with black tuft; ears approxi­

mately 2/3 length of head; antlers branching

dichotomously (into two equal parts). • • .Odocoileus hemionus 155

3' Tail brown above, white below; ears approximately 1/2

length of head; antler with one main beam and smaller

tines branching from i t . . Odocoileus virginianus

Family Tayassuidae, Javalinas

This family is represented in the study area by the javalina

(collared peccary), the only wild pig in the United States. This omnivorous, gregarious mammal is often hunted for sport and for food.

Pecarl ta.lacu sonoriensis (Mearns)

Collared Peccary or Javalina

Dicotvles angulatus sonoriensis Mearns, Prel. Diag. of New Mammals of

the Genera. Mephitis. Dorcelaphus. and Dicotvles. from the

Mexican Border of the U. S., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 20:467,

Feb. 11, 1897, type from San Bernardino River, Sonora, Mexico,

near Monument No. 77, Mexican Border.

Pecari ta.iacu sonoriensis. Hershkovits, Fieldiana-Zool., Chicago Nat.

Hist. Mus., Publ. 670, 31:566, July 10, 1951; Hall and Kelson,

Mama. N. Amer., 2:997, 1959J Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 248, 1960.

Tavassu angulatum sonoriense. Mearns, U, S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 56:162, 1907.

Pecari angulatus sonoriensis. Cabalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:436, 1939*

Distribution. The Javalina occurs throughout the mountains of

the southern part of the state. In the study area it is known to occur

at elevations ranging from 5200 to 8200 feet in Evergreen Woodland and

Pine Forest type vegetation. 156

Remarks. No specimens were taken during this study. Hall and Kelson (1959:995) list the following external measurements:

870-940j 19-55; 180-200; 84-100; sexes similar in size. The dental formula is I 2/3, C 1/1, P 3/3, M 3/3 - 38. The type specimen of this subspecies came from the San Bernardino River, Sonora, near the Inter­ national boundary monument No. 77. Maarns (1897:162) indicated that it also occurred on the Arizona side of the boundary. He stated that

"on Silver Creek, in Southeastern Arizona, these animals are periodic­ ally abundant, and may have been killed by hunting parties from the old post (now abandoned) of Fort Bowie." (op. cit. 167). Cahalane (1939:

436) found the peccary to be "rather rare in the Chiricahua Mountains."

I myself have found these animals to be rare. I can recall spending many days of my boyhood (1944-1951) hunting for them. I can recall seeing a group of three and one of four on two occasions.

Specimens Examined. None.

Family CERVIDAE, Deer

These slim, long-legged artiodactyls are best characterized by the presence of antlers on the males.

Two genera are known to occur, and one to have occurred (the now extinct Merriam Elk), in the study area.

Cervus canadensis merrimmi Nelson

Merriam*s Elk

Cervus merriami Nelson, Bull. Amer. Mas. Nat. Hist., 16:7, Jan. 16, 1902, 157

type from head of Black River, 9000 ft.. White Mts., Apache

County, Arizona} Cahalane, Jour. Hamm., 20:438, 1939} Miller

and Kellogg, U. S. Nat. Mas. Bull., 205:797, 1955} Hall and

Kelson, Hamm. N. Amer., 2:1002, 1959.

Cervus canadensis merriami. Murie, The Elk of N. America, p. 12, 1951}

Cockrum, Recent Mamm, Arizona, p. 250, I960.

Distribution. This now extinct mammal probably ranged through­

out most of the higher mountains of the state. External measurements

not available. The dental formula is I 0/4, C 1/0, P 3/3, M 3/3 = 34.

Remarks. Price (in Allen, 1895) make no mention of elk after having spent three months in 1894 In the Chiricahua Mountains.

Hearns (1907:213) recorded the range of Arizona elk (Cervus merriami^

to be "...in the mountains of western New Mexico and eastern Arizona,

probably crossing to the high mountains of northeastern Sonora, Mexico."

(The study area, as here considered, falls well within this range.)

Cahalane (1939:438) reported, "The Merriam elk, which is probably now

extinct, disappeared from the Chiricahuas about 1906, according to in­

formation given me by James Sanders of Paradise. In early times these

animals were numerous.... Mr. Sanders stated that he remembered seeing

many shed elk antlers on ridges near Onion Saddle, in Rustlers Park,

and on the main ridge of the range south of Chiricahua Peak. Hunting,

he believed, was responsible for the final extermination of the last

small band of elk in the vicinity of Ely and Chiricahua Peaks} but

proceeding this there had been a long slow reduction in numbers due

chiefly to the elks' inability to compete with cattle on the over-

grazed range." Murie (1951, p. 13) in his extensive study of the elk 153 in North America, states that "The Merriam elk, now extinct, ap­ parently ranged only through a few mountain areas of Arizona and New

Mexico, where it was more or less isolated by surrounding arid territory.11 The release of a mature elk cow (ear tag # 4-873 NM. probably a C. canadensis nelson!. since "the transplant was from

Yellowstone National Park.") on January 11, 1956, was reported to us

(Nov. 17, 1958) by Mr. Jerry Day of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

The release point was "Just above junction of Little Creek with the

Gila River, Gila Nat. For., Glen Allotment, Canton County, New Mexico."

Mr. Day also reported that the "Elk was reported in Cochise (town) on Sept. 7 and 8, 1957." It was "Next reported by Mr. Kambitsch on

Sept. 16, 1957. Appeared to be hurt in hind legs. It was found dead by Kambitsch on the 18th." The exact location of collection given by

Mr. Day is "Approx. 12-14 miles NE of Elfrida. One mile south of

Highway 181. ■§• of a mile from Kambitsch bora.”

Specimens Examined. None.

Odocoileus hemionus crook! (Msarns)

Mule or Black-tailed Deer

Dorcelaohus crooki Mearns, Preliminary Diagnoses of New Mamm. of the

Genera Mephitis. Dorcelaphus. and Dicotvles from the Mexican

border of the U. S., Proc. U, S. Nat. Mus., 20:467, Feb. 11,

1897, type from summit Dog Mts., 6129 ft., Hidalgo County,

New Mexico.

Odocoileus hemionus crooki, Goldman and Kellogg, Jour. Mamm., 20:507,

1939; Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz,, p. 251, I960; Hoffmeister, 159

Amer. Midi. Nat., 67:52, Jan. 1962.

Odocoileus hemionus canus. Hearns, U. S. Nat. Mas. Bull., 56:191,

1907; Cabalone, Jour, Mamm., 20:438, 1939.

Oama hemionus crooki. Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer., 2:1004, 1959.

Distribution. The Mule deer throughout most of the mountains in the state. In the study area they are known to occur at elevations ranging from 4000 to 8000 feet in Evergreen Woodland and Pine Forest type vegetation.

Remarks. No specimens were taken during this study. Hall and

Kelson (1959:1004) list the following external measurements: (male)

1370-1800; 106-230; 330-585; 118-250 (crown); (female) 1160-1800;

115-200; 325-475; 118-243 (crown). The dental formula is I 0/3,

C 0/1, P 3/3, M 3/3 - 32. Hearns (1907:200) reported mule deer as occurring in Guadalupe Canyon and San Bernardino Valley in 1894.

Cahalane (1939:438) could find, in 1932 and 1933, no evidence of the mule deer in the Chiricahua Mountains. Theodore Knipe of the Arizona

Game and Fish Commission (1957:3) in his report of the Desert Mule Deer and White-tailed Deer Surveys, comments that MAs has been the case the past three years the greatest concentration of deer was on the west side in the vicinity of Apache Pass." In the 1962-62 Arizona Big Game

Investigations, the Arizona Game and Fish Commission lists the Firearms

Deer Harvest for 1962 as being:

Unit Mule Deer White-tailed

29 245 (male) 59 (male)

30a 441 (male) 68 (females) 117 (male) 10 (female) 160

Note: Management Unit 29 includes the Chiricahua National Monument and Forest areas and the San Simon Valley; Unit 30a includes the Dos

Cabezas Mts., Sulphur Springs Valley (South of State 86), the

Pedregosa Mts., and the San Bernardino Valley.

Specimens Examined. None.

Odocoileus virginianus couesi (Couse and Yarrow)

White-tailed Deer

Cariacus virinianua var. couesi Coues and Yarrow, Kept, upon the

collections of mammals.... in Kept. Expl. Surv. West of 100th

Me rid. (Wheeler, 1897), 5:72, 1876, type from Camp Crittenden,

on Sonoita Creek, between Santa Rita and Patagonia Mts., Santa

Cruz County, Arizona.

Dorcelaphus couesi. J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mua. Nat. Hist., 7:20, 1895.

Odocoileus virinianua couesi. Lydekker, Catalogue of the Ungulate Mammals

in the...British Museum, 205:803, 1955; Cockrum, Recent Mamm.

Ariz., p. 253, I960; Hoffmeister, Amer. Midi. Nat., 67:58, 1962.

Odocoileus cousi, Mearns, U. S, Nat. Mus. Bull., 56:175, 1907; Dice and

Blossom, Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publ., 485:43, 1937; Cahalane,

Jour. Mamm., 20:437, 1939.

Oama virginianus couesi. Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer., 2:1008, 1959.

Distribution. In Arizona the White-tailed deer is found in the mountains of the southern portion of the state. In the study area it is known to occur at elevations ranging from 5200 to 8200 feet in Ever­ green Woodland and Pine Forest type vegetation. 161

Remarks. No specimens were taken during this study. Hall and Kelson (1959:1007) list the following external measurements:

1340-2062; 152-330; 362-521; 140-229; height at shoulder, 660-1143.

Mearns (1907:184) reported a specimen collected on Sept. 5, 1892, at the San Bernardino Ranch. Price (in Allen, 1895:201) reported that in 1895 the white tailed deer was "common in brushy tracts of country

.... I shot a young buck April 2 in the Chiricahua Mountains which was shedding, having lost the greater part of its winter coat."

Cahalane (1939:435) found "from the tops of the highest peaks to the lower limits of the Upper Sonoran Zone, deer were numerous.... Deer were rapidly increasing in the Chiricahuas in 1933 and on the higher elevations they were too abundant for the carrying capacity of the range,... Reduction of the number of big cats during the last decade has been followed by a too rapid growth of the deer population."

(See remarks under 0. hemionus.)

Specimens Examined. Total 7, distributed as follows: 20 mi.

W Portal, 1, UA; 10 mi. W Paradise, 1, UM; Cave Creek, 5900 ft,, 2,

CM; Floor Pinery Canyon, 1, M7Z; Barfoot Park, 1, MUZ; Chiricahua

Mts., 1, BS.

Family ANTILOCAPRIDAE, Pronghorn

This family of swift, slender and graceful mammals contains

one single genus, Antilocaora which occurs only in North America.

The antelope can be distinguished from other cursorial mammals

by the shape and composition of its horns. Both the male and the

female have the permanent, laterally compressed bony core that is 162 covered with a sheath of fused hair which is shed annually.

Antilocanra americana mexicana Msrriam

Pronghorn Antelope

Antilocaora americana mexicana Msrriam, Proc. Biol. Soc., Washington,

14:31, Apr. 5, 1901, type from Sierra en Media, about 10 mi.

S New Mexico border. Chihuahua, Mexico; Mearns, U. S. Nat. Mas.

Bull., 56:221, 1907; Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:439, 1939;

Miller and Kellogg, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 205:317, 1955; Hall

and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer., 2:1022, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Mamm.

Ariz., p. 256, I960.

Distribution. In Arizona the antelope occurs in several areas of suitable habitat. In the study area the reports of its occurrence place it at elevations ranging from 5000 to 7000 feet in Grassland type vegetation.

Remarks. No specimens were taken during this study. Hall and

Kelson (1959:1021) list the following external measurements: 1245-1472;

89-178; 400-432. The dental formula is I 0/3, C 0/1, P 3/3, M 3/3 = 32.

Price (in Allen, 1895:257) reported that in 1894 "several bands were found along the bases of the Huachuca and Chiricahua Mountains. The most we saw in any band was twelve— a very different story from that of the old settlers, of bands of hundreds, which in the early days trampled down the grass like sheep." Mearns (1907:226, 230) reported "The pronghorn antelope is already a rare animal in the region of the South­ west, where it ranged in thousands twenty-five years ago," "A few were seen in the San Bernardino Valley near Monument No. 77 in 1892 and 1893." 163

"...as late as November 3, 1892, I saw five antelope from the railroad at Bowie Station, Southeastern Arizona." Cahalane (1939:439) reported

"these animals do not how (1932-1933)...range into the area treated by this report, and the species may be regarded as locally extinct."

Mr. Walker Reed of Portal recalls that the drought of 1902, 1903 and

1904 caused a great reduction in the antelope of the San Simon Valley.

It was at this time that many ranchers including Mr. Reed's father sold all their cattle because of the lack of forage in the region.

Mr. Paul Webb of the Arizona Game and Fish Commission, related to me the following information during an interview on the 10th of December

1964: The last authenticated occurrence of antelope in the area covered by this study was in 1942. The Commission's Range Distribution Map for 1942, based on their survey, showed two bands of antelope to be present in the Sulphur Springs Valley, one in the grasslands north and west of Pearce and a smaller one around Elfrida and McNeal. Mr. Webb also recalled having heard reports of visual sightings, in the early

1960's, one of the reports reported a sighting in the vicinity of

Rodeo, New Mexico, and the other, more recent, in the area northeast of San Simon. Mr. Webb seemed to be of the opinion that these animals were probably strays from the New Mexico herds. The Arizona Game and

Fish Commission's 1960-61 Antelope Management Information Report

(Welsh, et al. 1960-61:3) places the closest herd of antelope in the portion of the Sulphur Springs Valley, north of the northern limits of

our study area, between the Finaleno and Galiuro Mountains of Graham

County. HYPOTHETICAL LIST

Listed here are mammals, which on the basis of known distri­ bution and habitat requirements, appear likely to occur in the

Chiricahua Mountain Region but for which no satisfactory records yet exist.

1. Didelohis marsuoialis virgin!ana Kerr.

Mr. Walter Reed of Portal, told me that an opossum was killed some years ago, at the mount of Cave Creek near what is now Moehler1s

Ranch.

Mr. Carson Marrow, retired from the U. S. Border Patrol and now living at Portal, spent his boyhood in the Cave Creek area. He recalls that the above mentioned opossum was killed sometime about 1909-1910.

He further stated that, at the time it was killed, a family from Texas had moved into the area and had brought some pet opossums with them.

It was generally thought that the one killed on Cave Creek was one of the captives that had escaped. Hack (1952:464) reported the introduction of this species into Pima County, to the northwest of the study area and to Apache and Greenlee Counties, to the north.

2. Mormoops megalophylla megalophvlla (Peters).

The leaf-chinned bat is at present known only from one locality near Patagonia, Santa Cruz County, to the west of the study area.

3. Macrotus californicus Baird.

The California leaf-nosed bat is known to occur to the north in

164 165

Graham County, to the vest in Cochise County, and to the south in northeastern Sonora, Mexico.

A. Mvotis yumanensis ssp.

The study area falls well within the described range of the

Yuma myotis (M. y. yumanensis) (Hall and Kelson, 1959:163).

The race of Yuma myotis (M. y. sociabilis). which finds its major distribution in the northwestern states has been reported from

Pilares, Sonora, Mexico (Burt, 1938:21). This locality is about 150 miles south of the study area.

5. Laslurus ega xanthlnus Thomas.

Cockrum (1961:97) reported the occurrence of the southern yellow bat in Tucson, Pima County, to the west of the study area.

Mumford and Zimmerman (1963:417) reported its occurrence in Guadalupe

Canyon, Hidalgo County, New Mexico, extending the known probable northern range limits of the species to the east across the Chiricahua

Mountain area.

6. Euderma maculata (J. A. Allen).

Villa-R. (1962:381) reported a southern extension to the known range of this most rare Spotted bat, thus placing the study area well within the now probable range.

7. Tadarlda femerosacca (Merriam).

Constantine (1958:293) reported the presence of this bat at

Carlsbad Caverns, Eddy County, New Mexico. This extended the known

range of the Pocketed free-tailed bat eastward, thus placing the study

area within the now probable range. 166

8. Eumops perotis californicua (Merriam).

The Western (great) mastiff bat is known to occur to the north

in Graham County, to the west in Cochise County, and to the south in

northeastern Sonora, Mexico.

9. Lepus galliardi galliardi Mearns.

May occur in the San Bernardino Valley.

10. Castor canadensis ssp,

Cahalane (1939:431) reported the introduction of beaver by the

Arizona G a m and Fish Commission in the early part of 1933. The animals were brought to the Chiricahua Mountains from the west Fork of the

Black River in the White Mountains and were released in a small stream

in Long Park. When Cahalane visited this spot in July 1933 he observed

and examined the dam built by them.

11. Reithrodontomvs fulvescens csinus Benson.

Findly and Pullman (1958:306) reported the fulvus harvest mouse

of the race canus from "a point 22 mi. S 2 mi. E Rodeo, Hidalgo County,

New Mexico.11 Thus specimens of this species from the eastern side of

the mountain range may prove to be referable to this race.

12. Microtus mexicanus ssp.

The study area falls veil within the southern limits of the

presently described range of the Mexican vole (M. m. magstllonensis)

(Hall and Kelson, 1959:470). The northern limits of the race M. m.

madrensis presently occur just southeast of the study area. (Hall and

Kelson, loc. cit.)

13. Vulpes macrotis neomexicana Merriam.

The kit fox is known to occur to the north in Graham County, 167

to the west in Cochise County and to the east in Hidalgo County, New

Mexico. Price (in Allen, 1895:255) reported that in 1894 "this fox

is not uncommon on the San Simon plains east of the Chiricahua

Mountains, judging from reports given me by the cattleman... I saw what I supposed to be a fox of this species early one morning while

riding from the Chiricahua Mountains to San Bernardino Ranch."

Cahalane (1939:438) included this species in his hypothetical list on

the basis of reports from "ranchers and hunters."

14. Fells pardalis sonoriensis Goldman.

The ocelot is known in Arizona from one locality in the

central part of the state (Fort Verde, Yavapai County). Goldman

(1943:378) described its distribution as "warmer western slopes of the

Sierra Madre from southern Sonora, and probably northern Sinaloa,

north to southeastern Arizona, formerly as far north as Fort Verde,

Arizona; absent in the arid plains region of western Sonora."

15. Fells yagouaroundi tolteca Thomas.

Little (1938:501) reported the sighting of a jaguarundi in the

semi-desert grasslands about 3 miles east of Canelo Ranger Station on

the Coronado National Forest.... Santa Cruz County, Arizona.

16. Ovis canadensis roexicana Merriam.

Price (in Allen, 1895:258) reported in 1894 that "Some are...

said to be found on the rocky eastern flanks of the Chiricahua Moun­

tains, but I found no positive evidence of their occurrence there."

Cahalane (1939:439) reported that "According to James Sanders, a life­

long resident of the mountains, bighorns were fairly numerous in all 168 the lava hills of the vicinity including the Chiricahuas. They were gradually shot, and the remaining few (probably in the Rincons) he thought succumbed to the drought of 1903-1905,,., In any event the animals are now extinct here." Cahalane (loc. cit.) reports the

Indian pictographs of the bighorn found in the region and argues that they represented local fauna as known to the Indians. LITERATURE CITED

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