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Late Pliocene Homo and Oldowan Tools from the Hadar Formation

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Late Pliocene Homo and Oldowan Tools from the Hadar Formation Current events W. H. Kimbel, Late Pliocene Homo and Oldowan Tools R. C. Walter, from the Hadar Formation (Kada Hadar D. C. Johanson & Member), Ethiopia K. E. Reed Institute of Human Origins, 1288 Ninth St, Berkeley, California 94710, U.S.A. J. L. Aronson Department of Geological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, U.S.A. Z. Assefa Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, U.S.A. C. W. Marean Department of Anthropology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, U.S.A. G. G. Eck & R. Bobe Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, U.S.A. E. Hovers Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel Y. Rak Department of Anatomy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel & Institute of Human Origins, 1288 Ninth St, Berkeley, California 94710, U.S.A. C. Vondra & T. Yemane Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, U.S.A. D. York, Y. Chen, N. M. Evensen & P. E. Smith Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A7, Canada Journal of Human Evolution (1996) 31, 549–561 Correspondence to: W. H. Kimbel. 0047–2484/96/120549+13 $25.00/0 ? 1996 Academic Press Limited 550 . ET AL. A broad consensus among paleoanthropologists holds that the Homo clade originated in Africa sometime between 2·0 and 3·0 Ma ago. However, a gap in the east African hominid fossil record spans the better part of this million year temporal interval. Although as many as three species of Homo greet the Pleistocene epoch in Africa [Homo habilis, Homo rudolfensis, and Homo erectus (=ergaster)], not one first appearance datum (FAD) for these taxa unequivocally predates 1·9 Ma (Kimbel, 1995; White, 1995), and their earlier Pliocene phylogenetic roots remain obscure (Wood, 1992). Therefore, any fossil specimen of Homo older than 2·0 Ma is potentially of great value. In this preliminary report we describe the discovery of a maxilla of Homo closely associated with Oldowan stone tools and late Pliocene fauna in the upper part of the Kada Hadar Member, Hadar Formation, Ethiopia. Single-crystal 40Ar/39Ar laser probe analyses provide an age of 2·33&0·07 Ma for this discovery which, therefore, represents the oldest association of hominid remains with stone tools, and possibly the earliest well-dated occurrence of the genus Homo. Recovery On 2 November 1994, during paleontological survey in a previously unexplored area containing deposits of the ‘‘upper’’ Kada Hadar Member, members of the Hadar project’s hominid survey team (Ali Yesuf and Maumin Allahendu) recovered fragments of a hominid maxilla at a new locality, A.L. 666, a low, steep hill of undifferentiated silts capped by a small patch of a heavily weathered sandstone. The A.L. 666 outcrop occurs in a ca. 300 m#600 m drainage basin of the Makaamitalu, a branch of the north (left) bank of the Awash River’s Kada Hadar tributary. The maxilla, A.L. 666-1, was found in two major portions comprising the left and right halves, broken cleanly along the intermaxillary suture. The left half, retaining P3 and P4 crown fragments and the roots of M1, was spotted first, lying uncovered in a narrow gully draining the southeast facing slope of the hill. The right half, with P3–M1 crowns plus M2–M3 roots, was found topographically higher, on the surface of the southeast facing slope. Approximately 25 cm to the east of the right maxilla, alveolar bone, tooth crown and tooth root fragments from the left M1–M3 position were also found clustered on the surface. The latter occurrence marks the probable position on the slope from which the left maxilla tumbled into the gully. Intensive surface collecting followed by dry-sieving of the gully contents and adjacent slopes resulted in the recovery of nonhominid mammal elements and approximately 30 tooth crown, tooth root and bone fragments of the hominid maxilla. All of these pieces, except a partial right C crown, fit cleanly on to the main portions of the maxilla. The specimen is well preserved, undistorted, and most breaks are fresh. Fresh-appearing Oldowan flakes and ‘‘choppers’’ were present on the surface at the base of the A.L. 666 hill and surrounding outcrops. To identify the in situ horizon, a trial excavation was undertaken during the 1994 field season. Although no additional parts of the hominid maxilla were recovered in the initial 2 m2 excavation, additional lithic elements and several nonhominid bone fragments were encountered. Stratigraphy At least one disconformity, represented by an erosional surface with up to 8 m of relief, occurs high in the Kada Hadar Member above the 2.92 Ma BKT-2 marker tephra (Figure 1). Below HOMO 551 the disconformity, from Sidi Hakoma up to middle Kada Hadar Member times, a meandering river system dominated the landscape, as recorded by several fining upward fluvial cycles, each comprising a sheet sandstone that gives way vertically to an overbank argillaceous siltstone or silty claystone often capped by a paleosol. Up to six lacustrine laminites interrupt the fluvial cycles. In contrast, above the disconformity sheet sandstones are replaced by coarse-grained conglomerates that are interbedded with sandy siltstones and paleosols, and lacustrine deposits are absent. The dramatic change in lithology above the disconformity reflects environmental change and/or faulting and downdropping of the Hadar basin. The artefact-bearing horizon at A.L. 666, located 10–15 m above the disconformity and about 80 cm below the BKT-3 tephra (Figure 1), is a 3.5 m thick, massive to blocky pale brown siltstone containing minor amounts of pebble-size calcareous nodules and abundant white, calcified rhizoliths (root casts). Because the hill is eroded to an elevation lower than the tephra, BKT-3 does not occur at A.L. 666 itself. However, this same siltstone, with nodules, rhizoliths and artefacts, is observed 30 m to the northwest and 100 m to the southeast along the basin rim, where the sediment is directly overlain by BKT-3. Unique field characteristics among Hadar tephras (light brown color, occasionally cross-bedded, with root casts and brown clay-filled worm burrows) render BKT-3 a good stratigraphic marker in the upper Kada Hadar Member. The position of freshly broken portions of the maxilla on a steep slope that was otherwise fairly devoid of accumulated overburden indicates that it had been exposed on the surface only a short time before discovery. We infer that it eroded from the silt horizon of the A.L. 666 hill based on the following circumstances: (1) silt matrix filled the maxillary sinus cavities and anterior tooth alveoli on both sides of A.L. 666-1; (2) a root cast was present in one maxillary sinus; and (3) the in situ bone fragments show patina and preservation details identical to those of the hominid maxilla. Geochronology and biochronology The radiometric age of the BKT-3 tephra is the primary constraint on the age of the hominid maxilla and artefacts from A.L. 666. However, BKT-3 is not a primary air-fall deposit and it contains no pumice fragments from which primary datable minerals can be extracted. Instead, ash-grade components of the BKT-3 eruption were transported by streams into Hadar’s sedimentary record, presumably as a continuation of the deposition of the underlying flood plain silts. Conventional K/Ar and 40Ar/39Ar analyses, which employ bulk measurements that encompass thousands of grains, are not applicable to BKT-3 because such reworked tephras are prone to detrital contamination. Indeed, Miocene-age contaminants were detected in BKT-3 during fission-track analyses of zircons using the grain discrete external detector method, which produced an age of 2·3&0·5 Ma (Walter, 1989). However, the large uncertainty did not instill confidence in the age. Using the single-crystal 40Ar/39Ar laser microprobe method (York et al., 1981; Lobello et al., 1987), we have now dated three samples of BKT-3 from three separate localities: (1) H94-15, from an exposure 30 m northwest of A.L. 666; (2) H94-17, from an exposure ca. 500 m southwest of A.L. 666; (3) 76-B3 (Walter, 1981), from the tephra’s type-locality, ca. 100 m west of A.L. 666. Table 1 summarizes the results of 76 new single-grain analyses of the primary feldspar population, which consists of relatively fine-grained, low-K plagioclases (Ca/K=4·0&1·5, based on 37Ar/39Ar measurements). Eight additional grains, distinguishable on the basis of 552 . ET AL. BKT-3 2.33 ± 0.07 Ma (Ar/Ar) p A.L. 666 p AST-1 160 p p Disconformity p BKT-2 2.92 ± 0.03 Ma (Ar/Ar) 140 GMT T p KH A.L. 444 A.L. 438 p 120 p BKT-1 T p 100 Confetti clay A.L. 288 KHT 3.18 ± 0.01 Ma (Ar/Ar) DD-3 Sand 80 DD A.L. 333 p 60 TT-4 3.22 ± 0.01 Ma (Ar/Ar) T Pink Marl ± 40 KMB 3.28 0.04 Ma (Ar/Ar) SH SH-3 Sand p KMT T 20 A.L. 417 SH-2 Sand p A.L. 137 Hominid Locality 0 SHT 3.40 ± 0.03 Ma (Ar/Ar) T Artefact Locality B T Lacustrine transgression –10 p Paleosol (meters) Figure 1. Composite stratigraphic section of the Hadar Formation based on exposures in the Kada Hadar and Ounda Hadar drainages, with selected hominid localities and radioisotopic ages indicated. Member boundaries shown at left (B=Basal; SH=Sidi Hakoma; DD=Denen Dora; KH=Kada Hadar).
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