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Impact Factor: 3.958/ICV: 4.10 ISSN: 0976-7908 1 CORDIA Impact factor: 3.958/ICV: 4.10 ISSN: 0976-7908 1 Pharma Science Monitor 10(1), Jan-Mar 2019 PHARMA SCIENCE MONITOR AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES Journal home page: http://www.pharmasm.com CORDIA DICHOTOMA FORST: A REVIEW ON ITS MEDICINAL PROPERTIES Patel Shitalben R.*, Vijay Lambole, Vipul Gajera, Dhiren P. Shah, Mistry Shivangiben N. Department of Pharmacology, Shree Naranjibhai Lalbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Umrakh, Bardoli. ABSTRACT Many plants are essential in human health care, both in self-medication and in national services. India has a great wealth of various naturally occurring plant drugs which have great potential pharmacological activities. Cordia dichotoma forst., a small to moderate size plant of family Boragenaceae, commonly called bhokar, lasura in Hindi and Indian cherry in English. Plant parts have been reported for possessing anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-ulcer, immune- modulator and analgesic activity. This review is in a narrative format and consists of publications relevant to Cordia dichotoma available in public domain along with their phytochemical constituents, traditional uses and some pharmacological activities. KEYWORDS: Cordia dichotoma, Phytochemistry, Therapeutic uses, Pharmacology. INTRODUCTION Herbal drugs constitute a major part in all traditional systems of medicines.[1] In the recent past there has been a tremendous increase in the use of plant based health products in developing as well as developed countries resulting in an exponential growth of herbal products globally.[2] The phytochemical ingredients from these medicinal plants serve as compounds in drug discovery and design. A single herb may even contain more than one of the aforementioned phytochemical constituents, which works synergistically with each other in producing pharmacological action. Drug formulation in Ayurveda is based on two principle use as a single drug and use of more than one drug, in which the latter is known as polyherbal formulation. Combining of several medicinal herbs to achieve extra therapeutic effectiveness is known as polypharmacy.[3] In the traditional system of Indian medicine, plant formulations and combined extract of plants are chosen rather than individual ones.[4] Cordia dichotoma Forst belonging to the family Boraginaceae is a small to moderate-sized deciduous tree with a short bole and spreading crown widely distributed in India.[5] Cordia dichotoma is a one of the traditionally medicinally importance deciduous plants available all over India. The fruit has been reported to be rich in polysaccharide. From the ancient time leaves and steam bark are used in the treatment of fever, diarrhea, leprosy and burning sensation. Leaf Shital et al. / Pharma Science Monitor 10(1), Jan-Mar 2019, 1-7 Impact factor: 3.958/ICV: 4.10 ISSN: 0976-7908 2 of plant traditionally shows the therapeutic use and actions such as anthelmintic, astringent, diuretic, tonic, ulcer and cough. PHARMACOGNOSY OF CORDIA DICHOTOMA FORST. A B Figure of Cordia dichotoma forst. (A) Leaves (B) Whole plant Introduction: Biological name : Cordia dichotoma forst. Family : boraginaceae Parts used : leaves, fruits, seeds, barks Scientific classification:[6] Kingdom : Plantae Division : Magnoliophyta Class : Dicotyledons Order : Lamiales Family : Boraginaceae Genus : Cordia Species : Cordia dichotoma forst. Plant name in different languages:[7] Hindi : Lasura, Bhokar Gujarati : Vadgundo, gunda English : Sebesten, Indian cherry Bangali : bahubara Sanskrit :bahuvarka Tamil : vidi, naruli Shital et al. / Pharma Science Monitor 10(1), Jan-Mar 2019, 1-7 Impact factor: 3.958/ICV: 4.10 ISSN: 0976-7908 3 Distribution: Cordia dichotoma is a tree of tropical and subtropical regions. It grows in the sub-Himalayan tract and outer ranges, ascending up to about 1500 m elevation. It is found in a variety of forests ranging from the dry deciduous forest of Rajasthan to the moist deciduous forests of Western Ghats and tidal forests in Mayanmar. In Maharashtra, it grows in the moist monsoon forest also. Description: Cordia dichotoma small to moderate-sized deciduous tree with a short bole, short crooked trunk and spreading crown. Leaves simple, entire and slightly dentate, elliptical-lanceolate to broad ovate with a round and cordate base. Stem bark is grayish brown smooth, or longitudinally wrinkled. Flowers are followed by 1 in (25mm) long dull pinkish edible fruits with sticky flesh flowers are short stalked, white in colour. Fruit is a yellow or pinkish-yellowshining globose or ovoid drupe seated in a saucer-like enlarged calyx. It turns black on ripening and the pulp gets viscid. Chemical constituents: Cordia dichotoma fruit, leaves contain Pyrrolizidine, alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenes, sterols and fatty oil content in the seeds of C. dichotoma with stearic, oleic and linoleic acids as the major constituents. Leaves also contain quercetin and quercitrin. Fruit contain arabinoglucan, D-glucose (67.6%) and L-arabinose (13.2%). seed contains α-amyrins, β- sitosterol, fatty acids.[8] Therapeutic uses: Cordia dichotoma used as a laxative property, chest complaints, expectorant and clears nasal and bronchial congestion, ringworm, applied to boils, tumors, headaches, stomach aches and also used in a digestive problem, antioxidant property, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, asthma, immuno-modulator, diabetes, heal the liver, diuretic, diarrhea, fever, and leprosy. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF CORDIA DICHOTOMA FORST. : Anti ulcer activity: Shah Darshan et al. (2011): In this study, the gastroprotective effect of some extracts of the ripe fresh fruit of Cordia dichotoma was investigated in aspirin induced gastric ulcer model and pylorus ligation model in rats. Water and alcoholic extract showed antiulcer activity. In Shital et al. / Pharma Science Monitor 10(1), Jan-Mar 2019, 1-7 Impact factor: 3.958/ICV: 4.10 ISSN: 0976-7908 4 conclusion, water extract has been found to be more effective than alcoholic extract compared to standard ranitidine in case of aspirin induced gastric ulcer model as well as pylorus ligation model.[9] Anti cancer activity: Md. Rahman Azizur et al. (2016): Study was designed to evaluate anticancer activity of the methanolic extract of Cordia dichotoma leaves (MECD) against a human prostate carcinoma cell line, PC3. In conclusion, MECD contains flavonoid in a quantity of 160 mg QE/g extract. It possesses anticancer activity and leads to PC3 cell death induction of apoptosis mediated through excessive ROS generation and also antioxidant property and can prevent carcinogenesis by its scavenging action and reducing oxidative stress. The extract MECD may be an important cancer chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agent for prostate cancer due its promising activity.[10] Md. Azizur Rahman and Arshad Hussain (2015): MTT assay and DAPI staining test was performed to evaluate anticancer potential and apoptosis inducing effect of methanolic extract of Cordia dichotoma leaves against human cervical cancer cell line. MECD with obtained IC50 of 202 μg/mL inhibited in vitro proliferation of human cervical cancer cells and induced apoptosis indicating its promising anticancer activity as compared to the standard tamoxifen with obtained IC50 of 48 μg/mL. Total phenolic contents was found to be 176.5 mg GAE/g dried extract. It was concluded that MECD possess promising anticancer activity and induce apoptosis.[11] Anti oxidant activity: Nariya Pankaj B et al. (2018): investigation was undertaken to evaluate possible antioxidant potential of methanolic and butanol extract of Cordia dichotoma bark. Both extracts were found to contain a noticeable amount of total phenols, which play a major role in controlling oxidation. This study shows that the extract can be used as an easily accessible source of natural antioxidant. Chemical constituents present in the extract such as alkaloids, flavonoids, proteins, steroids, terpenoids, and tannins present in the extract may be responsible for such activity. Present study revealed that the C. dichotoma bark has significant radical scavenging activity.[12] Anti microbial & antifungal activity: Nariya Pankaj B et al. (2018): study was carried out to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal potentials of Cordia dichotoma bark. In antibacterial activity, methanol and butanol extracts of the bark was carried out against two gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two Gram positive bacteria (St. pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus). Antifungal activity of the extracts was carried out against three common pathogenic fungi (Aspergillus niger, A. clavatus, and Candida albicans). Standard drugs like Amplicilline, Shital et al. / Pharma Science Monitor 10(1), Jan-Mar 2019, 1-7 Impact factor: 3.958/ICV: 4.10 ISSN: 0976-7908 5 Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin and Chloramphenicol for antibacterial activity and Nystain and Greseofulvin for antifungal activity. In Current study, methanolic and butanol extracts of C. dichotoma bark was found to be active on bacteria and fungi’s in comparison to standard drug.[13] Analgesic, antipyretic and Anti inflammatory activity: Gupta and Kaur (2014): Study was evaluated the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activity of C. dichotoma G. Forst. leaf extract. all three tests, the methanol extract high dose (400 mg/kg) was found to be highly significant as compared to standard drug. This study proved the traditional uses of plant leaves and concluded the analgesic, anti-inflammatory,
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