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Des Sources Hydrothermales. Biogéographie Du Genre Caulophacus Schulze,1887

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Des Sources Hydrothermales. Biogéographie Du Genre Caulophacus Schulze,1887 __-------------------------------------O-C-EA-N-O-L-O-G-IC-A--A-CT-A--19-8-8_-N_O_S_P_. __~---- Hexatinellides Cytologie Systématique Caulophacus cyanae, n. sp., une Biogéographie éponge hexactinellide Hexatinellid Cytology Taxonomy des sources hydrothermales. Biogeography Biogéographie du genre Caulophacus Schulze,1887. Nicole BOURY-ESNAULT a, Louis DE VOS b a Centre d'Océanologie de Marseille, Station Marine d'Endoume, rue de la Batterie des Lions, 13007 Marseille, France. b Université Libre de Bruxelles, Laboratoire de Biologie animale et cellulaire, 50 avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique. RÉSUMÉ Une nouvelle espèce de Caulophacus, Caulophacus cyanae (Hexasterophora, Lyssacinosa, Caulophacidae) est décrite en provenance des sources hydrothermales de la ride du Pacifique Est par l3°N. Elle a été récoltée par la soucoupe Cyana à 2660 m de profondeur, et fixée après le retour à bord. Cette espèce est caractéristique des cheminées éteintes et n'a jamais été trouvée à l'extérieur du graben. Au MEB et au MET les chambres choanocytaires sont composées de corps à collerette ("collar bodies" de Mackie, Singla, 1983), bourgeons énucléés des choanoblastes. Les chambres choanocytaires sont ovoïdes et leur plus grand diamètre varie de 80 à 120 J.lID. Les éléments à collerette sont constitués d'une rme lamelle de cytoplasme (0,6 à 0,8 J.lID d'épaisseur), d'une collerette composée d'une quarantaine de microvillosités, atteignant 4,5-5 J.lID de longueur et 1,5-2 J.lID de diamètre, et d'un flagelle lisse de 10 J.lID de long. Dans une coupe d'une chambre choanocytaire on peut observer 5-7 amas de choanoblastes. Chez Caulophacus cyanae, les corps à collerette perdent leur connexion avec leurs choanoblastes d'origine, et les jonctions bouton-pression ne sont présentes qu'au début du bourgeon­ nement, contrairement aux observations de Mackie et Singla dans une autre famille de Lyssacinosa, les Rossellidae. Quatorze espèces de Caulophacus ont été décrites dans la littérature ; deux proviennent de l'Arctique, cinq de l'Antarctique, trois du Pacifique, une de l'Atlantique et trois de l'Océan Indien. Il semble, lorsqu'on rapporte les coordonnées géographiques des auteurs aux cartes actuelles, qu'un grand nombre de ces espèces soient localisées dans des zones accidentées du relief océanique, telles les dorsales et les fosses, et il serait intéressant de rechercher si ce genre d'hexactinellide ne serait pas un indicateur de zones d'hydrothermalisme. Oceanol. Acta, 1988. Actes du Colloque Hydrothermalisme, Biologie et Écologie, Paris, 4- . 7 novembre 1985, 51-60. Caulophacus cyanae n. sp., a new hexactinellid sponge from ABSTRACT hydrothermal vents. Biogeography of the genus Caulophacus Schulze, 1887 A new Caulophacus species, Caulophacus cyanae (Hexasterophora, Lyssacino~, Caulophacidae), from the area of hydrothermal vents of the East Pacific ridge at l3°N, is described. It was collected by the Cyana diving saucer at a depth of 2 660 m,and fixed just after arrival on board. This species is typical of the extinct chimneys, and has never been found outside the graben. In TEM and SEM, the choanocyte chambers are composed of enucleate outgrowths of choanoblasts called by Mackie and Singla (1983) "collar bodies". The choanocyte chambers 51 r N. BOURY-ESNAULT, L. DE VOS are ovoid and their larger diameter varies from 80 to 120 J.U11. The collar bodies are made of a thin (0.6-0.8 J.U11) sheet of cytoplasm, a collar of approximately 40 microvilli sorne 4.5-5 J.U11 in length and 1.5-2 J.U11 in diameter, and a smooth flagellum 10 J.U11 in length. In one single section of a choanocyte chamber, 5-7 clusters of choanoblasts have been counted. In Caulophacus cyanae, the coIlar bodies lose their connections with the choanoblasts and plug junctions have only been observed at the beginning of budding, contrary to the observations of Mackie and Singla in another family of Lyssacinosa, the Rossellidae. Fourteen Caulophllcus species have been described in the literature : two found in the Arctic Ocean, five in the Antarctic, three in the Pacific, one in the Atlantic and three in the Indian Ocean. If the goegraphical positions given by the authors are plotted on the latest maps, it may be seen that most of these species come from rises and trenchs, and it would be interesting to investigate whether this genus of Hexactinellida could be a good indicator of regions of hydrothermalism. Oceanol. Acta, 1988. Hydrothermalism, Biology and Ecology Symposium, Paris, 4-7 November, 1985, Proceedings, 51-60. INTRODUCTION Le spécimen-type a été déposé au Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris sous le numéro LBIM.NBE­ Au cours des missions Biocyarise et Biocyatherm, sur la LDV.1. La localité-type est la même pour tous les ride du Pacifique Est, par 13°N, dans une zone à fort spécimens, ses coordonnées géographiques sont 12°49' hydrothermalisme, une population relativement importante N-/l03°57'O par 2660 m. d'une hexactinellide blanche en forme de champignon a été observée et récoltée dans le graben, par 2 660 m de profondeur. Ces éponges sont très souvent fixées sur les parois verticales des cheminées éteintes, et n'ont jamais été observées à l'extérieur du graben. Cette espèce fait partie de la sous-classe des Hexasterophora et de la famille des Caulophacidae que Ijima (1926) défmit de la façon suivante: "Éponge en forme de gobelet ou de champignon présentant toujours une tige et solidement fixée au substrat ; solitaire ou formant de petits bouquets branchus ; le squelette ectosamique est constitué de petits hexactines, rarement pentactines, pinules dermiques et de forts pentactines hypodermiques ; ces derniers sont généra-Iement seuls rarement remplacés par des rhabdodiactines hypodermiques. Les mégasclères choanosomiques sont des hexactines et des rhabdodiactines. Les hexasters sont variés, avec ou sans strobiloplumicome." MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODES La Cyana a pu récolter quelques échantillons de cette hexactinellide grâce à l'utilisation de son bras manipulateur et de paniers fermant permettant de ramener en surface les échantillons dans les meilleures conditions possibles. Juste après l'arrivée à bord, 2 heures à 2 heures 30 après la récolte, les spécimens ont été fixés par le glutaraldéhyde à 3 % tamponné au cacodylate, puis postfixé dans une solution Os04 à 2 %. Les échantillons ont ensuite été traités pour la microscopie électronique à transmission et à Ill, balayage (Boury-Esnault et al., 1984). Pour les observations du choanosome au MEB, le squelette siliceux 1 Figure 1 1 a été éliminé par immersion des pièces dans une solution d'acide fluorhydrique à 5 %, avant séchage au point Bouquet de plusieurs individus de taille différente de CauJophacus cyanae. Photographie prise à partir de la Cyana de l'animal in silu. critique. Les pièces sont observées dans le MEB ISI 130 Bunch of several individua/s of dijferenlS sizes of Caulophacus du service de microscopie électronique de l'Université Libre cyanae. Photograph takenfrom the Cyana. animal in situ. de Bruxelles. Trois échantillons ont ainsi servi aux différentes préparations. 52 '1 - UNE HEXACTINELLIDE NOUVELLE D'UNE ZONE HYDROTHERMALE faisceaux de 5 à 7 spicules. Ces faisceaux ascendants de diactines sont reliés entre eux par les grands hexactines, avec lesquels ils forment un réseau à larges mailles. Dans les mailles de ce réseau principal, les discohexasters forment un réseau secondaire à mailles plus petites qui soutient les chambres choanocytaires (fig. 13). L'ensemble de la surface est soutenue par une couche de pinules (fig. 5), dont l'actine distale hérisse la membrane dermique. Les actines tangentielles forment entre elles, un réseau à petites mailles de 70-90 J.lID de côté qui recouvre toutes les cavités sous jacentes et entre lesquelles s'ouvrent les orifices inhalants. Ces pinules reposent sur une couche plus profonde (fig. 12) de pentactines dans lesquels ils sont fichés par leur actine proximale. Les pentactines soutien­ nent donc les pinules et la membrane dermique ; les actines tangentielles forment un réseau à maille de 300 à 500 J.lID de côté dans lesquelles s'ouvrent les cavités aquifères. L'actine proximale des pentactines ancre tout ce squelette ectosomique dans l'ensemble du squelette choanosomique (fig. 12). ; . Spicules Pinules (fig. 8) Ils sont constitués d'une actine distale formée d'écailles, de 4 açtines tangentielles et d'une actine proximale finement épineuses ; l'actine proximale peut être atrophiée. Nous Figure 2 n'avons pas trouvé de différences notables entre les pinules Aspect de CauIophacus cyanae. Photographie prise à bord de la de la face inférieure et ceux de la face supérieure du Cyana de l'arùmal in situ. chapeau. Par contre les pinules de la tige ont pratiquement Aspect of Caulophacus cyanae. Phatograph talœn from the Cyana tous l'actine proximale atrophiée. Actine distale: 210-338 animal in situ. J.lID/16-27 J.lID ; actines tangentielles: 81-109 J.lID/4-6,7 J.lID ; actine proximale : 67,5-102,6 J.lIDI4-6,7 J.lID, qui, DESCRIPTION lorsqu'elle est atrophiée, forme un bouton de 5;2.-7,8 J.lID de haut Les spécimens de l'éponge récoltée· se présentent en bouquets de plusieurs individus de tailles très différentes Pentactines (fig. 11) (fig. 1). Chaque bouquet représente 3 à 10 grands individus Les actines tangentielles sont lisses et égales~ et l'actine sur les tiges desquels sont llXés les individus plus jeunes. proximale est couverte de microtubercules. Actines Chaque individu est constitué d'une tige et d'un chapeau tangentielles 426,4-598 J.lID120,8-26 J.lID actine arrondi comme celui d'un champignon (fig. 2). La tige proximale 291-457,6 J.1ID/15,6-26 J.lID. creuse (fig. 3) peut atteindre 30 à 50 cm de haut et le chapeau, un diamètre de 10 cm.
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