STRANGERS AND BROTHERS: ]NDTVIDUAL A}]D SOCÏETY TN THE }IC\TELS

CIF C" P. ,SNOYI

A Thesis Presented to the FacultY of the DePartment of Encrlish University of }4anitoba

ou il'Ñnt*å*^ æ*ææ LoËRAt{j-v In PartÍa} Fu-lfillment of the Requírements for the Degree l.faster of Arts

by I{ílliam Brent McGregor Ðenham APril, L962 STRANGERS AND BROTHERS: ' T{DIVIÐUAL ;\I'ID SOCTETY ÏN TIJJ-I }TOVELS

OF C. P" SNOIIT

An Abstract of a Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Department of English UnÍversity of I'[anitob a

In Partial FulfÍ1lment of the Requirements for the Degree I{aster of Arts

by \riilliaru Brent l.,TcGregor Ðenham ApriS-, L962 This thesis Ís based on a stud'y of all avaílable writings of Sir Charles Percy Snow and on all available biographieal and critical materia.l on him, but it coneen- trates on the novels of the Tlstrangers and Brothersrf series and Thsileaqch. As the title of his major seríes of novels impliesu one of snowls chief concerns is the situation of man both as stranger and. é;e .braÈhopr' iarrd' s,s si"b *ndåç'ådqí'aJ.:iand &'ffi & member of society" Each of these aspects is examined to discover r^Ihat mu-st be the proper balance betr'¡eeri them íf a society is to be achíeved that is meaningful, fulfill- ing, and effeetive as a community, yet not too restrictive of indÍvidualítY' Thisachievement,thestepsleadÍngtoit¡andthe are hu-man eharacteristics whích encourage or prevent' it, examined. by .snow in his novels, âs he loolcs at an era in English life-:19Lt+*Lg5À.--and at one man ín that era' Lewis Eliot" The rânge of eharaeter, setiingo and si.tuation, is broad" The background is one of actual events. From thís examination of his time, snow dral^rs certain conclusions which it is the purpose of tllis thesís to describe. an lviarr rnay ascend frorc stranger to brot'her through ever-l,ridening awareness of community, eoncern for íts maintenance, and j-rrVolvement in it. Through l'et'lis Eliot r-l_L vre see this development" I,fe see him l,¡iih his parents, rejecting his motherls possessive love and responding to his fatherîS less demanding feetíng" i¡Ie see Lewis in his trvo maryiages, crippled in the first by the memory of his motherrs possessiveness, and in the second learning to give hÍmself " Ì¡.ie see him in his male friendships, estab* ]Íshíng relationshíps which involve an inereasing self- forgetfulness" !,Ie observe his development, as a brother by examining his reactions to the working:cut of relation* ships l¡etween other indÍvidual-s" He sees the efforts of one of his friends to escape the overpov.rering d-ernands of the fanrlly, aS Yrel I as the efforts of another to form a smaller society of indivíduals, ín the face of opposition from the establÍshed societY" LewÍs Eliot next becornes invol ved in the lífe of a carnbridge college" In the acadenric commlr-nitY¡ men-- inclivíd.uals, strangers, sej-fish and pre judiced:-are sufficiently willing to sacrifiee their individuality to maÍntain their community intact, if not unstrained, through a time of severe testing, From the collegeu Levris moves into the r,,¡crld of scíence and government. There his out- look is further r¡¡idened. as he sees the need for scientífie truth and íntegrity, for national loyalty, ffid for human justice and. brotherhood, .A.lthou.gh for a time he slíps baek iv ínto sel-fishness, he fína]ly sees the tru'th of his own experience as stranger and brother, as well as the need for others to folloi¡¡ his example" Throu.gh rrrhat Lel'ris Eliot experiences and observes, ,Snow points out the need for brotherhood. and the means by vfuích it is achÍeved" The process is not inevj-table, Tvian may reject the need. for brotherhood, he may accept ít, or líke Lewås, hê may be drawn into it almost ín spite of himself" Even if he becomes a brother, his ovitl nature alt^rays threatens the eertainty of hís fully doing his part in acl:i eving commrrníty" But the steps are there-=Ievels of aehievement through which man must pass" In a v¡orld threatened by the tend.ency of Índ.ivÍduals or small-er social groups to retreat into themselves, the only hope that Snow sees ís that men may learn to live Èogether i-n a meaningful and vital eommunitY" TABTE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

LIST 0F ABBREVï"IITED TITLES o ê o o o ê o o o ô iií fltTRODUCTIONoôooøêooøø"iv

CHAPTER

f . ]I{DTVIDUAL RELATTONSHIPS: THE BASÏS OF COIrt'/ruNITï o e o o e c o o . ô c ç 1

IT. THE TI]DÏVIDUAI .A,ND HÏ S FELLOIiIS: F]RST STEPSTO'I¡IARÐSCO}flWUNITY ø a i j2 TTf" TI-IECOIJ,EGE: COIIIVIUJITTYACHIEiTED@ o a o 5h. ïV, SCIEI,ICE AND C,OVERI{wIÐIIIT: TTfi I'/ïDER VISIOI'I 0FCOI,Î.{UNTTT ø 6 @ o @ ø @ @ " 76 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPIIÏ O O O ø O O ø O ê O ê ê 110 ABBREVTATED TTTTES -'¡{T{ICH BY C, P. Sit]01II1S IqIORI{S ARE CTTED TN THTS TI.IESÏS

The Affaír

UfLrtÐ The Conscience of the Rich

LT II HOmecomLngs t"D The Lieht and the qqrk

'Àf !f The Masters r{M The Nev¡ I',Ien The Search

SB StranEers and Brothers cn ScÍence and Government rTr ar The Two Cultures and the Scientífic Revolutíon qru t¡r time *Ë_-Hope Il'Iilllì0llUCTf 0lrj

1

* .ìrì- \¡ôr'r'r,lc'-,rOUl1 -i-.ì.o rn r eCL,_ l¡onr-q i.lrn iilì.[r]"ÍrlìÕì-r¡ ,ci l':l-"-r'rrìì,t , nlli-.q'i dorq have been -l-ou-d in il:iejr cr:j-tj-cj-sttls oí En3-Lish societlr ¿t 6 :'-niern¡.tional nor¿l:l-it)r " ',lheir cl anour:'-rt¡,s l-rlve receivecÌ cfr-êâ-r i-¡r-,lrl i r'-i ti¡ ^ l¡lti, i,llcr¡ Ìrave off er"ecÌ iro :rca,]- i:ìrìSr,¡Ie I'S. 0bher ¡¡oi-ces ilave a.:l-so spolrien voices o-Íl i::toc-leratl'-on" r¡oi ces oif er"in¡; sol-'Lr[i.oits . 0ne o:i tire se voices apncaLs r'roi on-l--l¡ i,o i,lle liore conscrvltj-.¡e, ltut a.,l so to i;ìte radic¡.1- ouLsi-c]ers " Out of r ì:a clli.r'ounc1 as a. sc-i-en-ii si, e \,c¿ì.cjr eT',

[) c j-i,.il s e-L'vnlr'¿: lr brr-s'i -:cssnen , a ì]ove.l i- st,, lLncl a líterary .r-: -. rat.,¡i-l UI^---i J-1-J-U, '--i ñ t)-.-.L V::CL.| !\-Jes P.;^c-;J. U-L \,.)' :JtLvitljnOr..¡ t.¡Olr\/1..\tJ r"l :S ¡.i,c-v SO_l Vi _rt.: clj-_iiiCrrl - 'í-.ì i-l'^-" -1.¡^r-^'"1 Lrl-r:Ð,oq itn';:iu L/ ':,¡r'¿.-ì-::ur u-LJ .,- u:,rì-. (r LiUU.Lrlonryi1." :/-r-lrr) U1i\:.L.lo -l-i.:iJUUL'-LL \Ja^'r. ú.ì',.JUcluL^--ir-^teCJ. icìeal i-snr lrc of,[ers c¿ll¡i r"e:i-ì-:-s.''nt; i-nste:.cl of po-li-ti-ca-l- c:.ii'c,':i-si:r, sensibl e huürani s¡i; iusbeacl of ej-thei: revo-l.-i, or j-e,rìc Ii on , coi.]-orotni- se e t.ri -l l-i,r':n ess to stLlr lli.ihi n ihe -.¡h-cn e s,;aìrli-sirlreni ancì j i,s .reC j-iioirs, to :todj.-Îy tlrer:l ncccssil.ry, bt:i riovcr io lte cioi:ij-r¿.Lcd il',' thcir" rt'-l l tl:is 'j¡o'.': rl-ocs -i l :rrosc i¡lli clr , i--i i t i-s irot ar:úi.stical l-.¡ r-.-,,'r-r-ì-..-r.rJI j_-l__LI(r;lju, i- .¡-iìrl¡, (:._tt.r. J_J D\--trJl_.rI(t,-¡-1 cle:-t-v-t-\iúJ. , ¡i-rrl i¡oit¡i,ed_._.rvJ.i.iu TO l:i_:,t afe c'r.ra¡.,¡n iteonJ-e o,Î.¡a.rl'-ous ì.tacl;¡r-oui.lcl-3: ;lo-1,ì t:'-cal bel:'Le-is, ancÌ

Ii.r.-^l ^..-: ^-,1 ì)er3ir-:ì51-ons ü-OO.l-Oi,l-C¿i.-l " V-

K,e:rnetlr r'illsop ì:J-¿l:iles Si:ro','¡ fo,r be:-n¡ ?1u-ir::e con ci l-ed.?1 úo tite posi-r,tar itoi:ld r'.- ,or- no'b 'r:e:'-irg riwj-'¿ilj-n úì-re ,:syche of ii:c ,li_f cics "??'"""? Tlre concern s-¡ sLr_ch ',,1:¡j_teL:s as Col- j n 'lj-l-sot h;Ls 1ed. .chelt io bcconic ou-'csi-cier-s, ,sti-rn;ers, di-s¡.rtsteci l,'i-fll irliin-,r¡' ascecis of socj-ct.-it r ll'utt 'l.lne.ble io cl-o atr;.-tì-rin,..; io ¿:.chieve jie .y- thc changes t '.''¡å.nt, ,j'.;i Si'ior¡¡ l:i as e..f ¿Lnsr,'¡eri,c sr-¡.cÌr rlcr- ,soÌls, f or iie oorti:á,.-'¡s ot-le o-l ihen in hi s noi.rel , Str-an,3ers ancl :lro-l;ìttr"s. lcoi"rte i)assa,rt i-s ol:itct,l:i'--l-illc';ocìa-¡Is oi.r.';- sì cici's cnri,i¿..ed iLt, tlrc :'-ir-ìusi,i.ces iiiri-ch alte etr-c,fcsseci i,irror;,3h n::r: jur,'i-'ì cer snobberl', J.:rd- la-¡o:."j-'¿i slìrr -îr-r.l 1 oí j-cl,e¡',.s

¿"r,bor-r.-L iroi,,¡ i;o chilr:¡¡c i,ile ito:r:ltJ., ì-'i.r-f :i-n tLLe end- i-nc¡n¿Lb-l-e or¡en of inain i,;rir,'ti-;:ti.1 lii-s or,'.,Íl i i: begi"i-t1r,

ir/j",1 l_j-¡rn Cootte:: ooj-n'¿s or,l]; tln¿i-t S¡r.rl',,,,¡ a,tii:¿Lc'bs llrs j¡ol.r.nger contcni:orari-cs ioi: tìre sj-1"'c.l-e,i:ei.tsofl []rai;1;ìle-v iiru:st rTe.cceit b a:rc'1, 1,r"1. Lo :.r¡:l:o bl..,c liosi o-f' j:hei-r rîesllonsi-bi-'l i--r,i- es

¿-ì.s b::o1;hersr? ancl 1?ì,¿lhe i:¿ir-b i-n iire n.¡'actj-ca-l- actj-vj-tj-es of

L:tc l¡oi'lcl rt s-r-r-r:r1¡. irecetr-sc 1? bl:c-\¡ can no -ì-on.1icr su-'¡l:ol'-t thei'r- a selr¡es b':r i¡¡¡-¡ina irovcls.;'' Sno',t sllows 1;he::rl hor¡ to. fincl

l:i:h" ii:rrirr¡ Decacr,e: ¡\ Su.rver¡ o.i tlr.o C'"rl-tu¡"¿r.l- l'ì.evo-.1-i I rì.Ì^ìa I a l1rf i- o-l 1;l: : iiii:ie,ceen-iri-Í''i,i-c:s Loi-rc,ìon: Pe ie :: \J.ivr.L .lJJ-rrrr- uv\.1,^a¡ TTT.TT;Tî%;-- "

'lir_e i',lat ion r Cl,i{i{li-tV vf.

-ì tiris nvolverlen'b " Tlre ciecpelt r:eason i.rìr-¡r û1re;' l-oo.l¡ uo Sloli, a-ccorcì-i ng 1,o Cooccr, i" '[]L¡ii i:ìle'¡ see in h'in soneone -,.¡llo i s -r,¡o:i:i',-ìn,g 'cr¡ reconci-le ih.ei-,r cìi.vicled soc-r-ct;:r, Di r,'i si ons a.Ìre ¡'-ncreas-

-i-;r¡,: sci.enc e j-s sr:-l- j- ¿ij-n:; off jl::ot,l Iirc cf ire.r cr,i.sc j-p]-il:1es; lri.,i-¡¡Ìlbroit a::t i s sIe¡,r-'Li-L-;l hi-r",-:r-::rs¡ o.Îf fL:o:i-i ¡orli;-]-¿-r. a,r'i; i n the 'fel-"fare S-ûlteu tl'rc social sti:u-ctu".re i:i 5f ç¿i j-l ¡r oss-'r--Îv-

,,.¡l-ia j-¡.ecii-on inß " Tn bever cl oue -l-ooks, ol1,e sees ìrits o-1 socictit "Ðccomi-n¡; i-n ÍioLte i'..¡ar¡ o:rt a.no'¿her rlol:e s oecral-is i,, -bo a¡tc-l- a.Íj :ì,rcsl:.-l t so:leiimcs los:-r.r¡.¡, evei-'r i,h c r-icsj-:''e colr- t, i',lr-lni- cå.te.îí'* -Ln iris r.n:i-'ci r:t¡r.r: ¡.nd r¡r¡,c,ui-c¿rl- ¡lc'ì:i vi-ii es, Si-r: rrpo-r¡e -r,i'Iccit j-:r Ni¡¿.'.¡l es j-s acti..n¡; a-s , e3 Ic:,i:¿tio:: o-[ ¿i 5 cÌivicled socj otlrr lT- ¿lnr-i -ior 1,1:i-s r:eåson ite lta.s forincl ð, j-n.i,-liience j-s fo,l-l o',,¡jnF; " iI¡.e'i:'i.er cï' ¡roi S,roivl s as stron3; Ð.s Cooper slt¡¡l,es'cs, j-t j.s; ',r'.r-e iil¡-i Snoiv s,le¿:1:s ;jtll

::el er¡ance to his a.i.!e I:i hi-s nove-l-s Snow c;:ari:irtcs v¡'r..rious aspe cts of tri:¡ilisìi tife bet';¡een L9Ll,, a.ncl )-951;. Iie I oolis at cliff e::enf 'Lot'.nt Ieve.i s o-i ,s oci e t'\¡: a rÍicil-an cis , a. Ca:-rìri:i-cl ic coll ege , 1,ollcl.o:r societ¡r, th.e'T,.rûr3.d CIf ' .seåereea an"d. goverrarruereÈ*.He exaruår¡es mårly

lr '-Lil-r-ci.-. . )

(-. . -'-L:)l-(.j., v.ii

¿'lreås o.î ai"of ess j-onal -l-iÍ'e: I e¡r1åìl , acecì-e:'l:-c, lltr-sì ilcss: sc j-eni-ii-r-c , aircl îct¡ei'l-ti.ie,tt,-r.l , lie cresen is e varj-eilr 6.¡ pe ool-e , f::oiri tllc oeasa.nt to i,he a-r j. stocr'¿rt, fi:ol;l -r,he j-rts jl i¡1rro r¿i:r-[ i.; o ;]ie lien , frlorii I e 1'lI'-ncÌest ancl nost self - j -¡ j-slr -iorl:ef -il:-l- i: o t-,he r-ro st cies t¡ cajr-l seli , -iro::,:i bÌre llo',fer- I ess 'i,o the al I -rtol'¡erfiLl, St'toi,' si'.:clies ihe iio:ll'lilri,, of j-ir hu,nan ii'ro uives, ;Ì-le rllj.ture o:Î s ci-e :lce , t he i;r"-i ca-cj-es of coJ--l-cge -¡sl i-ti c,-.;, i,Ìie tto::ll j-nl,s o-1 3;or¡e::n¡nent . lie -l-oohs a-b -¡af j-C-'cr¡ i,.i.t al_r-,.LOSi ,i_n_îirr.'l_Le of rt¿,t.ie¡:i_al "

Ori,c o-Î ¡.,1 -l- iiri- s , one c oltld clr,oo se ¿ì.,s e sr,ti:,j e ct f or"

StL-r-Ci1.t al-i:tO:;i i-Litl.¡ å'ì.Si¡eC'¿ Of SiLO'r',¡1S .,".¡Orl: " 0nC COI-t-l-r-ì. l-OO1'l ¡.'C jris cÌesci:-ipj.:'-orrs of l)o'1..ie¡', o-f -,Clai ii cJ.ocs 1;o fÌrose r"'Ilìo

-¡de-l-ci j I anci Uo tlios e ',,fhc c o]te r-lnc-ier j- ts c]-or¡-¡ n¿-':,iion. 0:: iitere j-s lr.i-s concept orÎ l,l:e colJ-ege coni'iruiri by" 0:,: ilj.s vi-e'¡¡ o.î scient j rÎj-c tru üh, Cr' his collcei:1, j on o.1 ju:t j.ce, Or iri-s siiiär'c-Î ì;l:re;\nl;1o-Jei^¡i-sji corrillu--ûit1." Ci: Ûi-re res-

Ðon ses of Ìri- s char¿.c'bers to his;tor:'-ca.l even,r.s " Each of 1;hese j-s i-r:rpoi:ia.nN j-n j-ise.l--f , a"ncl yet rÍ¿ln)¡ o,f bì:ese a.rees of cor'Lcern å'Lfe p:ììît oí ¿,Ì 1¿içi-er on-e, one iri: icl: seerts i;o üe of u'cr-nost si-¡irj-.ii cáli:tce i i: ihe norrel s Of C,P, Sn01.¡: i:,i-s conceril i,¡i-til rlan ¿l-s stil:inger a¡rcì brotller isol¿li.ed. aircl a.t tltc sa.rie ti-i'ire í.ì pa,::t o-f socr-ct¡r" viii II -in er-l.l of his nr¡r¡el s, Snor.'' is conceritecl ,¡¡i tli -Li:e i:el-a. û-LonslLj-p o:Î ¿.ìn inci:-v j.cilul- -r, o Ll-le so ci ctl' i-n :¡ili ch he -[i.nc]s hi-nse-Ì -i, Slionl-cl. he r:tai-n bai-n hi.nsel f in sclerrcU-d j-sol¿,¡tj-on? 0r slio,..r.ld jre s'i;r-¡jten cJ-el: to lai s soci ct1;, :lcceirt- i n,ç: :Lts r¡aii;-es aì: ihe cos'û of ¡¡j-viLt¡:: ur hi-s oi,,Tl? Can ¿). l'r¿rl exis-u a.Lone, or ri'Lr-tst ]te itorli i¡ibln his fe.l-l-ows io ai:l:ive at a- conu-rLr.ni-t-¡',',rherein ea.clt i¡ci-i-vi-cli-ral- rriain'cains iris orirm j-f 2orsone-l-ii:-'." Ií r iiÌ¿l,n ca,ir c.l,o ¡11i s, he can ¡'eacl:l åì. 'ti¡.ro r,ri|rI\_r\.1_L rld-l va {:)-Lcr-¡.nrrrrd v L:rrrr i;oti^¡een ûl:re e:'ltt-enes of utter i-solati-on

í.¡-i-rcl- a.bsol-r.rte i

Ðcil,sol:r i,¡l'::Lo r,i¡al11,s to fo.1-,'l-oi'¡ i:is ol',¡:1 ,.'¡a-f inust rejeci, ol-.ti o:[

-Lh j-s h¿¡.n cì e custoins ancl. u-s¿iSes of the soci-ei",r j-,lf o whj- ch h,e j.,Jie i:..o::n " lic -.vi--l--l- ¿lvoil C iÌrc a.iri- bLrdle ol:l rl¿,¡.l:t of tne estab-l-j-slrment, be j-t po-l-j-1,jca1-, socj-a-l , i'e-l j"ìj-otls) :r¿icia-l-, oll i.n'i,e-1-l ecIr.ra.1, tha,'c ,¡,;]:ioever ci-ev-Le.tes froin tlie set I i-ne mr-r,st lte a.barrd-on ecJ , s]:t-r-'b ou i; , It i s in hj-s e:la.i¡ri-n¡.t io¡r of j-nr-i j-r¡j- j- 'c-,'r c ::elat j-onsil -i-p be'cr.r,een ilr e dua-l- ancl s oc eiy iha'¿

Snoi.¡rs novel-s f i,ncl thei-i" f r-r]1-""t lle¡rni n,3

llacll uan j-s ¿¡.i once a st.'¡:tl¡;cr enrj a ll¡:otlle r"; ¡i1. -[Ìlair -t,he i:Ìi i.f eren'l, r,-l.-ir.es ì:e i-s i,lo::e orìe oi,h.e:: ' iiac]r man eel-s l'i-nse,r rj l:¿ìI',r1 b)' ì ì: c-l-¡.j-;ils 't j-:'Ll, ti:-i-es io f -i "ocj-,:tl'; r j-re :nal.:e hiär srlbirr-f bo j-t,s Lliiaiqes " l3ut ee.cii nû.n s d-es to l- )i

ì. l:u'i w¿-l I Tlle j n',,4j-n l: j-s i-n-" egri t-;r r'',¡¡ -l-l Cil-'Lr.se hi-ra o -l-ci a beii'reen l: iüsel-f and sLìc il a s o cì et-,r. ii'ite ,censil.ol 'ûirat c:iisLs i-ri the i.ncl-lviclr,ul and tllerc* fore -i-n åt:ly SoCiei;.,- cor,ilosecl ojl j-lrcli-¡,'iclual-s cou-l-ii- easil-y þails[::i-nq soC]'-tlLr¡ l:-l¡ -io::cj,ti,q j t io ei i;l¡er e:'ii¡et,le oI- nerel-1r j-ndj-r¡-iC-lra-l- na.iii-n¡.; iir u.n¿'rÌ:l c i;o ¡rct. 'liierefo::e and soci e'i:1r irir]-s.L resoLve il_.re cij_,if i_cul -t,¡r togeiber. Il is that reso--l-u"ì;i otr r¡hj-clit -r,¡e slta]-!- t:r-¿:.ce ul:rror"rSih 'che nor¡els o.i C"P" Snor'i, :ts strL:n¡.,,e¡l l¡Ccotïes jl:r'oi,ile::, lS illclivicll¡.al ai':ci socj-ei-,v ¡--re

raecoil,si-l cci"

In hl-s co:rcierll1Ð.t:Lol:1. o-Î Snol"¡ ¡rs ¿l- c:c-li,ic of conì'en*

Ðo¡3,1:-)¡ soci_eì:;r, p.R. _T,c..rvis i¿rkes ll¿i::i:i,cil--l-ar' :rol;j-ce of sir

Cli¿irl-cs 1 rs j-n s j-s'cenc e on -rlle n-eecl- of e 's oci el sol lt-Lj orr to 'ülre '¿ilc l::ol¡-l-eir'i o-i t,Lle i,:ai:,i-c isol-abi on o-i j-:lclLj-vj ch:o' .6 iiub to :isll, ¿ìS l,e¿lvj-s cl.oes, ïT'';i.lii'tt i-q ihe r soc-ì¡-l--l- concii-L-ìon I Ti-ilcl.i-vl'-cll'La-l- l:;hab l:ì¿-.S noi;hi-nq i,c ri-o ,.¡i-ih 'i,ile col-rcl,i-i.i on? ?, ".

j-rr. j-n i- ¿ì n on- 'r,¡'n el:e , r'-.,1 :l oi cj ivi clual s i- s itir..i-r. s ìropecl- -[or 'r,.tri.igi-c conci.jti-on, one SLrpposeS -- [o be -]-oca.tecJ,?117 ¿,ind to j-n,i iüln1-y tl-ra b Sno',.¡ iia.s aba.ncloired i,he j-n cl-ì-r¡i-d-u.¿rl- : i-s mi s-'l-e¿.cl .

,Sno,¡¡ c.ioes .¡ot Lrri3e a. coinlt,l.oie l'etlLr-r:rcj-at-ì on o-i incl.j-vi-rÌLui'r-1-i-r,-ir"

A j_i.5,;iiì j_can C "tr1.l:c î ce o-t " P, Snorr, lt !nç_filsg!.r!er, ,) trlri:t u1.i , I Ç6C, p. 3oo " -/:,/ . .Li]-LCL " l:ii::i mus'c -ia-ce bit e t,io st vi-';a-l- ï,'cirle nì,s of li.f e a.-l-one, So

Le',,¡i s lllio'¿ f¡,ices ¡i- s tÌ:rea'ceneci d-eatn Í'roni a.neilrla a-l-one .

,Sl:ej-l ¿:" fa.ces Ìlc,: r'ro.ne-l-essne ss al-one l-,e-.,ii-s can:rot c on:f oi"-r, hcr. ijor can he coi:tioilt p,¡v tìaì 1¡cr-r, in his c-l esìrai-r.'fl:,e i,'iasicr -i¡rces cle¿.tl:, alorre"

Ì'ia:: nu-st r"e¿'Lch ou-t to his ie-l-l or.,¡s. rll¡ cJ-oin.r. so lte

íì.Ì1cì ther'-rs r,¡j--l-l rel,j-eve (brrt :tot errese ) l:li,s lone-l-i rtess " j-:-ri', lf iLe i:or:ti on o-f S:1o,,'¡r s ,.,¡,rj-i Io i¡lll-clt I-eavj-s es,:ecj-a] -l-v ocJecÜ,S rs-tirl.-s:

Blrt neal:' -l-1.' aJ J si,{, . see r.io fsci-eir-ti,circ "'r,Iot.r--l-c]- r:'eason r,¡i1)¡r jus,c i¡e ce.l.Lse j.ncij-v j-cÌua-1 c o¡rC j-fj- orr j-s i,::a¡,,;j-c , so i,tLts,c i,he socj-al conclj-t-ion lte " Xach of Lr-s so,l--i,ial:.,r: eaclr of Lìs c.lies al-one: :rl--l- :l:i-3;ì-:i, 'ch¡r.i1s ¿i -iliLre a;;ai-nst t"¡i',j-ch -','e canri stn.ti,¡g-l-e -- but tl',ere i-s lr-l-cntr,¡ in oi'rit conc-ì-i--i;i,on whi-cl: i s not f¿ir,e, ¡iiicl- li,ainsi i¡lrj-cl-i ','¡c a--Lte less 'r,h¿,Ln Ìrt¡-llan g c: l:,n-l- es s ',,,Io d-o ¡¡r,;,¡;gl " (:tc, 6)

5:-r-o-.¡rs cl esc::j-"¡-,j-o:r oj tl:c i-:or,rlhts o-i 1,¡.:.'ti-n Xiìoi, oile o-î bire cr'r¡;.::¿lcte rs :ln -L'he ilew i;,en, ca¡"al-l-e-Ls il'ti s: For to I::a:rti,n i-t T,,I¿,s jet-cl-ea:: tl:Lat, d.esni-te j-ts eiro]--l-icrn ts ancj. its j oi.s, inci'iv j rjual- I i fe was i::agi-c: e x1íìll w¿LÉl -r-ue-l-ucta.'o1-1r ¡il-6'' ^, ¿Lncl i b r+as a slro::t i''¡al¡ to i,Ìre grave " iiu.1,, 'oe-l-i-cvl'-ng tÌ:at l¡jtir si-,o j-c¿ll acccitia.nc e, :l,'-li:tin saI .¡ ll-o reason 'oe ''"¡hr,' soc j-al- -l-j fe slronl-cÌ ¡r-'l-so t:r;igi-c: soc,i-a-l- -l--i--le la¡r r''i-[h:-a oner,s nol']eÍ", as hu,ttan -l-olLe.l-j-ness and- cleatir c'l-i-cl" not, anci i-i, Iiláils i:ite nost coii'bcr,ri:biì:1-e '1.he o-i i,he fal-se-ni"o-iotr.ncl- io confu.s e t',,.ro ' (j¡iii, j0I)

In no sellse is tlti-s an ¡:'cierl rrt -bo lT ot;.ì; asicle olr..Í -incliviCu¡.r-l- l-ivj¡li a ncl l-i-ve insl, eacl on l soc¡-al- Xí A hopeottr" l"Jl:at Snovr urges is noi a denial of índiuiduality, but a fulfillment of it" Here i.s no Vague sense of senti* mental- brotherhood; man must maintain his índividual Ínteg: rity and at the same tj.me reach out of his sol-ítude to help his fellovfs" As he does so¡ he is closer to eonrnunity" Leavists critícis,*n in this respect is far too slteeping. ÏII Äs he defines the crisj-s facing modern society, Snovr does so ou-t of a varied and extensj.ve experíence and a baek- ground much like that of his central character, Levris Eliot. Born in the j.,lidland- tor.r¡n of Leicester in L9O5, Snow reached. manhood ín the truenties, aroidst the current efforts to re- build a natÍon after l,'Jorld I'Jar I, amídst the rebellíon of the you-ng people of the day who protested against t¡hat they considered to be the hopeless efforts of their elders' Educated in Leicester at Alcierman Ì{ev'rbones Gramar School and Leicester University College--an j:rstitutÍon classified by Henry Curtis I¡lebster as defj¡ite}y f?not then recognized as a part of the higher edueation hierarchytllO-- Snow r^ron third class honours in Chen:istry, received the

ã*.'-l , oIÞ!4.¡" pp. 300, 3O2" 9ln this outlÍne of Snov¡?s lifeu I am grateful to hlilliam tooperus g.!_r__Snoq (No. 115 of the \{riters and TheiÐ r¡.Iqrle seríes,ser.i es - GenärarGerera l. Effinamyffinamv Ðobree"Ðobree " LonLond. gnans, Green ánd Comoany, L959), pp" 7*11" l0rrThs Sacrifices of Sueeesstr, Saturday Revielq, XLf (JuIy l-2, 1958), p" L >.ii

. t_l -Li3.s l,iaster" oi Sc.i errce cì-egt"ee in pi:¡r51ç" ín I92t, lilci a"i,Iercled e ScitoLârshj-p bo Ca:lbri-cjge as a reseafch S''t,uclent ' iir ltlo--l-cCul-e.r Stt:Lr,CtLr.T-e. Tn L9)0 Ìle i:ecej-ved- hi s Doctoi: of

Phit osoph¡r d e¡;ree and. r,¡as eleci;ed Fel I ow o-e Ch::Ís*q s Gql"l-ege€ i-ris::eseaïch пì-0ei's',rerê Ðullli'sl-lecl b-'i lhe iìo)¡a-l- Soci-ety i-n

1-92ti-L9?.9, L9)0--l 9i2 anc.l )-935 " ,lrs lle contiuu-ec.Ì hi.s r:esearcli, Sno',t l:egan to 'r'''r-rite nove'l s. De¿ri;Ll Unrier Sai.l'., ð-f;. i-irti:i¡,r:-iil¡; clel.ecti-ve Sicr';r,

vi¿ì.s prib-Lj-sitccl in l-932, lÌe'¡ T, j-ve s For Q-]-d, a science-ílctj orr s'i,o::5r r¡þj ch ,1"sç¡-iþec1 itot¡ i:hiL:-L;"' -i¡€¿LÍs cou-]d be acidecl to a 1t person f s -l.ifc, eillleared- j-n l-933 . "- In tl:lj-s Säl'fle ye¿r.r, Sì:Lor,'I iiacl- a po:rtis1r, of i-ris researcir ¡¡o ,'r,.o,'tg,13 a¡ci- as a resu-lt ,curneCL j-11S-uea.cl irc ßAVe lip il j-s scj- erl i j f i c c¿l::cer a:rc1 to r.¡rj tinf,, v,¡iri-l-c¡ su.npor'1,ing iiinself by tea-chi,ng. TL:e. Search jlt. r,..¡es o. re.rr,r.l i; of iÌrj-s e:tpe;"i ence " Pu-b-l:'-sh ed- l-9)1.',, ii ::ecej-vecÌ favour¡.blc cri-rj.c;,Ll jr-r.clgürents ¿tt the tI'-rte a-nd-

lr.¡Ìre B" sc' cLegr:ee was conf errecl b"' ¡it'" u:rivers:-b1r of l,o:rcioir in 1927, -LZDea.th i;ircLc:r .ls,-il i s iroL .r:el-ei¡¡.nt to i-,hi s thesj-s ' Nsr¡ T,ì.vêsffi beel-r avaj-l¿:-bl-e " "Å,tp::'o:'ilnai;ely Ilne sejíle ihi-n¡; ir¿l'lpelrs to .'ti:iiruÍ I'ii-l es, liero of The Sea-::cli" x]. I _r_

â.gÐ- j-n tn L95;j ';¡jien i t ¡¡as revj.seci e,ncl- reissu cci " 5t-tcor-r-,'a::ec] 'oy 'che sr.r.ccess o-Î i]rte no-¿e 1, Sno-'i i'lL,-,:sLr-ed a donbl-e cel:eeil j-itr-ri-t-l:.i j-ver- fro-rir then on " Cotr1, io bea.clr scie;rce at i-,ire iln si'L-y, iie bec¿:¡i,e -r,u,i-or of l:ri s c ollege irl L9)f-y, 0n Janu.;ir"-¡r l, L935, he ce.rlle u,Ðol-l tire j-dea o:i ttrj-ti-ng e. serj-es of novel s to i:e lç:'roi.m as the llSirair.¡;ers ¡:.ncl- Bro-bhersrt or ttlçi',Ii s El i-otrl sc::'j es. rìi-¡;ilt riove I s in i,ili-s grolr,ir have acpcarecl io cl.e-be, Ey L939 Sno-r¡ ll¿icÌ cl-eci cjed ol:l j.ne j-es; 'cir e ¡,.;enei:al- oui-l- fcr' Ihe ser " 1l]le f irs b \ro-l-nne errt:i-1:l.ec.l. S.b:rn',4:p¡i__altci--fp!tlel¡., rublj-shed. in l-940, ".râs lJ'r-rr:j-¡rp; itlo::l ci, i,Iar If Snow se:r:vcd- a s ll-r- recior of

Tecl:'n"i-ce"-l Personncl fo.,: tlle Ìii-ni.sir"-;r o'i J.,abot-':i:.¡ ci:arged-

-.,ì 1-h nl"anc-i-. .', ctC-i '[ r".Ioi"]{ :J-l.U:.: Ul'UUJ-r-1:ir L)U-¡-ÇilU-:-JU,Jeni:i SiS UvO ,ivf .:- O¡vil i,¡a.i:'b:'-ilfr/Ç-a v e e:inefitnents " Thr:.s he ha.s oi;.lajned- inij-rtaic anci, in br"-Lcate l:no'iil-ed¡;e ojl a tliii"cÌ ¿ll:ea of -l-ife " For lt'ì s i¡¡:.ri:-ìl:te s ervrce hc vias i,lacl,e a. Colärnai-icl-er o-i []:le Oi"cle.r: o:i i;he llri-ii-sii tlnpr'-¡:e i:-¡ L9L3 " ltfter: ihe ',,iar ire i-.ecame a. Ci-vi-l ,Sei:¡¡ice Coiüni-ssi oner ancl iìLso â. ner:rber o.i bÌte Bo¿¡:cl of Dj-recioi:s of bhe iÌnglì-sh ;il ecii"ic Coinpi:uy¡ tltlr,s r.cìclì n-¡,: i;1te ';¡orlcÌ of -Ûi-n¿lnce io tltc l-i:;t of ar.eas of l-i-ie .,'¡-i bii l'¡h-i ci-r he -i s f ar,ii li-a-:: ' .''l,e i¡as 1:ni¡1Ìrtecl jn l-95'/ ¿¡nò, is a Fel-l-o",¡ of tire |'oi'¿1 Societ"¡ of :l-,i-:¿crL;urc . :lc l:ol cis Ì:o:rorLr-;' ci-e-¡r"ees ÍL:oil iÌre Uni. vcrsitl' j-ve::1:ool o-i I-,e j-c es'ûer, iÌre Uni ve::'si-t1,' of L , ilitd- Da¡:'ünou'th

Ç61 I eg;e, i'le,¡y liampsi:i-¡'e" In Jr-rl-¡r 1960 Ìle ,¡¡as l,tacle an E;i-bra-- xl r,r

Coì--Ì- llrrinr- orcl-i-nai:;i Felloi¡ oi Chu:r chil-l ege , Cal,.l'rr:i-cl3e " - --* -__-o -Ì¡ _ _i i_-- shv så,rle yea,r i:e servecl es ?"e3eutsr P-¡o.iesso:11- of -l)_¡_ i;ile - i ir ihe l]nivei:si-ir.' oí Cali-forrli-a ¿lb 3er.ie-]-ey. Al-:l iire r.¡iri-l-e he l:,¿.s c on'binr:-e cl 'ûo -r,/ortri on bhe tÌStt"an,gers ailci llrotìlerSrl ser:ies. ¡rncì s-L¡tce i,ire r,ilar seVeIl ilo.re vohii:ics h¿:.r¡e alrpearec-l: il'!e-i,i*,.ht ancl-Lþg D¿rrli, )-t)!,'7; 'fi.i,re o.fl lrojte-, L9lt9; il'ile liastçi:s, l-951; Tne i'leJ¡ l'ien,, L95Lv;

1-ol.1qgpilir.'.:s, ''i' \956; ii'::c Couscic¡-r-ce oi l;lrc "ìic-n , .l-95t);

.iucecL 'in l-,onclon t'-it f950, -lf-g--lffei-r- ,','¿'Ls tcÌai:t-,ed ior the st¡.¡ie ì:rr iìone..l.rj. l:ii.l-1al', encl- appea::ecl :ej-::si in t,he -ial I of 1Ç6J . I-ic con'¿j-¡tires ilis j-nvol-r¡cment :'-rr Lhe iror-l-d of go\¡ern* rrie ::li, ¿rs iris iìecl.e arrcl Goci.l:;-r-n I ectur-r-es i, esii-fy, ile has also e clj-tecl f he CqtnÞt:fc1g_ç_Lijlrely of J.' 94-gs a.nd t'¡as ecl.j-ioi: o.i Discovefi:¡ ii:oi,t -1-91Û to l9l!0' Tri ilis -l-iterary encl-eavours he iu'as :lor" a t-iüie fi-cti-on i:evi-ei¡Ier for t he

Su,ncla.i¡ ?j-nes of Loncron and j-s no\'¡ aCLvisory ed j-toi: to ihe

Ìri¡,I::i- bers a ncl Criti-cslT se::i-es , Thror-t¡1hor.r"U lti s I irf e he ha.s

;rr-tì:J i shecl rrLrr.renou.s arti cl-es d. eal :Ln¡-; r'¡j.th ¿ll--l- of his i:'-el-d.s cÍ intercst,

i-n the äv In 1950 Snoi¡ ila¡"riecl. Pame.l-a i'iansíold Joìrnson, a

novel-i-si a.nci- cri*uic'¡¡Ìlo d,i.cJ- one o-Î ¡he e¡l:rl,i-est c.r:i-ti-cal- siu-riies oi i¡i-n. To¡'rethei- 'chey eciii:eci ille seventh -Ln ihe .: ',4¡-.lgF,.gfi't-,,S-,=Eg.1.c€å.,.,r sei-j-es of ft--g:r!.e.$ ,fromi thg,i{,,,$,,$,,R,*15 'Ì_'iir-rs Sir Crl¿r::-l-es Ll¿ls ri,ove ci i¡:ì-blr con,si cl-e:cal¡l-e su.ccess

j-n blle ',rorl-cls of sci.ence, 3or.'eL."itlcctl'ú, ailcl l-j-'Lcr"¿tit-:.re. OlLt oí ihen lte ]:as d-rat,¡r :r:¿l'i;erial i'or Stz'a:r,1c::s aücl Brot!cie, ¿l rona¡*fl euve of a 1:rojectecl ten o:. eleven vol Lriles oÍ r.'¡Jij-ch j-sireci j,s ci-qhi have now l¡een nlil:.1- " Tt l'¡j-.i,ir ilij s scri-es, as i.¡e-1.1 .-ì.S lùile Seai:ch iir¿,rt tl:i-s i.hesi-s is concerllecl- '

IV In l!í_.0 Erri.l l-96- , Íj:rOyr s j..rinor-uance aS a nor¡eli-st j-ncreased ¡r-¡rr1 as an ane.l-)¡s'¡ oil s ocì e i,.r' rla.s " So has tire 1l^ nrlir'rber, o:[ crl'-bi-cal revi-e'..IS o-i hi-s boo],ls "-" i.'he ü-"'¡o-lltr,l-[gj]es,, ilhe Àfiai::, ancL Sc:'-ence arrcl .Qgr.errrmen'!,.- i:ecej-ved rlan,rr nore j-::r j-tera.rl¡ jl j j rcV-L e,,'¡S , boih I ¿lni' s c ol-ar"-l-¡r or,r-rna1-s ancl n nopul;ir i:irl¡-ì.-ic¿Lt j-on s. Cne i:es¡-r--l-i has been ÛLl e f irsi: i''l-r'l¡- li-cat-¡'-on i-n ihe Uni-t,ed Stabes oÍ -Si,lgqg@ (19í)O), Tr\.ere has a.l-so i¡een an incr:e¿:.s't-it1 nrti,tber of

l-5L.or,,.ior-r : i{aciii -ì-l an an cl Cotirllê,n1' l,tcr, " , }ÇóJ- ' l-6rt," j,iasi;ers (195r ) was ihe -fli-rst o-i Sno'¡Iîs novel-s 'Lo be i¡i-ciêTî-recelîöci. UitÌr i[:; oui:li-ca'ti-ol ìrc t-.¡*ánsf errad' The Search froiu l./" Gol-l-an"cz -T,tcl-,, a.l'ìeÌ Siranîlers ¡-Lnc'1. jjro:bhers;*TEë-Tf¡iri ancl thc D¿irk, ancl Ti.üre o-f IÍ>irg_ írolir i illl Ð..tlcl UOLl-r--'Ol"l]¡ i, ù(l- r'atol' ¿t.lcj- -,'aDe.f I,LCL ' , to -r.ì.c: " XV'I ]-7 erÌricl es of cri-û j ci- srrt on Sno.,r C-i-s*r,i nc[ íro¡n r"er¡i-"r=,

r Jerone i,'i:¡.1-e el:li)l:ìr.:li_ zes ,S:1 o.r,'r s rlal _"1_ rouncl, conlle- f encetl -r,,'i ì,itoi-Lt lren.-;, ou.tsiai,cl.j-tr5 si n;-l-e vj-r'tLr,e: îr llis 1îcJ-a.i:ì-["rr,it i'ris rriirbe-]-l-iqence anC sensj-bilitlrr '¡18 Iie sa]¡s i;h,a'c Si-roi.¡ ¿tvoid s 1ri:]recl- itie-l-oC.r¿Li,:¿t'¿i-c i-nt,eits_LN-,r oïl i:ile one sj-o-e ancj. '¡i:r-vl¿l-l-i[-¡ o,r tÌre cbiieri,I tle sees i]le _i¿rcts of hr.r"iri¿tn e:.i-s L,ence lti-ri, cl,oes :roi, ,i:e ccj I -i::oln thcn rtilor llâ.1..e aLiì i-nvei:i,ecl .i:oin¿,¡rtic cel-cj;r¡lt-ì on of tllei'l" r,l-9

lìoss j-l¡,ll¡ ijle iiiost -Î::ec1u-en bJ -¡ -,rç,'-.oU- crj tj c j-sns ¿r-'"e of Snoi,¡ r s r)ros e si-;rl e. ljer-narcì :ìcL:gol:;i s¡jlris j t ls ol:rre of i:i-s TT-ì-c¿rst ll-efens-r-b-le i_iterlr.r:.¡ che.i:acterisi,i_cs..,¿it i.¡o:rsi, ''co so :t::iri- as be al-ilosi i.r-:::r"eac-iebl-e. " .l.rid a-t besi effi- ',,20 cacious bud b¿:;na-'l- - lle al so iì ccì.rs rls lsnoì,ir s ci:a,i-¿r-c cers o.[ irot rea-]-l¡r e;li.sti- r\{:"21- ',ìì.oy Cal r¡e:i:t: . Ìic så}r5 , is ,ilno ilo,i:e ihan a ,ra-l-1:i n1 c-l -r-cilí fror: a,, olcl-f¿rshj-oned rrove I etteî1

-'-1-7 , ,See- lt'i b] i.oe;ra.pìr;r" lBrrC.P. Silor.¡: Ti:,c .lr,lt o-i 1,lo;:1cì-l iitess ,lr :l'çli1],¡on lr,evj-et+, JriXfI (ì:raìI, -,960), 62L" ,9&.'g. , 6zt_r" 20lTL" ïorl cJ of i,e,,.¡i.s Eì i-o'c ,li Th c !]1,,'cnt ietÌr Centu.r'X, CLiiVII (i..'larch , l_Ç60 ) , Z)_L,, zltir:,q, zL'1 2l-9 , , " XVii cLescribed ',.¡iill leinent en¡'-'cirei. s , :' i-n r',¡j-ioir'l i;he read-ei: c¿.n ncvcrt jterì l-l-l/. bcli ..r",?'2 lct';ot:::i- r:illcs ¿r.:ro¿lter cotll--ton

¿rccr-;,sa'1,i-on iha.t Si:o,..; o-iûen cÌescribes l:,i-s cÌ-:ei"¡.lcie::s as bein¡l'r:l"i-1,-'l-ien¿ o:r sLr-ccessfr.r-l, ì;r,r''c never c'lenonstrates tbj-s

-i 2j r-n ni:esentiirrl ti-'.,ciT " .Ia¡;o i-s ¿ì c,r-:ì.se n iloi-rri " Stioì; l:iirscl-i, rr.; ¡3 lc,:.;ol:i, ncvei: ,teco:,tcs :'toìro -úi'ar. 11a i'¡:a:*

äenta.::r/ col l-e cIion o-i ¿ibtri)rr-te t.u.?'L' .4- C.r:i- i;ic s s'u-ci:, as Pe tei: ili son have t63rïrt to 1 Snor.rs'e deå-en**.t2 i:ie Lia-i ir tains l.r.¿.1'L ¿-:c llspat-se o;ì:ose lii¿"s; ¿.n o:lgani-c -iirnct-,i-onr'l tl'lla'¿ Snow rrcÌoes ¡:ro'l; -iorce l:,.i s sign-ì-:î:-cances oil i.rs irir-'L le'¿s

-i,hct:. oí-ÌCtal.,c rratl:..i:'¿l-1,1]¡ i¡:oll ¡ire :-,Ì,ì c j-::cu[t¡i;rn CeS o o e "-l.,',r,'¡¡11¡.cì " ,is :'-ri :re¿l-ì- --l-j-:lc, clinalles occlr-r al-i-itost l.tnr.ccor,l-ì.zer.ì in the n?'6 ;ste a

2? _" '"'* I hr -ì 22,L 224 , " . ' )-,,:" ''-) , Ibi.ci ,¿¿J, " "-t*,: 22t,,, 2q "' irifhe 'I,c: i\,er in r:eplJr io I'ei"narcl Ber¡1onzi,- l'florl-d, ( o,î Lerv-Ls ii-ì i-o-ur. i$ üirc Tr,¡ôn ui eth C crr cu.rJ¡ , Cl,li\rÍI .l un e 1960 ) , r/-c\ r-1 )(J(-r- ) ! L " ol- -/ -\ '-" Ib i cj 5ó[j, i.'," j-s vj cr'r j-s i]-so ;:c-'l-cl by i.i.cl:ael jr'iirl ,r,a i;e , Ëi åt of iir._c ..r'&::, Colff*e_r'L'cS-ry, i'iil" (Jul.,' 1960) '16-79,

27_.. . . _Lt)l-c., l{-\¡i- -r'- i

,Silc.,'¡ 1s ¡:cti'i;ra.rra-L- oi lronen a-lso clr-a.i..¡s c ou.nlai_nts 'bltaI l-ihe o-i .Iohn .i'ic'¿ca] """'^----, -i.28 ,,,1,o c¡t-l l-s tlte ¡j-ctr..¡re o:? Ì?ccn1;ri--¡ecl I-i"ene El :'-o-u ancl 1i-iera.i:-r., T .iolt¡i Decr-1ru1¿¡ , oll ihe oil-ler it¡,r.:lrj, irì:i--l c a.cìi..i-i,'bing i;iiai tl::,c port::,a.)¡a.l_ o-i .ihe j tdolìielt s no'c a s ¡¡oo<-i :ts Ih¿Lt o-f ilen , ci-ai ses t]re TrJ_eariti_it;,;

¿r.ncl- ,:a.r-ir1? tl.¿-rt St-r"or.¡¡ li¿ls pr-rt j-iito iris i;o;:iL:aj-ts of theirt, a.ncÌ î1iìobo,J-ri clecJ-a.i"es, cor.ild r:rist¿ike bher'r f o:: ti're st,icl.;s r,.,¡llo arì ili:L.ersona'Le 'rÍoìilail 1s n¡,itr,r-r"c i:r iiiost serj-oi-,-s cu-rrelit fic'cj-on* fi /-i 'í'ot" -[tr Tiie iiew I,'-e¡L r e:'¿tiirp,-]-e , Sncw lt¿is bcerr ê,cc,,-tsed- of ì:avi-n C

rtf 'i, a s l,,lrì.e iila j, is -Ì at ancl nlail-rrr encl :lo'calt_l- c f or- i s t?,rrosiness:"iI oi ''ri-ocìrtcirrT cot'rrirteni;s blrrai el:e lrlnr.¡åìr-La-b_l.y 30 sen'cenúi o1.r,6,'r1 ìni ¿,.irotlier- L:ev1et,.rci: corrmenis on 'îihe

urnforcecl- virbuos:L¿.i¡ o-î fÍJiroi^rt J ¡:crfon:r;.r,"",',j31 Georg;e Siei-rrer i':¿is cr:'-ti, ci zeð. Siior'¡ -ior l'i s i:o::';r'atral- of Ii.íe i-n

bi-is a.nci tt-ùÌte qi-ral i",rLr-si-c lrj-eces, J-ackin¡; i-i,:)¡ orl " " , the r¡iia.l fl r,r-ici c_-l-ci,"rcrits o-f e:r:lrei:i- ence tli¿:,i ,l_ie olitsi de ilte ,3i:l_p o-i lo.3ical s.ccor.r-nt a;ri.l. l¡ei 11,ì-rre ou.r l:Lves r,tu.cj: o_î their

28iì.evi- ei.¡ o-i ','-._c irccta.toi-", I,la)' -l-l' L95Iy, p, ó00" , 29t',"uier,.,; of i'llile Ìiet,,¡ L,1en,^- ilire Li crt Jio::l: T-i-rires Book cJ e,l Uî..r.-.'r' 1 rr". l:-) [e-Xl-C]1, ),' , ), :lP . " ?ô ,"iìcvj_etrr r of Tjre äer,,i ii_çI, 'l} c T j.rrc-p_ t,-.:ct ar,.,' ,3ì ¡:çnt, : a-,' '/ , I9';Lt, ,oi*?!;Ç 31ci-tu= ì.ìoll:r-l-l 1r, i:evÍ- e¡..,¡ of lhc-"i-cË/,T- - cr¡ iren * 'lll-'e ilerl St-,a.tesri'ra.n a,nci ;),1.i (i'i;.i' I .//''íl) _þ,t-þ1, YIf --) .21/. '-ii r': resonance .lnd íitrsi erTr:t¡32 tr.l, l,e;;vis a.tiacirs sno.,.r j-r-r his j-ni,e::r::leieL: -t,he i:ol-e a..r o-Î c Or-., telritO:la.r--,,r cLr-_l_i,t,r::e I ¡.::lcj ii_r i)r:OCeSS r:ej-i;e::ateS ille nsUAl I i -r,el^:i--¡ r:..^j-i;:-a j-",,.r".11 3 SnOU, i.:e s¿,r.r,¡'s, can cto no tïo:ae than a.tnoì..r-nce ac'bi.on, cÌ.:aracter, oi: cìi¡,ilo.clIe; ìte calnot po::tr"a7 cltcn coitr¿j-itcj_nî-l_y" lii_iclL of r,lhai;

-l,ci,.v-Ls íjlJ¡s -in i,L:is .rer,a:rd j-s bi-ti-n¡, ì:r_r-i; i,ipt. llli,iere a.re cir¡.i"¿rc-Le.rs i-n Siroi¡1s nor¡el-s r,.¡iro c-lo rlo't cone a-l,i-ve. .r\mon,9; the s econciarl.. characiei:s, '¡he Boscast-l-es neVel: ::ealj- ze ,cìle the j-r lroi,en'c:-al. Cí i-illt; or cite.i:¿tciei:s, Geoi:',tìe j)a.ss¡Lnt ¡inr-i ilot¡ C¡rlvert l-¡tcli r",j-i¡,1-i-t,J¡: \,ie aj:e 'ûol cl abou-ú thej_r' ,che cl-j- -î.ieren'[ cl-i-l-ei"inas, ltu'û re¡;_-l_j-zaiion of irren :' s íÌo-u coliì:l e-ue. llut t o ciecl are úll¿rt, âs e T"csu-]-t, S:now :ls i:nabl e io clenlci cha.:rac'[e:: i-s too sr',iee¡---Lrr3 a za.ii-oir ¡;ci::c::cl--ì " ri'iÌlo c¿tyr f or¡,5et ihc torbnreci Shell¿.. tini¡¡ht, bÌre vibra.nt

Leonarcl lii¡,¡.i:ch, i,he inc.::edi-ble l,i,il,l" Galr, j;lre rro--l-i-ti-ca1-1-ir d,ei:-bc:cor-Ls Ai:'i,ilur :-ì:roi.nt, Lhe -i¡ ri'icr-r,-Lsi -j-irtn.¡essi-'r¡cL [_i_ve iirs " lear:,cliarll¡, or.' il:e lrassj o:r¿lte i:.ie..r¡r Pearson ? CIr sce íres sr-r.ch es tile .ìc;rs¡,-s :iroirrents of sc:Ler¡i,rfi-c r:Li-scoyer-;r :-n _il\e rsearqþ, i;Li- :i l;r con-il i ct i-r-i Tbe {lon:;cience o-Î bi-.e P,_i-cl:l-, the itori

1^ -z'--rITlie r¡. ri1ì. ¡ i)n:rn.-..J- ar-, i'i'îasier lìr-r:ll-,Ce::, --,J\2 .Lvì-¡v-! uvr jii{II (Ju.ire tol-fr \ /? ) 9 ,

)3 r,., n -i i- 2oc ",':'. " loc

,'1.ìr^rêf ir1 Ttre Ì'Jevr I'ien and Bgrygpp.i.lg$.. Snottts moments of r^¡eakness do not negate his steady suceesses" Snol,¡ has been acclaimed as a great living contemporary novelist and. as a terrible onel as a superb craftsman and as an inept üte; aS a shretrd portrayer of charaeter and as an ineffective orea Bu.t it is geneï"ally aecepted that he has much to say about the condition of society and the steps that íi; must take to rid itself of its r,ueaknesses. He pro- vides Ínsights into the motives of men, their need to be brothers and. to aehieve cornnunìty, and the barriers that ma.ke this achievemenb difficu-lt " Because his analysis of society figures so largely in hi s novels, they have a value apart frotn the qu.a}ity of their art, the povrer of their story, or the portraits of their cha-racters" They contribuüe sornething larger* his thene of man as stranger and brother and of the place of thre individual in society" V Lervis Elioi appears in eaeh of the Î?strangers and Brothersr? series of novels, I{is role has two aspects" In most of the novels he is a participating narrator, moring among the characters he describes, reporting their actions ancl exan:-ì-ning their motives" But in these novels the story is alv.rays about someone êlse' So Str-a'nqe:Ejlnd- Brothers telts the stor;r of George Passant, a liberal ,.ixi

-,.Ctose r-acl--ì c¿ll and. u,n-,'rj-se acij-o:rs l--,i:i-nl: lbol¡-t, Lti-s trial ot-l crii,ri:aal cÌrarrl¡es anC. ci:ìuLse ilre d:i-ssol i;ui-or-r of a ¿qrou.Ð of r.,.¡hich iie is i,he ceLlt,i-e" jI" 'lJ',c Co,rsci crce o.[ ì,:lc l.ich- is f]rc siory oi 1;1.,e possess'i vel'less of Lconarcl iìila::cÌ:,, a wea-l-bl-r.,' í-;.Lrcl- cor'iscrvati.¡e

Jc',r: toi,¡lrc-'Ls lli s son Charl es " -[i'i eacil oi i;Ìr csc, l,c'.'¡r'-s ]ì-1 i oi a cl ose friencl of the irajo:r cltar¿lcter, i.ells ille stoi:],', a,cÌdl-n¡; obl j-ru-e ref erences Io ]-lis or,ln ,l-i-[e , i¡iric]r, Ìtecâu-se o-f tÌ-Le j-r o'oscr-ri-j-ty, ¡ìr'ol-r-se [,ir.c i'eacle¡: T s j-n'bercsi in Lci¡is hj-nself . I:r li'ine of ilope Snoi.¡ tcl-l-s ';]rai irart o.î Ler.'r-is I s sto::'1r l'¡l'Li- clr cor¡cirs thc tine of iÌte othei: ii¡o nove-l-s. i'To''.,t, the a,llusioníi l:rí,r-cl-e l¡1r l,sr.'i'-5 in tl-le oÌ,he:: novels a.i:e -ii--l -l-ed oir.t, whi-'l-e rîu.i:ihe;: a-l-l.usj-ons a-re liiaci"e to even.-us d-escrj-l¡ecl in other novel-s" Soi¡.etimes tite sllrr'ì1-.Ìer-,¡ of arr eve:irt I'-s giveir j-n anoi;he:r novel- " So iìo;;- Cal veri,l s j-n.-ia.'cu.a.tioir r,'¡j-'r,l-l iacl< Coterr,.. r.''dr:'-ch, sia::is the ¿rcb:i-on -uh¿Lt i s i,he centre of Str¿rn,qers a.nd BrotÌ',c¡:s (C,-la.'pi;er I L j-s rilentj-oned in ifine of iio :e (L5ç-1ó0 ) ,

-Ln tire ne :tt iitro'.rÐ o-i nove ls, ''ìrn T,i."1.1-, ¡.rr'l '¿hc l]ar]l -l is [j:c stor;' of a Canbrrcìgc schola.r, I orr Ca .¡ cr'r, - t'¡h o s e

3 i..-. '-'Tlle nove-l-.s ,1re cons-i derecl ncre in th e oird er in -r'-i is suggested fh,a.i; úi',e¡r 13s read.: St:ranqers and IJL:olhers ',^¡hi-cir ¡ (lçZ.S-1.%3); i:-lrc Consc j-e:rce o i tl:c .''ich | )-9?.'/-19)b ) ; ',"i-i1re of I P I Ilorc ( l-91 i:-j glJll-lll:e Tîll¿-ãlîZÏ-ElîlT-arjr ( _19)5- ^^ -19!j ) ; îljrc iffi".;;' ttt gjiií' i:r." lffi ---_ tax:r'- i i¡¡.i-l-l-i¿.n'ù f¡¡it-r-.re:'-s dest.ro.ved i:=,¡ a.jl inab:'-l-j-'¿r¡ to concro-l- l::j-s -îrecli-¡.cni i:ei:j-ocls of cÌepr:essj-ou. Tl:r,e jias'Ùers cjeoicts , 2 iite el ec'i, j oi-r o"i- ¡l:e ìrcacj of ¿. coll-eile , ii'h-e--iier¡ i'ie-n ii,eal s ..,¡j-ih tjle ni:o-iessj-onal aci;ivj-ties and- no:ral conscj-ence- 'i,hcse, searclri n,|:s o-f a.tort c sc j-enb j-sbs j-n :llor--l-cl l'J¡.r II " In T ewj_s iL-_tob is _rari;i ci it¡nt and n¡r.l-" rrlior; tlle rt::ol¡lens ancl aci:Lvi ii es oí of ire:r s ere the ::rra j o:: su.ì: j e ct . In Èione- co::r j-n;s, lto'.revci", he te-ll-s of his cereer ancì of lris Lr¡¡o j-s in¿:-.i:L:'iales " i|he -l åte sif o,i i,he rrove-l-s , TlLe AiijLi-:r, Nhe stor1,. of ¡l coll e,3e j-n¡¡est:'-i';i:r-uion r'-n-uc a-ì-J e 3ecì- sci-cntj-iic fraucl itj-t,ll ove::'con e s of concern f o:r:' iluril¿-n jr'iscice " :Lt i-s the ì:eginni-ür'; oi )¡cl''ú anoL;her ,glroì.rn' J,er¡¡is li-l-ioils l-i:ie reser:';bles Snor'¡?s -in l:-lÐ-i'lJ¡:resi¡ectsu

Like Snoi'i, h e i+a-s bo¡:n in a Iij-dl-ancJ. f oi',m: l-ïl

1t i "11"e salre e,r-e c I on ¿l so -[onlrs lrart of iiþe Li,qht "ìnd the Dai:J<. 6T1,." 3 Dr ctriuc Sir" Ch¿lrl-es .n;:ives o-î lris o',"m inother j-n 1I.\ î uar r. cr - Jerlj;Lr-.a-)r : l is Great Dehls¡j-ons ¡ l¡ Loo1r,, l{)lv j 1 De cerni;e:L: J-!, l-96L) , r20, i s ver¡r -l- he Le',,¡j,s iIJ,i-oN s , as seen j n ü+ç_ ,l_jjgtg . )c{-t l_ l- f-n J,ond-ou he coni,inLr.es his stl:.d.i-es under tle::l:ert Cetli-ffe, a.nd soon ile buil-cl-s ¡r-¡r h-i s ol¡,lì1 1tr-aci,ice, j-n spite of threat- byred.'l- anei¡i a, iritì cìl he escaOes, In the ÍÌe¿ì.nii-lile lre riar"r"i-es sl:eil-a Iin:Lgh'c, r'.'-hose ntenta''l- irrsta'oil'i ty cle:la:rd-s so lllu-cl"l of i'li- s at-tenti-on Lh¿Lt hi s careell never-' aclli-eves iile nromi se ii jtacl shor,r'n . lieco3;iri z j rr": tlie -i-i'r,tl-e ci'l¿lllc e he l:e.s of

SU-cceed,i-n,3, Le.,,fi S lteCorLles a Fe'llo',^¡ of a Calni:rj-d5c col-l-ege,

-i beachinr; I a',¡ th,ere ancl läai-n'b¿l l-nii-t1 a ,lr:'eCf c e ilr I-,ortcloit , -Úo cli-eill.¡ ¿:,s J-e¡;aJ- consn]-'bûnt Pau-l- -l,r-r'¡11,'-t , :t i-oncl,on -ii na-n- ni or.

ilten Uor-l-cl :,,I¿tr LI l¡:reai,rs oLr-i, Leiiis i:ecoutes assi-s¡ant to Thonas llev-i--r-l , the nini-sici' i,r cllar¡;e of ol¡faj-nin¡, scien- ti-iic pe rs;onncl- f o:: i'¡oi:l< on ihe a-tor,li-c l-¡onl: " Sllei-l-a colr:irlts suj-ci-cÌc c1r-ri:j-ng ihe war-; bi'l-9.':'[] I',e-utj-s has rlci:ri-eci jii¡r'r,3aret

Davi-cison, and Ìlas ¿ì. son Ûharlcs. ?':, L9i3 ire has .resr-qned- hi.¡; ,iel--Lorusi'ri.lt .tncì itas ::et',-L::'necl- uo Ì-''.is I a"'i practi-ce' Thus, lì-ite Silo'..,, .tc 'loves in vari-ous ar:eas of socj- ei]/, in cliif e:i:ent rca-Ì-nis oí Ì¡now-l-ed,ge end cndeavotr-r, Ilj-s ran.qe of a.øorr.aini;a.llces is'¡¡icle and- hj-s a.i:e¿l of observa'¿i-c.'n j-s b:coacl-"

Ler,,,¡j-s El -ì-ot i s not an oirtniscj-enb na.ri:¿Ltor" ']lhere el"e sj-tua- tl'-ons t..¡hcre he i-s i,']o'1. ¡l::eseni, l¡Lt't ','¡liere conl.re-llsetions are

(!¿, c ¡eno::Ler:Ì to irj-ül -l-5c;1, iic Lr¿is lr.is o"'ll nr:ejr-rcì-i "r r37

ary /I) e r:ì-ncr.s rll-1.15c-:--L i-rabi n,g Ro";r Cal ver'ú T s c l-eric .îr-ì n:rrl R'âì*È- TT-l-.-l -'l -"^^: j-ç¿r I r r -r-ui.j.Ll t rroJpll u\i-tl-L t cl-l-lil\, Ù u arr_'bo4iLi 1r (U, ¿Ì1) " j.,xr \¡ JU 39 his or'iti l]i'i\¡s.Ie c]j-fíicr-rl-ti es, l,i or.,rn i.rea,lirresse" " " Tiiere i-s never i;he sense o-i a,n al._l_-t.n se Ðer,sor:r, 'l:lr-i

:l¿i'Lhe.r: e hLrrnen bein¡1, learnirg fron ,.^rkr¡L ire obser"ves and_ e >tit e::-'r_ en c e s .

t 1t i s i-, e-,i¡i-s il-l i-ot s i:a.i:ti cu-..-l,at- :.ol_ e to l¡ ecoire a. i¡roi,iier r¿i blei: ih¡:rr a sì,:'å.nqer* 'ihi:ough his oÌ:servatj-oirs

1.!e see the sårle pr:ocess tairi-ng ,rl :ice :î-n ol;irer cha.raici;e_rs; he becotles a focr.,.s ¡irr.6¡r:rìj t.¡l'ti cl:r tlle reacLer irra-;r f ol-_l_or,v r,tan1s Ðrot:ress froi:t sol_j-ia..r-Litess ic¡ col¡lilun_ì_L)r ¿LircL ¡1"oln an enl:lr¡l sì s on i,he i-ncl-i-vicl-u-¿l-l- as iiLe c e n tre of exi sl,ence io ¿:. :rea.-l:Lz¡rt-ì-on of -tire noeci to ritai-n'c¿i:i-:r e rile[ì.]'l-r'-;r¡;fr-il soc-i-ct1r, ,'is Jeroire ii'hal-e ss.Jrs, ttâs st'lecba,tor a.nci ¡.,¿t::'tj-ci_i:arr,., l:e is Ln årl I Of U,S ¡l -r-'-' ile ca...lse Ì:e ol¡serves i¡.itcl Linows i,he other c]:elrac'bers,

T.,er,,¡i-s lii i-ot c¿r;: int-,erj¡r"et the ir .1o,: i.,Ì-le i:cacler". He ce_n ::e I a.ie -,.¡liai is lr¿iirneil i:,r.q io t,he incj j-r¡:'-cJ-r.r.¡t_l_ -,.,'i i;h tlie i j_iles /'-1 j-n i¡ir j ch i;he ac bi on '[¿lkes r¡l ¡lce, ]jui; bes:'-d,es .be]--l-i¡r,

s stru.fi,;-r'-es fo¡'a. ceree:a"

Sirej--l a " ll0 -i -F 'l Li,_/orr,. ^u._1,ó,, lt)Lol- ? ''-'5oLJ: . t':o ;'cbc l-s o.i Siran¡re::s anc'l- rl:rofh e L:s i:r.¡" seen lr: ;a.:ì nst thc l)¡ìcl,:groui'l(l o-Î i¡.üti -l-tr are seen in i;ire conte;lt of tile gr"acìua.l 1l¡ d1.s:Lnte¡¡ratin,3 An-l o-Je'¡is,t socj.c';-¡ of LorLd.onl anr,i il-re s ou._l_-sea:rchi-n,qs o-i tlle scieni-Lsts of Tire itJc','¡ iren ð.re oÌ:ser.yecl as a. na-rt '¿hc a-'c ge o-i filsì; ¡.r-;¡¡6¿çl1i¡-f onj- c a " laï,v anci j-niernre ii-n¡: r'¡i::rt is i-;oi ir1 or, I-e r'.n-s i.s j-nierestlng -bhe foL: l:r:'-"iise-l-f . In no\¡el s '.¡irei:e he is icl l,in- i¡rinci- 'bhe jra--l--l-)¡ ¿.1¡out o'i,iters, i,e:',-i-s l.eis c-let¿-.1-i -l-s of hi s o'r,,,¡rf Ii-ie 'i,he Írìo ir1.', l:u,t r.¡e see ef f ec b o::l h.i-ii-r o jl i;l:e cl-r¡.irîes he obse::ves. iÌo rÌen can be -l eft i-rna,îf ectec-L l¡.;r lerson¿lJ ci-i-ses j n the I j-ves of o-iiiers. Rl. ll-i-Íi vei:)r i:e ¡rcir-ons -r,o peop-Le, i¡L-lethcr tile.,r l¡e . o-î alnosi j-lmecii¡.te s¡n:rrr;lih-;r, ns :iot' irrolr . /r1r\ r . /n¡\ j-s- [¡.1 r.rcr't ( i-,11 ) e and i-,eon a.rcÌ I'i¡l:-clt ( Ci1) , or of irrunecìiat e cl- l-i-l';e -,¡:r-il'l Ðoir¿lld ìlor¡ar"cl (å) , or- of a fi-i:st ini- s't,rnst c}air¡ i-nl' ',ro Ír-i ci..cìJ-i-r-.rss, ls r¡j-th Sr-r llcctor l'r,osc (l,li, i. ) , sor:rr,.i-,ir-r':r,¡' Õ'i -¡çr.,,¡i-g t 5 cba.ractel: i- s ::evea] ec", iilirese .aeve- l-a[i-o]1s a.r:e ihen c onsci.oits] -t e::¡ri:i-necl lr-,r .S1-L of i-n tlle

-,.¡h j j-ri- j-n,cs l;oolis cl., dea--l i'¡j tl:l s o',.,01 -'l -Lf e " Ìä i-,h t l-iesc two l¡o of r¡i ewr Sno-r'.r o-i-iers i-n hi-s ,r'rcvel.s l¡cih a ch,ron:l.cle of an e::¿l ¡¡.ncl, ihe -l-i,îe oi onc rirâlr--¿l. flan ve-r)r iru.ch oi hi s i;¡-ile-- _ a r,I¿ln cnlìar:-ì nrì i-n ihe. b era-Ðcri-ence .,vhi-ch al-1 ::iren ¡nLr st sh::re - e j-iher io ¡¡.cce::i; or ì:o re;'eci: thc ¡1ro.,iti:, anci- c.ìevel-opnent -i-Ì:ie1. oi s't::a:i¡;e::s ¿ìs becomc bro []::e::s " ',.úe sha-l l- see T-,ewis t¿ilce Elne n ecessarl¡ stelrs to ìnove frorir s-r,rnn,1er to i:roì;l-le l'" irle sh¿-,-l-l see l::inl c si¿-l¡-l i si: ::c-l-¿ltioüsl:ios r.¡:r-tl'l other indi-- vj-ciuals: hj-s ",:arents, 'bhe -îa.:ri-l1r i:r the i¡icJest, sense, a.ncì" iLre ,qrclrl¡ ( -îri-eird.s , born , ii.nd- col l-c,ge ) " 'te slia.,r-l see hi-in a.s he eir-be::s tire l¡oí'-l ci. of ,';clcnce and ¡oirernnenf a.nd, a.s he learns the neecl -ior rr¿rt:-on¡tl loyali;' rs i'¡cl--l ¿rs i.nie:.- CHAPTER, I

TNDTVTDUTTL RELATIOI{SHTPS: THE BASTS OF COIIO'{U]'T]TY

The nost evÍdent point of departure for a stridy of the individuat and society j.s the re'lationships that one individual can ach-i.eve with ailother, Be.fore the icleal state Snow envisages ean be reaehed**that state v¡herein a host of solitary, tragic j¡dividtr.als work together to fa.shion from their isolatíon a society of eommon efforL, c.o ^^mm1,nivvtrrul¿ fwJ rr v¿nf f¿ el-l-ov¡shin:-onev.4v vYe¡r4v rnUst learn tO establj-Sh sone sor"t of raoprochement vrÍi:h hÍs nei$rbour' This beginning-:and ít is only a beginníng*-nust þe aehieved to provide a basi-s for the ','ricier fellovrship' To arrive at the society l.¡hich Snov¡ envisages something more must be achieved; some manner of f eelin3-, devotion and love must be established beti^¡een ÍndÍvidu.als" fn LewÍs Eliotis tifelong progress from totally selfish isolation to a self-forgetful, outward-looking avÍareness of a v¡id-er fellowshÍp, the first steps involve inclivicluals, and in partieular rnembers of onels family and one I s friends"

J.

'¡,h ô relationships Lel,ris has with his father and mother A'Fê Í:rdicative, on the r^rholeo of those he develops 2 i"d-'[h ot]rer inCi r¡i clual-s rJ-r.rr-i"rt¡; i;ltc coir.Íse of his l-i-fe as clescr.Lbecl j-n i-,lr e e j:-;ht novels of theltstra.nger:s a.i¡

seri-es " i[]te f r-ill est-, li-c-i-,Lire o-i Let',ii,s I s lione ¿ltc,i r:e.rents l-s r.iven j-¡.'lj-ne o-î lloper.,rlrI'-c1t cÌe¡,-Ls r'¡j-i;h the rrer-j-ocl -1li:oi:ir l-9l 4 ir: 1-9-33, 'jlLr j.s :i-s the o:nl r¡ d.etaj-led- accouni ,Snorn¡ ni"nr¡i.1.'."' rJr.s f oi- i.Ìte ref erences i-n al_l tl:e o'[]ier novc-l-s Ð.re br-'Lef , of l-ritle Ì:re,lp -ì-i:r, tr-nde-rst-,¡.ncl-i-tr,'; tire cilaracie:r o:fl L,ei.¡-Ls E.l"i o-b, anci fi:e cuent-i",¡ so sh¡,Lcl.oi¡,-'¡ ilìe.t tlre i:eacl,eL: .i s r¡'l ",¡ .lritl.,/.,- /_vr'-\.Lrn-.orì lrrr i.hnr.. l l,e.¡¡i-s r s -e;ltlt er, 1tlltci"t Ii-ì-iot, - j s o-i b'lne -l-or.',¡er nJckl-l-e cJ-ass, content j-n his cos j. i;j-on as íì rlirj-nd of u.'¿ j I j il. ;.ra;-i ;..¡.ci scconcl.-j-n-con-ürjenclT? j.n a. lroot :i;,r.cior:y

/ r¡r1 \ r 'r.r ')^ì | \ iirhâi-l ? 'i,hinllS \ r. rr t r,L I o iuili l1e SeeS the OT¡,rlle1î S ',,treA-l_,.jt 1fe

rn e va3-r:-e L',r i-,hai lì.e 'r¡oi.r,-lcl l-j l':e io acclt-r.i::e hi s or"rn 'r:irs-i ss " ili-s i,,ri--ie, Lena, -t-s í::o::r a -ÎaniJ-;r so'tlei\Iìlat Ìril;her in the soci-a]- scale, her forebears havi-n.i Ì:een Ît3;a.iae keer:ers a.nd

,superj-or scrvarri-,s1? o:r.1 :l ¡ìr.:e e s[:ltes (!U, !v2) , t,¡hil e her r j-s hi,r.sl¡¿incl s i:¡l,r,re l:e en arti sarls ( lfil , 1r.1 ) . lirs, :1-l- j-ot

:rr-.arrr.J raìrrl rr,ìrj_ij-61.1.S ¡.n.Cl- SO t;:¡-OCl S hef Slrbnj SSj_Ve And a.]_ffOSt r:nt'¡or-l-clly ìri.lsirancl into irr-iyi::i¡,; a boot factoi:l¡ of his or,'.ry1,

rÄll Ì'le is everi c¿-r-l-led in the :ûo-./el is 1?ter-tic"rj 3

Reca-u.se of hi s toi¿¡.1 L-¿:.cll of conce:ln f or hi.s 'or-tsi-ness a.ild his j-n¿ jri-l-j b)t io r-llnaiìe ib , i'i::. Ii-'l j oì: .',oes banlirtr-nt . 'Ihrou,¡,rirout tÌre dj s¡rece of ber hu-:;band ?s fina,ncial -i¿rj.l-u::e, Ì,.irs. ill- j-oi 1s :rride arrrj, aiibj tj on enabl-e her to .¡¡i-n Ìûei-i)iai-i't a rrobi--iiir,¡ ¿rnci cii-¡,ni t1i ','¡lli-ch hoL: t-,h.e ¡i:nlc13.i-n11 roco3n j-'iion of her -flr:l e:rcìs , iL-Î1,er the d j- sa ster, sL"nk j-nto j-ot a lljre-l pless, lret::iíiccl, sj.lcnt ,1-l oonlr (T4, 32), l,lrs. E] j s lrnab-l-e ior so-Íle dalrs to con-îront her nej-¡;hboilrs, ì:r.r-t soon recove::s c.ncl ,g-oe s to chur"cl,lu ¿lccoirrr¿¡.nrlecl Ì:i¡ Lew:ls " 'lher e sli.e ialles a i¡rorni nent se¿;.t, .3i_ves ir ei: o-îíeri-n¡; in en obvJ-olls nanner: ) a.nd ,ca-l Ìcs ';o her frie ncl s a.s if notì:ing

Ìracl Ìr a.lpe:r ecl .

jri.rs. El.ioils -ì-i-.ie lr¿rs beerr -îo.r ller" a d-i-sapnoinUiirent. She fincls that sl:e cj,oes ilot I ove hcr hu"sband; iircì-eeil she feels at, i;-=r-trtes that she ha'ues hiin. SLre i;e--l-1s Le-;¡is she has rr:i¿ir:riecl, the',,.¡ifolllg matr and has losi hope ii:rere'oy o-f fu,lfiLl-ing her l¡ot.rih-Îu-l- ci::eans" In lter l¡outi'she l-',id- e)í,Ðected 1ra hL,.s'oa.nd t.¡lto ¡..,¡ou-l d 3;i-ve hcr I ove ancl 1u;ir-rry ancl stí,ìte11 (Tii , 4l ) , lJow, Tlbeaten cloi""-n 'otr misfortlrnetl a.s Lewj-s clesci"j-ltes hcr, sÌre j-s ,l e jlt t'¡j-'r,h s¡l r¡ her ltrotnantic surging r l?ass:-onaic i-rr,,agì-ua''¿i- onrr ( ']:i , l-;1-) and her ¡';reat p::id-e " llecar.r,se shc cilrnot L:'eal-i-'ze lter clreams and- ambit-i ons for herself , l''Trs " El-i-ot sees her 1,v¡o children, and- Lei¡is l', in partj-cul-ar, as tÌre nea.Ìls of ob-ua-:i-nj-ir,!, "i;he soci-el sati.sf¿rcti-on otlreri.,,¡i se ulaveilai¡Ie 'bo i:ter" Slie f eels th;lt l,ei',¡'-s is ]rike herse-Lf a.nd i¡ill rroi be conient u.nti-l he l:as achi.evec-i r¡ea-l-'ch. ancl, fane, i1'nd in thi-s honecl-for achi-evenent sire bases al l- hc-r i: oi:es a-nd- clreans " 'She sees Lewisrs su.ccess not in terxls of lnim alo:re, 'ltr-tt i:r tei"ms of the ful-fi-lli-neni, oil her o,¡,ni å.rl.tbi'ì:i-oi-ts. Tn fhat she r,vants the best -ior l,e',,ris: he:r concei":n i-s l-ove, br;-t it is a.l so Di:i-cle, j-ir tha'b sìre t''¡ants i;o find- i-n hj-s sr,r-ccess he:: or.'.rn Lapp¡'-ness.

Lewi-s -l ooks uÐol1 thi-s coílceriîr o-î hi-s ::iotf-terT s not e-s ilr-r-re love, ìrut as t,hc desjre to domì-n¿;ie" fn response bo i,c he e>¡-nci:i-ence ,s r,that lle call,s else-.,',¡here tll e r?cl-au-s- trol:hobia of bein,q 1ovecJ.11 (LD, l-c)2), l-iecei.:.se he sees h.j-s iilo-r,hei: r s I ove as intrud i-ng on ÌLj-s o:i:j-vac.,r, l,ewj. s i s urnable

úo resnond- to j-i, i\li;Ltough Jre c¡.1:l a¿ìree wj th I'.{rs. Eli-oi,1s ar::ìri-i-ions for l:i-n, ,11úhou¡1h Ì:e ca.n l:e h¡l.rpy v¡i Lh her,

.1 r J-r-^.. ..1- 1.a n1¡ j)r-ve:rf,-r:rJ\,f.r-lrinlscl-f -¡9 (/J.1Ç:-f j-.',rors-r tl_Ll./ljULf,tjj'. 1lÇ Uqr.r 'ì ve UV bþe ffiCndlj.neSSa(tll.lLf,J-!lÇÐJ OfVMllç4,J, O l.here is a JraL:r:'-er bett'^¡een his iirotherTs love and his accep- 'ta.nce o-[ it " Lewj-s cÌe scribes the-ir rel¿Lti ons: r cou.Id nake the res,i)ons" [of giving hirnselfl t]rat r¡[hers ],üi shecl for, e;;ceDb i,o mlr -r:nother" I was ]ess soorrianeou.s l¡j--th lleri;han r,¡j-in eilyone else. ... It l,ras .l-ong before f triecL to und-ersi,a.nc1 it" She needecl me l.l.oire '¿Ìran ¿-,ir.y' of ihe others need-ed nie" ,Sl:e need-ed i'ne ',¿ith a-l-l 1,he iro'¡er of her" nati-r-re --r ¡ o @ Sire neecÌed- üre as ar-l acjul-t i:T)"c1, her" son, her 1-i-Ìie , ir,er ecu.¡iL, Si-le lilad,e her cj-er,rairci-s: r¡¡itholti, l:nor'iing ii, T re s¡-s [ec], "

('l|I, L5J"

Uhen Lei^¡i s s-tai:ts school-, ìris rto'ther, ¡:r-r'ìl:i-or-r-s that h.e shou.-ld ûalce hi-s p.l-,'--rce es en eqr.lal- l'¡j-ill il:re otlier boys, ¡¡i-rres h1n a ie:¡-sllill-i:r,c; note f o.¡: lrli-s ','rå.î cont:::i-l:u-b j-o:r. no',e bo hi s ieacher f il'r Peck the uhen he off ers; tlle ' " ' resltoltse j-s ::ioi ,i:,he :r'esrrcct ancl acJ-¡nr'-:lat,j,o:r ilrs. JIlj-ot en-

v-ì-sa.1.;ecl, ì:rr-r r¡rti:ler i'îr. Pcclc 1s scathin¡3 d-eclaration: 1r-f -)¡our 1,"v'or0cl-er yoLr. don ? t :ic,:el- obli;ied- to ,cu'c j-t, Ì,'y to'¡¡arcl-s ( illi f¡rtherts cl-ebisrl , 53) " idhen hi-s íno-uilel: j-nsj-sfs on l:ein,q'i,olci what lna.s happeneci, Le',,¡is -ij-::sb ltr-rts l-rer off o.nd, then rilij.kes Lr-p a 1j-e r,¡hich cioes noi r-er¡ea,l aïl\r o.[ r,¡lla-t ]-r.as i:allpcnecl, bu-t .,^¡hich) evejt thou-qh it is A sto:r:1r tl:'at i.¡ot.:-lcl, be ll-ca.s-j-ng to he::, Iìi::s;" iJl i.o'c wj l-l not acceo'[ " Lewis i:ealizes ]rj-s l-ie hr.r.rts hi-s liother" '',.Iorse'i;lla.n tlr.e in;th woi-lId have clone: I 1-,irou3,ht bhai I üIå.s rorxÐ.ncing sinpltr i;o save her fron a bitUer cÌegraclaii-on' Yet I sllou-l-d, ha.ve lrrou.i-ilb l:e:: i:tore I otre if I had 1, o-l-cj l¡er t,h.e tl"i-rth. Tt woul-d l:ave been lttore i-oving to let, l-rer t¿Lke an eqr.r-al- share in il:rat Ca-;r t s suf .fleL:ing . 'l'Lr¿li; lie sÌrol¡erl the fIa.r,'¡ beti'¡een u-s. ( TH, 56)

:\t scÌrool-, Lewis is s-Lr-ccessftrl, ,3-r-v-i-t-t¡,; l',i s l--to'¿irei:: íor the fr'-l-st 'çime. sorile ian¡;ible rC.rlsrd.S fol' her concern 6

j'le es Ìle i.¡i-n s the Senj-o:r C:rio::cL e>ian'ìna.t-ì oljl. Even so , stil-l keeps hj-nsel--1' a.nart, mana.äing io keep tTl¡urj-ed cleei:tt (TIi, 5E') the cl ¡.irns hj s noi,her ilial

Louj-s is nnal¡l e to ac}-: j-eve a r"elat,'i onsh j-l: saIi sf)'inij ej-i;her Io biin or his noi;hei-. Br-if l'¡ii;]r his fathci", Ler,.n-s .;' -r.ìn¡.^êsr.:ct:l(;. rvu sn rotl,i ll _:ltlt,e Sati s.i.r¡in,._ ':rl--; s he Cai-l dO ìleC¡.U_Se r,¡i-iîe Ii{r. E.l.iot reqir-r.i-re s less oíl l,el'',rrs than his cloes " As we [rave seell, ,'-r, tìl j-ot j-s a c],e'i:a.checl Ðerson,

¡;oi-i'r.,, at, iris oi.,,l'l speecl, ¿lnd" usua-l l1r urr.fot.r ched i¡-r. ihe cär'es ancl acii,viti cs of i,Ìrose a::ou¡rci hirn. äver1,'[ìrin,q a-boui, li-iin seeils; io e-moliasir:e Ìris i:reekness ¡,ind- in¡.isseriive-

I rlnl ¡ ¡\\ ì"r.ess (IÏ!, f û ) . IÌe -r-s ì':app;r, wì-J-J-jng i,o sltblnì ì. 1,o his r,.Lif ers d,en¿lncl-s , roacl-;. Io acla-pt hi-rnse] rî io v¡hatever cones aJ-onE. j'le cloes no1; have tlie cli:j-ven -ieel-in¡l tirat-oossesses j-ot, j-c I{irs " E-l- Ìrccr-r.use lij-s claycireans a-:r:e l'loire rea.l--i-si; than hers. Å[ hi-s fi-rst cricket n¡,r.tch, I'ir " Ì]-Ì i-ot su.dclen.l y -cLl-t, :'-ittal;-r-:res l.ii-rsclí e :,rClt nlaycr, Ð.s Let¡is iroints out:

-ti l,,¡ou,l d- no t h¿;.ve cÌone f oi: 'l,l:le cl;"eail io ire absolrl'[el-y .[¿tn'basiic " -lt j:.acl to bake hj-m as he 1,rð.s, f o::ty-f j.ve years olcl and iive .f eet :îou.r j-n hei,qi:rt " lie v¡or,¡,lci irot i"na5i,ne h'i:rse.l,,i ie.lcen back to youtir a.ncl 'cra::isfon:red- lLnt,o a. iran si:lo:r''ì, iall anC. gl-or"ioLr.s, l:io, he a.ccer¡ied h j-insclf j-n 1,he flesh ,

I nlir ^t \ \.1 11 , ¿tlr)" I i\,'lr-" El_iot i-s a rea:l_j-st; h.e cloes not _ì_ei hi-irrself j:e ca.r'r-LeC- ai,'a.;- cj-i,:rer'b1i t1i5 i1cltori-es o-[ i;he na-st or by hi-s drearirs o f i;he -iu'üi;::e " l-lc cioes iroi f eel the L,.r:_:en c-)r of suc.eecl i 'rc' tl¡ror:rti'¡ l,¡'¡r.,rì s ¡ird- so c.loes i-¡oi recjit"ì re r.rtlch of his son" Le'i¡i s i-s er...rare o-i i:ris and ¡;:cr.tefu-Ì fcL: it: She Þi" nother] rneant far ::iore ì,o ne th.an rny f¿,Lthei"; yet t¡j-th hirt I nevei:' felt a rilj-nuiers . ar¡il{In¡ard-nes:; . iie was ani-abl-e , aì:so¡'becl i rr lr.i-s oI.n:1. d.a1rc]¡6¿ii,1 s ' l:c i¡as deitencìeut on l:jtc, even a.s a- child,, f oi: a iiiird of corûi c rca.ssir-re.nce, and oi;iie rr¡n- se uraci-e no c-la.i-lis " Ì.ie cli-cl rr of i n-¡ac1e i,ry.iceJ-iniìs""ne ( li , !.5) ft j"s r',i:'-ih j-lj,s fatj::er Inai, Lel"rj-s ¡-cirj-eves a ::aopo::t i'rhi ac no-'l-i iruiu¿r-l- cir i s br.r-allir a c)¡ oil non--ì n'ter]lerence " ilejther en'ters cieei:l1r j.nto 'i,he bh.inÌ,in.i oi: tl-le act.ions of the o ther. Eacli ,ä¿,i nia.in s lLi-s 'rriva.cy; each liee rrs iris j-nviol sec::et p,1-aces ai,e " IIT ill¡e relatj-onsÌ:ips of I-,ewj-s a.nd his neren-us sei the pai;iern f o:: l'li s rela.'ui.onsh j-irs ,,t:i-ih other inc.livicl uals . t'''J--lrere i¡oiûen ancl l-ove e.re coiLcêrr1€d-, 1,ei,¡i-s is ltoi Lld-ept, iL'i'le d-eilanris ilis noilrer nakes u-uoiL lrirn un-ii-t hi-m for ihe se-l- i-.'-1,¡i-n!; r.ece ssarJr in rna.rri-aie" i,el¡i-s 1s relaiionshi-ps l;j-th incn) Ìrot"¡evcr, fo11o.,.¡ the pai-i,ern of his r.e-l-at-i on- sirirr '¡¡ith hj-s fa'birer, It i-s onllr r¡hen notl:ing r¡it,al is 9 reqlr,iÍ"ed o-i l", i m tLlai Le'..¡i s i s a'¡le io :Îor,qe-t Lrirlsel f an d forn cleen bond.s wj-th other toeopJ-e. i'lis ti'¡o narrrag;es oÍ'fer a pictu-re of hjs 2.;ror,lth from stLran¡:,er: to ìrr"o[Ìler; j-scotr-r'a,qecl, i.n t,hern he tal

l-n lr j-s -i j rsi. rt.:.rri a5c l,ci¡is i s l,anc'lj cairnecì , ttot onl y bir liis e:'li¡er j.eitc e of a llofJsess j-r.¡e iilother 1 s love , ìru-t blr the enoti ona.l-,1-.rr cl"i-stllrbed- natu:r-e of 1l,Ls ',ii-fe, 'Sneil a .i(ni¡;hi, Ti:.j-s fj-rsú rrai"r'i-i't¡';e is Lri:ccd. n::j-rr:arj-l.ir l'-il !1gg of IIooe, r.ihj-cìr fol-l-c','¡s ji nnt-,il- L933, a.ncì j-n Ll-omecomi-n.gs, r,¡ni-cl: conipl etes the sto.r¡r" Shei-l-a i.s referred ';o in

Si_r¡rni:,ers- a.nd- B::o-i;ireIs, T]re Conscj-_ence of the iìj-ch, The Liql'¡t ernd iire !a.41, The irlasters, anC. !:e l'ìcw llen, bi;"t tltere she renaj-ns a sJ:r¡-:.cLol^4y bacl<¡;round fi-6tri:e, Tlre darr,rghter of a colrnüry vi-ca.r, SÌrelJ-a i-s e>lirerel¡r beau-r,j-ful, ancì ín s,cj-1-e of llj-s r"¡arj-ltess o-i l-or¡e, Let^'iis alloi'¡s himse-l.f to d,evel-oo an inf¡ltuation r,'¡-i-th her that ire ,cerms lrclele ci¿lbj_c betroncl nJr e:cnectationll ('lll-1 , 1/r9) , I:le soon becornes â.r"Iåtr€, hor,',Iever, ti--¡.a.t Sheil a. is rlot the id-eal 'Ì:ei-ng tha.b he has ¡j-ctu.recl. tlhen he :recej-r¡es -irotn his

/!i-rn1, 'Za Ð, l.oan []:a1, r','i.I-l- enai:l-e irint i;o stucì1r flrl-l--iine -îo:r the l'lar e:ranj-nai j-ons, L,e,.Ii-s cones to Shej-l-¿,i Ï.l.rrsting i¡j-th happJ-ness and e:loectin¡,; irer to re;lo'ice i"¡ith i:lin. t_0 But he is d"isancoj-ntecì, fo.,: iler resÐoliscs io hj.5 6¡.c;er- ì ness ere ¡iþilirpi and never i,ouch tl.,e ba.sj-s of his' : elatl'-on iirc orrr)or.rlr.nii,-. to suc ceed ('iTi , 59) " To nal

1 JVrr:vv.,-rfl()cnr,roilr i rr r¡ I-hai Le.,"fiS llaS b een Lr-jlar"taf e Of Slf e¡'-la S

i-na.bi-l-ii,r¡ to l.:eco::re re¿r-l-"Ll¡ in'bcresi;ci- ii-r ìri-tr, or to -i-ove

't-. -i *. l lIliI ó

Soon s-le 1-r-ves frrrihei: evj-clence of bÌ:lj-s. Af ber j nvj tin¡; h j-:;r to .lo '¿o ¿-r. Cl:ri sfrlas trartv t¡j fh lrcr ¡:rd scncl-j::lr; hi-i,r on ¿il"eaci-, Si:.ei-la a::-cj-r¡es -1,¡j ih anoilrer lra"n. Just a.s Lewi-s be-'i ns io I ea.ve hi-s i-soJ-a.t-i-on, to lre su-f- fj cicnbllr devoiecÌ to soineone that l:re ce.n acllj-eve a cl-egree

of se-l--i-forge tfu.J-ness, l'ie j-s nist::eaied. blr Sirej-la. -[n

his hlrmi-l,l'-atioi:r, he becones ,sr,r.sp j-ci-ou.s, read-v to ',.¡ithd-rar^¡ h:-s love " ttSear"e{tr, as he seVS , lcy hj-s Ìlil:rj-ì-iatj on, hi-s

p.ride r,'roi;nded, Lc"¡j-s clcterni-n es never to see Sheil-a agarln , ttbo act as ïhou¡;1r sl:chad never lteentt ('il-, :l 9:l ), I-ij-s treainen'i, ai Sl:rej-l-a t s l:¿ind-s, con'bi-necl r.¡i-t,h the neniori.es of hi-s rnoi;herts d-elrandi,n5l l-r:ve, ihreatens to turrr Ìlii:n ír'o¡n hr'-s tl:iroI.;rcsr io i¡rotl::erirood. and to:rîoi:ce hirn ba.clt i-nbo Ìli s isol-ation" 11 Sheil¿-r retu::ns'¿o hin, Ìti;.b lier thou¡;irtl-essness i_n-

creases, as ucl-I ¡.s i-ie¡- r.rncert¿,ij-ntli as io ìler or,.m. fee-l'i iì'-s -

Tii:re a ncÌ ar¿ri il s1-le i:e,-le c I s Le.,¡is ; t:i-me anci aiiain Le'.,,¡i_s

i-esolr¡es 'r,o L-",e cÌone -,¡:'-th her". /,t one ,oo-l-nt, Shei la fi_nd s

íl nråtn, Il-r,qh Snitl:1, -,,rLloi-r she íee-l-s sJie carl I ovc. Lei,.,¡is

cjiases hirit of-f . _,.!-i-n.a-l__l_1,., j-n l::,er d,esnair, sÌre conseni:s io

'.'.1)-.-1-r ï ¡r'¡i . q^ qJ.a i rr c-i clc j__l_] .,,\S S¡l.l e dOeS ""t i]fat SÌf e Si, I j-srîa.ctcc1r canno-t ove hi-nr, tir¿,L,c she i.¡i--l-l- noN be a sat wi fe r j -bhcr that iile narrri :.¡;e r,¡i-l .l- not sat:rs-il¡ e of ih en " i-ier rcison -îo.' ";i.vì-n¡; iil il; sir.lple: Ilf rn not sti:onq enolrgh to

,?,o on a'l ol:leir (ïil, 37L). In spite o.f r.rha1, he ltno,,rs abou.t hcr ir:-ìtirc: l,er.¡ls rí'larri e s irer " fn cloJ-ng so , as l"j:: " .Ie::or¡.e ) TÌre.le has lroi-rl'ceci ol-r.t r'- l,er.^,¡j-s l

or-li; ,oeople, As site becones increasj-jriìl_-\¡ sclli:¿oid, f,ei,.,ii-s has to care ior l:re:i: so ilu-cir tha.,u hj-s ca:äcer ìre¡i-ns to

sri-îf e::, irin¿lIlrr. r-r.n¿lbl-e io end,u-r"e i,he tortu-res she feel s

21îc.P" snow: T'hc rirt of i{orlcl}iness"r! lien-¡on ll arri ¿-r"r j{x-l--I (FatJ_ , L96O) , 630. L2 she is sr-r.íf erinq, Sllei-la" conurtj-ts su.j-cide " 1],tr f irst I-,e'''Il'-s feels â -u,rel-collle::el-ief, llu--t he soon Jle,qi-ns to e:ti:e::ience a. ll-ñri rJItv(:uÇ1r.--ìl-.r. t:!l_Ðvr-.r,ri sìo-r\¡Îf lT,n\)ru, -)v'-llîOl' ) ',.,¡hen Ìie e:ce.itri-nes hi-s Ðaf"i i,n i,ite failure oí the tri¿t.r:ri-a¡.e" Le,¡¡i-s 1 s I ove f'cr Sl:tei].¡" c onsi- si, s o-i bìl.ree el-em en t,s. ilis d-es'jre bo j:¡lve her as å is pu-re sel-fishness a.ncl "'.¡-ìfe nLr-ch -L ike hi s lroiherls wi-sh io siee her son slr.ccessfu,l, in

-r-lr¡r- j c1,: j_S Ul:c- Lr t-..r'ii c'- V Il r..Li,:) L)i ei la ¿1. t:1eaSU1"e Of hj S aChier¡et.lent. Ije ¿il-so ¡;ra.il.ts her' ;;hlrsica.l-l--;-; lte j-s consu-nleci b-)¡ se>',Lr-al ciesj-.i:e j- j-l-¡,1 f o:: ìre.,":, :;. clesj-re r".rn cll She ¡-eiru-l-ses unbi --l- thei-r na::r"ia.¡¡e "

o qrr¡lrlni'¡'l=¡ Õ\'rì1 -4ôc'ni COl.l'i n': li-ilOll f,o,rir.i t iIrJ JLr\'_çr vll-l-J ''''rì Chi-Cfly ìly t,he sìraiiiir,S o.î irj-s iratrrj.s (I]:, 2ltr.), thi¡: cìes-Lre seens .l-iiile iroi:e i,n¿rn ani-inal-. E.Jen a -iIeL: i]rerr ilet::ri-a,1e , :'tttrLal- sellu.al love cloes noi cÌevelotr. ldosi o.f ten it j-s a ou,estion o-î Ler,ris Ì s sr.r.cicÌeit lt.r',ges ancÌ Si'iei.l-a I s l.rttilcsponsi ve sr:-b- niss i on, There is no searcl:l'-n6 f or" l"n or'¡1ed"¡';e of t,he oiher, no .tend_erness onl\r a- carn¡.] , trechanj si,ic relat:lon j-s (li, 55) " S,",ot'¡1s .l.an,îìLte3c ¡lncl st-''l e hcre colcL ancl cli-n-iLcal, natcÌri:r3 tire emlrti ness of the eno'Lion. Ìli-r.b LewisIs .l-ove .ilor Shejla Jras a 'chjrcl qu,a.ljiy, pu.ï"er anci more se-i-f-l-e ss, I'ie cioes sa.ci:j -flj-ce hj,nse-l-f Íor her" lle coi,rlcl ¿.ira.ndon her- tlairlr t¡-ntcs --'inc'Leed he t:r:'-es

-*Li; Ot:lCe, 1tu-t SOOi'l i-eEr:e¿s ì;1iS ha.fSlingS5 rirrì 'rno'inr' lriS t3

'¡ife t s ìrelpl-essltess, .qoes Ì-'aci; to her (:irl , Ì+L1+'4L6) , j-n,'flatua- TÌ:or,r,3;ln itis itersis'celiCe j-s e:.pl¡t j ncd. ,lai";11i b-i¡ hj-s ii-on anci h-ì s .[i erce d-esi i:e to riossess ]i c.r: , i;lli-s el enien-i; of sel--i'l-qj-.¡j-nq inC,ì CÉ',tes tliat he ì-s neaí"e,r" 'Ûo bei-ng a ,rrbrotherrr ';har:L ivlren l:le "íi::s'c liuew h,¿r" Bui l:L¿lr¡i-n,T sr.lch an i;-nfo::tunate pactner serves, j-^ ilte J-ong; :ìlu-n, to hoLcl Let'''r-is L'aci< from b.rotherhood" il'i':is j-s seen in- llj-s second mal'rj-â¡'-ie"

IV

Tt.¡o yee:tas a-ibe.r: Siic j I a 1s cle ¿l.th, Le','r-Ls: lilce-ús j-n Iti¿lrg;¿'Lret f ¿1ij-clson, '¡¡iuh ','¡hor¡,' he soor:1, ¡la--l---l-s love. Qttj-ie u"irl-il

AliÌroi-rgh she -l-ot es hint, l.arqar"ci j-s t+ar"r¡ oí l,ewj-s" the f lrsi ir.ne 'cì:rc-v talk of tiiej.:r- -l.ove, sìre sh,ows ir¡nediate

-,'-t into i-,h.e n¿:.il-r.:re cf iri.s .[j-r'st narrj íìiìc" Tal-]ting; "i-,c-;Ìrb oí ib, she sâ-;rs, rr-['t ]"Jasn ri a rela,t:'-onslt j-p, lfou were

.i; s-r.¿iit,l.în¡; out s;-Lcìe ¿Ll-l- th e ime" i (8,, lå{) } " I:ler f ears about

3'f j,r" ( L956) ]-f-2 , L)IV:[TI October 8, , " Ll+ Ler¡¡is tu-rrr out to be trr,te, foi: he i-s unabl-e to leave hi-s forme:: ',,,I:r-)rs. I'iavlng Ì-rar-l Io deal l'¡i-t]r Sirei-,Ì-a T s scì:li-zoi-d na'cu-re for so lon¡; hats left lij-m even l-ess canabl e of j-n j-irLsel coi,u,rit't r: lr f io -l-ove tÌrair hc ltad i:een in hj.s )'ou.tl', " j Ij-i s cl esi- re i,o keelt i: j-rlso-lf ,?. sti'¿in r:er llas been .Ì'e rrf orced bl. Sl:rej-l aI s na'¿u,re. lir.rl, Shr:j---l-a j-s repl o,ced- ìry soäteone t'¡iLo j-s ea,.r¡ei' ,r.c give Ìrerse-.1-.f and wlto cleniancls tlrat ire ¡5ive hi-n- sel f i-n i"eturn " Le',','is d-oes nof ::eveal tc a.i¡-/=one i;h,a.b S'nei l¿,1s dea,'i;lt r.',¡ð-s self-in-îli ci,ecÌ, Onl¡r ihe hoi-:sel';eepoiî, thc cloctor, a-nd Sireil-¿r r s irairenrs ':no'L¡ tlte tru'i,h " Ì'lob evcn ìüa.::ga:ret has 'oeen 'to-l-d, " '...llen she find s ou-t,, her doltltì;s e"bou.t T,el,¡i s 1 s i'r"l-.1 ri^a ¡¡-¡ ;''l¡'¿iii_ed .rrq uL-:I J ç.' " -,,;:'-i;h Clj--ì-beri Coohe , a -1:riend- of Ler..ri s I ,s . .?.n o'rrsess j-r¡e crr-r'-i osi-ty, rrallcs i-nr¡es'cigati-ons inbo Shei l-a.rs cle¿.th, -[i nd s ont 'i,he truih, eind tel-l-s l:lis s-uor.,r ¡6 otllci:s, il:ir¡,a.rei learlrrs i-r, froirr lrci: si sIer. .fìel-err ancÌ, con-îronti:-r.1 Letti s, -r,ells Ìrj-n of tle :lrclrossj-l:j-l.j-tl¡ o-ll t¡\cj-r relatlon5l'¡ipl

ITl,r,,h¿:t llind of _l_j-fe are r,.,¡e Si.r,ïJposecJ- lo be lj_vin,q? Do ïor,r tlrj-nk tira-r, I colL-l-cÌn1f accei¡t anytiring i;hat has h:lppei:ecr, to -,¡ou-? ',.,/1'r¿L'1, -f canrì, l:;ea.r :'-s thai j¡or;L-c¿inrt shou--l-cJ ¡¡r¡ i,o c en sor sone Ll¡r' n 1 -i moo::ta,nt . I starcl j ¿ i.Í -i,'olr j-ns.i st oìr li-vj-,rl; as i,Ì:or-r1L: r? J¡oLr. \,.f e.f e al oile "

(ti, ró0 ) là she a.l so l¡erai,es liis attitu.cj es t o.,,¡a-rcls his fri ends: lrti.ì-l- Gil'oeri has c-lone is jttsi i;o -i,reat -)¡oLr- es he tre¿rts cve:rl,¡one else. 0f collrse hets inoui sitive, It 1s al-l :r:L¡hi ì''ILlen lie r s ìre:'-rr¿¡ i-n- c1r-if sj ¡¡'-¡t" a.bou-t an\rol:le else, but, ',rhe¡ 1'le tou-ches I ,c r.'¡a.ni; t,e -f ou r,roi,r can l:ear it ' )iou to b e c:lj-va , ïou cionii,',.iant to 1r--,re anC'Lal

'I'lnj-s tlren is Ler.',ris1s at'r,j-i,ucìe tot¡a.r-ds loved ones anci fricncis " It is essenii-a-l--l--r bire sa-rle as tl:¡'Lt iot,¡a":ld,s In ilre iece o¡l tl: j-s a.t;t:'-il-ici e, hi-s i:e-1,¿ bi-on- shi i: wj tln lia-::lìa.:rei rlei;er- j-oi'aie s; tireir cann of eVen ta-l-Ll thcj r i:i"olll ei-irs oui. jlhelr ca:rnot lli:eal" tliilot-tgh the tval I of trj-su-nderstanc].-'rn ¡; a::rd sel-f-suffj-cj-e:rclr bei','¡een then (ii, )-73) "' Ðespj-te l:er l-ove .ior Ler'nlj-s ¡ itar,qaret sees '¿he hopelessness of bhe sÍ-tua,tr'-on, br:ealis oif -üire rel:.tion- shi-¡r, anct soon nl¿lrr j-es a docto:c, Geoílf rey iiolJ-:-s. :t-u is oril--r¡ -'.,.iien l:le tl¡inks over hi-s affair '¡,'i-th it¿r:ga-ret i,ir¡.t Lewj-S CoÌlloS to a cl ea.:ler utrcl"ersl-¿.lncli-ng of i.,r-irer.c their nisi,al',e s lal¡ ¡lncì '¡.¡her"e lle especi all-Jt l"¡¡¡,s a" b faut t " ii, seems jlor ¿r, iine i;l-r¿.t l:re r,¡-Ll I lceep 41.,¡ay -Îrorn l'íai:¡;,aret, bi.:-'L ju.st ¿ls ]re c oul-ci- no t hc-l-n but re l,L¡.iln f o Shej-la, he is noi't d.;:a,wn bacli to llarqaret llhe:re is a. clj-fference: LeL''¡isrs real-j-zaiion oí his jlau-lt b::irr¡;s an al{areneSS of '¡¡hai:i-s::eqr-iirecl of the:'-n- t6

cli viciilal- Sccier-\r r.Lr-stJ l:e basecl on seì f-r;i-.,r j-n¿:;, oû the

!. ñ Ê' aj^ ql. J_rl r'f sees -r -i-^ ( ) secrots encl- ',iorries, on ii'tvc-l-ve.lcr'tt. ]ie

i;ira'c h c i-s conf cnL to l¡e e 1?s_oec ba-Lo::, rl j'elti.i-lin¡; orl iltc j-n¡,{ jl cu.'û si-d- e O-r- -l-j -fe , cie s,i :,: t o ::ei-,¿rj-n ll, inse -ì coi:itpletel-ir (il , 2?.9). 'tlser¡rl.rere, Le"¡j-s conclen'lns,--ìer:sons';¡i-tÌr sLlch an

attiilrd e as ilcl.ea.cJ- -in siclLett (å, 1l 2 ) .

'r'iith thi s r-evel-c,ti-on there coûies to .1,er.,,¡i-s an i-n-

creased nr:ecJ- o-1 iiÍarriare'1,, so he iiieets Ìter i:.';e:-n, '¡ersu-acles l:er" to ciivoi:ce h<-:r husbilncì, al:t,-1. soon ¡t¿.ti:t'ies her ' Ri,rt i,here is s'b.L-l--l- e b-l-oc1": to cor"rp-l-ete iibroblterrrcedrrå, Lól'¿i."s. i-s

Ij- clle colrcc::ne cl -ior tlr " f lolli-s , i,.¡i'r ose son ]i'iaurj-ce l'iiargare b ì:r:r ::r¡;s t'¡i- i,h b,er'. Even ¿ì.s he rfl:oc eecls lo'¡¡¿l.r'ds ;r . , , lt j 'Ìrr"oth cr"i:oocl'j Lcr'.-j-s s l-',iltrpcr"cd b-'' lt-i s sel.Î-ishness " Lelvj-s a.nä llar,3aret star'I a new ]-j fe a,rd- soon ha.ve e. soll orÎ i,hej-i: olilrl. l,et',¡j-s -l-earns sJ-oril-i- ho-* io aì:sorb hir-isel-f .ìn othe::s, i-n Ì'iargaret ancÌ the tr,¡o l;o-vs" Rui i''rhen

lris 01iìr son, Cìiai:.l-cs, becontes i-l -l- r¡ii,h raenin5;:'-t'i s, l,et+-i s reve:rts bo his fo.,:¡ier self . Iie seelcs to lreep hi-s an>eiet;ir to Ìr-imsc-L-li, tc let no one intri;-cJ,e on n-ìs orjvate 1s s1¡ff 61'-ì 1-rgs " Ile :re j ects l'iaL:garet ¿:.,;,cerltri;¡ r;o confort j-nie 11.,'¡llen hi-i-t , r c ti:e;'.ti'-ug , a-s he sal¡S , tO the i I- iualriecl (rl, in lreen 'i:,'i-¡ './ i nl:lel: scl-f i nvi,ol¿lteTl 390 ) , Itaci-:r¡; tl¡e t nossi:/\/UU:l.JJ--'-:vJ lri I i i,r¡ of Cha::les d-ea1,ìr - T,er,,¡i s r¡a-n-is io assl:,re hi-s Ej IÍ [i Þ (t cÎ (-r- i, a l::j ì;' ci i cJ a rb iJ o i.:j d f-----l fD O O lf,. 5 ;-:i :,; C ct_ (D ßj 'r. :; O i:i Cù H. O l_r¡ þ tr. lj Ù/ Þ 'õ a !. lJ. o :: f 'c tsJ LQ tD i'i p- ¡J 'J I tsj o rr. lJ. c+oil'.Öfrirþ;-)\irìjr-r:irc)taSSlJ tsi-r:Pú1 È-J5fÞ'JO ocDir.op-ccíjîlroÈlJoÌlrts-c+ ti= ',) (î û1 Ø O cf íD ú1 ci P. A O (< Þ ir o c< - Ll - È o FJ \ O cT cf l) lJ :d ir - È ct E = Þ lr, (D -l 1 Cù Ct ;-í i-; :r: (l O l- O lj rJ. Fb O 5 (n O O í ¡t- P. lr. Cù ól I. H. cJ- li.i O liLlí.:.llr.o'ìJlrorrþi .,ijii:Jl=o5ciû)=L !.r {, (.)) r-j ci o o a '.¿ f|j P- c,l ú o \< r.i tõCDots'oSOOO'úô.cirl-r-ìr'¡'Lolr = cf ts' lll cf O c-ì- lJ, tsj { oØFbl-bt. lJr.!.5oo-'îr(DSooot--i¡i_j "Jci-Olr(rijíi?Þ5oc)L-ú,)A, fíD5ci;ìoOJIIIJCDOíDí)Olrtsjllg Þ'.i O Fj O LD iii :)' l:j c) ßr O Lt lr O r---1 Þ<'öLrÈiJl-r Olj?-ots. lj;ìi3o5H. t--t lJ!'rl-)'vc(D(iC-,Þ.:JÂ)oç,oCr.ti=i-l;-J. l-l Þo:i.iî úDÈ,a;lHiÞ:ii= oSlJ.olJ.Oci(0tsÉr:''.cioE:t,o-j--boú) o () rJr rJ jJ iiì A Ci ;r- Ci p- _-'.l f,r tJ. jr. - ii (D :Y O O lr- F o"c.|Þ!.cFJi-iP.ija¡.r-ci

\"r lihe iracing of J.,ewisls relaiionsLii-cs iri-th ir¡-s pa.reni:s a.ncì r"¡jtÌ-r hlls ti'¡o wives li;.s tal:en ris thror:E;h Lr.¡o

'i-eca-des a-nd rlorie" /in

T .,rho r¡ou- J-J- breal< i,ire heart ojl anyo¡re l-oves J.oLrt tt (li, )-(:)) . i¡le have seen the bru-i,h of ihe labfer oari o]l this st¿lte- neut; ili'b i,he ,;ru,th o-î tire fj-r"st pari can Ìre seen in ihe rel-at:lonship of Lewis E-Ì iot r,rith i'v'Io irreû: Roy Ca1-vert and Char-l-es ìrla.-rch " lJeithe:: w¡¿nts to 111¡ossessrr E-l-iot i n the irar¡ th¡lt ¡:. narent o:rl a love:: r,.¡ol-r-ld-. Bec;ìuse noi,hing i-s clemanrlecl of jrim, T,ewi s aciri-eves t,'¡iih eaclr o]l -r,hese nen a gre:it cl,erirec o-i se1-i-f or"1et-euines,s ancl b:ro[herhooci " In iÌre t.¡orld of n¿ll-e re'l ¿tii-onsh j-os, T,et.¡i.s encoLr-nte:rs

't-r'.ro -,.,ft luL€lì o a.i:e i n cl i -llieren,c d,e¡,rees stra.n,r-;e::s, ì:irt who, j)ecí,'.i,r.se o-[ thej-r' na::tj-cu"-']-¿ìr Íj: i-,r-re'üj-on, neecl- a J:i:other"

TÌrc f-i-rsl, o,i trese j-s Roy Crl.vert. The l_,i¡lht a.nd bhe DarÌ< tel-ls lris sio:r"1r, L,.u"i he aupe.iÌrs in Str:anSers airLfgç!¡-ef¡ r9 and. iflie l-ili¿rslcers a¡rd is a-l-.1-uded to i-n Ti-ïc of lrocc, j:.orae: eoi-n-inc's - Tlrc r{ei'," Il'Ien and The .lLffaii" " tle i-s a, l¡r"i-l,liant s b'..r.dent , a.ti¡::lctilve to '.tonen anc.[ alrpe a] i-n€i ì;o líìen, irui ?lBvroni-cll1.,¡ cl-oorired 'i,o s e>lual- a.nil ¿lcacicrri-c su-ccesses rcod.i--

t, fi ecÌ b;. ¿. iiic,l-¡il-lch,ol:i-a-rr-'- so clailli ihai l',e of ten cles lrairs of l-i-fe iisel-f " R.olr nìunges hj-ntself i-i:rbo l:j s i¡orlc, irut he cr.rnot er¡oid -^is oestai-r, iot:, âs I-cr¡i-s troi-rr'¿c ou'l; right fr"orn tne begi.nni-n¡;, ihere were tj-r¡es r,¡hen llis r¡ork seemed noi;l_,rirr 3; ì:r_r-i; ¿t c1,r:i.r-,p.1" lle liaci iilro\,¡n ii j-ilse-1f into it, :in i'evrl-l-si on frorir Ìris Íj,rs-i. hnoi¡-l-eclge o-f ciesoair. iJespa:-r: the blacir ni,ql:lb of nel-ancl:ol v: l:,e iia.d al i:eilc).;rr .[elt ti: e rilei:;h'b of i nexp-l--r-c¿lb-l e r,i-í serlr, bhe Ìrur-c] en o.i se-l-f , I 1;hor:1hf bhat too often iris r¡Iork 'i,.,íìs a c-i:¿-rr"::i ar;lins ú the d-a.rl<. (!l' /rrl)

iì.oi. t:i:j es var":-ol-r¡; cl,evices bo cor-r.ni;er¡lct orî a-t leasi; hj-cie hj-s Lnel-ancho.l-;r, .{t tj-i.irr:s; Ìie j-s real ly gay ancl sc-l -1-[orc;c'[fr-rl, r'isÍ.r-''-r; i-,o hc:'-¡,ì^-ts o-l e;:Lr-llcrance; a.s cìuL:i-rr¡ l:i lr o-l- j-d a.' i-ontc Ca,i:lo ( llD Cl..ani e s ai , rs 11-.13 ) í , a,i; oihers, he j s crLr.sltecÌ ì;,r.- l,lel ilncllol-y ìlr,rt fo¡ces l¡inself to assllne a-n eir o-i lai-r-:trr in o::dei: -uo in¿lli:e -l iie easi-er for ot,hc-rs, So he c oür-floris bile I'lasi,e¡: r s i'ri-,e e and daurir'cer

1s (!n, Cìr;r1 after Vernon ììoyce cLea.th i,ers 16 and 1-7) , , "

t,-- î1Ca-n ^'i.orLcllse L;¿tl l shei: , -lher"e l:e an i\i:rer j can C P 1? " " S n oi ¡ ? 'f i , e ,:l c_-¡1 o¡1[_e .q , l{V (äovenìrer 1, L956), lr2. 20

A,sa.in, ìl,o-'y'T s riaj ei-,',' l¡econcs in eiiDressj on of hj s cjesllai-i:; be oiten see-Í1,1 1,o lrc c:: jor¡rì-:r,z h,j nsel ,i gree.i-l-.¡, Ì-'u-'c J,e',"I-l-s tr,.,1i1¡jçu--lar a_1.1.¡L:.s -l ooks ,ilo:r ihc s.ì qn oi d-e'¡.{e11, tl.e ,r;.Ìi-ii;e:l o-î l,¡hi,c'. f r.¡as e-Î::.r.i,cl,rl as he desc:rr.bes jt, flÌ-ìrc j-s j ,11 a.sh j n rrlh j. clr. hj s îai ei"lr ii::rr ed, sj-n ber ald í:rant c11 (Lp, t,56). t\noi-,hcr a.soec'[ c¡f P,or¡1s s;eai:clr Îor" ¡. r'iå.-¡r 6¡1-¡ of j j i-s 1t s c] osl-1,:lj lr s lri-s tfr-llî.'jl)i--r, of i'¡onett ' Once e,,qa'i:r, i-t r-¡¡rrossil-.-le to sa],js.i.,r 1'li-r"," ijr: fjrsi 'tlrkcs rrn','¡jih l.osal j-:cc'[ j-;: 1lliiìro <, î. ll:i i:--l- .î r'on Lr l¡ one i; oi,'m , llo.r t'',ilon, âs I-,ewi-s sil-\¡s: 1Y-1..o."¡e r,ias ¿llr íl,l qross j nq occuitai; j- onlr (Lll , f l9 ) . iÌei:' cl.el irr.ht i-:i sensLie.li1,y can::¡ot satj sf.¡ l:l"o-,., =o hc tu"i:r.-s; to Joan Ro;rce, -i,Ìrp d.au-qhtcr o-Î tlle liaste:: o-i i;lre t o--ì-l-e!,e. llnsu-::e of [rersel-i j-n ¡rlil¡sj.c¡] l-or¡e, sh e j-s eriralltL¡-rr:cl b1r Roir. j-rn" A]-th o¡-qh sl-r e ,q-irres h ersel-.fl bo h-i n:, sh e canno'i, nl ea.se h

Evenir-1a..-l--l l¡, j-n t^¡lla'b Seeìl-1s to be a l-ast cJesleral,e efiort to shli-u oi;.t hj-s cìes.car,r, P.or¡ n¿r.rL:j es F"osal j-nd"

Al1. th-i s 'cjne l-,re j-s en,gagecl- in a f Ii::tatj-r¡ir r",'i-'t,h j-i'il j-i;h r-Ìe ilaz-i snr, bu'r, thj-s c¿:.nnoi s¡1,i-sf'¡ h e e:r- " al-so sea.:r'cjres -io. i:tl-l-j-qjoi:s fa-i bh , -lor-' God " J'le t''¡¡-nts io lTSu:a,i"enclei: h:'_s r,ri-]1, f 6 l-.e ann:Llrj_l_ai;ed- e.s a ileLsot1. " ", to' lose hj-nself cterrr.allrr 'ìn iod1,1s ì:ei-n¡,tt (13, f-91). TÌ:ri-s h-e i.s unabl e to cjo. T}:cre is no war¡ for hl'-m to avoicl r'ì r1 q LLÚJL'qlf,os'-r¡ri r ) :!V ô rliì\r.lu-,t to brinÍ,:i) lîe.nr.-ìne':-avL_.'Lrlrr\ Ivv n lri ] i-fe" 2L

,,,fj-ih h:-rr .-l-u:ii1., his tr-jbt-¡.] aij-on is .1,e.r¡n-s E-l io'u, t.rlro

111,ã"Lr-Ìlij 'oy -,,.¡lteir sees ?o1.t is þr¡ neiin ¿ircj acute íearlî he = slrJlf e;:i,n¡; (],!*, l-6)). fncleeci, Le'¡u¡-i s i s So d-::¿l''',tt-r. inUo Pio)r1 5 su.Íf er.i-n¡,s iÌr¿lt his rnjnd. is taltcn fron Ìrj-ilsel :i" For ihe

,[ f _rrs b j_rire ],e',,¡j_ S i:e al I -,- f oi:-lets l-,j-i'isel_ i ancl- j-s cl"rai,.rn in bo soneone e lsets cl-l-lel',:,nla'5 il"or,,' cioes :lo t f orce hi-rr'tsel]Î ulron

Lewi-s; he n'lárl',eS no d.er,l¡nd-s of h j-lrt, 1ìath er, Le'¡¡i-s is t:roved-

ìrir 1ìorr I s; su.f fer"in g.

i,,[ren, i¡ar cone S 2 Rolr t,¿'ikes e. joìr i-t-l tÌre civi-]- seri¡j-ce. lioL, conieni t,¡i-trt [hi s, ltilcl. sti] t iiei-¿ìrecÌ cìoi,¡n Ìl;r 6;-s cles- o':iir, he soon j oi-rrs i'ile iì'o;r¿1 '¡ii-r l:¡o:lce ¿r'n-ci' beco¡res a- i:j-J-ob, I-.e cj,oes t-,Ìri-s a.s a resu.-l-b of l,c,'"ris r s once h¿rt¡i-nq inr:oce.¡t,-'l-lr i.ol-d ilj-iri bll¡,r,i; tÌre ci-i-o'ú j-s i,lne rl-i--l-i'carir-rlêtrsorr .b]ra.t nos'[ Iillely t o r,te it j"l]-ed. :Lt is; ¿tt ihis Iitile iìo1.r llarri-es ir,osa.-l incl. l:ii-s set:lL,l-l- '¡¿'.ncÌeri-n 3s st,oc, iìosal-i-ncl con'Lents irin, ilrrcl" soon ¿ i-¿.1rghier, Liuri-e-'l-, i-s born io them. i?o¡' cl-irLloi c scaoe lri s nela.nchol -'¡ enci ihinlls o-i d-eeth. ì),osrl j-ncl ucl-l-s o-[ j-i: tr/inln¡ay he sai-cÌ iit¿l'r, llelcl- been rniser¿lbl e -ior )¡eâÍs" ft ,,¡,râ_s r.¡rorse than ìrei_i-rg nacì-, he saj-cj-, Ì-le ho,ocd hcrd- :;eì. oLr-t of i-t. äelci qiri-r¡ìgled -l-i-ke e r.t.*r, in a trap, tsu-t he coiilcLnrt-, esca.Ðe" So ile cor:-l cj;r t'¿ sec ¡,nv noi::,t ir t1:in-;s" iie :.:j-.ìhi as ,¡el-.1 j:e elinin¿rieci" Thai ti,is \illì)/ lle chose 'bo f-l-y" tt (LD , 35L)

5Tì,,,i= taltes irle.ce ('L9354-9Ìû ) l¡efor:e Le'r,¡j-srs revelati-on o-f th e essence o:î broiherl:oocl clesc::i-l:ed in Secbion -lV of ilti-s chairt er " . 22'

:_i \) l-ose s hirnse-'l-f i-n Lris i',¡i-,e e a.ncl cìlil-d., ancl l-n 1-; his fì¡rin,1, Ro-rrls cl.espaj-i: seens to l-j-ft" Eut even as t1l_ Ð- h.oi¡e is i-nc::easjn¡:ì, l-re is k_Lllecl on ¿ì iroriri:i rrç, i,rj-ssion.

Despr'_ie i.ìoyt s rri-rtna_l_ su.j_cj_cle, Lerrd-s x]_ j of 1s concern -îor Llin has jr.acL -r,-,,,ro viia.l e-i-fects" The f-Lrst j-s '¿lle eri:iect on jlroy. ile j-s VerY iilu.ch A sirerr.ler, al-one, unable io collle to terns wi-th ¡l'-s societ;r' L,e-'".¡i-s, ¡'lso a sirenfler, also j-sol¿ltec1, bu.'c t¡hose n¿r,iure j-s noi aS d¿lrk as i?o1.rt5, l:eaches or.r-i c¡î iris 1o:re-l-j-iless bo hc-l-p a -flcl-l-ow" mâr1o -l,et¡¡ists t',¡lio-l-e concern j-s f or Fì.or¡: Ì-re l'-s Ðj:eÐare d to sj-t r-rp w-î-ih hi-ni all- night to Ì'leIp hin l,j::rou¡.;ìr lÌre r.',¡orst *f 1:"ås t hÏaelh rtel-anehoJ"y.å. lle r',¡orrj. cs en cl le s sJ-1' over Roir s nta d nn:rls,.ri-t oÍ e>:--t .rerle lnlâJrs OÍ ll-l-evi-ati n; hi-s clesna.i-r. lle iri:oi;ec'r.s IÌo1,' t'',ihen lrj s esc:ipacìes coir-lci cost üile -\roung sch ol ar hi s posi L j-on j-n +-he C;Ol-l-ege -- i.he olle conntln-itlr 'belongs bo r,¡hi ch ire .ceaL1-1r (f,!, Chai:ter 1'8 ) " Le'¡¡is t¿llks to iLoy ou-i, o-Î hj-s ol'¡n exnerj-ence and offers hin a-l-l ì;he hoi:e he cen. iTe Ðr:ov-icJ.es Rolr wiih a. fri-end and" a frj encj-1s conríort; lie is Prolrls onl-1r beacon of Lj-ght r'-n a" clarh rto-rlcl, Tl:r¿.t a-l-one jr-rst j-.i j es l.,ei^¡j-s 1s sel-Í-,gI'-rr:_o,$, in" sniie of lì,o''¡1s cleath" ¡ìur there is al so blle effect on Letvi.s. llor the riirs'u ,cinie i,ir i:is -l-i-ie he i-s rr.¡I I r¡ 'r-,nl

j-s 'i, than h o!.Ír1. lie -'l- eer:ns Ìr¿.t b1,' ¡-lvi.rrg llj-¡nsel f he caÌ-r he,-rn a -iel-low s'r,ranqe.r anci il¿ìliie hi-¡rrsel f a -Îu-l--l er j:eing. i-ie r-esolver-l ro becorae ítjore I ike Ror¡:

f lted r,ratcLrcol ihe ¡¡.1¡556-ìtr-te sel--i-f o.r-p,etfr-ilness wltlr i,¡l:i-cli i^re spent hlnsel-f on ¿.noi,Ìrei" l-:Ln ca::in,.g f oi- tne iiasier T s r,iì cìoi"{ , tlle s e-l-í-fo::¡letful-ness lr¿lcl o-î'ben qiven 'fo -I i.Ias c¿ljral¡le lre so 'l ine. not oí Ì-ri-s ac i,s o:fl se f:l-e,ssnes,s, r,.¡a.s r"lo û inad-c -I j-n -l-i-he iri lr " Rui I cor-rlcì i,rrr to ir¡j-i;ate ]r. -il-n i;::¿tctice, (å! , r 78) -l¡1rrTg Trr senin'n _!\/rÌ COnCCrrl iOl" Oi;herS alC'i i" l.i.nj:i 'r¡'in ) '?¡1rl q j j-, r:V.)Ð-JtUU-r-V(r.l:.U.L.UCr-l.LVl./.-l:r-¡-ôj ¡,r1:'n- ,i¡ nì-r-j UUU:V.L-.::Jvl.l.I\/V--UJIllr!\.il:")¡a'', f O.f ]:f S Ol.ryj C¡.r1-eCrr'r T,C-.¡ì - l.alles ü.n importa.n'b step on ülr e ro¿:,d- io collxru-',"itr', Tt,¡o sir::l::l^cr"s bccoi:re ì:roihcrs; sr-r-ch ¡'-s the Ï¡asj-s of soci-et1r"

VÏ C,P, Snoi¡ cl-esc:r:'-J:es ano'ther mal-e -irj-encisi:i p j-¡n- por-ia"nt j-n []re cleve'l oi:ne;ni, of Lei'¡j s El j oI fr-otit str¿-ìnqer /^ bo bl:o1-,hor: lir¡.i r.¡i-,cli Cl:a.r-l-cs lia,:clr." The full cou-rse of thi-s.irienclsLrip is seen in illhe Consci-ence of the lì:'-ch. :nd. Cha.,'les ¿ì11Ì)cat's vcr)¡ ìri"i-cfJ-1' i,r l'i.r"_!i__g¿e ard. Ti^-.^^^,-.-i-^.-^ +1^^ 1r.r1.. l \Jjllç-:u\r1:1jL.Lì'Jr (tr1.1\.1anci j_sJ-- a-l_l_udeccì-l-,r-LlLi.u\. io j-n. The-f,i.-t.,,- -,^.r ilhe lÌaster"s, a.nd !l'he_ilev¡ ¡1eir,

û:en he ij-rsi e.tlilee..s Chai:les--:r.lM j-s ì-le';i-nn-în¡¡ a,

{-- u:/l¡osc s'LorJ¡ r¡il -l- be e;lâ.rr:'-ned iroi:, anothor a-snect ¡nd ¡i, -i.c,rl-,nr len.ll.h j_n tl:¿lpter II. ?-lr prolii sing Car:eer ¿it the Bar. i-lc cones fr"otn å =r,Iêll-l.o-cj-o :iarilrly, a-nci -,,¡j-th i:he conn ect j-ons rri:ovj-C ed b)t llj-s fatri I r¡ ancl hi-s r..¡ea-l--1,n, Cha.r"leS r S brill ian'b siart SeeÌi'ls c elita-r-n .

Le'..¡-j-s El-,-ot, itj-iÌl r¡ho¡n he becolrres acqi;aj-nted cÌr-iring ilrei r Dar e;.-a.i',li¡re.ti-ons i-n L,oir:ion , sir.ere s -ì n lnr:ch o,f tharl es I s sullsccllrent, exlreri'rence " Charl es clecì des -r,hat, :'-nstead of usirr¡., tite ¡.cìvattta.les h¡nd-cd l-',j-n so rs¿16ìj-l y, ìre irru.st iii¿ilce ì:i- s oi,'rÌlr ii3r-J¡ " I{e tel-ls Le,¡ri- s o-i hi- s rea-sons: tt?]le ]=Ja:: repL:eseirr;ecl. i:art o-i an environine:rl that :!- canf i; a.ccepi; -lo.r ieyse-l-f. Yolr see, I canri seY ilr si-n:n1-1r. -1,-i T sil-vecl at ihr: Ber, T si:,ou"lcl l:e 'che -¿or-]-cr. adi-rì t-,tinr,; [hai -i ìrel on3;ecl to ' " ,of rj-ch and. ii-r-elu-en'bi-¡,rl Jews" illì:rai i-s fi:tl '¡¡orlcl i,n t'¡h-i ch nosi rreople want io keelr it€o, uo If I sia;rçi at the Ba.L:, -[ s'liou-Ic]. f!et ca,ses -irotn Jewish sol--i.ci-iors, f sl'rou-Ì-cl l:econe one of the f;¿i-ng" Äncl i:e opl-e ouf side r'¡oul-d cl,i-sr,ri ss ine, noi that the','' need so tilLr-ch eäcuse, I e s airothet' brigirt trolr.l'ìg Jer¡r. Do yor-r iirin-l< i-b s tol erab--l-e to be set as:'-d.e l-ike that?r? (Crl, L0) -r,o . Charl es :leels l:e olres some-Lì:¡in,g soci-ety. 'ilhe rj-cir, h" ihinl:s, i.lu.si lt,'':ve a consci-ence, t"tlts-t clo sonethj-n3, 'base nolre th¿rn buri-lcl []rei-r -.1-:'-ves on tlie of wea-]-th and pos j-tj-on prorricì ecl f o.r ihctrr, So he cleci des to str-rdy nedicj-ne ancÌ to'ua.Lle u-j? a rrr¡.ci;i-ce j-n ¿ì,Doorcr d-istrj-cb of l.,oncìon, fnsteacL of ì:rding i,ritltilr ijte wel I-off Jeirish soci- ei¡r -i nt o ¡:¡h-i cii he lia s be en b orn , CÌr:lrles ','¡ants to ¡¡o bcvoncl ii, to cnter j-nûo ,che J-alrger brotlterl:ioocl o-f nl¡j-n. Cl:arl es 1s fa.ilrer , I.eoil:i::rl ii:a.r:ch, ob j ccis i;o al I ';his ¡¡elllr 2\

-.uo :- Lr-û A. iUl^r_._^.^.,-l u.il-rI ./ o I'\-'. ;l:i_:.l s ¡;i.ve se-Îe, ce.rÌ.,¿ì j-n I j-,ie Lo a ze.r1d"oL1s coLlrse, 1ie f eel, s .bhaj: Clia.r-l-es aúi e nì;i- on 1,o ihe rrj sh cs oi i" j- s .i:l: li l-J'. Iir tl:lj.s íi:j cl'lcl,sh j-D '.'¡ii-h Clar"l csr Lev"j s l;oih acis j-s anci is a.c'ùed Lr.poil " l'le u Í'rj-ciicl ,ior Clrarl-e s, Soileone t,o bacl¡, lli-i;i un"ì,r lr,is argunents -t'd-,ci: tl::e :'a'rcìr Íaui-l-r''. As Ti:le Con-scj-ence of the i.j-ch Ðl:ofiresseS, Let"rj-s irecorees tl:e fri eirc.lu iocy of Cha.r] eslS fatileL: a.nd- oí lli:ì Sj-S-uert i{a-tl-lel:i-lle, oíi,e n sct:Vi n8: ¿l-s a ¡'o-be ur'rcen Îor i,he incli-viclual-s r]itvol vec'1, in tÌre cl- j-s,ru-i,e. Hlerr l-egal- il¡ol,l-ct'ts í-ll:j-sC) he j-s¡ i,l¡t'ere tC a.dvj-se. -l-rr a,l-l tjljs, Lc'"1ì-S once Ûloj:e beCorrres So j_nvolvecì j-n oblrerst ci.j.-ifici:-l -Û j-es that r-rc ¡itr¡c,ets I'jn- se-l-f . O::lce tlol1e ne J-e¿lrns i;o irìive hj-l:Lse-'l--i for others, -ri-n,3 j-s e\¡c-rlr f ircr-rgle 1,he elioi,j-on¿-:,..ì- e;''i,ei-'b of tilj-s ¡;i not ihe salle es it i-s -''¡lr ei:e llo-¡ Cal-ve"-- :-s i-nt¡ol ved-' O¡ce r:ir.cilo , I-et'lj- s j.s a c1,ecl LlDon ancì j- s 5,i'',rcn ner''i ì-nsigìrts, ilecal.r.se ltj-s oa:rents r..¡ere poor and- beCai.tSe he Ìias had to ,1ej,íì hr'-s place b;r a'oj-l j-i,ir aircl d-etermined e_iioi.-b, :_t, is ¡sv6alin;1 i,o lliirl i;o se e sonleone ¡;i-ve Lr-Ð the ti:ings -icli: -t.¡hi-cir he is wor'Ìri-ng ' lti:otli ìr:'- s; lrorr bìl, I''e'r'Iis has -l-i¡¡ed j-n a n¿ìt:roi.f ilorl,d na,':rolt nob onl)r iu-bire Sense of

a-l- iri s i¡çr¡s,¡iir ¿ 1i, -r.fl cl'- o -i o lrilor t ulnitlr, l-rit.'c rl¿lrroi'l so i-n -'ln; t-'^r, ,..ai-l ,1 -:¡ ' ;ìc lrn¡r" cô Oìa rt¡1.-ì1.: hiS UL;-1./--(J\-r--^.-r.t ^^t- \):i U--ç ..uI-L-r. --" - ": ) 2Ç) i.¡e.,¡ that h e h¿rs îorgoti;er.: ii:l'r, lti s -,oals i:r -l-i- f e ai"e ri-ot nênêss¡ri I r¡ 'i, lre 'r:est" itllle i:o.r j-zoii of hj-s ol,r,t-l-ool: ls e:.1¡;;lncÌecl" as lre nteei;s sot:ûeoile l'¡j-i,lt ¿ì ',,¡j-cleL: soci a1 outl ool': f lran hi- s oj../TÌ o In hi-s fri-enclshir¡s -'¡-itir P,o-i¡ C¿¡.-lvert ¿lncL Charl es j-'¿r:er: l,¿1,:cll, -'l-j [ile i-,s asked, of Le Lris " i'le ì':lårl cletlarrds io Lre I ei i nto Lc-,.¡i-s I s pri-vac;r.7 l'Iitlr cacll l: c lcts ir l-on -,

',nlel-l ; Ìre is J-i Ìtccl b-ir eaclt and f orrd c i ea cÌi " '''J1-r ereas the pattern of Le-"¡is 1s relai;-t-onsl¡ j-p ,r¡i¡h Ìij-s r.,¡j-ves is co:rt-

1 trol iecì l¡r'-.1 iti-s cirrlc-Lhoocl, eripe:ìii enc e o-î hi- s no'ti:er s Ðossess- j-ve ,l ove, liis l"c-l-¡tiol-tsìli-ps trith F.cy ¡,¡n6i Cira.r-l-es follolv i,Ì:e i::atter:r o.i ì.Ìr¿it '..¡ith i,li.r " X] i-oi " B-,',' 'bl--"e -î-r-r:si rej-a,i,i on- sl:¡ j-l: he j-s ire-l d ltacil fror:t ,st'-cceccljrt.; i-ir soctetl.; b-¡ the second he is ì:el ped to ¡iitre lt¡'-nse-l f i;o othcrs " g¡,r 1' Ìt¡r 3j-vii-i:; c€in .rea-l l:ej ai j-onshil:s ite n¿lintai-nr:cl"

V.T] Tirere is: a thi::d. ii,.t)c of rel.at j.onsh j-i: at whrch l,ei¡¡i-s i s slr,ccessful: a busine ss o:r casual- af fai:: , r','hcr:e evcn less seJ--f-¡;i-v-in," -i-s i"cc1u-i::ecì, Le',';is ancJ the oil-rer

,rêr4 cì.\,ì rrrr, Í,1 1 .;¡ l_j-lf e e aCh Of,he:: a,n Ci bhe j-i: f f i end-Sjf ip j-S eitc'lr',::'j :rg . Bu,i i-t n ever. ;:ea] l-¡r goes ltene¿¡-L,h the su.rrla.ce ,

1"- tÌ'rO;r tr]- es once -uo j-nt,ruCLe j-irbo Lei'^¡j-s I s ci::'-va-cy (le¡ Ch.a.i:ter ll' a.ncl nevei- i:rs h¡ircl '-/ J ire ls rej ecied i-,i:ies agar-n " 27

T,^fhi-l e he i-s invol¡¡ecl i,,¡"i-1,n iile I',ì¿r::ches, l-,e'.,'¡is conles rÌ,con ¿lnoi;l:er f::i-enclsl:i-n, Cilar-l es 1s si-ster iileeis and in¡¡.r:ries -i"¡-ancj-s Getl ì-íf e, t¡nli-,h r:droi:t Ler.¡is l--,ecor11cs fr"i p'rrìì r' pi,..r-ì-l ¡r llecause of I(¿Ltir,eli: j-n e and rrar,cl-1,t' ltecar.r,se of tire-i r" sj-irj--l-¿L:: ¿rti;i-tu.cl,e to'.,¡arcJ.s lrol-j-tics" In Tirire ot: Ìiope anc]. Tire i:,iasters. il--r.ere a.re i-i:rcii-c¿rt-rcns ''che-t i-[ rs Irancis -,'¡ho [reì-ps Lelj-s obtaln hj-s Ire--l-]-ov,IShr-p r'-ir tl:le c,ollege " h j].9* l.'ias'cers blre two rilen íli-ncl, bhentsel-r¡cs on o¡rposi'ce sid-es in ine clecbj-on of e neii l.¿Lste¡' a¡icl beconie estra,nli;ed for a. ij-i,re, Ì:n't ihe -îr:-i-eirrÌs,ii.¡ reco",rGlr,s and -Ls-; ioll-ol"red- further" j-lht. in Tj:e ilei"¡ l:en aircJ. lfhe Á-if ¿ri r " '' Tlri'- s f rj- enclsl:rj-ir is sI bllt ',,iì-icn i-i, is sub j ec Icc]- to stress; ib en-C.u"i:es. T]re iriaj or-ì [J. o-i :rel a'újonsjrilrs between .ìncij-vj-d.ual-s are o.ll tlrj-s sort; by iltcr-: a l-tcûrlin;;fril soc i-etir j-s ¿,:. cLlj- er¡ed . .\nctire:: e:r¿inDle oi il:,j r¡ casu¡.-l-, r:attì:er u-n-ilLvoì-veiì. r.erIa.tionsl-.:'-i. i-s [ii¿lt cf Le',¡¡is ]iU-ot and jicrbert Geil.i ffe,

Franci s Get-'l-i,Íf et s h¿i,-f i¡ro';her, r-rirCter i¡hon Lern'- s stlr-cl-ies for the Bar" lierberi Ge'¿l-j-ffe is a- pecnJ-i;',r r¡¿ìn) an u.n- or:thoclol., 'out sL:ì-ccessfLll- lawyer " i-Ìe becones qui-te a.i;-r,achec1 to Le.,'¡i- s dui:.,j- ir r, 'rÌrei-r a c quai-n t¿lrrc e ¿ln r-Ì tÌ:ei-r" f::i errclsÌri i¡ con'uinu-e s a-fter Il-,e',.I:î-s -l-eaves the ciranibe.iîs, Getlr'-:if e i-s

,.-ì.... . "il'l:j-s -rlriencÌsÌ-ri-1r r'vj-l-l Ì:e er'iai-rr,ined- loi.e jlully in Chairier IIl". ?.ti lte -l-ir-Îul i-o Lerr-i. s, crcf eitCin.:ì i: j s f rj-ercls in 5-ur'ånlers 3j'ìd. '1r.-.^+r^^.â^. r-,,r- ...,j. Yfrll:r ù. :) Lrú lfe_lu iSa,J alSO.irJL, a(-l' SOÌ.r-fCeJ\r¡.rL LU Cful COneel-1.ru\Jil uça r-., ;¡s(r¿!) lre.._ç irJ.J O ihe cause of a cr'isis i n lihe tonscj-ence o-i úhe Rj-ch "' Ler,',n'-s l't¿ls clcubts â.bolli, Seil ifíe 1s abilii..ir 3" a lar.¡'cr: his nel:vousllcss i n the coLr-.rì;L:oon ¿lrrri- hi s 'r,et:tcrlcrrcr¡ to con- fl,.se nAites i.rri_ ba,,es Ler¡'j-S. Geù1_j_iie i s iiri se,r-l V*, Ð,_1r,rA-;rg -.:;.tle';i-u-: -r,o i:er¡c ll j-s r¡oo:c-l-lt-il*lj tì a¡sistl-lts :1¡rr 16--' ilre l,rc¿lls'[o r:¡]ii-cÌ: i:le inv:'-ûes theri. fie al-so seis Ler.,".d-s tcr

r'¡rjti-n1r''-_ "-."--__l-i aoÐr.ccr-atj-oi'ts"':--i'- " of ca.sjes ¿llcl i;llen b¿rlrcs ihe c:reclj-t,

-io i: tLrcin .

Â-l-l;hou.,gh Let',¡j-s i:,as cloir.l¡ts al¡or.:t GetIl.-ff'e, he cl,oes noi rel-rea'L 'inl,o h.irLsel-f ¿rs he d-oes i.ribh She:'-l a. and üarqÐ.rct, bu-i, bec¿ìr-r-se l,ire rel-¿l'c-io:rshil i-s r-roi; cl.eep ancl cì-erirancLi,n,q, he keeps on r,d bln iire ,[r:i-endslrip" if he re-l Ltioirsì-r.Li: 1s ncitner

.i.lO-r. -l L. -¡n-i-l--ì.^ -ì ¡^1.-''.-¡'l r- r.r-i *t"^L:_,r, \J-!v,/fÌCCtf :ivi \.r,l'rílìlC^-i uU-l-c.il-IJ' i):r1UVU1l.^-"^^,-l^. llUUl.:Ill -.¡ l-J - Ulll/LL\:f-.y .iJ-UijU ,¿ics di if -'Lcul r'-n i; j-rc r,,toi:lcJ o-,î si-,:ltirr;crs enc-l broi,hers; ì:r.rt ii; is va.-l-riabl-e ¡-n Lcr.,,¡j-s 1s oi:enin¡; u.ll of lti-r:rscì,il, j.n his

i ev i c ot'LtLr-iri- L;, .ìcl' n,l "

V-r-IT

L'ewi.s esi-¿'il;l-j-snes Ëhree kin:crs of ::elaÈi-onshåp:s:

4,,. Tliis r ole i-n bl:ra.t novel ',.'¡j--l-l- be exailj-necl- in Âreater CÌra. Tl- il,eiai-l- in r:Ier " 2g the i-irt,i¡tate, sor,r-l--i:encìj-n¡;, sel-[-g:-vi n¡; love of r'iolher anc.i sori, hl:,sb¿:-ncl a,;rcì ili-Îe; blle I ess cieinandi-n¡¡, bu'c ]ret binc-ì-i-1g, fi:i-end-sÌ'rrl: ì-.et,,veen j-lrclj-viclnal s; ilre nore di-st:Lnt, l_e Ss bi¡d:-ri1, j¡U-i v¿l-l-U-¿,,..bì-e ål r'lCl- t: e',:Iarcì-i n3; i Cclt-'.lli-ntanCe , '[r.r::ns j-n j Preac bing '¿o ;ìre íi-rsf , .l,ei,¡j s Lr-Qo]l l. r,lsel f and i:ct::eaüs inlo e ir;:ivlLto r,¡-ollld fl:olil ¡;'¡lli-cÌl l:,e shr-ris oi.hers

I ou_t. Lei.¡j S S ro Sllonse bo i,Ìle secclncl is a-l-ürost u.nconscj-oL1S , becau,se ji coÌ?ics fron r'¡j-bhin hinse]--1 ancr'is not cler,tancted bY ano i,hcr " Be cíj.ìlrje 1t :-s jnolle -iori,t¡'i-l- ¿tncl l-ess c'l-eilancl-i rf, r ihe ''c¡rjre j-s j-n -r,irj-rcl cjl irj eticl-silitl ee.sie¡: io en¡.¿ìrîe "

is he rto !re s toi"¡a.rcÌ brotl:l eilÌloocì-, j-ei'd-s r s se;lt.r-al- rel atj onsllir¡s ltecone iiolce seJ-f-¡:j-vi-n¡',, lllore sn-ì-i-j-1,r;a,l " So 1:LiS Seconcl- üie,rri-a,.r1e i-s i:ûo,re sllCcessfrrl in i;his asnect,

J-i,i::¡;eltr becai:-se lic ltas -l earnecl" jrore ¡.ìrou-'L be:r'-ng a bro1,her" -lile s¿ìj.le lì-s ',.ïu,e o-i Ììo",,r Calvcrt. l-n rener¡;.-1 , s-Lrangers sLrch ¿is Ceor¡;e Pas;s¿rnt ¿lt--lri.,[ack Coi,er";r -ì-ndulge in ,rrornj-scuj--u)r -['o:r 1,ne sensua] r¡l easLr-rc 'bilel¡ cal'I :1j-nd j-n it. üÌrosc ,u^¡ho are nore nealto ltej¡S itroihers i,he l,'lasier anr-1. Paul Jago, -for e:':ancl e, âs seen j-n Tire r'la.ste¡:s -- are

'oetf er al¡l-e to ¿.c]-.,j- cve ¿Ì ha-p1¡;r rflallrii'ic';e, 'Sonte, J i-ke lri-c aircl 1i'i¿.1::-r irea.¡"son , in ilhe li erv iden , are so c a r al:--l- e of givi ng thenssl ves that ih el¡ ¿.cL:j-eve a vibr¿lirt sexi:.a1 ::el-a1:i-orrslti-i2, one rrl-lj_ch c¿ln l:eütíìj-ll chaste cvcit ¡111'31r-¡;hor-tt their separa- .[j-on" llhe clesci.j-pij-ons 5,.':ri,gi-rres o-i i]:ej-r ]ove (i'lir'i, 6)-61+, 30 l-A2) offei: ¿rn evocaiiorr o.i ¡assj.on ancl en abjlii;¡r of cles- crirrIj,o:r 'tÌ:¿li [,ìrîc in s]lai"i¡ con'brasi ¡o the ha,L:shness of h:'-s e¡,¡"-l-j-er h¿Lncl-l-in,qs of se-r:u-i,ì"1- love. TrJhetner- thj-s is a rlatter of -l i-ter"ar"i- abj l-j-L:, i-s not bhe ci:ij.ef cuestr'-on Lrere , ,¿il¿,r.t i¡ni, ,:crliaps ii is si.¡¡üi-.ii c¿irr b i-,1:le colC., tr-nslr-cce ssful- r"e"l ati-onshins are iiesc:it:-'oed in ba:i:'e, c1-i-ni-ca-l- tcr":-ts, t,iÌtiì-e

rne Ìi oÌle c l:iot:c a--l- j-r¡ e lirc anr'-ng.frtJ- , app-rr s o{te "

--l-t i s J,ewis ','il:iose .q:,:oi'-,Ëh i-n ewareness a.nd u,nclei:- siancÌj_n:., ',,,re h¿ì.Vo ltcen s;i.r-tcÌyr'-i:ii.,, ltlrt oihcrs ioo ¿r.lte lear:r:ì-ng: Cliar-l es li¡rrcl-: i-s er,¡âlre of a sccr'-¿r.1, cor:lceun ; Ììoy Cal-r¡er'Û trcec'l.s iiunai-i f e--l l_o't¡siL-ì-p; t,ie.r'.garc-u .il-j c'c i-ea-l j-zes tite neecl foi- ?msb¿,iirr,l anC. rife io s,.i-l'e tirense]-ves ci-t-r.i-i:c-l--' to the o Sircr' ; SJLei-1a :i-l ¡'-ot sea:t:ch es .io:: Iove l¡ec¿lus e sh e linov¡s i,hat ','¡jihou.t j-t iite j-nci.jvj-cÌut¿r-l is; ilopcl ess; 't\-lbe::'c E-l j-ot lli:l o',"¡s ';ne vi-L,.ic o "i co.'r,cairi-on sh i- p , ì:ut rea-l-i z cs the rr eecl to lieec hinse-l il i-nt¡lct; l,eÌ'r¿ì Eli-ot -[i:rc']s srtisfacti-on and. her rea-L bei-ng j-r-r ¿. -l oved- one rs sl.r.ccess. Eacir o.[ these 'llut ocrso¡ls is , f or a -uitrc ) Ì,ìo ce s;i,rl:ri,er r c¿lch îrnrdr-ral-l-y 6ccor,res e b::obi¡ cr. ì1. observing iltcr,l lllcl. l:r. cnl;c¡" j ui; r-nt,O tlLej-f e;ilreri CnCCS, Le',,¡-i S llOVeS a.-l-SO i"r^ôr-r e'1-r:tn ro¡ tO brother.

But be-iore Lle can eilti L:e1-r,r 'riovc ot.r.t of the i-sol aiion oi ¡. str¿.n 11e r üo fh c; soc i-4.-ì ly-con sci-ou s ai'i ¿lrelrl ess o.f a br"oi1:er, Jre ::lu.st -l-ea::n to react to oi,irez's, not as he cl"oes 3L to his i:loblier ancl Sirei-l-a, for sLr.ch reacij on onJ--¡ na.l;es him :.-ôr-ô q1-,r.r.1 :,c j",:r -:-vJ. v .-L¡ -.n-¡. -^-î CÌOeS tO ihe GeilÍ.îíeS, fOf tlfa-u cl-oes noi, '¿alre irin fai: enou¡h f ouards b::oil¡erl:ooci" Lij-s Lleacticn to Ro-l¡ Calver,c ai:rcl Ch¿irl es I'iar-cjt j_s of a l-ess f.cecluent l,rj-ncì, , -ior su-ci-l re-la'l j oi-tsl:i,c ,:.itcl clevol:j-on cioes not ha.cocn o.ibeü io one nan, Bi,li, sr-¡-clt a i:el-¿lüionshi-p i-s neailer to i^¡Ìl¿ii is ir ecossa.rJ¡ ior comnllr-Ilj-tir " 0nl ¡r l'¡hen liersons are concernecl f o.r each otner" and a::e noi l-jnj ted in i,he j r â-,.Iéìïeness of i,Lle possi-i.tl J-i-i-,' of acl'i cvi-n.1 ,fle'l l-or..¡* j-.¿e sirj rr can ¿l.1ry e-if ect so ci-ei:-1r l¡¡ est¿rbl-i she d " Stran¡;e:r:s ¿r.re becon-ìn,::; ìtroiÌiers" ill:e individu-e.-l-' is leai:ni-nr,- to exist ir: soci-et]r. On--l--,,'as; hc -ì-carns bo ;ioi-n r.,¡j-i-h lris jle-l-lor,¡s in f orirri-ng soci ¡¡.1, un j is ¡.ncl. j-nsii-ut-tij-ons ciìn h.e taLie fhe iirst rlajor st-,ep towarcls brothe::hood-" C-.-"PT';iP. i I

liliE Il'iÐIVIÐUÄL Åiiil llIS :illlLOiifS:

TC',,''iA,?D S COi.I,'Ii ],i f T,

The n-ei:t I evel o -f hu:iran re-l-at i-onsh, i-'-rs úll:'ourÌh r.¡Ìr i cir l-..,e'r¡is ll-l-iot, noves as he ,¡l:ot;ress'e s fron str¡lnrier ûo brother i n'l .':-ar,.'t,rr_:rrS - ^-^ã .)r v(.1.',-'--:..)U Oí inrj.iVid_Ua_l-S--felatj-OnSl:-i ,rS l:et',.¡eer;1 ti:,e inclivJ-clr,ie.l- anci. irj s fa.miì.v, h j s i:.-j-orcì-s, l, j s acqr-rai-n- -tilnccs, ilic bofrr:r, the eo-l-l-e!,e. -tt is ..',¡ireil the :'-:rcl ìv:lcii-lal is facecl ,,.¡j-Lh i;he co¡lb¡.1-neci attitr.icle oí a S:ì:'oLr,rl of oú'Lier lrcool c t,lrat l.e j-s â-r',Irìre .Îor tire -ij-rr;t i-ime of the e>rj-stence

-l -ì o'î ¡er J_!^r,r¡¡ç;6¡ì- eoncern !tvr fiia.l th:l.b of one ncliyi_cir:a,-l -[or' :ìno1,]le:: "

I_,j-nked_ lriih. iiris is the d:inge.c ihai u.Lc ;l.o-Lr.D ila.y douin¿lic ,r,hi. tire incli¡¿iclural- , l¡ut s i s e.n i-nihe re nt d-i.ir 51er tirat r:u,st be f¿,iced ancj sol-ve cl-; it c anro'b sl'-r,rrl-l.r' be avoi ri eri , -[n b]:e rel ai,i-o:rsÌr-r'i:s consj-derecl in thj s clt¿nier: l,ci¡j-s -i,he second,¿lr"-r' ::oJ.e rrro l'¡,e j- ní.l.ri",tf or i:J-a.¡ls e ; in si cases s " llhe s'¿oi:-'r-es are cìL-LefJ-y aboilf oihez"s , as l,ewi-s clesc.':i-bes j-,lr i,¡o;-lri r-. o ¡ or;,i of ühese re-l-ati-onshi ¡s "

T

:'d, -L:; f r'o,,.. h j-s ,',to lhcr, ni:-ti,::e. l. l;' enolr ih, 'u: lt Lc-, l'-s trl-i"oi; l-ee.::n"; I Ëlri.Ìer ps l.,ir,s .iirsi o.î -[anii,lir rel¿rbi o;¡shi * " Ili of , cotiiirr,'; llron ¿r. f a,rij I J¡ of ele./en chj-l cl::en: a fa;:ril¡r )) oí liì-¡.;Jrer ranjl cli'.e.n irr:r' ¡u-sl):.l-rcrirs, ¡-s ,'ì'.iei:e oi tbe -Îa:lliJ--¡ Ð.s û. 1'¡ltol-c. S:¡e j s collcelilec]- -oLrtj crl]-¿1,:l )t i¡i-tÌr l:ilåj-ntal:-n* irr,1 -[he fanì1¡- t j cs, ,¡j'¿r' i"c¡rer:lbcri-lt¡,, 'iilc rr,'-lst, r¡j.lh i:e- j ci cini,; j-:r jrer l.racLtr¡-i:ot.'.:lcl-. tl l- ih,'i s I eacls to â concel.n

,for i,he l:onoi-:--,:' o-Î tl:le f¡il:'lj-ly. lecer.rs;e lic¡' f tii:er ill¡'ri-ccl i-, ¡-ì,cc, ',.iith i:ire i'esu-lii-n¡; i?i.,.,'O-_i¿ilrti-l r¡tt l..O¡re , l,irS. il-'l_j oi, 1'_* ',¡çi'¡-ì ecl- i.hat, lrer- ilArt O:i -Lo tÌ:Le Í'¿i',lj -l-J¡ l'real¡ll ':¿rs jleen ¡;i-ven i'r,c:,:ìler':; o-l i;hc o'Lhe::,

\¡oi'lÌ.r.,?:er:, 1r.ili.::.lj-; lt So sl-.e cl.ocl; her llest i,o ilL.tt, bhe ¡ia.t,cer -¡:¡- j-_l_:,¡' I ¿trì \/i_nr-rl L¡.ut- r,.;^ ',Lii i-o iirone..¡ f o.r Lei¡i.s s ecl-uca';i-on fro:ii - , - oi¡tal'-n j,j-s -^,trll'L-, ',!t , a nierrbci: of thc othei: i¡,ti.rj--l .,', :,-t <,ì ,l::::'cl--;' iO siiov¡ oÍf -lhc son of i,¡iion she i s ,so lroucì" illlb slne h¡is e.vlo []ler: Ì-easor:r.: i:cr t?d.eec j-:rslj-:¡ci:Lve l-o1r¿',-1-¡-res11 ior her ila::,:i l--1r ciei:i¿Lnc]- '¿h¿rb sjlc rcstoi:e the i:-r-i,iìl--;¡1s so-l i ci:lL'':it't¡ r th¿rb nonc oÍ' ;1.:cl;i llclj_e r_rj1,.eco,rcil ccltt (.1.r, -i?,) . So J,ci¡j-s zi.sit,s bhe al:r,.1,, -.ilto :'Ln het' i'¡i-1-L ,l-ea.vcs ili:.1 illree huirdieci pouL:icls.

j,,i:s. El j of I s a-i:i:itu-cr.e '¿o',¡arr-is hcr -l;t.'ij -ìl' j- s lot o.s col':ltlt-rl s-ì ve as itc:: ic':r-:d .ior' lier son, I'et it, is st::ong enolrjih'¿o j-nr-i-'r-cai,c ilrc l,,j-:t'ci of posscssj-r¡cllcss Lll¿Lb coul-d a::i-sc i,¡i-tllin a Ρ.tri-l ,. if'.i-c'-t is c-l-oser-i':¡ii-t thaiL ii::s. Elic,cls: l,'hose ir:etiberS iìz-e noi; sclarai,ccl Lr-¡ lte-ì_nq Ll:e chi_Ld::cn of ci-:iff ez-'c¡r'i, l,totlLe::'s :¡..rcl, b-r' sone of illc ch-r-l i-l::.ln ;italr-rlri-i1..; i-nto anoiÌ:er cl ¡¡.ss, Lel'Ii-s 1s j',i;-nt Za fee-l s su,.Î-i'i-c j-ellt-l'¡ 'councl by 3):' j-ri far-ili l-;i lo;r:Ll ilr ¡6 -'l ear¡e ir the iiloneJ¡, ì:rui, slre C. oes rrot 'L j.Îe feel abl-e as c. .iesu.l t o r-ljreci; ìiis l- ' Tire fai,iil], as si-rcir cioes no''¿ reqi-riL:e T,e,,./i,s 'to srrrencie.,: ir:'-irsel-i 'l îilj-s I riiilerr i-s s".'rit-,a.1:l-e i, o I-,e'¡i-s s t-l¿.-tLtl-e " Jie 'loes to Lo,rrlotr , h e LreCOnes i-nvO-1-ved i;:lOse i:¿L',,re i-,o -iaCe hoi,¡e,re,r", ""¡iiil ','¡Jlo ,co ¿r fa,irt:11-11 re-ì-atio:rshio -rii'tici: ì:hreei,ers D::event Lilet¡l f::on leacìirr¡¡ a useíul, -r'eriiai:cIi-ng h f e"

II ifire Consci-cnce o-Î -ûhe ll.i ch r,s bLle s'üol:t'¡ of -uhe iia.i:cile s: ¿i -';..e ¿r-l tlrr-,¡ Ârrl,l-l o-ie."';-i-sir ilal'li--li. in l-otlcl,on - It i-s l,¡i- bh CÌl¿l:r:l e s iii¡,r.icÌt ih¡.t ,r,e',,,ii-s i-s íi rst coilc ertred, ìlt:.i- he soon t,lee'ts ollier nell'oers oí -t,lre f u'ni-l.,r anc-'l :'-9 .qr:icir.ra-lI ir

'¿ire ¿¡-Í.ia:Li's of a--l I Uhe lr.iarClr Ì-r.Ìlcl-eS ,.'t.u-:rtS, o.bso::l¡ecl i-n ' 2 eûcj- c oltsIi:ì s .

1 F¡riltj-cu-l-,L,r"l-r'' rnrÍth. ; Leor-'r ¡,ìT-cr, l,la-rl ch, Ch;..:r:l- es s j-n 'úÌr fatl er , tLre possess lver:ess s e en e i'iai: cÌr ,î¿rini l-l¡ :l s 'i -l-LL;e -r"lne.t of ilrii:s. El-i-c-r''c foi" Lei'¡i-s' il'l: eL: e s the .ldcl ecl, clinensi-on of th,e tf ossessi-veness oi tÌ', e f ¿i,,ij. l-)¡ ove:: oÌr e o-i

I ''llj-s fai,hcr" 1s si-ster, iiill -;r R:-ciclin¡;ton, tri es for 1s j ¿l tj ne ùo ¡,r-ri-cle i-ewj-s -l- .ie, br,;"'b he Llol ds her off. 2- "In ihe il-i-rst cha.¡rier 1,ie r,¡ol:'e concer-ned- t'¡ith ihe j_onSlt j- r"e la b -r_l-. l:e t.,tec1 Chai:_'l-e S ¿r.ncl- l-e,,.,1'- S i nOi,l [ i- s Ch ¿Lrl- es a.ncì Ìti s fa.ni--ì-1,r that ere oi- i-t:',iloi:'La:r ce , ¿=l s -Le'Lri-s t¿¡-l

ìrr.-i-t in ii:tporta.ni; rleSS, ihc f ai.l-i--ì-y a ooCa.lts L:'ol es " Cl'l¿li:l-es i-s a.crrLel-','a-,.rere o,i liis Jei.r-i-sllness anc'i i_n- j-t. j-n i:l'-l¡iieci b1l I-,e'"rj-sj, Ìr-r-s earl-j-est &ccr,L.,iii-âiance ',.¡ith Ìli-i:r, câ11 I ca.rn noth:'-n¡,; oí Cila,i"le s I s -ia;,ii-l_y c.itri, hore; ìre rlocs i.ro"i; even reå.]--i zc Citarles is Jerrisir. Then tltar"l es r¡u.CcÌeir l ,¡ i:rvi-tes liiiri io tl:e iia.rcil h oile : At l-ast he aslled l1e"-" " , i:e spoke j-n a ione cij-iliercrr'c f i:oirr ân1r T jraLr lÌe.t:Ì:'ci h:'-n r-ise: not ,cÌroL:,gh cÌ-Lif j-c.lerli or: :tn.: j olrs, ì;i,r.-t colci, a- s ¡ìn!lt'jr ,crre.b -ì- wa.s ¡rre¡"e 'i,o re cei'-ve ihe iirr¡i-tail_oi'¡, rlI 1.,¡on.cìei- if .,rorr r.,'ou"lcÌ cere fo di-r.ie at rr]¡ f'aih ei: I s il oi;.s e n er',t -,'.reei{ ? ri I I ooked ab i::li:r, ilei-ihe. of l¡s spoke f o:: a r.,tol:ite.iìt, .L'hen lle sa j-d : lrft irri-.1hì, j-r.'¡te¡"est r,¡or,r, io see ii:e i-n si.c"le o f a J er,'¡isi-r -la.:ri-lir. tt (cl!, L3)

Ti:e chairier closes -,,"Jr-tÌi these -,,'¡o::cls; .I-,e',.ri-s cl-ocs noi; cl-is- cuss illi-s iic'i'I rc¡.rG-l-¡'t'¿ion i¡i-t,lr Cira.:r-l-es Lrnii-l a.-ii,e:: ire has seen ihe i'ia.rch fa::,,;i1.;. for hi-üise-1f .

;\l ihe iioLr.se, Lewis ireeis Chai"lesrs si-si;er Katìrei:ine , and i.l¡eir fa.tncr, Leonai:'iL, ?1.|''r. L.,tJ ¿ls he is ca-J-l-ecì- l¡r¡ iris f ilnil-y. te is a lrarrDt¡, vi-ial r:lan, -îu-l-l o-i stori-es ancl

cì'\ f- -.'il¿it. j-rcrU '¿Ci'l,tS îti.Or,el r? [ Õ') I r-¡ossesi:re|ì/UL)JUrJ:j\/ut ov: LCt.¡-ilJçi.'-.-!) S U\,.1 i'('J \/\/U-^I fCC''1-lI UVCIII- \ jrr-, --U,/ t iii s cl:ief AíÌLr,seneirt i-s to recoi-r.nL s-i::eel,.-of -consciou-sness s'¿o:'i es oi hr-s r)asi, i-n lirich iri s )at:tae faürii-;r of irela.ii-ves fj-.,'"tre ':.,-oi,tj-nen tÌ:t¡ " itlr: . iia.i"cl', :'-s verr,: t.1,.:-c11. a',.¡a,tce o-Î t]l e -îr-:ì rr q,¡¡ì -!ç!- .r-r-./l J-i Í'-J\J ui'--a.trfi'l-i LiLi-r- u!.,-:n' .r,- decnll,- dciroied io j-i, aecl cl eter- 36

r-ri-ned. tc l.,eei: l:lis chi-l cl-ren i'ri-L,ir,in it anci i:nc.ler: i-ts auiho:ri-ty''''--'' -- -J ancì. traclii,ions" llhrs concern j-s seen ttherr llÍr', i,¡rrch ins j-sts on üar-he¡:i.re r s ,1oi;-r,l; i o '¡¡irat Le."¡-i s clesc.l¡.'-i:es as one of bhe.ccgt.llar d.a.nces ¿ìr-r-alîecl -io:: tlle -;'ç¡r.nc iten anr,ì ¡;-i ::ls of Jewisil soc-i et.,r in Lonc.i,otl; a rrle¿lns, as i'h-, li¿Li'ch accerr';eci. 1,.'i- bh ir.is l-tsLr,al r"ci,,-l-i-s:^4, o-i r, 'aa .--:,rìÍ-r1r ,¡j i,l: j-it íltc j-r r)roi)el' ,rel :rj:. "l^e:::t oif ci-r c-l- e ,

( tjlì, 23) .

I(at,i:rer-in c refi; s e s i;o ,qo; l-iiic Chai:-l-es, she i. s re'belling agar'-ns-¿ havi-rr.r, io si;a-¡r.,,d--tirj-n t:lacl-ibio:i¿il bou-nrj-arj-es ¡rnci

','-n<.1-e:r: thc ;;li d-ance of air ar-r-ûhoril¡-i:i-ve Í'a.irr-r-1y-. i'ir " i-'la.rchr s ,l',l-r¿:t ¡:e¿.cii-or¡ is bo i-rr si-st-, evolr lnore slte ilìo: 11T 1r Ì1ot '.li'ê.qsii'rø r¡or - :j;rcc¡ii tì:at il:lero are cerfej-n acij ons T

c.l-ar-rliÌ-",iet' r 1? (Ci, r"ec¡tr,i-::c of :tt.,r o o " 23) " 'l'l:re resentirlent of Clia.L:l es aird líatllet'i-ire to-u',¡a;lils i.r.-^'i -i'.,.,,i I 1s lrilu-L! - Lcirl:J--LJ -, crf_fleC,Cs LeivlS rte_l_¡.Lj OnS lr¡j_i;it tì:¡.eri-i:

I hacl a-l-z"eao1r¡ seer bhe neeìni-n¡1 r'ihich bcin'1 .Tet'is hac-L for botjr Crh¡,trl cs encl- Iia.iherj.i:le, '.1'hcr¡ hiLd no'ù spoken of l'-c" I d¡.recÌ noi; j¡nrt tìren b¡r sayj-n* n r,iord. I cou-l-cl iro'c f orgei Ci:al-l-es 1s i-n-¡jtaì,ion No rsee the in-sicle of a Jer¡i sh fa.i.til-¡rt nor ü¡r'cheriners f,ace as i,l-ie,, qr:-a::re_l l_ecl abou.[ the d¿ince"

(ç¡, 2sì) Soon a-iie¡'thj-s, Chai:l-esrs fjr:s-u cilse, i-n ,,¡ì::'-ch he is r: ur..rvvvuu:..

Thi.s he .flee-l-s i-s noi ,qood e,:toi-r.îl:. Iile sees (CR, /r0) tha..i h e r'¡i,l-l- l-'',e set i-n a J ewi-sh i'lol-cr,, i;Ìrat he ¡¡il-l even,ci:al1-1,' 37 be u-n¿lble i o escaDe -îrolt tire ,¡ior-l-cÌ of ie';¡s " llecause of hj-s lrsoc j-¿ii ¡'.r-ril-'i,rT ¡rncl- lhis irsj-cLi conscj-enceÌr (CE, I I li-),

Ìre giv e s lin iÌr e ,la,,r ,

I Á c ornbi-naii on o-î iLrf u.en ces--reci ¿r-l- , cr-r-1-iur-ail , ¿.:rd. :1¿i.;ri 1:'--a.::e ¿Lt r".¡ork i ir CharJ-es, bllt the¡r ¿..¡6 all -in focl:ssecÌ thc iaiiljr--l_-'.¡. _1_1r is tlic larlr'__lJ¡ ';¡ilo strj_ve liost to l.ral

1 j-eve j-t 1r d.a-y". " . . In ar.iilr case , ì- CLon ì; be l- å ','.¡ord of (Cii, )t2), -n:.i a .îar,rj.J--7 di.nlier, Cl:air-l-cs faces the conbinecl -L'¡rô.th 'bi.ti o f hl'- s :r elat j-ves , ?he1r ¿¡ç cij s btri:be cl cì. eenj-;r, i-t j-s ij:r. Iiia::clL I.,Illo e,'(presse s i;hej i: ,ieel-i-n¡;s:

1ÍI ai,r not l,¡::ejr¿irecl i,o t,o-Lerate r¡oi-rr aftj-ilLcl-e th ¿lt )¡ou- c ¡'irr clr- s so c j- ¡1'[, s -16¡r rsel i Íron iile in ¡.]-l- J¡oL1r concerns. Even j-f I slr.rvi.¿e crj-i,ici-sin frorrr -bl:le f¡.iliI-r. on Jrou"r a-ccount, that :l-sn 1i; to ad¡riit -r,ha-'L y'o't.r- l -[ ve se ilara-Led )'or.rrsel.f ii:orn lrle o o

), I a'j) cl 1- \ ''( \ u.r.L, /Jt) ) o j- 'llo 1

I,l.i-¡..j,ersi,Ancì:'-ni; a-ircl, Sy-npatit-:r are CoÌlCerrtec.l,. '.lO a,C,cl- to I'rr' j',i¡:.rcn I s clespa.l'-L: , ii¿ii,re:i::Lne l:ia.rri es Francj s tlet-l :i-f ie, a' j-s Genij-l-e " i{oi,t h:'-s cìespai-r o-Î a cliff ei'eni n¿itr-r-i:e , oo [i¡e -]-evcl-, âs l-,er','i-íi sia')rs, of ltsel-f -reslir:ct ancì hi-s el'-- tei"ir¡il- -[ace i,o b]re ivorlcilr ('31Ì, 153). Once Cir¿rrl,es i-s r'it¡'ir::i ec.i and- se'i,tl eci -r-n hi s ä:ecli-ca-l- cÐ.reet:, hi-s rel-ati-ons 'rri-ûh hl'-s fabhc.r: tal'ie on íì coi:cì.ial ì-t¡r l,'.¡hich I asts i;irbil a ne-,'¡ c::j-si s ari-ses, one j-n r"¡nicl:l

CltaL:l es I s actj-ol-rs ilar¡e ¡,1 clj-r'ec.¿ efÍe c'c on ihe heacL oí tÌre fa,rrri-l-ir, Si-r' Ph j-lt'- ,r i'rel:: cll, a cer'--l j-anentar-,' secre'uarJ,'.

2, ),.!\ Ci.eSCill- -'Cft l-n Cirai: l,er -l .

'j'l'he s¿Liite tire:irc recLlrs uh.eir Ch¿:rr'l-es l:larri-es (Ci', 1.2[i) 39 Cliar-l-cs t s i.n-ile, r::r-11 Siritoi-i, 1r-Ìle iic.r: hnsìtancJ , f eel s []rai, shc i-s ¿h':: vi-ci:'-n o.î her: -l:triill¡t s r¡iea--l,tl-i ¡,¡riì Jet.¡i-sl¡- -i.il-:i11l,s itess " j-n hc:: revo-1.i, r she '¿o ¿he lro-i- j't-,:'-ca.-l lef b a,ncl- rn the coLr-r.se o.'i lreL: acti-v-i-t:'-es, -tj-ncl.s r¡-¡j clence of rrolj'cicaI i'ri-scleeds L^¡ir:r-cÌr coli-l-c-l ::i-iin S-Lr irir:i-l-i pl s ca.roer:. ile::bci:t

GeüJ-ì:iie, l,ei,'¡j-s I s i:ta.s r,er a'¿ r, l:e -ì¿,.r: l:,ts itt orlc '¿j-i:le been i n a rrosi-'cron io L:nc',¡ o-[ gor,, e::iri:ie:ri ,r-]-ans ,co r:l¿Lce certai-n

I contracts. Sci¡ei:¿L-l- ';eo,l1c , inc.'ì ucì,:r-nr Get-1.-l-:fl-ie s re-l-:r-i,irr€s r 'bl. ii¿,ive 1r6¡1n,ht s:la::cs i,r ';hc conlran:,' l;cleíi t';inr i'"e coll-

'l;r¿r.cts, ;\r;-roní; sone ju"iri or" itini stei:s j nc-l-ud eci is S-L::' jri: j--l -i-l

l U--r Ull a ,\n:r i:¿Ls ¡aiìtcrccl- l.cc j-nior":-¡¡r.i:,-i-on -,"¡liil-e i¡orkinr: :-'ar l:uirniirc¡r 3el,licu::, ccìi-i,cr o-i i;i-le iJoIe, e -]-ef¡-r'¡j-n,q ne,.'JS- llaper -,¡¡i:i-ch del l,¡;ì',"s j.r:t nr-tltl-j.shitr.o; sr,tci: -i-¡l-iori'ri¡:bj-on to cJ.:i.sci'er.ij i anc:l hr.ress i.i,s l,c-l-j-t j-ca-l- oopoirelris. She ha.s tli-inec]- u.-o 'bÌr.e :ì::f o.r¡nat-,i on al;or; S¡-i: Pl:i-l'-:i i: r-n tr"f i ¡" 'o crba::r¿rss oi!ers" Ìlior.¡ she i-s tile o:rl-;r onc irìro c¿ln oreve;rt tÌie n'.¡'bl i sl-r i:rz o-l 'lhe i-n io.rlla,¿-r-on. Si-r Phil:i.ir ce.::lnoi bel-ier¡e tir.at Ch,ai:les i,¡i--ll not ¡rahc ti:rn repr:ess tlle

-1"'^-1^a--''r'ì!;^:' rJJ- --:l-LUJ l:i(-:t/:Uf I t ti-ulrerV-: ç! ou-ttJU.U ofV-- re¡.'ri'rìI U-.\i'- !i .'-vllci'ilre ui i fa--rl-ti--l-¡,¡ ol: ou.t

j- j-s o-i a sl rJr:rs e o-i cj ut;; io i: s .ir.th c:: " ,!e rîo::e the is sue se ti,.l-eci., /llìr is s-b,:j cl:,ol*^i i'¡j [], ¡lrei:-i,:on j.ii., i:r,:l- -l-eaves i,he ,;r-ii'r CeCisì_on io CltAll_es " iic 3.i;:ì,ir-c ;lte i_irte ¡_t":i- i:,1,. of h: s or'¡r it¿-Lrrîi-i,1.".e t'r-i ,l-l .ìio¡ let l:ri lrt cl-o !,rirat iri-s -iaihe::: r.,i-ì-sh.e s, l:ui liai.her-inc sees iÌre :r:e al- iîee-sons: LiO

î1116¡¡ t yç novcr io::'¡;i -¿9¡ ]iir. L. lo:r bei-ng i-n lror¡iclr over )¡ol-r-" IonÌr.¡e nevel: îor¡;i-ven hj-i:l f o¡: tr^¡¡i-ns ¿rbso-l-tr¡el--;- io s'üop l¡oi,ri: illür'i:j-i:.¡ie . incì lle i.'ias -,'i ''lii " ¡ii-nce r,.¡oLr- lla::::-i-ecl. 'i;lt-is r¡rofitâr1 .)¡olr-lr.re never ca.red- foi: i-,lre .¡"e st o-f r-ls. -{c'.1 r'/e beerl ¡"e¿.ci-,¡ to cìes'troy 1? eVç;Lî-i¡ihi_n¡r :_::i i-,jtc far,'il'-l l¡ i:eCÐ.l,tSe Oi i'relt "

( cR, 30,3 )

-l-ì: iLs ¡:,oì;-i,'ìau Cl:t¡.::l-cs is lril3,-'',13-1'c cf blle c,l airls o-[ h-i s fa.l;ti--l-r¡ ove:ì: i:iiit, nor tha-i. lrc i-s u-llconce,::nec.L a'iloltt tìrei:r. jie ial lll; e¿r::-Li. er '¡j-f h l-c-.'v-'rs ¿l¡6r.r-t Il j-o't r s l-ack of 11j-ncol'i,:¿:laÌrl¡r i.j-es, si:ea1';ittt -l ol¡,;-iil,",J 1i ¡j¡' llj s ¡:;i:e:li;e:: tr'-r-va.cir"Tr. o-i '¡Ì.le .i¡,:ci []lab -r'¡l ¡¡.i Lcl'¡:.s cloes ¿ìffec'{,s no one jirsol-f j-s bu.i ì:, (Cll., f l-9 ) " i:Te ¡'i-l,so eiìl,er uo ::t¿rj.n'¿¿,j:r fogct -'cie, i'e-l-¿,Lbi-o11s -i,ri-'r,lt hi-s f ¡.tl^Le:i:. jir.r-i: Cl',¿r-l-es ila'r,s ¡.inoLhe:: t,lla.t i¡,r-tÌr lrj-s r;-l -['e, a.nd- so ]re rej ects Úir¡.b s:l-¿.itrt oi the f e-i:l'-_ì .¡, ]..i:'-s re p] .;r i-s ,ij-n¡i] : lre i-^Lot S-uoll 'clre "'ii,-l--l- 'll;ll.l-:'-- ca,ci-on o.i '¿he info:rrnati on " 'tlh.e ner'¡s j-s pul¡-ì-:Lsl:rei:i, ih e sca.ncl-al -i s :i:eveal-ed,, ¿tncl

Sj r irh¡1-l j p -i rs :i:ertoved- ii:ci"'i h'i s pos-'i i,ion ' i(¿rtlre::j-ne e.ncl h.er Ì:u,sÌranc], ¡'efu-se io ltcet iinir, anr"l ii::. i:,¡.:i:ch ÐreÕ¿?.res -uo l-ive cs'br"r.l¡;ed .i:toir, hj-s son ' Clr¿l.i"l es, irl hj-s rcvolt al;ains;'b ''cl:re Dossess-1,ven.ess clf l:-i-s -i¡';:ler", -r,alles a ha.rslrer cor.r-ltse i:h¿rn necoss{l.r-)¡; ì:e Icts ll'ì s rilarrj-âr,':Ê both shu-t liii'n o-i-f -îroi:i h-r-s f¡üi-l-;r a.nC- sevc.re--l-)r l.u::t ii;. rie il¿Ls rejectecl ân1r çl-ai,:¡ o-1 i,he -iairtj-l i,' bo conl,:ro-ì- an incl j r¡i clt-r-al ¡len'iber-. i-ic asse::'ús i,he rL-:-ÌrI o-î ijie j-nr-Ìjvrch-r¡r-l- to rejeci: noì; on]-v the -îLiri-l-r,' ir¿lcì-i-'ci,on : l;r.r'i; al-so hi-s re sponsi]¡i-l-rl,',' i,otvards L,1,

.his faililr¡ i.:l ci-'i,i'¡ei: tlrea.i;ens ììi s .i-nteq¡'i'tl¡"

Ju-si a s Lc-,.¡i- s ile,l 'c i-b ,:lecessa.il-r.¡ iO rlr:O-beC-b ili-ilsel-:f fL:orir li-'r-s ::-loiiter"r s iìe,,lancls, so Charlcs re; ects l:j'.s -iather j-n r ancì iÌre Í'a.i'rj-ll¡ he r.¡ nr:esr:nLs. -Br-r-i CÌre:r:-l-es s câse , l'P "

S ilh OueS- Sr'iOr:¡ ll¿,ÌS e t.rter"ed A neil el:ee of ltu:irau ::e-l-¡'i.i;r,-On " e ,;j I j-oits ,,'.rj-i,li i: orr j_s l:ro _1 on¡;er a. t¡e.c sorl s t-r:-l e.i; One o'il:'e person--iit¿lt h,as been esi¿il¡l-isÌrecl a.s i l-'i:;is of soci-ci¡r--

'rrr-ri tL:e ::e-l-¿..:.i,i-onsLl j-i: o-i i,ire ,i,:: d,:-vi d-rra.'l- i,o a J-a::qer i;ai:t

Of Soci-oi-¡. iiaS iiic :C¡.-.i:-i -lj¡, AS a .îl:oll,rl, â-'¡--l¡ C,l-a:'-lrr tO the j-nc]ivl j cli-¡.e ci-,-ion o,[ ân dr,r.:tl-Ts -1, fe? llavc -fai-¡j--1-r¡ [r¿-',cij-tj-on

¡,lnd l¡oi-'r.or-r-i: a c1-r.tt;i -r,o be tr¿ti-c'l 'újlei:;l? Ch¿lrle s rle¡]ects 1;oi,h nossj-ìri I i[i-es, l';ub t]rai j-:,; r-loi, S:ro'¡¡1s ållls-rrlell " ;\s f,e','d-s j:l-l :'Lo'¿ i¡atcllc:; '';l::e strliìg:Le t'¡j" l;hi-n bl-'e j'iarcll falrl-l-l¡, ¿ìs i.re r:io\¡eS jn'i.;O ¡1 .,.,r3¡l C-l ','Ilief e nelt af e j:L:Oi;l:erS, Oltt O.f C j-rO i Ce

Or il eCeSSii;-;r, Ìle SeeS ';h¿'Lt llla.n, bra¡i-C ¡.rrcl A.-1.Olle, nU-St' j-eì; j-es, oL:¡;eL¡i .zc lii-nse-l-f j-nto iîllo1r-l'lfl, j-ni,o s:lla.l-.l,er soc 'oe-iore j lte Ci:r,til o\¡ercone iris isol-å-r,j-on e:rt re-i-1,'. Cer'caj-nl-y Cl:la.r-l-es ì:a,s tite r:i.gì:ti i;o -Îo1l or.¡ h j s col:rsci"ence; certainl,). iril-. j,:a.i:cÌr c¿i:rnoi eilpect t,o r-el¡,ij n al¡so-]-u.ie colrtro-'l- oveil Ül'a.i:l es r s jso1,abj-on; jnCj-- -lj-le . lle-;cr"[ìlel ess, no i,-',an e :i-ì-sls jn an yi-clr,ral i,s in:i-l-r.rcncec'[ ll'¡ ]li-s.i¿:.r:rii-1,"¡:ind. oL'IeS scme-Lhinl:1;o j j-r,, 'llhe f ep j-l ¡r ,tl'ov j-c.l-es tllc llj--'l-:-eu -i'o:: rr s lipbi:-inil-'r-i:r¡1; j -, of f ers enCOLiragei'leilt , si-lllllolli, ¡-incJ l-or¡e; j-t j-s å.n eSSen-

'ci¿L-Ì '2a.r:t of iri s .l j-f e arrr.i Íor tl:r¡t í'cÐ.Sot cl-er:¡lncl-s iÌlat he

4f '--" u"oi f tn,1".,e r. Lv2 'to col¡Cern lrii.rse-l-.i i.i jii¡ j-t, :lnil , sor''ie e :,.ten-r, a-'- -l ea si;, 'r-re suìrjeci, bo j- ¿s ¡radr-ì,r'-ons a"r,cri ¡lr-'.fh ot:j-L-'i '

'lüti,ii Cir¿¡-i: -l e S -l acllS -'r-tt I Or¡af.t-r¡ ¿lnCi Co jlc ern CAn ire seen :'-rr ii::. ì.:¿l::cl:1s ai.tjbude t<-r Ânnts jl]-ness" She i-s balien i-:l-:l- -Ln ltl'-s l:rollse a-ncÌ i-,.eca,-r.se o-i ihe ciian¡';er o-i i::',.orri-n!, hci", i.:'. i.i¿r.rcit j-nsists she :re:,iålj-n 'i,i:c::e. l*r¡ cl-oj-r¡rì so he r'-s n:i:¡iectin¡¡ Ìd- s -¡¡oi:st .e nelllY, ';ìre l-rcrsoir r'¡L:o ül-'treai:e ns iir e r'¡eil -ìlci-ng o'Î lri:; enti'l"o farli-j-y' Anci a''lihor'iqh l-re ,.'¡j-slies i;lra'r, slie t'¡oi:.]-r-l cij e ¿l;lc'ì- i,hereì:-f itvo-Lci ¿r' 5 s¿-r¡ j''al , Ìre

Lri ;:es tll<,: best cloc tor"s aircl ri,ocs ilo f e i,lra:r his cìr.-r-ti' toitarcl,s -'ti il'c:r " !ie -r':eco¡:ni- zes; blle cl-ai-rit c'i f.ilni"'l i'iha'::l- es neLÎuses to rio s o.

l l--1-

îhc i:el.¿ltj-onsi:ip lteti'¡eeÌt a.n -ì-ncl,-i-.¡iclr-t¿r-l- anci- li:'-s

,îe-Ì-l oi.¡s ot¡ce tìee-¡r n¿,Lr¡e vo-l-uLrt¿.iri-Ìrr l¡arrd.eC" tlletrlse-lves t-,o- r.,ctÌre:l:^s e;i¿u,-r:''irecl r-¡¡ ì:he storl¡ oi üeor:ge Fa.ss¡-nt a.nd l:i-s T?grouc"lf o-l',.¡lli-ch Le",'¡j-s E--l-joi j-s a t:ten'i-.er for a t-i.ire' This sior--i,- j-s i,ol-cl e.t len¡:th :Ì-:r S'ur¿ln,r'',ers and- 1," and

-i lrrj-ef I )¡ in llj-ire o_.i ltg-pe " icorge Ð.llf oJ.rrs i:n ¿\. -l ess nnortarr-r. ::ol c i-n i:ioneco:iL¡'-n¿,',s and- i-s a.-l-lLrcìecl i,o i-n l|he L-L¡rìlt e.n-C- bhe п:::k ¿:.rtci ii'lre Tri¿Lstei:s ' -i Ge o:r¡¡e Pe.ssani; s a ilatj-ve oiÎ -l,et,¡j-srs Jlolile toi'm, a soiici-i;or i,¡ho -t-s ¿L ¡,ic¡rlter- o-l ;ìd.en ¡:ld iiiar [i-:reau, ti-r.e toi'.rr r s irrorsi :rerr'-ltable I iì.ii "ii-.rn, and, a- ieacilei- o.i ni-:;ìri i_v3 j-bcr'áìl cla sses :-n I ai,¡ a.t lh e -l ocal i, echni c¿il- col--l- oi;,e . .;l -l- r

Geol:ge ir¡.s s een 'r,Lt e ,'lee cl .io:: e ir ccr;-r"a.¡,i-nii the "',¡ol.:1n3, ire oo1.e i r'i i;ilej i: r:i,j:'-ce.,1 , l¡oi;"th-Îi:l vj-etvs, :Lr:cÌ so i.i¡.s es,uai¡-l- j-sheci â. i;l:Ll-rp, -1,¡iiLr ]l j-irlse -Lf as cen'¿re " Con,:l e'L e f r¡;nl;::ess is

-in ¿r.l jiles, j-n i tïLej-l:ì-i;¡-ii-necl- Ihe i];r:cir.p ai I '- llotll is 1-i.Ilttei: lrlor:ten bs ilncÌ i--¡s ilo.re se,':i-ottl; " 'jlo Geor¡,e P¡=Ìssan;, i,iic-:3;jioup is tj.le nost effecüive

¿lslrec'; o-l i¡-r.s e:i'ì stence. rn lt j s cei.co., in llj-s re-l ;.Ltj-ons i.;-r-i,,: ij.e ocolle oÍ l:he-Loiin, eveil j-ir lljs t,ca.ch-ii:¡, Ì-rc fecls lior.;.ncl ¿ircl, -î-:lhi-bi-i; ecl bl¡ c on.re li,i- o::: , ll cir i; f::olll per-[orliii-l¡,

.ie¿l-ll -\¡ r..r-:ie-iu-l- s err¡j ces. Ile i,¡:ri-¡e s :in ÌlLi-s ci-i-¡,rr,¡ of Ì:-i s ir o ,'res :ior i;lr e l)l1ol,r D : Å:rcì',¡lrat else -'l-i-es irr lrll¡ Ðol.¡ci"s? illrc gi-ft o-[ 'Des-r,o.'.'er:1. cre a-bi.on, i'iol:sc -'l-t.l-c]:l nci olr Ile: e;:-ce ,ct, , "rráì-s ,co -1- cì¿rile sof,lcii:::tcs ulti ni. r i.r¡ i;he clla¡ce lieJ o ralr j- j- j- lr o i-,5 r:,€ s, b c s cì c s ¡.","i--r oit ¿j. l l'bh e ¿L ri, s 1, c ina,st er - lrie ces o-l -f l-',e :,'o::l-cl- íiee i,l l-j-lie bl cocil ess ¿.2't j-fj-c es of :rre -i¡ r,.iho l:t"."'e ne vcr cli-s co,¡er-ecl l'¡l:¿:.I i-t i-s to li-ve . I i,rt.:-r;-r, con c ci-¡'r,:i:;l-[c on bhe 1j '¿i;lc i'¡or]-ci: f slr¡¿l-l- noi, .!;elr estecii, ettcertL the esieeLil i.¡hj-ch --ll v¡;-ll¡-c iÌoí'e 1;h¿-r.r anli pi-rbJ-:'-c ni.ai- se ; I sha.1--'l- ,?le-¡ n o -i¿tr.ic , e;:cc¡:i sotic g:rai j- tl-r-cr,e ,,'¡hj- ch r¡r.l -ì- soon b e -ior"¡'ot'c e:r; -ì: sira.l l flet no Ðo,,Ìer at a-lL i sha-l,l eir,loi'r ever\¡ i_¡rct:tten't Of Cver-,t C1¿..f , lìt:.CJ- -f- ;;h¿l-"1--'l- ,t:;a,-'i-ri rllr oi;TL SOii-l- * (sÞ, ,72) Geor¡,e he.s e n¡::ij cul ¡lr j-nterest j,n Lei,n'-s: lie -û¡.Lres j-ni j-núo 1s 'ti:.to.is I ll the ,ç,::or-r.n f e-'l -1.-61."511-ri ir, ìriil r oans l:i-n tronei', ¡,inct ircl l-.s Ì: ji:t corne oui oJl his isol-¿,Li:-i on,

.,:inobi:er ¡:,ienj:er o-i thc írìÌ'or.-r-,c, .Iarcll 0oicr-¡r, ì.t:::-ngs a"bou-t George t s C,ol"nf¡.1--ì- and. thc col.-l-aose o-[ [Ìte ,ilroL1t" George Ì_iLr is i:¿tr"t j-cr-,1-arl-J¡ cievc¡tecl '[o ,Jac]:-, JteJ oi-l-tfr l¡ j,¡r rr¡hen he I oscs ilj-s .joj-. ¡ncl j-s thci:'e.Îo.¡c t:nal:-l-e to rÎ-i-ljsh l",js; t::¿".inj-ni: e.N ,¡lie scl:col-, leca:ì,rr,sc o-i i^'j-s ¿l-z'.p,uillen't jrr. .Jaclll s beila-ìf be-flo::e -i-,he rioai"cl o-il trciuLcati orr ( S¡, Ch¡, oi cz' 5) , Geor"ge esri¿ll¡li-siles iLj-s r-eÐt:L¿'iLj-on j-ir the 31,-oS o.i i,nel conseiîv¿ì- i,j-ve ¡o:¡'islrcople ¿;.s il-rc Ì-,'1o1"¿.1-l--"1--r¡ a.ncl 1-,r'¿iCLj-bj.onû.-Lllt --i-r"res- pon,..;ii,,l e I e¿¡-ci-e:: of í,:. r'lcÌical , ,iree-tiri-niii-il,1., J.,oose-l-irri.n¡,

íiroLlit gf ',¡g¡r1i-o- !coPl e " j:l¿,:tc Ci:',:aci-r.L¿i--ll .)¡, Jacll coírcs io cl.ol: Oeor':le " ca'risi-n,q lt:j-:,:t to i.Ìo cr.i;l,t-t-n st irrs rrl:r-ilcin-'l-es l¡r¡ clrai'ii-¡¡'; Ìl:l-n :l-nto bi.rsj-ness ve¡l'¿r-r-:.'cs bha-ü ¿r.Íer j-f -io'¡ c,Ìi shonest, åì-t --l-eas;t

Si1Spj C'i Or.lS,l-..,. i..r,r:Cì,e::llenc.ÌeCj , ,n-i-::st, [ì'eor':;e r;i 'res JaC],', ÍlOnel.¡ -ior. C)nc br'rs-t-itess I i:r:t JacL; is Sootr i-::r iei:1, ¿l.ilr-i" iìeo::3;e iras i;o rescr.r-e h-i-üt, .i'Ìrel Jacli acl-;:,:iì,s-üllal, he i':as d.ecei-ved,

Cleo,:ge i rr bire r"l¿-ll,tcr of the scl:',oo'l i-'r.rlcl, tit¿it Lle jlaci- lleerl ( cie al-t .:i:i-th lto:Íe .ii,ii,rl j¡ th¿r,i:r il e it ¡lcl -1.1-.rst r¡ad.e o'ir-t SB, . Ciranber l-z) " ]-n s:i-t r: of i-,his, tleor,q'e con.[inues i-n i'-i-s

-u cie voii on c Ja cli " :"-i-:ie.,l,l-;,', tìrj-s in,.inai,c ir-ì-,:nr,.sll:'¡ ll:riii.r.-s 'bile qroun io cl--r-s¡.sicr. al-ong l.ij-'ûh ',ico::::e I s cl.rc¡l,,'s , 3,eorge, ,Jacll,

o1-l a¡rd C_l_ j_irer C:lJ,rreri, ¿illoihc,r :-rrcilli:er': o -i the .f,í'o".Ìr), entei:

,r;r,.,¡O f-i-nanC j-al r¡crttLr.,.les I bl.r C Coi::cì-l¡,Ct O,Î r"¡i:j-cl', l:::ii-t';S them j-on Ì¡efore Ihe -l-¿,1i.¡. Orte i.s t]re 'ri;rcl::ase and- oil er¿¡.i of a:r j-on ad.ve:l Ii-si-irg ]te j.ie u, a bu-J-l-l: i; i n ',¡i- bh a. cloul¡tíi;l c-i L: ci'r-lat Lç5 j-ull ì:itL , iìle1r llel i' e ve, e ni:oni s Ílrtn¡"e. l-ìecetr-se oi tlr'e

-tlle:'r 1 er:i-oneou,s iniorl:i;ltj-oil i,, i','cr ¿l-l¡otl¡'L.ile llalre:: s cir- j.¡.li:i;i I citl üt, j on ì:1r neail , one o-i ieo,:¡e s -ilo,:l-tcr c: lc-l-o¡'ei"s : ihe c1¿lj-ns ihc.,¡ :'lel::e ¿rbor:i, i-,lle f Lr,'tu-re of thÊ paper j-n o,i:d-e.,: to l¡c::ro1{ iïLo1ler,¡ þ::i¡.q i;lL"e:i", jnto col;-rt' l'jllcn j-i i-s esiajr-],i sltec-i iila-1, iia,::Uineail- 1s i/ir.i;rr.eneSS :ri:c.i l::'-r-S llesr-rl--,i-ng -rti-si-nt^rl:re t¿it ìon oí tl:Le fa.cts oil th.e circ',r-l-a.t jon :'.r'c to bl¿r;,re anci- -l,i"ai the tiiree aLle r-nnoceni, the cl:lar:i.ie i,s

'1, e c'lroi:I:cci. .1¡ro¡li i: cÌrar¡;e i-s lcf . ]lci'ievel- " -r','i j-cni r.-ìe car¡-sc Georqe 1s ír.T"oull sLL i.,o l--'e as sel-"[-si.l-ifj-c

AS pOSSj blC, tl-,O-.¡ ruLl.r.Si li¿:.Ve ,:ì l-l-ace l¡Jrerc il'lc',¡ r¡i-lI be Lr.n* cl-i- s i;i-r-rbecl " lor- iian.¡ j¡earS iìle'7- ¡iaiìrer i-n a .r:'eniecl -fl¿,rtri hoi.r-sc, bltt J¿icl:;, Geoi',g;e ancl- 0lj-ver c.ìecide bo ì:u.1r -i¡, io 'i-Ì,',c";r ::erti, it ou.i ',.¡ir en ¿-¡9 not r:-sin:' i-t , provi-ci,r-i1ii a 'Ûlrese j i:r' j-va.te oJ-ace Lo :leel,. ,lo:: a c i, iv-ì t os r ;l ic s ccorrc''L citerr¡¡e j-s l:"icÌ. Otlce jrloT"e bhe"¡ ¿ìre a ccusecl o-1 Í'alSi-i\¡ing, the facts a.i-ìol-1"¡ th e prosllecis -ioi: t,he f in¿Lnci e.l- suc cess of .Ìle fart:r, Th:'-s, coi:illj-ned. ','¡i't,h i;ire ho:;Uj--l-j-t-r' oi tl:e

üoi.in alicj- bL e e irtnna si s l:u-'t ìl-,r ¡ ¡," Cro',.m oir a1 1-egecl s e;çr.:.al i-ii:r:roL:aJ-i-ty of i;he nenbe::s, 1ru-ts an enc.l io 'blre actj-vÎti-es of Geor¡-,e I s ,r:.roi'r o, :iis l,ewj-s s'¡u-cJ j-e s bh e hi- stor"lr of Oeo::¡;e r s group ¿lnC til e cilai-qes ì:r"oil -]rt riSai-n st ihen , lie cones or:l :LncÌic¿¡.i:'-ons o i '¿.:te iìiî¿ìdÌra:l- l:real';äoi.m oi the j-i ( ßroutl as Cleorge h¿rc'ì. ol:i- ¡'ìi n ¿'-l -l--,¡ c oncei'¡ccl o-i SB, ?-5L- -rc:o.c¡;e j 25?-) . l1e f jn c:s ijr:ri i:as irec:l a I egj-'t,i nate i-cì-eal- si , le6 e-s l,ie ila.rre seen, a --l-eacer ciesiinecì, he be-l--Levec-i, to gu.j cÌe h:ls frj- end-s i c a. fill -l-e r anci. i.¡o-r'e :reani-rrr,fr-r-] li'fe. Brit he l:¡¡.s ,.;r'acì'-rirJ -l-.¡ irecor¡ÌG I ess of a I eacier., l;o e ¡;i:eat cìegree sniro::cl j-n aie i,o Jacl< , "',,Èir¡ ial:cs acl-vaitti.,. r;c o-î bìm ai-icl Ìlses

Ihi¡ clul.¡ as ¡. iicrîeen e o,i: ]lis or,¡î er-oi-ì-ci-s:^ir" ire cori[inua] I -.¡ 'l:ccar-i¡c nocl:s leoi:-er s a.si:irå¡ jons he sees ijr.roi.r,,l.l,,.. bherr anc'ì r,.ut s r-iit wj-tl: -ü¡ en be cau-sc lic realj.z es th¿rt Ceor,ge is iLece:'_-¿iir:; lrj_r"lse_l-í a-r.rcl r,¡i_-1_l evejttn¡,r-l l:lr Sive r..,ia.j¡ io h.is baser- d-esi-::e s.

1:1si,1.r.¿,|:l_-¡r, Geor'¡:1e l:i.ts _-l_on,q since ¡¡_Lven i.ia-)¡ to hj_s ei:oti-c :'-r-rr''¡L¿l ses; r l-.u'b l:las r?¿,'.ira¡.ecì -f-'o.r ¿ì i,i¡,re io lteeo theür sei:o.::a'ce f.ron'c.he iir:ou.ll, ;\s ear"l1' as the s'ì;,,tir chanter o-i liirerl;e::s aircl ,iroi;l'-ers, Lclii-s Ioes ,ritlt ncorle to

I'lnì-f j i^, c'ì¡¡i-¡ crrrì gCeS j-n lniin Cl e}j-:ihl.it-t,.t_ ------. ) '¿he SenSUali.i;r¡ he finc-ls tlnere. FoL: a. ti-ilie, Ceor,3e succeccis -r'-lt kcel;i.n.g anlr open iirräloi:a.l:ri-,¡r çi-'¿ of the qroupls a.crjvi';jes. Iie a_l-l_or^¡s no sexu-a1 a.ctj,vi-by anC he everl cli s,3r.ri-ses irj-s fonclness for ¿:l coilol, goi-:n¡5 bo bÌle llrì:J-ic h olr-se unde.r' the i:::etense of ial::'-nr: a rrconst:i Luti-oiriLl-11 ('!'lì, l-97) .

Gi:¡,Lo'Lral ,l-)r, ho,u,¡erre¡:, Seor-¡¡e 1;er-ni ts t jre ¡;ror-r"p t o J:e reitrc ed to a con-¿cr:ioiri l:te¿.ns oi s atisflrj-nl; t,llJrsi-cal ri,es:lres. A,r olle iroi-nt, Ler,vi-s ¡:ei,u-rns fr"oi"n I.,oncj-on to be shockecl ì:1. -i,Lr,e :rei.¡ a.ì:,:iosirlie::'e of i-nclu.l-geirce (Sjq, Ch.ap'cer

\ ^a23), Soon []coi:,ge ialies Lr-p ooÊjÌrl--)¡ r,vj-th meilbers o-i 'bhe Iþ7 group*-trh'eda, Mona, and Daphne, in partieular. He lets slíp his higþ idealism, choosÍng to ígnore the danger, whÍch he has seen from the beginning, of the groupss beÍng ruined. by gossip of immorality r^rithin it (Ëe, fi-5\), By this surrender he prevents the group from achieving the high ideaLs he once had, Throughout, the grouprs exístenee, one fault has been that the members d.o not reatLy share Georgers Ídea1ism, nor do they really coneern themselves þrith the threat from outside, For them, the $f"oup Ís a convenience, a means to an end,5 George Passant i.s a brother; he needs companionshÍp" He ís not, like Lew'is, vrilling to observe a self-protectÍ.ng, non-involvÍng friendshÍp, but wants io give al-l of hirssel-f for his fríends, to risk hÍs career and his social- position for the good of obhers and in order to be dra'¡rn cl-ose to them. For this reason he gives himself to tutoring Lew'is for the Bar and to backing Jack Ín hís busÍness ventures. The person who, like George Passant, is will-ing to gÍve so much of himselfo must be prepared, Íf he is realis- tic, to be l?usedt? by someone" He must be ar^¡are of the dangêf,s, In his idealisrn, George at first does not see

5thi" rcil-l- be deal t r,¡ith more fulLy i-n the follotu- ing ehapter, in connection i¡,rith the attitude of another grOüp -* the fellows of the college " 48 Jaekrs underhanded ¡nethods and when he does, diseovers that he has so cone under Jackrs pov¡er that he is unable to do anything about it" StilL clinging to his hopes and illusions, George Ëestifies aì; his trial-, His final ansr¡Ier ríngs r,'¡ith hope, with the desire to do so much for his groupe But he deeeives only hirnself. Lewis tells of George at thÍs poínt: As he spoke, George had a helpless and suffering Iook, Thís taèt answer searcely anyone uoderstood, even those of us who knev¡ something of his language, and- the barrÍer betv¡een his appetite for living and hÍs pÍcture of hÍs ov¡n soul" He r¡¡as alone o o o more than he had ever been" For a moment, I found myself angry l'rith him. Despite the sÍtuatÍon, Ï wâs swept-v¡ith anger o 6 ali- his eagerness for life , ; . for alt the warrnth" "tr'or of hÍs heart and his ttvision of Godr'rl he was less honest -r,han his attackers ø 6 q o He vras less honest than those who saw Ín his aspirations only the devj-ees of a carnally obsessed and self*ÍnduJ-gent man" He was corrupt withinhimselfe o ø 6 (9, 285-86) George is a man of Ídeals, even delusions, but he achieves something of v¡hich Lewis is not as yet capable: he sees the value of the group and gives hÍmself to it" He tries to forget himself, althou-gh the need to satisfy his ambitions ís in him at all iÍmes. If disaster eomes to George as a result of the special nature of his eharae- ter, it ís not beeause lr¡hen one gives oneself it leads neeessarilY to disaster' At least George goes a step further than Lev¡Ís: he learns to tmst others as indi- víduals and as a community' And whereas Levris, v¡hen he l+9 is rnistreated by SheÍIa, whom he gives himself ton retreats ínto himself, George is inrilling to go oh¡ to trust once nore. George Passantls tnlorld Ís not made up solely of in- diuÍduals, strangers, Rather, he sees and accepts that men must learn to be brothers.

ÏV As rue follor+ Lewis Eliotrs development as a brother and a member of society, the next level- of community, of societTo that vre encounter is that of the town, of that group of people Ínto which he is plaeed bybirth, by forces beyond his eontrol-. As indirriduals band themselves to- gether, they must arrive at organizatíons into units and at some form of government, The first attenrpt at government that Lev¡'is experiences is in the town" There men v,ratCh over their fello..vs and concern themselves trith their actions and their fate" In Eme of Hope. Lewís is avfare of the toi,n:, but is not especi-al-ly Ínfluenced by it" He sees the por'rer of the tovn:l over the índividu-al only l"¡hen he is involved with George Passant" The reactíon of the unnamed tov¡n and its inhabi- -tants to George and his group vari.es in degree but not Ín kindo Orr the tnrhole, the group is regarded suspíeiously and q4¡aVourably" With til'e exception of Dr" Arthur i{oreum, ¡rho j.s slíghtly older than most members of the group, and 50 ol-d It{artineau, there is no one who sympathizes wit}l the group and its aspiratíoltso 0n1y the young people, ât theÍr traditíonal age of rebellion, are attracüed to the group" One of the most frequent objections is that the group is nothing nore than a convenient means of covering rip promíscuity. As we have seen, George Ís a!'rare of the threat from such an outlook, but in his idealism he believes that he can prevent these suspicions from beeomÍng facts" Gradually, the group is reduced to the hnoocritÍcal screen it has been accused of beÍng. But the tovntss suspicíons are not justifíed by trhat happens. Its attitude is based. not so much on a genuine concern for moral values as on a dislike of anybhing new and radica.l , The time of the action I L925-L933 , is one of radieal, lefÈ-v'ring eauses, supported b¡r youths as the¡r sense their ner^I liberty and are disgusted \^rith the tímes in which they live, The discussions irr the group--about politícs, about literature, about sex-:go against the conservatism of the tovm, The people feel that the group is composed of misguided young people inlho are to be at once pitied and despised" ïn the end., it is the established conmunÍty that stiftes the aspirations of the individual and his group. Is the cormnuniby right? 0r should George and his friends 5r be allowed their freedom? Snorvls answer here is the same as v¡hen the inclividual and his family are involved, Tl:ere rnust be a partial surrender on both sides. The individual qnrl hi q clr^ar"" have a respOnSibility toWards SOC|ety; SOCiety must be careful r.¡ith its judgnents on the rebel. FIad the tor,m been more constru.ctive in its attitude, had it not plagued the group w'ith its rumours about the nembersl sup- posed. nrisbehaviour, had. it provided encouragernent for the young people to take part Ín the tovrors life--better encou-ragernent than the haphazar.ð- r?eveningsr? at I'iartÍneau-1s or the forrnal ones at Harry Edenrs--somethíng happíer míght have been the result. But the groupo too, anrL George in particular, could also have been more tolerant, They never really try to understand their elders, They, too, think Ín stereotypes: the school under the control of the lrestablÍsh* ment,'l presicled over by a prineipal i-neapab'l e of ad.ninistra- tion (rnostly because he is part of the esta.blishment), bol'ríng to the will of the local ÎrbeIl-weathersîr v¡hose aím in life is to mistreat their employees. {:!Þ, l+9}" In seeking to be brothers, George and his felLolu strangers are really looking for some basis on v¡híeh to build theír lirres, for sorne society vrhich r^rill serve as a unifying force for their individu.ality" So George, rebei- tirat he is, stil'l wants to nainta.in his position in the 52 firm" Lel''ris sees the reasons behind this: It seerned strange to nobice George ídentÍf}ri¡g hinself with a solio firm of solicitors in a provincial town*-but of course it is not the Georges, the rebels of the v'rorld, r'¡ho are Índifferent to authority and institutions" T'lte Georges cannot be indifferent easÍly; if they are in atr institu.tion, it may have to be changed, bu-t it beeomes parË of then- selves. George in the firm tn¡as ô c , vehement , fighting for his rightsr ]'êt ;oroud- to be there and. excessivelv attached"

(Ë9, s8-89 ) Tn the world of Lewis Eliot, the successful person is the one who does not siand outside socíety and the,,sïs-ss structure that he sees ín ít. Rather', he moves lrithÍn it, aceepts ít, and mounts from level to level as he becomes more su-ccessful,"^ The brother is one rvho accepts soeiety but does not let it domi-nate him"

v Indiviciual- and society nust come to terns, for if either Ís domÍnant, the cornrnunity Snolr envisages cannot be attained. The family, friends, and the town must not be allol^¡ed to rule the indivÍdua1 to the extent that he is deprived of the opportunity to make his life as meaningful and as satisfyíng as possible" E!r.t neither must the

/ oThi" poin'b was made by the Reverend C,Po Cror,rley in his talk, trThe CloseC llníverse of C.P. Snor^rrtl given on the Trans*Canada lrietv¡ork uf 'the Canadian Broadcasting Corpora- tion, March L, L962, 53 indivídual carry his separateness t'o the extreme v¡here he is not concerned v¡i-th any obligation to his family, group, or t oÏ¡n. Lewis Eliot sees the truth of this as he observes Charles l,Iarch and George Passant, Society cannot be achieved if the individual insists on rejeeting aIL claÍms upon him. No rvall can be allovred betrçeen ihe Índividual and the group" As the Índividual learns to rnaintain his integrity and. at the same time arríve at a sense of com- munity, then the stranger r,,ri1l more quickly become the brother, CHAPTER ]TÏ

THE COLLEGE: CO¡fl!ruNÏTT ACHÏEVED

Ler'ris Eliotis nexb experíènce with individuals v¡ho have formed. a group comes t^¡hen he enters a Canrbrfdge college" College activitÍes are the subjeet for tvro books in the ?rstrangers ancl Br.othersl? series, The l4asters and The A{flaåq; the setting for The Lieht, and the DarE; and the background for The l{e]{_Mgq and Hgnggqtn_rng_s_" Lewís never explaÍns ful-ly how he has come to be at the college, but it seems that Francis Getliffe, rrlhom he meets through the liiarchesu has been Ínstrumental in obtaíning his election (U, Ilgi M, 197).

^4.t any rate, hê nov¡ teaches part time at the eollege, vrhÍls maintaj¡ing his legal career in London.2 Some critics do not rate the_l{gÞlsqq especially hígh among Snowts novels; others class it arnong the best two or three; still others regard it as outstanding" 0n the one hand it has been eondemned for describing a subject that is tlessterie and remotertr for picturing the struggle for poi'rer

1Th" neverâ p'i rren eollege Ls â name " Zn-- Dy the tjse of The Affair, he has resígned his fellovrshÍp" 55 withín the college as rton the level of addle*pated women jostling for the chairmanship of the society bazaar"rl3 But it has also been hailed for giving nthe impression of I, being the product of a single pulsation of energy,l?- But it is a novel of sustained aetion ancl a single theme: men rvho are strivÍng to maintaj.n their soeiety" Snowrs r¡rri-ting rises above the obscure phrasing and unusual nannerísns found Ín some of his other rrorks, I,iho can forget }rtrs" Jagou the tormented hypochondríac v¡ho sees injury and insult in every r,vord. spoken to her? Or Arthur Brov¡r, the smooth, sati.sfied manipulator of men? Or

Professor Gay, that Victorian figure for r,',¡horir the past fífty years at the college have blended jnto one wholen lvith different people aird events takíng on the attributes of cthers?.,':, ' There are menorable scenes as r,,¡ell: thrystalrs politÍcal tour de for.ce, as he persuades both factions to act against their urill- in forcing the candidates to vote for each obher; Desparo-Smith, turning to aleohol- Ín

? 'i'.{argþanita Laskio Revíew of The }-{asterse in The ( Fpe ejF_ator , õLxxxvIT .iuty z0 , 19 5t ) , Tffi- &J"D. Scott, Review of The -f,.[a_q!gl_q, in Þ.g]-S_e-1r St*t*s* man and Nation" XLII (August &;ïç^5ïf;T3&, 56 his sol-itariness, regretting his failures and making up for them by su-pportíng Crawford, the certain suceess; the scenes at High Tabl-e and in the CombinatÍon Room, where the crímson of the r^¡íne, the red of the carpets and draperies, and Ëhe i,lrarm glow of the fÍre combÍne to produce a backdrop of safety and comfort agaÍnsi which the often bitter drama

rmfolds o If the aetion seems to move too slowly at times, Íf the characters seea to ta.lk endlessly and aimlessly, if there are allusions , disturbing by their vagueness, to Ler,,risrs in¡ife, to Franeis Getliffe?s i^rifets family, to a mysterious George Passant, if the coll-ege seèrns to have no student body, the novel as a r,,¡l:ol-e compensates for these shoricomings by its i.:rsíghts Ínto politica.l motives, by its evocation of character, and by its portrait of a college torn betr.¡een the humanÍties and- the sciences" The liasters reflects the wider world ín v¡hich it is set and gives an understanding of it precísely beeause it brings to life the portrait of a college"

The Tvlasteqs is a study of -t,he vrorkings of a community, the tensions felt bl' its members, the points at r^rhich they feel at one, and the periods of crÍsis, r,f,:en it is jrr danger 57 of flyÍng apart " The opening has been descríbecl as being îÎas qui et as the perímeter of a rvhirlpool- o and like a ( whirlpool it proceeds gently to fasten u.pon the intentioit,??' It presents Lewis Eliot¡ r¡ito once again is both narrator and particj-panto in his eozy room, the cu.rtains drav¡n, the fÍre piled with coal and ready to burn for hours, Lelris is seated r,vithin a circle of light from the f ire, ruhile the rest of the room is coLd and dark (U, 3) " The picture is also of the atnosphere r.¡ithín the college. The group of men*-teachers and studetrts-:exj-st in a world of learning v¡hose traditions have been established centurÍes beforeo r¡hose life is one of custom and reguS-arity, who share ín the r,nrarmth of the fellowship and jrr the light of knol'¡ledge and- understanding that come', to them througþ the eolI-ege. The safe intj¡nacy of the co3-lege is about to be shattered as is the ealm of Lew'ists life" No sooner is the picture set than there eomes the forewarníng of disaster: Paul Jago, the Senior Tutor, arríves to telI Ler¡ris of the certainty of the approaehing death of the l:.{aster, Vernon Royee, v,rho has just been found to have incu-rable cancer" And just as Roycees body is to

5Scotta e!., cÍt" , L3b" 58 be ravíshed and ultímately desiroyed, so there åeì::: at work within the coli-ege a sort of cancer that is to tear it from vrithin and threaten ít,,wåbh ;deatlt, For the college is nov¡ called upon to choose a new master, a task which promises to produce difficulties. Jago can see nothing more certajrr than the inevitabilíty of a great disruption (S, 9) " He hÍmself becomes one of the candÍdates; the other is Thoraas Crar,'¡ford. Jago is a teacher of English, t^¡hose aeademíe aehieve- ment has not been greatu out of tchom Tlsympathy and emobion rì [ffov{ too easily (U, 4) u a man of lldeep feelÍ.ngÎr and Trpassíonate pridert (U, 5) " To those v¡ho support him, such as Ler^ris Eliot and Arthur Brown, he is a human being, fu}l of life and feelíng, w"ith a concern for others that could be beneficial to the college. To his enemies, such as F"rancís Gettiffe and Arbhi.r Winslow, he is an undistinguished scholar lvhose electÍon would be a disaster. The formal objeetion to him is his lack of scholar- ship. rÎlrlhat has he done?Î? is the reaction of FrancÍs Get- tiffe (U, 76) , Ler¡ris t s recital of Jagot s aecomplÍshments is not very Ímpressi-ve: ft rn¡as a harsh question, and difficult to ansl^rer" Jago vras an English scholar, and had publíshed articles on-the first vritings produeed by the Pi¡ritan settlers in New England. The articles were sound enough: he was interesting on ì¡IiH'iam Bradfordts dialogue; but 59 it v¡as no use pretending to Francis Getliffe" ttr know as r¡lell as you that hevs not a speciall-y distingu.ished seirolar,r? T saÍd" (l¡, Z6*ZZ) Crav¡ford is a biologisto trained in nedÍcine and now engaged i:r research" He is distinguíshed academically (S, l+6, 78), a Fe1low of the Royal Society and a member of its council- (li, 150), and a commander of the Qrder of the Brítish Empíre (U, 128)" The scÍentists are confident that he v¡ill increase their influence in the eol-lege, probably at the expense of the hu¡nanities. His opponents are certain of the dangers i-n eleetíng him" Å.rthur Brovnt expresses their feelings, ttl should regard him as a disas- ter. He r,¡ould.nib lift a finger for any of usrr (U, 36), Lewis lÍsts the objectlons to Crawford. He sees hin as rtconc eited, tr ttshallow¡ rt Î?third-:'ate, n rfl¡ç9nceÍ- vably self-satisfied, tt a man w"ith leno f eeling, 1? t?no glow, ?t and rtnot a serap of Ímaginationlr (9, 78, 79) , The reply is that Crartford Ís an exeellent scholar, a fact that Ler¡rís cannot deny" It is not merely academic exeellence and usefulness to the college that are factors in the electíon dispute, but polÍtics as wel-l" Getl-iffe and most of hÍs seientifie colleagues are left-r,fing in politics a¡d object to Jago?s Conservatism" tonservatives to thenr are tt¿þ5¡1'd011 nfOOlSrn 60 1?figureheads?? aen r{ho are either or '¡¡ho are only rltrying to behave like responsible mentt (S, 78) " Crawford suits them because his beliefs and practices are left-wing" He supports the Republicans ín the Spanish Civil li/ar, trying to influenee nen in the ForeiEn Office and Ín Parlíament on their behalf (U' 96) " Beyond the acadenic and- political factors there is another-*the personal--t'¡hÍch is not openly admitted and therefore hard.er to fight" But whíle it is natural that certain fellor^¡s might not like one another:-that is to be expeeted in any communìty of Índividuals-*personal prejudice is extended beyond bhe faei-rlty" The character of Jagols r'¡if e, Alice, is a rnajor drawback Ín getting her husband elected, Described by Letlis as a flhypochondriacrr wíth the rtvenom of a shrewf? (M, 279), she aspires to the graee and manner of the iriasterîs r,'rife, Lady Ì¡iuriel, but tries so hard that she is unabLe to achieve thqn (U,61)" As a resulto aecording to Levris, lrshe[n"-Jembarrassed Jagors friend.s ever since he married her, She [u*o"*uul¡') a.sser-"ù$-Se l^n anv eoöyei"* satÍon" sne [i{ determined not to be overlooked" She[seizesJ rlrl tvith on insu-lts,l_bracksJ them dol.m, [recountsJ them a maso- gusto never . srre cosi her husband chistic that [rfns"] " [frail (U, great sufferingrl 6t-62) " 6I

I';ruch of the oppositionls attack is centred on l'{rs' Jagou One of the fellor,vs, Iùightingale, begins by telling that she is a.lready assu-ming that the Lodge (ttre I''ia.sierts horrre) is hers, by jeerÍng at her aceent and. social originro by describing rvhat Lewis calls her Ttabsurd flirtatíons, ?T those Î1of a l^roman v¡Íth'nÕh a d:s"ed tf :66mfådenee'ån he:: attractions, trying to prove themr (U, I72I. Eventuallyo I{ightingale procluces a fly-sheet, praisÍng }'Trs" Crar,uford and i.rnplicÍtly danlring l.'lrs' Jago. He sends Ít to the fellor,.¡s, and, it Ís believed, to I'irs" Jago herself (Ut Chapter XXXIV). Soon Eustace Pilbrow, urho has been a supporter of Jago (atthou.gh a wavery one), changes sides because of political consÍderations" He believes Jago and hís fellol^¡ conservatives are destroying the cor-rntry and so decides to vote for Crawford , vrho is on the Îîright siclel? (U, 266) . The day before the s1ssf,i.on, Chrystal, Bro¡rnrs close companion in college polÍtics and an early supporter of Jago, goes over to Crar^rford because he sees that he would be unable to guide Jagoo that his own policíes wo¡,rl-d not be put into effect, that ne v¡ould lose his por,^rer in the college" So the electì-on goes to Crawford'

oshu comes from Bírmingharn" /.r-\) ïï The divisÍon that causes the men iri the college to put up barriers between themselves in their professional relationshíps also causes those who are friends to set them- selves apart" This is true of Lewis Eliot and his friends, Francis and Katheríne GeÈIiffe, in whose lives he has at one ,7 time played a major role.' Norv, because he and Flancís support opposing candidates, a sense of separation arises between theni r.rhich is distressing to botho although they seem unable to do anybhing about Ít" i,Vhen thelr first discuss the election, Franeis is horrified to find Lewis supporting Jago" llÏtrs bloody foolishott hê saysé ttT.,cIe cantt have hím as l"{aster. I don?t know what you can be thinkÍ.ng about. " ø o , Nonsensee Sheer bloody nonsensert (U, 75-76), Fie eondernns Jagors lack of scholarship: Îtlùe canrt have a man uihois done nothingtr (l& 77)" Getliffe expresses his scorn of Lewists choíce Ín harsh r^rords' î?Itîs sheer utter irresponsÍbility" Itls tl:e first tir¿e f tve seen you lose you-r balance, You must have gone quite madlt (i{, 77)" As the quarrel heÍghtens and the college beeornes íncreasíngl-y diirided, Francis and Katheríne Ínvite Lewis to dinner" Tireirourpose is to oersuade hím to sw'íteh

7Ï:n The Conscíenee of the Rich" 6l hís allegiance, The¡r try to talk him into another posítion (9, L97), appealing to hÍs reputation as a liberal- by accusing him of supportÍng a reactionary; to his ego by telling hirn hov¡ mueh influence he has in the affair; to hÍs friendship for them by remindii:g him of past iimes anci by emphasÍzing his duty not t,o desert l?our side?l; to his sense of duty and gratitude by makÍng him reeall that it has been through Francis that he obtained hÍs fellorvship (Lg, LLr", S, L97), They argue about the personalÍties of the candídatesu but they cannot agree" LevrÍs realizes the

hopel-essness of Ít all: I?They v¡ere profoundly out of kS"rnpathy lrith meolt he says, 1?and I ro¡ith t,hemr (U, 198), He 1eaves them, parting, as he says lfwiLhout the glow and ease of

friendshipr lt f?with no intimacy at alIrl (S, 200 ) .

V,Il:at happens to the relationship between Lewis a.nd Franeis i.s a reflection of what happens to the relatj.on* ships among the men who make up the colleg-e, Generally, the relatíons between the feIloi.¡s are not deep" Some, like Lewis and Roy Calvert or lÍke Arthur Bror^m and chrystar achieve something more profound, but on the r,¡irole the chief bond betr^¡een these men ís membershi;o ín a com- munÍty and their devotion to it" Eaeh has his link wÍth the central souree of affection and loyal_ty, the coJ-lege, Äs a result they achieve a meanÍngful fellowShÍp, the kínd tov¡ards v¡hich l,ewists prevlo_u-s experiences have led hírn, 6lþ fn each individual there is a concern for the collêgê¡ its well-being, and Íts continued exÍstence" True, each personls loyalty is coloured. by his interest and outlook¡ so that Jago the teacher of English and Craisford t'he research would each have a different effect on the college, "ciurrti]t if elected" But there does exist a corrrnunity of seholars joined together ín a coumon concern, 'Wl:at Lernris has been learnÍng all along is that some- hor,rr men rnust find an object of loyalty that v¡ill lift thent ont of their i so] ation as strangers and bring thern together as brothers with a coffinon concern" George Passant and Harry Eden, Mrs" Eliot and Lewis, Leonard and Charles l.[arch, Roy Calvert and Arthur Brown, Thomas Crar,vford and PauI Jago, must not, rnerely be brought into contact, but must learn a sense of brotherhood" This process begins v¡ith the fanily, continu-es with the sraall group and in the town, and is realized bo the fullest degree yet in the coLlege" It is important that the fellor.^rs hold their community together" AË one point driring; the discord o neither side is able to gather a najority. Then the desire to maintain the community suddenly comes to the fore" The possibilÍty arises that because of the stalem.ate, the Visitor to the college, a bishop, v,ríll have to select a I'{aster, probably from outside it, Six o-f the f ellov¡s meet to consid.er the possibíIÍty and are soon dr'¿tmr ånto acting, partly beeause 65 of Chrystalrs manoeuverÍngu but mostly out of a concern for the college. They decide to direct the candidates to vote for each other, bringing a rûaiority r,rithin reach" Although there appear to be logical and tactieal reasons for this choiee (t'{, 2201, Lewis sees that al-thorgh they profess these reasonso they are also

moved. by some of the inexplicable currqnts that svreep- through'any intricate politíes" o ø [We] suddenly panieked at the ídea of an ou-tsider for' }faster. It ivas as though our privâcf r¡¡sps threatened: ruagj'c was '^^{-æL,,,vJ-rró +-rlrg¡uq,t\ ffOm US: this inbimate V¡OfId trrOUld nOt be so much i-n our Pohreré (U,22L) nThis intimate v.¡orld rn¡ould not be so much i¡ our potrnrer"tr Three aspects of the psychology of the ,group may be seen here" The eorønuníty is jrrtimate-*a private wor_ld 'ç.¡hose inhabitants know one anoiher, aceept one another, exist together a.nd set up a pattern of life acceptable to them" The outside r^rorld becomes an intr¡rder" These men also have control of their world.; they hrave it in their power, The teaehing felloltrs are also the executÍve of the college, dÍrectÍng Íts fínances as well as its aeadernic life, An outsid.er as master would mean the reduction of thís povfer' The f ellows must possess pol^"rer and v¡ield Ít in order to maintaín the nature and very existence of theír corrnunity, So Lewis, who onee rejected one individualîs power over another, now accepts the necessity to preserve ^^ the even greater por¡rer of the eollege" The fellowsr concern reaches beyond i:rtimacy and povrer to securíty, lrfhatever rad.ícal tendeneies they possess, '¡¡hatever díssatÍsfactions they may have urÍth the colLêg€¡ they are provided by the coärnunitlr i¡rith a secure basis on l"ûrich to build their lives. Roy Calvert experienees fits of deep depression but still has the eollege and his friends in ít, particularly Lewis, to whom he ean tu-rn" Tn his diffículties with his wife and his lega1 career, Levris sees tlre college as a rlrefuge to hide j.rì?r (tg, L97), Níghtingale tries endl essly ancl hopelessLy to beeotrle a Fell-or.¡ of the Royal Society: he never succeeds, but being part of the college and supporting the eminently suecessfl.rl Crar,vford make up for his dj-sappointment" T,tlinslornr grieves over his sonis failrrre, bu-t finds relief in giving himself to his job as Bursar (U, Ll+z*Ll+3), For some, the college is a home as they go about their professional activities. Crar.rford goes to London to attend meetings of the Council of the Royal SocÍety. Francís Getliffe does his secret governmental research on radar v¡hile carrying out his eollege duiies, i¡rlhat is threatened is the one thing that gÍves a cornmon steady basis to the lives of the various indivíduals. So they act to preserve the. institution" Their concern for its welfare is show: in th*e_ir r'vorrÍes over the collegets 67 futr.re; the manoeuverÍng over Sir Horace Timberlakels gift of money is one indÍcation of this" T'he difference between humanists and scientists Ís not merely one of superíority of disciplíne--a matter of glory. Rather it Ís a difference over what direction the college mu-st take jn a fast-changing soeiety, t¡lhich i'.iaster r"iill be the better choice: Jago or Crawford, humanist or scientíst, reactionary or radÍeal?

ITT By the time of The Masters, the college Ís the híghest cl.evelopment of'society yet experienced bv Lewis' The díffer- ences between the fel}ov.f îs attitude to the college and Georgels fríendsr attitude to theír group point up the superíority of the cotl-ege community, In both, the members are there partly to satisfy their personal- needs: the fellows search for security; the group seeks freedom" As víe have seen, the coneern of the fellor'rs goes beyond self- satisfaction" This Ís in contrast to the group@ vfíth the exception of George, none of the members of the group is concerned vrith it as a meaningful entity' Jaek Cotery is there because he likes Georgeu beeause he sees an opportunity io engage in shady business deals, because in ihe group women are available" 01íve Calvert ís there for the comfort she gets from others v'dro feel their lives aimless and empty of meaning" Ler¡ris joins for 68 mu-ch the salire reasons as Olivets, All are there because the group offers thera the opportunity to express their radical vier.¡s v¡ithout interferenee" But there is no concern for the group" The members allow it to degenerate, at the eonclusion of SJrangers_gncl Brothe{e, to a gatherÍng vrhose sole purpose ís sexual pI-easure, And v¡hen they send George a letter of support during his trial their cgncern is for George hímselfn noi for the group (9, 25O-25L) " Tn the college, for examplerafrankness and openness of d.iscussion exist that Georgers group do not achieve, Tf ihe fellov¡s d.isagreeu they are open about it. This is partly due to the security which they have provided for themselves, a seeurity .,"¡¡1"1t Georgers group lacks" ft is not enough for the grou-p to discuss politics¡ sex, or their elders, if they cannot i^¡ork out their future" Their attitude tor^rards traditÍon. also differentiates the trvo cor,mnrnitj-es" The colJ-ege accepts the established and the tradÍtional ¡',rithout letting them inhibit thought or action, Although the majority of the fellov¡s are liberalso they do not feel Ít necessary io ridicule tradiiions or deriand their abolition" Certain men, Geþliffe and Winslow for example, refu-se to enter the Chapel, but apart from sniping at religåous uradition, they do not Ao rrraste theÍr time working to have ít done away r^iith " As l're have seen, George and his group have precon: eeived ideas of rvhat is to them old*fashioned and useless' They i,¡ant to abandon the traditional, insbeacl of reclaÍming ¿uø Perhaps the chief reason for the success of the college as a eoimunity, r"¡here the group faÍls, is that the members of the college ean do sotaething, can be successful. All of them have achieved something , in varying degrees ' There are those like Àrthur Brovm, Paul Jago, and Charles Chrystal, who have made a beginni-ng, have not realÍzed their potential , but i,vho are hapoy ín their tea.ching' There are others, such as Francis Getlí-ffe, Roy Ca1vert, and l,Ialter Luke, v'rho are still achievÍ-ng success, There are stil-l others-*Thomas Crawford and M"l{"L" Gay are tv¡o*-ruho have reaehed the top and stayed there, still- doÍng research and still publishing. In eonLrasb, Georgels group do nothing, Passant Ê remai-ns a solícitor in a small town for years'" Jack Coiery fails in legitjmate busíness and even in crime" 01Íve Calvert is dissatisfied r,vith her life, but never gets do!trn to making anfchíhg of her chances, The rest

A öl,.hen he turns up du.ring ttre Second lforld i'Iar, in Homecomings, he has mad.e fio' progress" 70

of the members wand.er in and out, talkÍng ceaselessly, but taking no ection, Their life is v¡asted because theÍr pre* oceupation with themselves tinits their area of concern to themselves, They are Ídealists, like George" \'fhen he sees his faults, hÍs disillu.sion prevents him from acting. Ïf , like the fellot'¡s, they had Sone career, some dutyr some objeet of devotion outside thernselves, the group tuight have eome to somethíng. w i{hat The }{astefs says about the area5 i/¡e have been di-scr-rssíng is involved t¡,Iith a higher level of meaning' Since the college is a mieroeosm of the worldo Snol"¡ is dealing i^rith matters of concern to the nation and to humaníty" VJithin the framercork of the college eleetion he brings Ínto play most of the issues which seem to be secondary but v¡hich are nâior factors in ma:ry el-ections-: in polítical parties or the nation " I¡üe have seen the aetion of pæsona:L ]-oyaltyo of personal prejudiee--the first in Ler,¡ists re*ations with the Getl-iffes and the second. ín the objections raised to l'{rs" Jago. Patronage is involved- as l.¡el}" Nightingale leaves Jagor s party when Jago refuses to promise him the post of Tutor (lg, Ll;t+-t,6) , He also hopes faintty that Crawford v¡i]l get hím into the R,oya} SocieËy (U, L62)" 4n Crawfordss sideu his slrpporter 7L NÍghtingale tríes to coerce i'Ialter Luke into changing allegiance b¡r threatening bhe permanency of his fellow- ship (IvI, 180), Ttrere are those like Brov,m and Chrystal v¡Ïrose desire is not to hol-d offiee, but to ltork behínd the scenes, both in the campaign and after the el-ectåon" fn all of this, povrer ís a prominent foree, and the süudy of it is important to Snow" The-Masters ís to a large extent the story of how pot^rer is used by índivÍduals and by society, Por¡rer is of diff erent varieËies; the povrer of ideas--seientist versu-s huraani-st; the power of position and prestige--Gayt" del-ight jn his eighteen honorary clegrees ancl jrr his position as Senior Fellow; the power of friendship-:Ler.¡Ís1s misgivÍngs over ttbetrayíngtr Getliffe; the porver of prejudiee--the blindness of GetlÍffe and hís colleagues, because of politics, to Jagots capabilíties; the power of national politics over cotlege affairs-- politícal considerations master Pilbrowls regard for Jago; the opposite poi,rer of the college over natíonal politícs-- LevrÍs, a liberal-, Ís joined luith Jagors conservative supporters" As Lerrris has been acutely awarer power on the part of an jristitution can be used to stifle indivÍdu-alityo But if any community is to be aehievedu if men are to leave theÍr tragic isol-ation and beeome brothers, they must face the danger of losing theÍr privacyo pride, and self-suffÍciency. In The l,{a.q!erÞ each índividual- gi-ves 72 more of hjmself than v¡e have previously seen snov¡Îs charae* ters doingu in order that comrunity might, exist; They succeed; the coi-lege survives because íts meurbers are con- cerned that it should, because they are r^rÍIl-íng to luork to make it succeed" Each looks forward; eaeh overcomes his tendency to rernain a strangero in order to become a brother.

'/ The cornmunity of the eollege leads i-ts mernbers to a v¡ider concern' This will be dealt v¡ith in the follow'inE chapter, but the basis for ít is ín the eollege" The members are concerned politically and therefore have a vítar ínterest in justiceu9 but theír chief concern is for the continuatÍon and. effectiveness of the colJ-ege, They are not prepared to sacrifiee the college for theÍr politics or prejudÍces: they compromise v¡hen they are threatened" ïn The Affa:t, which takes place i.n L953 and 195&o they are less coneerned for the college than for scientific tru-th and hurnan justice, One of the fellov¡s, Donald Hov¡ard., has been found guilty of falsifying scientific proofs in hÍs thesis, A photograph, given him by his professor, C,J"B, Palairet¡

9O.ru issue is the Spanish Civil War (I,Ì, 160; l{, 96, ).)vt,arÁ\ t^rl"r'nlvvr¡¿var ¿si, certainly a matter of ju-stice|-ánother*ls the need felt by nany Ín the college.to have lítr" 1¡Iinston Churchill ín the cabineü (H, 2Og) - 73 and u-sed as the starting-point of the thesis, has been proven a fraud¡ âh enlargement of a smaller photogra,ph, Howard claíms that he aceepted the photograph innocently and w'Íthou.t question. The Court of SenÍors--the Mast'er, Brown, NÍghtíngale, and 1¡/ínslolor-*have f ou.nd hin guilty and have removecì. him from his fellovrshipu I'loh¡ he is teaehing ín a school in Cambridge" As the novel begins, his vrife, Laura, is agitating to have the case reopened, that justice rnight be done, In removing llovrard, the college Ìras held its positíon íntact: it has removed a trouble-makere a man objectionable for his rudeness and f or his virtual communism, and generali-y distÍked i',rithin the college, It seems at first as if the college r,vÍll maintain Íts attitude, but gradually the fellows are drawn to ]lov¡ardrs defeneeu Despite his dislÍke of hlm, Ï.fartin E1iot, Lerrrisrs brother, supports iloward once he be- comes convinced of his innocence" Julian Skeffington, l^rho as PalaÍretes niecees husband v¡ould suffer from the publi- ciËy following an aequittal of Howard, finds reason to believe hís story (4, 6È-76) " Lewis himself, although no longer a fel-low, is also persuaded of Howardrs innoeenee and lvorks ín hís support. Soon the Cou-rt of Seniors decide to re-exanine the facts, but conclude that there is no need

for f\rther investigation " 7l+

Hov¡ard ? s supporters threaten to talce the case out- side the college. This moves the Court, because of their clesíre to maintain tire privaey of the co}lêg€¡ to hoi-d a J-egal trial- " In it, Lewís defends Hol'¡ard, With the testi* mony of Getliffe, vrho has put concern for seientific inte- grity and justice before personal arnbitíon, and the suspicÍons he arouses as to lrlightÍngaleTs possibly having destroyed the evid.ence out of jealousy, wíns an acquÍttal' The college re: instates Howard as a fellolr, but dating from the time of hÍs renoval, so that his term is nearly expired" But the denands of justiee have been met and the college has been proteeted. Hov¡ard ís cleared of guilt and no scandal has been revealed" 't¡forth noting is the eoncern on the part of the college for scientific truth and, be}-en¿ thato justÍce" The fellor¡rs could play it safe, but they decide to rj-sk scandal and injur;r ¡s the college" Their coneern for justice overcomes l¡ersonal, political, and professional- prejudices" What is important to them is the right of the individu¿'l to receíve from society the assurance that his integrÍty and indÍviduality v¡ill- be proteeted" 10 Th-e,- åå{eil is the latest of C"P, Snowes novels, and- is in a sense, a pícture of the fullest deveLopment

lolt appeared in 1960. 75 of stranger ínto brother, the fullest integration of indivi- dual and society" Lev¡is Eliotr again by observation and by experience, has gained. new insights ínto what the comrnunity of man should be" The narroi{ self-interest we sarf in hís early experience has been replaced by a realization of the need for hurnan justice, But the last steps Ín the devel-op- ment of this realization appear elsewhere; the eol.lege is the setting for its beginning, Ín The ]r{asters, and Íts being put Ínto effect, in T'l:e Af{air" To trace its development we mu-st i-ook at another irovel, !h-9-I[e!L]¡lsn" CHAPTER TV

SC]E}IÜE AT{D GOi/ERII]1IENT: THE I'.IIDER VÏSÏON OF

COI\$.{IJNITT

ÎÌre col]-ege is Levris E1Íotrs first encounteilt¡rith a commu¡rity vrhose eoncern reaches beyond the indivÍ-dual-, at the sarne tjme enabling each member to retaín his integrity" The val-ue of sueh a brotherhood of rnen and íts working out Ís seen in Thç--Mqe!-9-qE, and in !þe-éIfeåE, vdrere there are intimations of a trÍder fe'll si,\rg¡1t" These intimatíons are developed in the lrrorld of scienee a¡d government u a world seen to a eertain e:ctent Ín The tígh'L and ühe Dark a.nd Homeeomings, but examined- aE length i* &g Search and Th9_N-9Ig--Mgg* The co'nloonents of society that s"re examined ín previous novel-s, the levels of brot'herhood i.n r^rhich they eonsist, and the restricted i-oyalties v¡híeh bhey produee are no longer the ultimate source of brotherhood. Loyalty to oners farnily, onets friends, the small groupt the tor¡rn, or the college, is swallovred. up in a greater loyalty--to the nation and, beyond thatu to uníversal 'b;:otherhood and justice" Scíen'cifie truth, human brotherhood, and justice constitu.te C,Pu Snor.Íls conceÍ'n in these two novels. They 77 bríng the jnclivídual nearer brotherhood Ín that ihey expand his outlook and concern, but even at this advanced stage of fraternal clevel opment they are beset by hís tendency to isolation, Thg lrlev¡ Men illustrates both the progress and the regression, but for background l"¡e must go to $t-9--se,êr.gþ' ï 1 PublÍshed ín 193&, The. S93{q-h'* although not a part of the ftsty.angers and Brothersrf serÍes, prevíer¡¡s the scien- tific ancl ideological problems that Snow díscusses i'n Ïhe Nev¡ lr,ien" Tt Ís t,he story of a young scientistn Arthur lt{Íl-es¡ and his search for scientific, human, and. moral truth and justice" Boryr in a l,{idland tor,nnl, his parents mueh like Lewis Eliotrs ffid-, most probably, like Snowrsu Mil-es tnrins a scholarship to Kingrs collegeo London" There he does experiments in nolecular structure, has a paper on that subject read to the Royal Society, and as a result becomes well- knov¡n in the fíeld of scientific research' llihe -oure Accord jng t o Snor¡Il }!{iles represents idealist in sei-ence, less involved in either políties or

lTfrÍ" novgl has beçn termed a ttbetter novel about tnán Leu¡isls Arrowsmithn by ]lq" seientists lsinctair] uccess, rr H"[|t-dãtråaå:. Curti" r^t"¡Et_ã1, , !"_;tn" SaeriTTffirc nãviður, xlr' ( Julv 1z , 19 58 ) ' s o Þ 78 2 applied seiencelt (S, v*vi),- Ir{iles states his vievfs hirnseLf: Irm not so passionately coneerned lrith praetieal benef,i-ts to the human race, They donrt seem to me the raost, important thÍngs" ' o o if I vlere, f shouldnit do science at all: I should have a shot aË jobs l^¡hich are really urgent " If anyone r^¡ants to ñelp the human race just nov¡, hetIl be more useful rìoinsevÈ¡¡tf nolitÍcst, v*- or eeonomies than science' (å, 65) Eventually &iiles goes to tanbrídge to continue his research" There he rejoices in his acquaintanee v¡ith great scíeniists (å, S7-89) ancl is present at Sír Ernest Rubherforårs f irst important steps in splitting 'Ûhe atom (9, 88). tontinuing to publish papers, he is soon :'eleeted Fe]lov¡ of hÍs College, and is also chosen to address the Royal'Society" After his sl1-ceesses at Carnbriclge, Miles returns to 'i,he UniVersi-r,y of T,ondon and seeas Certain of being appoÍn- ted director of a nev,I scientifÍc institute, so certain in fact that he promises a position to Sheríff, one of hís frÍends (å, 25L-25b), Thus }uiiles is nearing the height of hís ambiríon: he has acl:ieved a reputation; he is about to be placed ín a positi.on of authority and responsibility; he looks forward to a life cievoted to hís bel-oved science.

*Flê I¡I].II see that I'iartin Eliotu Milesls couirterpart l'[en has much the same outlook. ín The IIet¡¡ " 79 Sudden1y, d-Ísaster strikes' 'r,{hen he arrÍves for the meeting of the committee at' rqhich he expects to be appointed, he is told that his l-atest work contains errors, On investigating, he finds that Jepp, his assistant, to t^¡hom he has left the v¡ork of performíng the experiments, has made a mistalce. Itiles had not checked Jepprs results closely enough' Because of the error, he is not given the nevr aPpoÍntment6

-A.s he pond.ers his future, I'{iles rejects various possibilities (9, 277-27È), He refuses to regain his plaee by rtpatåercee and penitence and effort.rr He l'¡ílL not go vrithout money and leisure. He lri}l not enter scientific industry, because salaries are too low" He r.ri1l not teach, for academic teaching is only ffínstru-eting people in unim* portant subjects by a method in whích one does not believe"n The field of scientific iournalísro is uncertain" Reiecting these possibilities, hê has another thought. He says, tÏt occurrecl to me I had no d.evotíon to sciencell (gr 27È) . He gra.dually realizes that it has never rea]ly been a pure devotion to scíenee in t,he abstract that has pushed him in his career, but rather, âs he himse}f explaíns ít, llthat human interest of mine, that had grown into a passion.ft Again he says, t,,I{T absorbÍng interest had been the human conflíct, the motÍves and the difference betr^¡een those 80 motives and their conscious shapen (å, 27g)'3 Gone are his hígh standards of scientific devotion and his uninvolvement i¡ the affairs of his fe]-low humans' Accepting his devotion to those hr:man beÍngs, lIil-es gíves himself to it, financing his nevr lif e by ,¡¡orking t?fierc€lytt at science but lrv¡ithou.t any delight in itir (9, 283), and by writing polítieal essays (å, 322) " Making up for the iob he vras unable to obtain for his friend Sheriff , hê also manages the latterls scientific career (9, 322) " AtI the time, h€ gradually abandons his love for science and hís devotÍon to seientific truth" His regard for seience is tested finaLly l'rhen he receíves an article in r,r'hich Sheriff describes an experÍment whieh eovers much the sa.rae ground as one which lt[íles had once abandoned because the resul-ts v¡ould not fall ínto any sort of ord-er" But whereas his orarn results were suffieient to stop his effortsu Sheríff 1s have ?tsimplified thernselves dolor to just those facts v,¡hich led to a solution of spectaeular clarítyr? bu-t which ís deceiving (å, 3Jt) ' l,{iles decides that this has been a deliberate mistake on Sheriffrs part, the setting clown of sorne false facts and the omÍssion of Sone true ones' Like l'{ílesrs ovm mistake, this is the s?major scientifie

3nrt" could l'¡el-l- be a statement of Snot¡¡îs ovJÌ1 pur- pose in the rrstrangers and Brotherstt series" 81 crimert (9, 338)" lviiles roust deeide v¡hat action to take. ff he holds to his sense of scientific inËegritY, he must ;oublicly point out the error" There ean be no excuse--either Sheriffîs rnotive or their personal friendship" So he prepares hj-s letter reporting the error, 'l¡u-t never sends Ít. l'{j-lesrs concern for hunraniiy overcomes his allegiance to sej.en- tifie truth" He decides that on the grounds of hu:nanity he mu.st not acto For one thing, Sheriff rs tafife, Audreyu had once been in love with Miles and so he r'n¡onders if jeal-ous¡r is hís motive" ii{oreoverr to send the letter r,.'ioul-d mean the ruÍn of SherÍff rs scientifíc career, just as he is reaehing a perrnanent and iniportant position"& These considerations persuade him not to e49ose hÍs friendrs nistake, For .A,rthur }.[iles there is somethíng hígher than seíentÍfic truth" That truth becomes for him not an abso1ute, an end. to be served, but something valuable onI-y in relati-on to the servíce it can render ' The rules of seíentific ínvestigation and. integrity beeome too confining and l,Iiles sets up f or himsel f a nelu table of values, whieh are to be judged Ín their relatíon to his interest in hunanÍtyn 11I r^¡as liberatedrt? he says, r?from all the

Lnu iu an older ¡ûanr havång had false starts in his career" 8z faiths and superstitÍons, and- at last there r'¡as only the honesty I should try to keep r¡rÍthÍn myselffi (g' 3l+2)" Ts Ûii-tesîs decision honest? It seems that his aban- donment of scientific integríty Ís a desperate reaction, a final, almost petty, hit at the rules of scientific in- '¡estigation which have caused the ru.in of his ovJn careeru Hís concern for humanity is too narrov'r; it is liraited to inclividuals, r,'rithout the breadth of outl-ook that can balance the ind-ivÍdual and the colrunon good, To allovr the fraud to remaín unchecked ís to let stand an offence agaÍnst science, truth and justíce, Brotherhood--the concern for the r¡,.elfare of one?s fellows whích I'[iles T:rofesses--demands justÍce, both indivídual and corporate' l4iles?s action is selfish and sentimental" To fly in the face of the common good in order to satisfy a feeling for an índividual Ís to place the common good Í-re jeopardy' Tf society is to func- tion, its members must be honest as weLL as compassíonate, Tn his seJf-concem disgu-ised as feeling for hru:raníty, I{iles is much like },Íartin E}iot n rvhom we shall diseuss later"

ïï Arthr:r i'{iles0s conclusions, partícularly his denial of the absolute importance of scientífic integrity in the 83 face of hu¡¿an brotherhood," are a foretaste of i.[artin Eliot r s, He is Lev¡is?s brother and the major character in The Itiew }.'iqq" But r"¡híLe their final actions are parallel, the motives that move I'{iles and Martin are vastly dissimilar, Conditions are very different in the two novels: l.{artin ltrorks in the production of the atom bomb, the beginníngs of t^Ihich I'{íIes had observed" England is at hrar¡ and scien- tists must decide on the extent of their i::volvement and responsibility" Science and government r'.¡ork together out of necessity" Their goals are one: to i,¡Ín the ivar" But they are dÍvid.ed by the scientistss concern for seientífie truth and human justice" The dílemma is focussed ín five F men: three scientists--I'lartÍn Elioto ìfalter Lukeu2 and Erj-c Sawbridge; and two rnenrbers of government--Thomas 6 Bevill- and Sir Hector Rose I¡ialter Luke is seen in a dÍlemma qu.ite differ"ent from that of The ivjasüêrso Tnstead of the survival of the college or the position of indÍviduals in that limited area of society, the fate of maqkind is now the i-ssueu IIo I-onger

'lnJho appears in The Þlasters " h-- -r¡Jno apþear l-n æHomecoml-nqs" 8/'" are seientists engaged in experiments merely for the sake of díscovering all they can in the realm of pure scj-enceo -,,rlhethen they choose ít or not, their experiments must, in order to win the r^¡ar, lead to the development of nuclear

ÏIeapons " The contrast between the old attitude and the new is seen in ldartin Eliot. Bogged dor^m in a job that bril} almost eertainly not lead to fame for him, ÞlartÍn allows Lew'is to manoeuvre him on to the staff of Barford, the experimental station where the atomic bomb is bei:rg built'7 His view of scienee and Lukers differ greatly" Each loves scÍenceu gives himsetf to it r,/noleheartedly, and- is bent on doing hís best to win the war. Bu.'b they differ ín the satísfaction that scÍenee givçs ihem' For T'4artin scLence provicles meaning and pI-easure r'¡hen it is rtpsrert! the happí- ness it gives hÍn ccrnes from, âS Lewis deseribes it, ttseeing how nature tforked; ít would not have Lost its strength if nothing he had. done added sixpence to practical human better¡nentîi (ry, 8¿u)"8 He is a trconbemplativell. Else- rorhere" Lerris describes hÍç brother, in his attitude tor,uards

7i'rartints motives¡ and Ler.rÍs1s, vrill be d-iscussed lat'ero 8l,tu*ti., shares this feeling v¡ith a colLeagtleu Arthur l,lounteney, ivftJsé ou.tloolç tëwig is-here describing, as r''¡ell- as with Arthur l{iles " 85 science, as holdjng the ?tr^rorld in the palm of his hand; as though he had, iû his moment of insight, seen the triek by r.¡hj-ch he could toss it aboutrr (W' 51). Lulcets attitude is different" As Lewis sa.ys, con- templation for hinr is a f?means, not a joy in itself ; h]q r,"¡âs lmake He h¡nniness¿¡q v v*¿:vv to I'iother Nature sit up and beg"r r,¡anted pot.rer over nature so that human beings should have a better timerl (ry, 84) . But v¡hatever their differenceo the scíentists share a universal understanding of a brotherliood- of man that sur- passes na.tional bound.aries' They f eel an affínÍt1' wíth tl:.eir fel-lovr scientists of every nationo and t'vork together na.tura.l-ly and easily" So it is not dÍfficult for Erie Pearson and I(ürt Puchr¡rein, tivo of the Barford seíentísts, to go off to the united states and to r¡¡ork elosely r,,rith their colleagues there. But this blurring of international dividing lines has consequences v¡hich r,'¡e shal-l diseuss later " In a tirne of t"¡ar, l''lartin is disturbed that hÍs science Ís abstract" Like his fe1lor,¡s, he claims that it must d.o rlmore practical- good than harrn to human l-ívesr? (W, 8&). The war forces scientísts (an¿ ûol.}=sc'iêntists) to exa¡r:ine the basis oí their values, to search for the best expression of their hunan broiherhood" 86 A.s the rvar begÍns and they start their experiments, the scÍentists in general are remarkably naive a.bout the possibility of the ïüeapons ihey are d-evel oping beíng used to destroy hu:nan beings; indeed they seem unable to recog: níze the possibÍlity, ',¡ihen they first discu-ss the matter wrth LewÍs, he says that îÎi.t did not catch hold of us as something realtt (W, 18)" One of the scientists, Francis

Getliffe, speaks of the possíbilÍty of the use of the nev,r secreü Î?as Íf it r,\rere a danger of the futurel? as Levris puts it, î?a pieee of science-fictíon, like the earth *".**;¡ær.Lrrrrr¿rr6 ¿iruui-+ n å. comet?s pathtt (]rl¡,1, 1B), And rthen lt{artin and }¡Iounteney talk i^rith Lewis of the l-ikel-ihood of usíng the bomb, they are certain that it rry¡e¡ef happenol? that it lrmustnrt happenl? (M{o B5). fhey insist that scientists have a duty to ruarn about the consequences of using atomie pol,rer, but as such a thing seems ttfar in the futur€, Yr the rrshador.¡ of horrort? passes away, ffid they do nothing (W, 87) , So they continue work on the bomb, eonsiderÍng it u¡believable that it should be usedô Once the bomb has been developed, rumours spread in England that it wil} first be tested Ín the United States and then used i-n combat" Shocked out of their naíveté, the scientists meet to plan their eampaígn against 8z the use of the bomb (W, Chapter ffiV)" l{oun-t,eney descrÍbes their pÌrrpose es a trmeeting of scientÍsts to find t,rays of stopping a misuse of scienceo Ò ê " the greatest perversion of science that þreîve ever been threatened r^¡íthlt (W, I77) " He suggests they Íssu-e a publíc statement of their objec- tions " Largely throu-gh ÏrTartin 1s efforts, this proposal is rejected., and jrrstead. a team of English seientist,s is sent to the United States to present a plan much lÍke one of Francis Getlíffeçs: tell the eneml' of the bombts existence; demonstrate it. vûrere no one will be kiIled.; then, only as a last resort, u-se it on arÌ eneny tovrn (ru, L79), But as the team argues its case, the first atomic bomb is dropped on \, Híroshi¡ra "' The scientists are horrÍfíed. iriartín, who has stopped Mounteney from acting dramaticáffy before, comes to see Ler,¡is" Deeply dÍsturbeclu talking i-n clipped phrases, they discuss the question weighÍng on }[artin: r?Irühat is a rnan to do?tt (U, 190), lfha.t can the concerned person do to r¡rork out his belief in human brotherhood? It[artin ís deter- mined to write a letter to the paperu basing his argument on

(J 'In an interview r^rith I.[r" LÍster Sinc'lair on the tt0lose-Up Canadian Broadcasting Corporation programme -; ï Sír Charles reealled that the American atomic scÍentist, Professor Frank, and his eol-J-eagues iqrote a letter at this same time to the American Government, urgÍng that the bo¡ab :þ,e-no'b rsed Ín war. This Ís another examole of the scÍen- tistsr brotherhood and conmon concern, 88 llminimum (U, L93\ Irhat he calls a respect for huma.nit,ytt u asking why such a step should be taken Ín the faee of peaee moves already rinderr^rq;î.e and l.rithout a warning of the bombls availabitity ancl its capacity to destroy" Lev¡Ís dissuades hím from sending the letter u but I''iartín r s original intention indicates the depth of his eoncern" As they are absorbíng the shock of this destruction of human life, the scíentists faee anobher dilemma' It is dÍscovered that Eric ,sawbridge, a young seientist at Bar- ford o has been passing seerets to the Sovíet Uniono Thus a conflict arÍses betr^¡een national l-oyai-ty and vorvs of allegianceo and the Íntertrational nature of seíentific investigation, As Sarvbrid"ge is sti],l not proven a sPY¡ ít is u-p to the seíentists to take action (Ur 2L2-2LII,). l,iartjn wishes uo remove him from his position, proven gu-ilty or noto in order to prevent any further l-eakage of infor- mation. i¡Ialter Luke, a kinder and less ambitious man, is concerned v¡ith Sawbrid.gets ríghts and vrith the disruption of Barfordls progress v¡hich would result from the removal of an excellent seientist and from the disturbance over firing a man yet to be proved guilty. Martin r¡¡ins and is eventually called in to help break sawbrÍdge dolm. During the interrogation¡ Yet another contradictíon appears lrithin the v¡orld of scienee" 89

Since Savrbrídge has given secrets to the Soviet Union, his allegiance is natr:ra}Iy to that country; England no longer cen elaim his loyalty. science, hovrever, stíll does" His interrogators d.iscover (u, 25t+) that even ruhíle he is êfi* gaged ín undermining all that the project Ís trying to achieve, savrbrid.ge is professÍonally and emotionally very much Ínvolved- in the success of Barford " Levris remembers hov¡ ditígently Savrbridge has worlced. for the proieetrs success and. horuu v¡hen ihe fjrst test of the atomic pile failed, sar^rbrÍdge had stoodu lrhis mouth open r.nfith paÍn 1rÏ like a marathon l"u:rneplg'lt rlFOf OnCerrt SAyS LeU¡iS, Sal^f (ryr 11/4) emotion on his face, he @ o " was nearly cryingrr " to Once he has confessed, sarvbridge is tried and sentenced

trrrelve ]rears ín Prison " so the sc'îentÍsts move oub of the ísol-ation of the r,,rorld of their researeh into a worl-d of action and invol-ve- älent in society. .A.s r,.re have seen, l'{artin experiences stírrings of discontent at bhe lack of practíeal appliea- tion of his research to the wel-fare of rnen " These sbirrings are intensified by the possibility of the bombrs being u.sed to destroy life, and break out ínto protest v¡hen his fears become facts. Finally, disgusted v¡j-th what out- síd.ers þave done vråtþ science, vrith the political díffi- culties ínvol-ved', he rel;reats to the coLlêge¡ to pure

seience o 90 j',iartinrs reaction is one of the t'¡"Io extremes of action found in The New l'[eq--the other i s to turn to Communism, as do Sawbridge and l"lounteney" But there Ís a mídd1e rrâl¡ a rnore realistic one--L"¿kers way. Ile too sees the corrulrtion of seience that has begun in the r¡fâr"¡ but he refuses to hide himsel-f from lÍfe, from responsÍ* bility" Instead, he deternrines t,o carry on, loyal to his corintry, and at the same tÍme, to tr5' ¡o restore the purity of science" All threeu and ihe other scientísts they represent, move from ÍsolatÍon to an al^fareness of the need for Ínvolve- ment, from stranger torrrards acceptÍng the need to be brothers" ir{artinr Luke, and. Sav.rbridge become ínvolvecì.; they cannot avoid ít. The¡r €l¡s not rilerely concerned for seíence aird their fe]lows; they grasp the r^¡ider aspects of coromrinity. Even íf MartÍn is ín retreat, hê has had a visíon of a nevl World" The proeess with rryirích Snolv is con- cerned is not constant and certain' Tf I'fartÍn has once reached. out to his fellows, he is likely to do so again" -What has emerged as a vital force is that sense of human brotherhood r.fnich reaches beyond personal, professional, and id.eologÍca'l boundaries, The indÍvidual in the nove'l s of C"Pn Snotn¡ is j-ncreasingly involved Ín creating a vital

society " 91 ïïï In his progress from Ísol-ation and lnvolvernent, from stranger to brother, Lel.¡is Eliot learns that each level to r,.¡hÍch one proceeds depends for its success on the satisfactory aehievement of the previous oneo So the establ-ishment of a fariily relationshÍp depends rr-pon the ability of indÍvÍ.dual members to give to each other. Before the eornmunity of groupo tovtn, or college can be achieved, solitary individuals nust learn to beeome friends" So ít is perhaps too large a iurop from the rnore local corl- cer"n v¡ith scientific truth and kinshÍp to the larger area

of concern for humanity. "4.11 ínter:nedÍate step is neees- sâT.'y; na.tÍonal loyalËy, as expressed in participation in government. ¡,t each stage of his life Lewis bakes the appropriate step; he rnderstands the need. for eommÍtting hÍmself. So he becomes invol-ved jn government, and the scientists gradually follow him' The seientists are liberal and even radical in polÍtics" Like Lewis, they ¡nistrust professional poli- ticíans, career civil servants, or anything that smaeks

even sqe¡¿faintlv vÀJ of reacti-on" So lt¡hen he hears that the Miníster, Thomas Bevil-l, does not think ít Ímpossible that the atom bomb eould be dropped, T:"'lounbeneyl s reaetion is typical; riltlhat else do you expeet s o ' of a broken down reactj.onary po'litician?Ît (N$t S6)" At one time this lrroul-d 92 have been Lewisrs reaction as weI}" In Tim-e of Hope, he is a member of George PassanËrs liberal, free*thinking groupt and takes part in radical speech-making {çF.}, 'n In his relations with the l.,iarches, Lel"risf s radieal tendencies are The Conscience the Rich (96) reneatedlv:v revealed in of " In The l,{asters he declares his political affinity with the scÍentists (32), He adnits to being prejucliced against Sir Heetor Rose, the civil- servant llho appears Ín Eggg,: conings and The lrlev¡ ]uien. Beeause Rose i-s a eonservative, a traciítÍonali.st, in the liberal viev¡ a reactionarye LewÍs says he wou-ld have frdistrus-r,ed him when ít eame to a crísistr (9, L23), No reason other than the politícal is given" Yet, once Lewis has r¡rorked r^¡íth Rose and v'¡ith the }TinisËer, he admits that he had let preiudice ruJ-e himu 11T should haVe been deaC r¡trongrtt h€ SayS" llAetuallyu vrhen war Camee Bevill and Rose lfere as vdrole-hearted. about fightÍng as nen could be, Conpared v¡ith my friends on the irregular left, their nerves were strongertt (8, L23) " Rose, hê points out, is fftotal-ly immersedt? in the lqar, rrcarrying

responsibility without a blinktÌ (H, L23) " Thus it is chiefly through Bevill and Rose, his Pernianent Secretary, that Lewis sees government at v¡orIç' Bevill ís a born aristocrat, a politician, a gentle man

who at the outset of his career' decides Lew'is' 'd'eterrnined' ttnever to give allray a secret, and never to allow himself the 93 bríght remark that makes a needless enemylt (Im{, 13), who m-akes r?a profession of being unassumingl? (9, L12)' He ís not at, all lÍke the scientists. He is prepared to use the aioinic bonb if it is the only wa¡r to win the vrâr' Besides, hê asks, rTHas there ever been a l'reapon that someone did. not want to let off?tt (Nl.{, 7l). He is horrifÍed that any man cou'ld think of betraying his country (UU, 22O-22L)" His realism is in contrast to the naive dreamings of the scienbists, Just as the scientists thÍnlc of Bevill in slanted preconeeptions, so they try to make out Sj-r Heetor Rose as the typíc;rl eevíl servant. In many Ways he ís that--åtirma"a*' u.late inthis official blaek eoat and striped trousersft (w, 1¿¡.), eareful each day to have a vase of fresh hyacínths on his desk (W, L22J, r'dth his ttsspr,rs¡1tion of politeïìessll (ry, 25) u proud. of hís country (I'TI'[, l+7) " But v¡hen he geis to knovr him, Lev,¡is sees Rose as havíng ttno taste for show?? trhinself t-1 (ry, 56J, f ormal-, but o o ' only Lou¡ectinsJ to informalii;r in others luhen it interfered wÍth his adminis- trative por.fertt (lW, 1Å.). Above all, he is scrupulouslJr fair, prejudiced. in nany ÌfâYS, ì:u--u able, as Lel'ris discovers, to keep that prejudice from influencing his judgment', and expecting oihers to be the same. For him¡ Says Lel',ris, ít is îtea-sy to elír¡jnate a personal consideration, anci he 9l+ .t f . eou.ld not do sa]nett (M, 123)' brould [desniseJ ne if f the And- when Ín the face of Francis Getlíffeis arguments, Rose changes his mind ttagainst his preconceived opiniono against *1 most of his prejudices, Lev¿Ís wonders ilr.rith some shame e e rvhether place should have been so fairrr (i{l'.1 67) " Ín his I , "

So Lewis learns to judge people by rvhat the;r ¿vs and do u not by r,virat they appear to be, This is necessary if he is to become a brother. and the scientists must learn to do the same" Gradually, those ín scíence and those in govern.ment come to und.erstand each other, a.nc1 by the end of The Neg jrien they are 1,,¡orking together, Ïhe scíentists finally beeome aÌüare of the need for a natíonal loyalty; they accept SawbrÍdgeîs trial for treasonu Ïre T'{iníster and Rose begin to understand the agonizing deeision the seientists must make as to the use of the bomb in vrar" Both want to win the v¡ar: the desi re of the government to do so as quíckly as possible and by v¡l:atever means rr€cês* sary Ís balanced by the more scrupulous concern of the seíentists for human lives, In Science and Government" Snov¡ claims wÍth a degree of truth that professional administrators¡ ûo matter horrr îlintellígent, honourable, tough, tolerant, and generousrrr lack foresight, a qualíty possessed to a 95 greater degree by the scientisis, despite theír inefficiency in adn-inistration (!g, 83)"10 The nature of each group limits its ou-tlook; only by viorking togetÌrer can t,hey arrÍve at a community in which strangers can beeome brothers in the fullest sense.

TV Once more in his life, Lewis Eliot sheds a prejud-åee, realizing that stereotyped attitudes are most often nodi* fíed or proved vrrong by actüa}}y getting to lcnol'r people" He I earns that political differenees are not absolute¡ ü11- a.lterably separating men from each other" FIe lea.rns that there must be aeeommodations between liberal and conserva- iÍve o just aS between scíence and government' Each ean contribu-te to the conmon enrichment of both. Thus he becomes âIntrâPê of a oêþI â.fêâ of coneêrrle Far behjnd hirn Ís the narrovü, self-interested person of his youth. He has achieved brotherhood, but the need remains to guard against falling back into his former

es 'oractic "

f0Ttrís is antícipated in The lleu¡_,I[en when Mounteney comments thab scÍentistè mu.st spêffi-uffiause they lrcan imagine the consequencesrt of the use of nueleâr þIÊâPollS (t36) (87Ï" Luke expredses the same idea " 96 That thís is especially necessa.ry is shot'rrn in Levrises attitud.e to his brotheru which is much the sante as Mrs' wê Eliotts de,-nand.s on Lev¡ís himself. As The -irler^r l{en opens, see Ler.ris trying to prevent ivTarti:r froni rnarrying Irene Brunskill, who he belÍeves ïri] 1 ruin I'"{artÍnrs life' He eomplains that l{artínrs seeming stability and detachment, his ability to avoid. foolishness and to look after himselfo are not, really there (W, 3)' He knov¡s better; he knows that l{artin need-s guidance" Just as l'{rs" El-Íot had- v¡antecl to live throu-gh Ler¡¡ís, he l^¡ants to d-o the sarne throu-gh jr{artinc 1?I had invested much hope in hin, ínc]-udíng hopes of my ov¡n that had been frtrstratedrr (UI'[, 8-9). rdhen Lewis tries to d.issuad-e him, l.{artin retreats r^rithin hirnself , directing the eonversation instead to the atomic energy then about to be developecl. Because of Lewisrs intrusions, l.,lartin begins to isolate himself, and the bi-ood brothers begin to beeome strangers" Then, because he thinks that l'[artin will not go far in his present urar-tirne job, Lewis deeides to get hírn into Barford, Because i','larti¡ ís proud and secretly anbitíous and would retreat even furbher into hirnself , Levris manoeuvTes him ínto asking for the position by havíng I,,iartin present nrhile he talks to Luke about Ít (W' Chapter TV)" Martin asks for Levrisss help' Although Lev¡ís v¡orries about hÍs own involvement ín l{artínr s lif e and his responsi- 97 bility for himu he rejoÍces that his l?self-ídeniifieatory clreamsll r,¡iIl be fulfilled (Ng' 1l-7) " As I'{artin progresses ín hís career, Ler,'rÍs has his moments of despair. trfhen things beyond I''Íartints control go ,!froig, it is tlartin lrith v¡hom LewÍs is angryo Because his ol.m dreams would be destroyed, Levtís stops i[artin from rísking his eareer by sending the letter to the paper (NS, L95) " At this point, partly Ín rYfrustrated reaction,tt as one reviewer points out, Piartin beeomes a llruthless Success*

--]-]- rî- vrorshÍpperrtt- pursulng nl-s eereer at-! the e4pense of other scìentÍsts. 0f this Lewis cannot approve and he and lulartin become even more estranged, i,{hen the sar",rbrid-ge affair comes up, I,Tartin takes advan'uage of Lukels good nature, VJhen Lu-ke rejeets his plan to dismiss Sar,rbridge out of hand , Ir{artin ínsísts on having his vier.¡s on reeord (lUtf , 2Il+), Ler^ris sees his brotherts hidden motive, which soon becomes apparent' Qnee the suspicions against Sar^rbridge are more certain, and. Luke wants to d.Ísmiss hÍm, i'.{artin reverses himself and demand.s that he be kept" Again Lelr¡is sees only too clearly his brotherrs desire to use the situation to gain hís orü3

llR*.ríu* of The-leg }4en, it Ihe Times Literarlr Supplement, Ii{ay 7, WW6" 98 advantage (l{i{, 227) " Then Luke beeomes i1} once ageÍn vrith radiation sickness, leaving I'iartj:r in virtual eontrol- of trThe tt Ilwas the e stablÍ shruent . luck , says Lewis , playing Ínto lrfartinrs hand. I lcnew that he was ready e o ' to make the most of itl? (U, ?bL). Even as he praíses Lukels abilityu llariin rrratcÌres for his opportunity" He persuades ihe ï"{inister to let him help break Savrbridge dotnr. He succeed.s, and in the reorganization of Barford he is offered the positj.on of superintenden'û o l'¡íih l,uke to be (W, d-emoted to chief advísor i'àL-282) " Then, in a reversal which is mystifyíng and not qu.ite successful as a literary manipulation of eharacter, }.'iartin refuses the positíon" The reasons he gives are based on his eoncern for personaL íntegrity and what has been terrned trscientific virtrru".l2 To his lrife he says, ItThe head of Barford is just as ruueh a part of the machine âs any of the others" " o e If I take the iobu Ï shantt have the trouble of thinking for rnysel-f againl? (U, 2g3)' His expl-anatíon to Lewis Ís that in the faee of the problem of the boinb, there are tr.vo ehoices. One ean do as ltlalter Luke--flstruggle on e o ' ârì.d take I on*'s ] snare of v¡hat

TÔ 14Thi ¿l Mqó 99 had been done and r,vhat núght stilL be done, and hope that i^re might come out at the end of the bunnelor? to aecept the rtburnings alive, the secrets, the fightÍng point of Þowerrtl and to ia.ke the consequencçs, to live in airporrer eqtiil-i* brirrmrî r¡here tl:e î?reIícs of liberal hurnani"* ,.o LJfn"rru] place'Î (U, 300), In the r^rords of Tvlr" John Metealf, thÍs nrejeetÍon for integrityls sake doesnlt ring tru-e t¡hen sounded against 1? the facts v¡e are gÍven about iUartín,tÎ-- But as another re- viewer poÍnts out, Snov¡ is concernecl wÍth the problem itself, ti. not with any fixed solution.-* 6sT'¿¿inl$¡ the problena is there" l.{artin Eliot, ín The I'[evr ivien, reiects eertaín success and Arthur ii'ii] es, in The .Search¡ rejeets the prornise of ii; " Bobl: do so from ostensibly the same reasoil--a eoncern for humanity" Both choices are a retreat disguÍsed as a step fon¡ard" l,liles says that he abandons scíentífie integrity ou& of his concern for humanÍty, l,{artin abandons hruoanity out of hÍs concern for scientÍfic integrity-- although he elaims to be concerned for humanity, His move is equally senbimental, but with more sinister ímplications,

l3Review of The ltlel^r l'{en. Ín The_ $peg-tegqt, T,{ay lll,u Ig5Lr, p u 600, l&Review of The New l.{en in The Nation , CLXXX (March 5, L955),?*o¡6. 100 For l4ilesrs concern is genuine; l{artinls is not, I{iles genuinely feels that what he does for Sheriff i-s more important than the theory of scientífic truth" I4artinss actj.on Ís a disgu-sted revolt agai-nst t¡hat he considers a perversion of seience" But r,rthereas Luke siays a scÍentj-st in the world, ât the same tÍme fighting for hÍs fellowsr v¡e1fare, I'{artln chooses to satisfy his ego by abandoníng his fellow men. The resu-lt to tviartinrs career i.s sígnificant. Returning to the e;oll€êê¡ to pure science, hê fÍnd.s that he is outclassed by men junior to him, that he has no real chance of advancerrrent (N{, 308*309), Lewis visits hin in his new life, sees him subdued, aceeptíng the decreased renorvn that r¡I'ill- Ínevitabl-y be his, yet with the ltcurious kind of happinessll that comes to those rvho make (l{S, such renuneiatÍons 3o9) " Lel,¡is begíns to see the uffong of hís possessive love; risuddenly I bhought that, hoping so much for him, T¡rith the fraternal concern .that ídentified myself in him, I had rvorried litt1e about his happinessrl (W, 3O9). He belÍeves what ir'lartin had iold him once before, that instead of seeking hís happÍness, Leuris had v¡anted too much for himself (Ni'.,I, 273), Lewís recalls hÍs reaction to his motherts love and sees that his love for iliartin is no less 101 1lossessÍve, that it Ís also lra darkness of the heartlr (lU{, 310), Because he recognizes thisu hè ean do solTtê- thing about ít. In spÍte of i[artin t s retreat into hinself and his aband.onment of the wider r^¡orld., in spÍte of Lev¡isrs regres- sion ínto the possessive love he had onee rejeeted, there is hope at the end of the novel. The people l'¡ith v¡hom Snor,¡ is concerned in this series of novels, despíte their widenÍng vísion of eommuníty, retain a narror\iness of out* look luhich hinders their full development as brothers" Ïrr this novel, the sci-enti.sts have a broader vision, and- are open to the l.rÍder sense of community that is necessary Íf civilization ís to survive, Some, lilce Lelrís E1iot and trJalter Luke accept thÍs necessi.ty; ít only remaíns for tirem to irnprove their society" Sotne, líke l"Tartin Eliotu reject it; bui there is hope for them beeause they have once experienced it and will probably accept it at some tinre, Others--and they are in the vast najority-*have yet to learn aboub brotherhood and to aecept it" But the awareness of corrmuníLy is abroad in the ivorld, and for that reason there is hope bhat strangers ud-Il become brothers, that individual and society r¡ill achieve a balanced relatÍonship o LO2

V In Chapter TrI we sav¡ the rol-e nlayed in the college by abÍlity and success" Snorv ís concerned with both of these throughout his novel-s ' trrJhatever gifts a man possesses, he is expecbed to use them; so Lelvís emphasiøes the failure of Jagoo Brom, and chrystal to fui-fill their promise" so in The Conscience of the Rigþ ILtr" March feels that because he has left his career at an early â8e¡ he has fa.iled in some r¡fâT: ín spite of his fortu-ne and his generally happy i-ife" so in Mgom.ip.gq sir lleetor Rose declares that George Passant eannoL be worth rnu-ch or else he v¡ould not have remainecl a srß411 tovr,t solicitor for So many years" He

sâ\rs-Ð4J Ð, lrAà man¡4q¿r nfv{ his¿Â4u ¡hìlity tçho just rests content in a fourth-rate job r,rust have somethin$ r.rjìÎorl$ rrith himlt (H, LgIv)' For the Same reason, Lel^ris is concerned tì:roughout the series of novels ltith winning SucCesS in his oitJrr career' His illnessr âs portrayed in Time of Ïope-, has its origÍn in his fatip"ue and hís poor d-iet, but is aggravated by his fear of its beeoming public knov,rledge. He feels that t?no one would. persevere r.rith a siek young nanl? (IE, 3L6) '

trofhen he recovers a.nd is able to eontinue híS eareeru the constant eare he rou-st gíve Sheil-a. hampers h$"m in his career and deterrnínes that he ¡ril-I never be as successful as he has wished" and so he retreats to the safety of the colLege " This saxne attitu-de to success continu-es in Fhe-N-ew lvÏen" I,,lartin must make a harsh decision when he ehooses the obseurity of the college to the fame of the scientifie world" In ThsJffgir. v¡e see him reduced to v¡hat seeÍi to be insignificant politics, as eonpared wíth the poi-itics of seíence and government, as he concerns himself ruith ob-

+,or"ninovd,-LIIrrrÉ thov ¡¡v lrosty Of Senior TutOf' l.{en r^rit,tr high anbitions, and theír friencls, are co¡1* cerned v¡ith the forr¡ral recognition r^¡Trich suceess brings ¡rÍth ít" To be made a Fellov¡ of the Royal Society is ím- portant to Nightingaleo v¡ho never makes ít (M, L6L-L62) t and to Luke, who is honoured- at an early age (NU, 23I)" Academie honor:rs are iaportant too: Gayos eighteen honorary doctorates mean very mueh to him; and Francis Getliffe, even after his d.istinguished scientific career, desires intensel-y to be Master of hís college' Allpaygreatattentiontothosehonourstheir country can give them" Luke and. Getliffe are knighted for their v,rar-time researches, and Lewis receives the K"B"E. for his government service" Drav¡bel} watches the honours lists for a knighthood that never comes (u, 98u L3g, 22L), Sir Hector Rose is especially careful to see that those who deserve honours receive then (W, 277*278t 1 nr, his 304-305) " Crav¡ford inrears his CnB.Eu r Nightíngale Ð,S"0, ancl I{"C', and Pilbrolv his llmedals of rniscellaneous Balkan warstî (H, 128)" And there is Houston Eggar, a who is dís- Jir:ninæ (,/-II-L\JI vrni¡rÍ'ì Y +r servant\ in the foreign office appointed. r^¡hen he receives the C.B"E.e because his senior- ity dernand.s a C"l''['G. (U, L27) " Since he ís, as Lev'ris describeshim,t?âmanv¡hogetsmuchpLeasurefromsmall nz''ï 1r he reeeives it (!9, 33T) }J¡ Á4vuzps. he is nob content until ' But lvhat about the unsuccessful, t"tho receive no public honorrsu inlho must make the most of their faÍlures? ïn his article lîThe Sacrifiees of Successr"l5 nu'^' Henry cu-rtis webster maÍniains that ít is the ttrelative fail-urestr rvho dorninate ihe novels, They are there to balance theír sA ftsuccessful opposites"llt- George PassanLes wa¡mlt'h and devotion are in contrast to the cold ruthlessness of his employer, Harry Eden, and his Vígorous independence balances the unfeeling effieiency of Sir Heetor Rou*.17 The agonized soul-searehing of Roy Calvert ís in contrast t,o the poufous self-assu-rance of sír oulstone Lyallu hÍs

l5satgrday*Ilev¿ew, XLf (.luly Le, L95à), " 8-i-0, 34,

q/ Jorbi{", p* loa f-ic"""ge is for a tfme A Cåvil servant in Home- ç!r4!ggÞ_, 105 fellow orientalist (!Ð, 67-68) " There Ís the v,¡ar:n-hearted pure scientist, Martin Eliot, retiríng to the f?uneminencerr of the eollegeut8 t" opposed to the submíssive engineer, r?s5ss¡fi tt Eric Pearson, and the 4.1 funciionatT u C)rri1 Draw- bell.*'10 Sheila, w'ith her tortured soul and inability to l-ove, is su-perior to George PassantTs mistress, Daphne, in Strangers ancl Brotherso and to Rosalind. Calvert, in Time of Hgpg, both of whom are lenormal l^romenlï sensually, but incapable of fathoming the depths of love and 1ife"20 The rrfailuresn are generally more likable than the trsnccessêsr11 says Mr" Webster. This is true because they have examined life more closely, tasbed its dark moments as v¡ell as its joysu learned to reach out to their fellows either out of their own need or in order to give help, They are eloser to being brothers than are the successfu.l strangers. To be successfr,ll costs something--ín most of these cases, the arrrareness of a r¡ríder area of concern" Those rvho are most suecessfuL in their ot^m field tend to regard that field as the end of their existenee. So Crav¡ford cannot see ìoeyond. science and Pearson does not

1Ê--. ro''iiebstero 9-P." ç-¿t. l9rbid, 2orbÍd." 106 see the moral implications of the use of the atomic bomb (, L59*L6Z) " Eden is bound by the tradition of his firsïr ancl the town. Because of their narrovüness of ouilook these men are slot^¡ to grasp the ideal of community and so they renrain s trangers , The Lürrsu-ccessful and the less suceessfu]- are the ones who see the need for brotherhood:-George Passant, Roy Calvert, Sheila Knigirt, Charles iv-tarch, PauI Jago, and I,lartin Etiot. Tn their careers and in theír lives general-J-y they suffer for their ideals and- their vision" Yet society cannot be cornposed oni-y of people who are failures, íf Ít is to be meaningful; praeti eal persons are needed, persons r¡rho can carry out the vision, ei.ther their o\,Ì11 or that of others " So Snor,¡ sees the need for scientists and humanÍsts, ídealists and real-ísts, inde- pendents and the politically cornmitted, strangers and brothers, -to join theÍr insíghts and abilíties to create a nehl and vítal- societY"

VJ The Reverend C.P" Crowley has deelared that althou-gh it lroulti seem that Snowrs world has no theologÍcal, vertical dimension, his horizontal movement does lead to ,1 something beyond TÌtâ11,"* Snowrs idea. of justice as some-

21t,Thu closed Universe of C"P, Snor¡r: il gÍven oñ the Trans - Canada netr^rork of tkre Canadlan Broadcasting Corpora: tion, l.,Tarch {-, L962" LO7 L;* *.n l^i thing coming frotn beyond man leads ¿l.Lllr vv a^ llJ órrç^'l^.âf ViSiOn" Ilis intuition of a ','¡orld v¡here men l-ive according to the demands of ju.stice is a glimPse of the ídeal, of the city of Goci rvhose nature is love " Formal religion does not play a major role Ín Snor'vrs novels. The Christianity t¡hich Lewis observes is the formal, trad.itional, surface religion of Arthur Brov¡n (U, 20), the trhygienictt perfunctory religion of the Reverend Ralph Udal (!9, 2O2), the spiritually dead relí- gion of Desparct-Snith (!9, 387-389), Roy Calvert, in his despair is turable to find God; reJ-igion is useless to him (!9, 80-82)" In The-,Afga¿L 32^33), the younger seientists are belÍevers, but their religÍon has no foree ín the action of the novel" fn The tslnseiegee of Ëhe-Ei.ch, JudaÍsm coaes off no better as an effeciive foree: in the lives of the I'{arch fainily, ít seens to be no more than part of their tradition, Lewis Eliot can find hope only in the brotherhood of man" [{anls tragic aloneness forces him to ioin v¡ith his fellov¡s. ReligÍon says that there is a God to whom man can turn in his isolation and that therefore there Ís hope" For Snol.ro there is no such God; roan is absolutely alone and hope is impossible -except in maintainÍng a rneaningful commurity. 108 Snov¡ts plan for achievÍng eommunity is not a símple h1¡onr"intv¿qvl/Å ¿¡¡ v, imposed on a nì-mber of lives and events" There is no series of successive levels of development, each lead.ing direcüly on i;o the next. I'[an is tragic and eoraicu serious and ridículous" His hÍgher nature sees the possi- bÍJ-iby of conrmunity; his lower nature drags him back towards selfishness, âS trre have Seen happen to Lewis, If a man ås innate'ly a stranger, as LewÍs is, he r,-ril-l have greeter dÍfficulty Ín attaining brotherhood than if he were closer to it by natrrreu as j.s George Passant' Tf, like Leltís, either or both of his parents irnpose a demanding love on hfu, his progress will be further slovred" But even for the more self-gÍving nerson, the danger of being exploited sbil-l- exists. The characters in Snov¡rs novels are seen in varying degrees of isol-ation and invol-vement. Justice , integríty, compassíon, ffid invol-vement; these are the bases of the society Snow envísages, yet they point beyond flrê.rlo l,lanls position is confusing and dístressing in its aloneness, But j¡r his capacity for cornmunity, man the stranger beecmes man the brother, fn a masterly narrative that compels and instructs, SÍr Charles Percy Snow shovrs that when the stranger becomes the brother, r,,/nen the indiuidual- díscovers hís proper place Ín a meaningful, vítal soei.elyu ât the same time not loo abandoning his índivíduality entirely, then this age can be a time of hoPe ' SELECTED BTBLTOGRAPHY A. PRTMARY SOURCES T. I\IOVEIS

Ðeath Und.er Sail. Lond_on: Heinemann¡ .L932 (reprínted 1932ç ffieset 1959; reprÍnted 1961)" Garden Ci-tlrr Ner.¡ Tork: published foi thè Críme CIub, Inc., by Double- day, Doran and ComPanY, Ine", 1932. irlew LÍves for Old." Lsndon: V, Gollancz, Ltd" , L933. The Search" London¡ V, Gollancz, Ltd" , L93l+. Indianapolis, Tvîffit; The Bobbs-Merrill company, L931" , T,ondon: I,tacmillan and Company, Ltd., Octobðr 195â (Irtrew Edj-tion) heprÍnted 1958 , L959]l'. Nev¡ York: Charles Scribnerss Sonsu f9i9, Nevr Yoåk: The New AmerÍean Library of T,tlorld Literature, Octobero 1960"

trstrangers ancl h^othersl?

StranEers anC Brothers" London: Faber and Faber Ltd., 1940' London: lvlacm-rran ano Conpan;r l,td" , I96L (reprinteq L953, Scribnerî s Sons u Lgrs, L959, L96L) " Nev¡ Yor"k: Chailes 1960" and L9+7 The LiEht and the Dark " London; Faber Faber Ltd, u " Ilan Company, 19/+8" London: I{acmillan (repiintea t95zr- L957 1960, and comp""y' ita., tÇst 2 ^\?5à, 1961), Nór^r YorÉ: Charles Scribner?s Sons, 1961. Time of Hope" London: Faber and Faber Ltd', L949. New -=:1ffiËffi l,lacmillan Company, l9l+9, London: MacníIlan and õo*p*try Ltd.. , Lg5L (repi"intea rll$, 1960,) " New York: Charteê ScriÉnerls Sonã, I96L, Uew York: Harper and. Brothers; Harpert s Torchbooks, l9ô1' The l.{asters" Lond.on: it{acnj-}lan and Company Ltd'-, L95I The l'{acnrillan --J'pfTeð, Lg52, I959,'l,r:ndon: 1961), New_York: Penguin- Books , òã*þntry Ltd;;'lgft'"-- ^L9|9 I ("ãii"iät ea t959,- 1960 ) " ITew York: Charles Scribner s

t1h* text used for this thesis is the ÌvlacmÍI1an London edition. TLz sons , Lg5g. ltrew Tork: Doubleday and company, rnc"i DoubÍeday Anchor Books, L959 " The Nel^r ],.{en" London: Macnlllan and Company L!d-" L95}+ :ffip}{îffied" l-961) Itlew-York: charles L957 , \9-6-o "-- t Ècríbner t s Sôñs i tgSf i' lrïew York: Charles Scribner s Sonst The Scribáer-Library, L96L. l,ondon: Penguin Bookå, 1960( ?) " Homecomj-nss" London: Macmillan and company Ltq" , T956 :-66rdäEed, L957, 1960) . New York (pubì-ished as L956 ùã*ããã*i"s)i- Órrårlé" scribner? s sons', " fl:.e Conscience of the Riqh" Lonclon: Macrnillan and Company tea April-1958,--1960)'. [ew Tort<í Charles Scribnèr t s Sons, L95B " Ner^¡ York : Charl- es Scribner t s-Àãns; Tì:e Scribner'Library, L96O" London: Penguin Books , 196L" The Affair" Lond.on: I'iacrnillan and -Company Ltd", April --Tgõö-fFéprintea April and- [fay__1960),- New York: Charles Sôribner-r s Sons, i960, Ì{ernr York: Cl:arles Scribner r s Sot u; The Scribner LibrarY, L962.

Tf. PLAÏS

over the Park" Produeed at the Lyric Theatre, Ær^view HaÏnrûersml-ln, LY)v "

Trüith Pamela Hansford Johnson " Foot: A Legend o_qJi4i_qe jx One Act, London: .svans $roüners' ryou" Tne Affair (adaPted from the novel by Ronald- Ti{illaq). --Froduced at the Strand. Theatre, Lóndonu Fall L96L"

TII" OTTMRS

--<. Richard Ald 1âÞrìl Ó. lJ.Lù U " {Fu-rther dçBaåls are no"N; avaål-ab1e ,} laâtt1 e Two Cult d the Sc c Revol " Cambridge: AÌ the University Press, L959 Lr 59 (three times), 1960 (three times), 196! tw1ce ) Nev¡ lork: Canrbridge UnÍversitY Press, f959 (reprinie¿ 1961) " Scíence ancl. Government" Cambridge, ivlassachusetts: Harvard 61" With Pame1a Hun"fo"a Johnson (ed') ' - Wi5rlef 'q Ta1esJ" London: I;lacmillan and Company Ltd"r 19ôL"

IV. ARTTCLES

1" LiterarY l?Books and Wribers,l? The Sfgqtalpg, CLXXXV (Septembet 22, 1g5o) u 32o " rrBooks and i¡/ritersrn The Spgqlet-qr', CLXXN\II (January lpo L95LJ , 82 ' nchallenge to the Tntellectuî1 Thç Tiqies Lileqer1l :luptrlleuren'L, - t"eu"i r¡, iÞiel p' lÍi"' Review of DÍcEenE_g-!_Wgrk, by J" Butt and K" Tillotsonr l$ew s.raresmffii, L957), rL9' rrrtalo Svevo: Forerunner of Cooper and Amisc]t E-æryq-e!¿ Studies, L96L' London: John l.{umay, 1961" rrl,[iasma¡ t{9v¡ Stgtgs¡nAgr LXÏI ---iÃ;êüutDarknessu and Tqrpidity,". rr , Lg6L), 186*187" 11SciencenPo1itÍcs,andtheNove1ist,nB@,XlÏÏÏ- - (vrl.,té*, 1961) ,'L-L7 ' rl s (Januu.ry 12, ??Tlvo Good Reasons f or Reading, .C_" Ë-, t=_!irne , XV Lg62), 33" ?II¡'I}ich. --(óãto¡"*, Side of the Atlantic?ÎÎ ilaqpç4_g_*þgggine , CCXIX 1959), L63^L66" rr]¡.ühich Side of the Atlantic?lt t¡'lriting---,Ln=Amer:Lça., e4" John Fiseher utrd nóu""t È" Silveffiu New Jersey: n"isãrã-ù"ilðråiiv eress, lp6oo Pp' 782È7' ll-ir lll¡lhich Síde of the Atlantíc; lhe l¡üriter?s Choieê,tt Neu Statesmeg, LVI ( Sepiember 6, l-958 ) , 287-288 ' 2. Scientífie rAdding Up Einstein,rr New9ufeek, LV (April llo 1960), 82. ltThe Age of .Rutherford.,tt At-Ie4lig-Moniþry, ccLL (llovenbero 195ð ) , 76*8L, î?Atomic Pioneersrtt The New Republic' CXffiII (October 27, 1958), l-8*20 " ng¡ishtest Things in. the Universe, tt Ïhg-Spec!g!o9., CLÏ LZI+ (January 28 u 1938 ) , " t? ( Deeemb 23 rrBring on the Sci enti st s , Seienc e , CXXXII er s 19ðo), 1878. l?Bring on the Scientists,l? Time, LXXVI (Decembet LZu 1960), l+0 " (October rr0ontrolling-- Reprod.ucti.on,ri The SpectqgoE, CLIX zâ-,-föjiï ,-.6i8-67s " trThe Enjoynrent of Scienceott !ivjn€-.ågs., CCCLT (Iiovember, L9361, ZO5-208. rrThe Enjoyment of Sciencer tt The-gpes!g!9q, CLVI (June J'2, L936) , LoTt+-Lo75 " (October ?lFalse- Alarrn ín Physics,lt Þq :gpeetalqq, CLVII -16 , iiST1 , 6zà*629. rrThe HurnanÍty of Scienc€,tt be lgectalpr, TLVTII (April 160 Lg37), 7O2-7A3. lrMen of Fission, " Hgli4gJ_, l(,ff II (April, 1958 ) , 9b-95 . rrThe i'rioral Un-\Teutrality of Scienc€rtt Seí-enee' CXXIIÏÏ {January 27, L96L) , 256*259 " llThe l,{oral Un*lrleutrality of ScÍence¡ 1? Science Dígest, XL (l'{areh u 1961 ), L9*Ztu" ilReflections on ]r{r. Deants Rçirorbutt lþ,e--Ê.p-eçtg!çr., CXC]Ï (i'{arch 12u L95l+), 283 " 'rit¿ t tøt /j+-? ItR*5t3vsrs.'råon promíses i;he Fj:ri øt t:,d. .A,geutt PieÈce"åaL lI*vi"ew ]ilfirtr {l'Ay, 395¡S), i+* "SeåeRe æ of the Yeax,,tt Eg-*}&ru}e L}--ällr {D**+nrbern yg33} a$c,*L67e u ttffitg Super",;::l-'b;r rq. " Tþ_-_e Sp-ggjFÊ.þr, C¡,\rll Decern?:r*.r: j,¡, Tg3{:},'a.:ti.e1äÉ* çSh.*9S5. :*-

'Nl¡fr:at i'fe lrl*eq¿ fpsm i:æp}Íed. $e Lsnc*u " &gF$_ggåË!gË , #LVTT" (lr.cvembc:* 7ts l"g_1{!}s g*!:,.* rrl,,iheÈlrer I,Je L$-ve or D$"ertt Lry-q* L{Februp*yy js Lg67.}, gO*gZ. t8ff:"e I'o¡fsdon:. of Nåele Bohruir j.n Sg._t¡:+Ad.+y_p €du Leor.¡.as'd RusseJ_J-* L*nclot:; Hutclaånsnzru Agiig" Fp;- l-80;TBl+" ii-:'*'i el-a,ç cf JCIåilt Au-tho;:sh.åp 1,1i.tþ FCIçrde¡e" r?p}:*i:cahemi-*iiry IIl.i;amåns 11" Fh:!-},fp +f å,- B-, {}t L.," -Ðg¡l]Jiçr CTXTX {r4a¡r 14, J"g3Z}, ?ZA*TZZ, tfå1;amfun* " "Tþ:'*'r;**r;*måstry of A,n B, G e Ð,tt IBSmg* -*ffiffix {J-r,r*e z,5u r-çjei * !ii3 * " . "Pho'bn*"h.emås'hx3r, *.f lråtamån-"s A.e Ej Cþ Du " 1{å,t:.Ë9, Ctrfit qi\-CIirer*1:riw :¡*9u 3-93?1 u VTb," tN-A"dear.c'ú3*:r i"r5t¡ E- Ea,*t""**C,* Sprct:ra- ef a-idrhvdes-'¡ irra_hus,g¡ fixrxilr {J;;;-1r,, : ç5+l, icg:çô-9;-"-" ** * "Sou,trûrs of, Error ån Ád$qryti-?ry, Speetroseop¡i"rt e t]il{äv igebnu"c.r"y 2, t..q]1f, Lg6. ldith Francl-p ran Êr-"egorïr Rar.r]-ÍnE, rtGolci.rrs of .rno-*qawl.s* Sal-ts*ttlTå*t{4lgs O.Kf/ {I{ar*br Bu 193û1, l,k"g:!\a"

3' Êen*ra1 rNå quan*cen ten'e"u,rF; Tts G"**g¿4,; Del-arsÍ.c¡as*tr LtÕk, XXif {Dem emb.ez" l-g Lg6J- l-i,ó*1.26 r, ætfr enË; s } u . . läËp;-y r M,* ${vI iJanua-5;' 3te Lg{,?-) u Ç, }0a; a-;:d l,ogk, ïXi.rl {Fei::"uar1¡ "1.J, 7962}, 18, I'Cåreersr tt Egåfff,egl__Qua_.S*qd,y"p .I"V {eeta*et:, iç[Ii. ], i,SO-33 ?, 3,L6 rrn:e Changång ir.e"tur* -3o5u of LffúeuE' l,iad emoå s e}L.e . ff"fT { Febrruø":ry, 29581 , lgo *t",*i & rr îs Ç onf I å *t o,f Cu3ü nr"e s Tt: e-,¡!q.,p.r:ird ay tr\¡ eeæ--gËËå, t CEXXTI {Septemb*:: J-ä, LgSg),m" 'rThÊ Fhrtu-r* of }4anrtt &g.lleå-å.q&s .çLXiililtïT {sep,Èember }3s i.958 ], J.ZLr*"1_25. rlThe }{ahåt *f Trtrtlr.ru' Ib_o*{fj:*_Fllçl¿Þ}=Lq$ CXXXfi{ {Augm*t J-8, l-95* j u 26* trff:6 lrceguåax' RågÌ:tu " &e* liiR$ul@e C,LEXXItr {t'{areh ZAr 1956}, l-3B*æ4 * - í¡Londo¡. .|rl.a.ryut'.lh.g_tlell-ÐËAt-Ë-Ë{,-ågl-afrq_N+fti-ojt, I,Ilï (t"far.c}r ?s r"957 i , 266*267. ttl-rvû Glr1'buresr"tt _mi_q._Iüql"g__$J_at€_Ër+.LE _Ê.ng- fïeç-åon e T,LV" {CI*tchen óu L95ê,) , I'-l-3*i+1 ttTtnro fir¿l.tr-ç"resutt -S-qågBe-g_e tX];X ti\ttgtzsi: 'i^Tu 1g5g), lÉg* rl&vo tr"¡^ttrr:*es and tlce ,$ci.*n'i;åfåc F-*vo.l-t,i'hi-rlnu" LéÞLA_ry_{gËæ3ê*L, LffiXV 1ç6û {Juå,v¡ }, ?523-Z5Ze " trlrrelli-Endor+ed, rî T¡le lü*w SÈatsq $iaï:t"ûn., /_LV¿1. I rr[./est T*Ia"r* tt ep::r. Va3.r¿ee and T'ofra"].. _Ç.9@gn"eê:s3xs XXXII { CIr:f;ober"u oÁ"r 2'7'P^2n|,, îe:Þivel I I Gt ß"J\J4'@ 117

B. SECOI'JDART SOURCES

T. CRITTCISI'I 0F C" P" SNOIII

1" Books and ArtÍcles

All-enu ltlall,er Î?IV" The l,iasLers-: C"P. Snowur Readínå a Novel-. London:" Pffiffie Ltd.'o L956. -Þfffi3" . lÎIV. The Novel-Sequence: F{enry VIilliarasol1, Þn1,¡gf], LaWrenCe J.|'Ir VrrVrrJ ¿ v C"'Ì,¡Iest¡fr P. SnOW, DOris LeSSing, -^ï;Efr^nrrDurrellu Rebeeóa The ltTovel To-Day" f,ondon: Longmané, Green and cómpffiL5-zL" Atlsop, Kenneth, The Anery Decad-e: A -Suqy-çv 9f the=Cqlbl¿ral Revolt of the I'Ti-neteen-Fifties. London: Peõer Owen

BergonzÍ" Bernard" î?The World of Lewis Eliot, tt The Twenti eth õentuill, CLXVIT (March, 1960)o 2L4*225" n Ð Qnnr,r?fl Calísher, Hortense, trCan There be an American VoI ô U¡!VvY. The Réportef', Xf (November 1 , L956) u 39*l+3" Cooper, i,rlilliam, C"P, Snow" ItJo" 115 of the Vfríters an-d Theír I¡Iork seriffial Editona Bonamy õõffi fõffiñ :-T,ongmans , Green a ird C ottipany , L9 59 " wThe 1¡üor1d of t'P' Snolt, tt Tþs_llatÍoÅ, CLXXNIV " 2, L957), 104-105. -fFeTruary Feron, James" ItSÍr Charles Gets Public Lect'ureutt Ik Wiánipse Tríbune, I'{arch 13 , I)62n p" 6" Fiscnr, Peter" Letter in reply to Bernard Bergonzir-ffThe WoilA of C.P. Snov.I"tl The-Tlventieth lqtqrv, CLXVIÏ TJ,*;,-rséoli ise-'rn ' Johnsono Pamela Hansfordo ttThree Novelists and the Dra.ruing of Character: CoP' Snolu, Joyce Cary and Ïvy Compton- Burnett.rr Essays and Stuclíes - L95O, London: John Murcayr"19m 1l-B Leavi.s, F. R' t?The Two Cultures? The Significanee of C "P' Snoívon The Speglglgr, I"{arch P, L962E pp " 297 , 299 -300, 3]2]ts-303 " Legouis, EniJ-eu and Louis A Hístorv of Enelish Literatur.i' iäñ¿ãñi'-J'rql-D"ãt-Caza¡oian. and Þþ-.Sffi395. Martjn, Grahamu î?IrTove].is-ts of Three Decad.es: Eve].yn '.fl'eq' Graham Creeråe, C"P" Snov,r, It it-The I'Todern -Aåe.r.Ng',J of The Pelican çui¿e to Eng!þh Literature, .bjd.i-ted Dy g?iffi-ffi . Pp" 394, LvOg*l+L!" Millgate, }'{iehael , llStructu.re and' Style ín the lr]ovels of õîp É.'ow, ä-'Ã-Ëeyiew ol-E¡Slís3 lilgle.tute , " I (April, 1þoo)," 3t+Lt+tT- uThg i1" phelps,' Gilbert, Ng""l Tsda¡rr ". Iî9,1,o=*9"" *ç:=u, l{o" 7' óå fi'"-qãiåee:l guijlc to=Fa1j+h=!:iryea br¡ Boris Ford. Lond.on: Pengr¡ln roor<ÇP6õ. Pp" 481* l+BZ "

proctor, lriortimer R, Th_9._E4gliel,L*uqívegsity Novel " 150 Berketey, üäiîuråitffiressi-Tf,tã Fp. u 178-180. Rosenberg, Edgar" Eqqn_=Sþvlock to $vsno'r1i' 'Tar^r'iqh stereo- tvpes in çËií"rt ssr IgoU. HÞ" |?60,300, 3o34alv" stanford, Derek" f?c"P" snov¡: The l"lovelist as Fox, î1 !lgú, xrr", 236-25L, llPersonal in the Novels of C'P" -Sta-nfordn - Rartelr" Politics sñoi^r, ío ç-æ, IT ' 16*28 ' tt sf.oì n ar. Georqe l?The l.{aster Builder , Ïþ-e-=Ecpo$es r XXIÏ VvVÀrIv¿- t " (Ji-rnä 9, 1960), bL*Ì+3 " Thale, Jercxne: ttC-:-P-:-$91'r; the Art of Worldliness 'rr Kenyon Rev-iev¡, -x.-x"l-J t¡'arl , tgeOlr, 6zL-63tr" lrThe Gathering Trilling, Lionel .' l¡Tovel Älive or Deêdrtt -4. of Fugitives" London: Seeker and Tnlarburgo L957. T25 *L:Jz W " " -i.{eirster,'-"5ãi"ä¿ã" Henrl- Curiiq_._ ]T"* SacrÍf ices of Su--eeessrrl näviòol' XLr (Julv 12, L958) ' B*10 , 34" 110

2. Revierrrs

(a) The Search Kiefer, H"C. Arizon"q-Êgql:tqrlT, XV (t¡linter, L959), 363'-36t+ " Kileyu Frecleri ck So Febrtr-ary, L96L, p.379. !]-g9g:=qg_}Iguse, The Tamarack-Review, Sur,rmer, L959 r PP. 101-102"

(b) Strangçqq a.Fd Brothers

The Bo_oþ!is_þ, LVII (iriovember 1, 1960), L47" Bookmark e yJ, (December, 19ó0) u 68. Ttre CJU:iFtjþn Cenlr:ry, LXXVTII (Janr.rary 11, t961), 51-" ---Davisu Robert Gorham. T-e t$ert Yqq!-i¿nes Book Ìei¡içlq, sãþt*r¡ut 25a Lg6O, Geísmar, Ir{axvrell" oSatl4:da'¡ Review, XLIII (October i-, 1960), 19. Hardíng , 'ttlalter ' The- qÌÉ9Êgo--Ðtr4c!-ai-lriÞl4e u October 2, IP60, p. 8" 13 Llutchenso JuK, The San*Bancisco @.ronicIe, Octoben o lgo¡,'p. 37 " [¡rkus, XXVII] (Ju.ty 1!, l-960), 5?6" Kleín, l'riarcus" The I'lev¡ Leqqer, January 2,þ LÇ6L, p. 26"

Newsr,r¡eek, LVf (October J, L96O), 88" The thrist:lan ,science Moglboro September Nordello--àg,-í960, Bon. puffi

Spector, R.D, The lierv '!ogk Herald Åqlþune Book Lu-y.!-elg,' October z, 19 l-r::1...... tr'.,..._...t.-..:_..:...... :...\:-...::.:.,.:...r'..::.--:-.,.,:

120 Irferrnutho Paul C" Library Journal, LXTXV (September L5u l-youl- ^/^\ , Jruo"^^ ^a Wi¡ , LVII (Janu-ary, 1961), lþ9.

( e ) Ihe Lieht and the _D_arh

Algrenu }üelson, Thg-çbl-ç-g,go Su.n, February lf , 19[8, p" 25" A11en, 'ulalter" The-Nsll-Xtatesman and i\ation, XXXIV (nácember 6,

Chapmanu Hester T,il, T.he Spec\alor., CLXXIX (Ilovember 2I, L9l+71, 662,'66t1,"

Chase, .John Vf" The Nev¡ Yor[--I¡ggg-Ë998*-Egv¡.9fr¡, Februarp Ð s 194,8, p " 16, Doyle, E"D" The SÊn--Eqgn-ç¿-sço Chronicle, February 22, 19&8, p, 11" iÎäl.rna;¡a, Richard 14" The N-ew Leaderu l{areh b, 1p61, p. 2l+' Farcel-I-y, John" The \ew RepuÞl:þ' CXVIII (Februar¡ 23, 19l¡8), 2I" Fausset, I{. ã-îAn The ]ulanchester Guardian, I\Tovember 7 z Lgl+7, ñ vo ) ø Fe1d, Rose" The ltrevr Yoq! Herald Triþt4e-Àt-*' Book I'e@el'¡1 Februaryzffi ' Johnsotr, Luey. The Book-o{-the-1{onth CIub Ner^.rs, Februaryu tg6Li p. tÌ, Jones, Hov¡ard Mumford . Thq--Ðg!urÈel--&víew of Lit,erature, xrir (Ilarch 27, lgbï); Kirkus, XV (December L5u L9l+7\, 679, TIre New Yorkero XXIII (Febrtiary 2L, 1948), 90" litre, txXVrI (February 3s 1961), 65" lhe Times Literary Supplement, November 8, L91+7, 9" 573, 'î¡trasson, Donald. L,Lbrary Journal, LXXIII (Febru.ary L5u 19&B), 337 " :.;-:.: tr ì r, r:: :, r'..,:...-!.. 1...: :..;. . -. ".

!21 (d) U,pe of Hope

The Christian Science--Ito¡ft-qr-, JuAy 22, 1950, p" B" :,:::: EJ*lrnanu i?ichard. M" LtlgJew fea¿ef, l{arch þ, 1p61, p" 2l+. Garri gue, Jean o k itTew Pç!t&l-ís., CXXIII ( October L6, I95O), 2L" . Hass, V"Po The Chicago SunÈav Tribun,q, August 6, T95O, : P' )o Book-Regiew, July 16, : : Hilton, James" Th.e. Ner,f York Times l-95O, P" 10" Kirlcu"s, XVIII (Jr.rne l, 1950) , 3L3' The l,lew Y,o--rker' XXVI (July 29¡ 1950), 6l+" Smith, Harrísoll.o The Saturd.ay RgvÍern¡ of Literature, XXXIÏÏ (júry r¡, Lg5o);-Træ.: L96L) 1$' Spacks, Barry, $e-tyfÈ+- F-9.,Y19{¡ XLIV (,{pril 1, o 65 Time u LXVII (Februar¡r 3 u L96L) , " ldev¡ Ti4es Book Review, JuIy 16, iilest"'"--iÖröl- Herbert F"- The York p "- isl hrillÍs, Kaiherine.Tappert. Library Jouryal, LXtrV (July, L950), 1181-1182.

(e ) The ir[asters

L6, BarT.---1Þsl; Donald" p.-i7"-: The l.le¡L-Iqr} TÉroes--$ggt{ Æf.iew,'December ( Septemb ex LJ L95LJ LL,Z1- Bernt , H.H " tibrary {ounral, LXXVI , , " Bloomfield, Pau.l, The Manchester Guardíqn, JuLy 2f , L95L, p" l+" T.1rq Booklist, XLVIII (October l-5¡ L95L) ' 58" The BooklisS, XLVIII (Nov-ernber I' L95L), Û6" L22

Dovrningo Ffåncis. Çommonr¡¡eal., LV (December 2I, L95].) t 283" Jones, H,I{, .J'he Nef¡--Iqth--$era1d Tr::þgrre Boo.i<--Re-gisu' Ociober zs

(August L5 1951 t+5O K¿qlus , XIX ¡ ) , " t"" a . Ihe Spe ctatqå' CLXXXVII (.luty 20, 19 51 ) , ä¿ "l:4arghanit

The lrTe¡r-þEþeg, XKVII (November 10, L95L), IOU " School and Soeíetl¡' LXXV (Janu-ary !, L952), L5" Scott, {,D. The-ilslltateÞqan and Ngt¿lg' XL]I (August l+, L95L) " L3l+. 'Harrison" Revíew Lit5rya'þg1e-r XIJIV smith-v¡¿r+ v¡¡ '19The Saturda.r¡ -o-[ ' (irTovembe " î; The Tíqes Líterary Supplegegt, July 200 1951, p' l'.'1+9'

TrT êrÂr TvTê-n \/ ¿f' ì, 'l]hI¿¿V a II VYI

Ashe, GeoffreY, Co¡qro¡i,vegl-e LXT (FebruarY 4, L955), /l85' Berrymanu John' The }trew York Times Boql<-Êg¡lågg, Janu-arY 9¡ pp l+-5 L.955 r " " TþB ¡eqElas-U, Lf (January IJ, L955), 226" crane, Milton" The chicagp sunday Trlbrme, JanuarY 9u L955t P. 3' Hobson u Harold" Tne Christian Seienge irtonitoru January 13a L955 u p" 5, Hodgart, Patricia. The Tuianchegter Guar$ian, May 4, L95h, ve +6I, Elrkus, XXÏI (Decemben l-5o L95L+), 8L3" yPrE Book Krutch, Joseph l{ood: !Þq=}[-ew Hqra}d TrÍbm9 Fpvier'ü, January 9, L951 , P, I+" t23 Metcalf John" Th May 1I¡, L954t 600' , --Spe-ç-tatqr., P" The_Nation, CLXXX (},iarch 5, L955\, 206, The New Torkeq, XXX (Januarlr 29u L955), 88. Pickrel, Paul" The-Iql-e--E-9vi-eqo XLIV (Spring , L955), \79-+80" Rett.ger, T,l, Chemical and Epgineering-Ner^Is, )ItrXTII (Jrrne 27u tg55 \ , 276bo-_-

Rolou Charles J, The Atl-antic- I-r{ont}Iy, CXCV (February, L955) , : sn-s¡ " RomÍl1-y, Giles, The liler'v Statesraan and i\Tation, XLVII (ttay 1-, Lg5bJ, 573u

Saund.ers, Doris Boyce, Qugç-ql-s QugEterl-Jl, LXT (Autrmn, L95b)", 385486 "- Snrith, Harrison, Satu-rday-B9v:þw! XXXVTTT (January 8u L955), o The Times l.it-qre'Ëy--Supp-tepent, Iviay 7, L95l+, p" 296" (Also, - T:'falbridge, Earle F. Library Journal, LXXX (January 1, A955J, 69*To "'

( g ) H_omecorníngq

The Boo-kliet, LIII (October lJ, 1956), 9l+-95. Bookmark, ffI (November, L956), 37. Cosman, L{ax, The [ation, CLXXXIIT (December 8, L956), 5O{-5O5. Thg- Irl-erv Republi-c CXXXV (October I 1956) ttui3:o", Maurice, ' , u

Engle, Paul, The Chicag-o Sunday -Tqibirne , October 7 , L9 56 , l+ pu "

For,rke, Edith" The Canadi4SForury, XXXVIIT (October, L957) u L66 " George, Daniel, The Spgetator, September 1&, 1956? p" 362" L2b Glauber, B"H, The New Yor@e Book Reviev¡" f-ìnf i ^irÂþ I t IY)Or P" Zo Kirkus, y'XfV (September L5z L956) o 7I8. Maddocks, L{elvin, þe Cha!s,t,:þn Scienc_e l,{onitorn October 11, f oqÁ '^ 17 L//v J y. t ø l,{ayne, Ríchard" New (September -22", Lg56),350ffilhe Stqle¡4alr and Netion, LIT þ_{[_ew YorE_e¡i, L{XIf (November 3, 1956), 208" Shrapnel * Norman , Tþe Menchester Guardian, September 11-, L956 ,'p, l+. Smith, Harrison" Saturdg RqyíeJg, XXTIX (October lJ, L956), L5"

öyKes, . GeraJ-o. The Ner,'¡ York Tiqe¡ Book Rev;!sw, October 7u L956, p" 5 " Time, LTVIII (October 8, 1956), l1z, 11ä. The Times LÍterary Supplement, September 7, L956, p, 52b" ffiR,.-..%i:rF-...?F-5R-a 1 ( AISO Ðlr. LlL c I'fl ¡ *, ¡!j.,1" i

(h) The Conscienee of the Rieh

The__E-qqlcÞ_q! , LIV (Apri1 l, 1958 ) , t+45 . Bookmark, lVIf (I.[are]r, 1958), 146.

Cosman, The CLXXÍ"ff (I{arch 2l+0 Iviax" Jation, lJ, 1958) , " Cranen lvlilton, T_e th!çqgg_Sunggy Tri_bune, February 23s !/,/"lqSfì- t n-yê Le12" Curran, Charleso The I{eir -Re-publíq, CXXXVITI (June 2e }958), Lt1P7 ø Davis, Robert Gorhan-iO4*- " The Ner¡r York fímeg-Qqck-Eeyiera¡ Fah.¡.rr*r-rrI vv¿ 4q¡J tuJ,22 L/ /v t r"Vø +ø -t Gardneru Helen. Ne¡r Ë!q!.eæpan, LV (I{arch Ð, 1958), \O9-1J0. Glauber, R.H" The itler¡¡ York lle,rald Tribune Book Review, Febrúary 23r ' L25

Greene, James" Commonrveal e LXVIII (June 27 c l-958 ) , 332" Keirnode, Frank. The-!pe-q-ta!-qr, April 11, 19580 p" 461+" KÍefero H,C" A-rizopa Qua,rt.erly, XTV (Auturnn , L958), 26L' 26L'"

{irkus, XXlf (December 1 , 19 58 ) , 877 . irîaddocks¡ l'[elvin" The C]fristian_ Sçience i\ioni-tor, February 27, 1958e P. 5 " Podhoretz, I.lorman" The N,ew Yorkeg, XIXIV (I'lay 10, l-958), 1¿+-3. Redman, Ben Ray. Saturday R.eviev¡-, XLI (February 22, 1958)t Lg" The l,{ontþl-y, CCT (Äori1, 1958 ) 9l+-95 Rolo, Charles " Atlanti c , " Shrapnel-, Norrnan, '&e þiqns-hesle-q-Ql¿ard¿eq, Âpril i-, 1958, 'Þ" l+" The Tinres tritergf)¡ S-u.pplem-ent, Ï'{arch 2à, L958, P' L65" (Also I{)' LXXXrrr (February L5, 'tialbridee"'l¡oo Earle F" LÍbra.r5' Jopg4çrl , L7)vl,r oqÊT vv¿'ø lrlood. Fredericlc T" Englísh Stq{!es, February, 1960, p' 5l-"

15 1960, n e -Bergonzi, - Bernarcl. The- $pectator, Äoril , " 5bà-51v9 (.qiso't¡" ) The Booklist, LVf (June 1, 1960), 602" Bqokmark, XïX (L'iay, 1960), 2A4"

Bryant, Donald C" 1r-"4"U.P"-.8-ql-1et.Ï-n, TvÞrch, I9ó1r p" 70 " Butcher, Fanny" The-@--Tr1Þu"n9, ir{ay É, L96O, þ, 22" Clancy, J,P, Commo]rv.real, LXIII (May 13, 1960) , 184. l.26

Davis, Ep]:pv"t ßo::h.es¿*'r H:e l{*ar 'Yorãa, Tårg*.s. B*ok R*:råer,r* , ,,, ",Ð -'@*eø¿**;åã*v - 7 uai. $ e Lg6ie ; ; ï ; Dercick, ChrÍstopher. TaÞle!, 23., p. .{pri} 1960, JY+ "

Didion, Joan. The Natf_q_n_a1_-Reyigw, 14.30 JuLy Z, 1960, p" " En_,glish XLïX (septernber, Journal, 1960)o f$9*\W " Furbank, The_ P,l,i, !is!s4gr, AnriJ- LLr, 1960, .Ð " 678. G1ass, Bent]ey" Science, CXNXIII (May 1p, 196I), L6g8-L699, Goldu Herbert" The_gelu Leq4þg, I'[a¡r 16, 1Ç60, p, 28" Hj cks, Granville. Saturday R_evievr, XLIII (May 71 1960), L5" Highet, Gilbert" The Book-of -the-l.dontþ Chib ltevs, Ifay , Lg6O, PP" l-3 ' Hogan, !'/t-l-I]"am, The San Francisco Chronicle lvlay 9, 1960, p" 35" i ña'T '¡'r /'"1rr Th ilTorn¡ - 1 Holl-ander, John, rrr ça J.t E !v r¡çVRerrrrhr Ll u¿ Jç e \;.¿UJI-I [ 1ll¿- , ?ô 1 OÁô r7-rg " Kermode, Frank Enc_gu4teE, XV (Ju.ly, 1960 " ) , T6*77 " Kieferr H"C, Åtr-Zpgg__QgCst_grlf , Autumir, 1p60, p" 2T6. KirkE, XXVITf (Febru-arï Iu 1960), 108. McGeachy, J"B" The Financþlþs'!, tïV (June 25, rgào), .7 ir,tercier, The Hudson Revierr, XIII (Autumn L96O), 45A*b5Ln_Vivian" 3 MÍIlgate, l,iichael" Cs4pent_4{X, XXX (Ju.ly, 1960), 76-79, (Also-]t[" ) - L{íller, lUo-f"rr" Antíocþ-Eev:Lewu Summere 1960, p, ZZj, Miner, n"ll" CXC (June 25,1960), 55h*555, ( -.'flrgÌüg!ion_, AIso 5.U, S, tH." J i$er¡Iqweek (l"fay , LX 9 u Lg6o), 114" The ltiew Yorker. XXXVT (May zè, L96a), l¿hL, 127 trlordell" Rod" The Christía4- Sçi-e¡Ce-l'{enf-!g-{, niay 12, L96Ou t¿ lî }/a vva Priceo Ir{artin. Yale Revj-eq, XLIX (June, 1960), 6zA-622" : t.q ì ( Aiso g" / Price, R"G,G" Pir¡r-c}r,A,pril 13, 1!60, p' 530" Snydero R,oss" The Christi+ :SenBry-, LIXVII (October 5, '19óÓ), LL56- Spector, R,Ð, The t'lew York Times Book Review, l''Ïay 8, ' r oÁn' L/vv, '^,);rê ./ ø Steiner, George" The Eepqrter, XXII (June 9, l-960), LJ-Lr3' Tlre Taqraraçk-legieg, Auturnn, 1960¡ PP' 75-77' TÉqe., LXXV (lta;r 16, 1960), 90, 9?. The Tí¡qe-q titerryy Suppl l .l'þrLL Lle ip60, p" 237"

The Tinies Fee.lclt¡ Review, April 2L, 1961, p" l0' Virgini-a OJarterlL Rgvier,¡, Sunmer , L96A u l:cxvi, Idard., Ferdinand" E¡ËLçFsiono Octoberu 1Ç60, p. LT56.' l¡rlaterhouse¡ LIX (April L6, L96O) 566" Keith, New-SlaleÞmgg, ' irtebb, W"L. The Guard.i-an, April Ll+, 1p60, p" 10" lfeek s, Edv¡ard " The étl-e¡!i.q CCV ( June , 1960 ) , L66-T67 " -tlon-t¡!tr' 'l lnrlermuth, Pau.l C, I,ibrary Journat, LXXXV (l'larch 5, 1960), ]'lh,tu*7l45 "

- (i) The Arfair (plav)

The l,onclol@, Oct ober f I96L s Trewin , { " C. Lllustrated u po 598" 128 (k) Tr^¡o _Çg_þgres eqd the Scientifie Revolutj_on

Boolsnerh, XIX (January, 19ó0), 90,

Clark, George A" Etþics, LXTT (October, 1960), TZ"

Collins, tr'"11', The_New R-epgþIi.c, CILIT (Apri1 11, l_ g6oi , i_7, Davenport. Basil. The Book-of-the-I'lonth Club News. June, 1960, ¡, to, The Financial Post, T,IV (February 20, 1960), T" Green, I,larti-n. Commom-ree!, LXXI (February 12, 1960), 5jZ" Jansen, Jay, :Iournalism_ Quar_terly, Autumn, 1p60, p. 608, ivlarcus, Steven. Cqmmenterf, Febru_ary, I9ó0, p. L65"

I{iner, Earl" The Nêtion, CXC (June 2!, 1960), 55t+" siepmann o charl es sat urdav Revi.ev¡ rlrrr ( Januarv 30 - 196o)', 22" " " - ¿. à The Tiges L-itqrary l9_uppi-ejnent, I{ay ZZ, A959 u p" 3Oj" Vi_qeüria 0"gÉrrterly Revie.w, Cl{XVflf (Autumn.- L96O)" lrüilhei-rnsen, Freder ick D. The National Review, February ZT, L96Ao p. l-l+h,, i.'lilson, J" Tuzo" The New York Times Bqok January j, 1P60, p. 3" "Revier*r, *"t1ä81*, Richard" The jlpeelator, CCITI (Augusr T, tg60),

(1) Science and Gor¡ernment

Barracloughr Geoffrey, Tþe_lSpectatoq, ApríI_ 14, Lj6L, p. 5Zl-" T_he Booklist, LVII (ÄprÍt_ tf , t96l), 5Lh, Bo.oknrark, TJ (April ? ]g6L)_, 168" 124 Calder, Ritehie, Th_e_ltlation, CXCII (.4prÍ1 l-5, L96L), 323. llnr.ra'n P f vvlc v¿r, ÀL o V ê The Christian Science lr,Ionitor. ¡!rv&¿¿,ûnv'il O./ g !./v&glOÁT rvo / Ç Deininger, l'1"T. The Christian*Cg!!35t, (June ¡ a/i 1 - kr LIJVIII J, IyoI/, '1L¿"^

The Financial P_oe!, LV (A;oril B, 1961), 7" Harrison, Gordon" The N_eltYork l-lerald tr:iþu4e Book Revieruu April'po 1961, pffi

Johnson, Paul " Nev.¡ Statesmq{L LXI ( April 7 , 1961 ) , 5bg , liloon, Eric" LÍbrary_-:þgrllal, LXXXVT (l,(ay 15, 1961), 189Iþ" Thg Nerq Yorker, )llXVII (Aprif 22, 1961), I79, Perlman" David, The San Frairciseo Chronicle. Anrit 16" 1P61, p" 22. Spalding, Lincoln. $cturdqJlJl}eh!, LXXVI (April- 29, 1961), - 30. --

Strau-s s , L,L The New York Tþ_es_look Rev-þ, April 2, 1-96L , p" 1" " The.Times Li'i:er.ary_ Supplemento April- Ll',, L96L, pu 226, r¡lalsh" Iienry Horace" Christiian Outlook, XVT (.August* . Seitember o l-961) , 8f-

i{eek s ,. Edward. The Atlanti c I'/ionthl[, CCVf f ( April , 1961 ) , 108 " I.'feisbergeru B"Ä, The Chícago Sunday .Tribuile, Á.prii- 2þ 19ó1, ñ?V6 Jè

(m) l¡Iigqg'ts Tales: 7

0 e Brien E TIle London ldews Deeemb "loÁr'ñn "D " Ïl-lusirated . er 16. &/v&, yø ¿vlvornry The ÏÍmes Litefary Sr+ppleqnent, December 8, 1p61, p, 877, 130

IT. BTOGRAPHTCAL }{ATERT¡.L

Ball iott o itl" Biograohical- I{ote, Satur4gÏ-_EeIi€-w, XltrülÏÏ (January 8, L955), 9" PortraÍt" Bogkman, LXXIII (Augr-rst, L932), 232' ltChar1es Candee,-*--sióÅra;hvi-i'trtro's I\'iarjorie Dent ("d"1 Per_cy Slot{t, þrrent l^Jho an¿ IrIêw York: ffi,{ffi" Yhy g4ggg,^.L22L" Dempsey, David u rrC.P' Snow,tt Ïhe Book-of-the-Mon& iuewê.iuewê, I'iay,tviav" l$60,lg6oo p" Lt," Dolbier", M"I!" ttBuíldingttBuilding BridgesBr Betr¿¡een Tt¡o Cultures,t] Ihe IrI ev¡ Igiork rk _l{9Ea1d-frêþgng I{erald. Tribune BookB-oo-k-Eç1{}9]!, Revigq, I'fareh 2' 1958, p. 2u Gardner, Alan" .Bíographical- Note, Ëa'ÞJrrday Revier'u, XLIV (tqarótr 4o l96t), t+9-53. rrSír Charies Perey Snorrrlr"rf lhe Inteq¡ra'L:þ4al Tl'þqis T'Jho, 1960" London I EuroPa" Publídat Kazin" A" rfA GÍfted Boy from the i¿id.landsr11 The Reporter, XX"(February !, T959), 37-39"

Jassporr. *d , il.0hia:"}_e$, P tu j Kunitz, Stanley " { *,} " ercy rSnp'ngn S¡I*n* c{:h Genúurv Authors ' Nev{ Ïork : The H "ì'i. lvil-son r,ofupaaffi-*= trOur--tnôrò*bu"o irlew Presidento 1? Library Ass-ocía'b:Lo¡-Eeeerç1, LXIÏ 1960J, ffi rrThe i[any-Sided Life of SÍr Charjes Snowrtt !i&u t (April 7 , 1961) , L3t+-L36 " Morítz, Charles (ed') l'Þil Charles Percy Snov¡rtt turreng feefþp-q.8, Ner^r York: The H,ï,"f, T¡'Jilson Bioáraphy-#ñ:ra¡ L[éI" UOmpanyr IYOI " .fP " +)t-4)¿1'" tl0hu-bb tt Fellowr TÞg_iw-*Vgg¿g.rys åYj{.i/fl, {Decen:.her 3.6, :.çó: } u LI+-l+5. pÍne" L.G, (ed. ) rrsir Charles Percy Snor¡rîr, The Agtþq-f-lq aúd l'¡ríterrs l{hoîs i¡trho" London: Burkers Peerage o 131 ttlnterviel^¡ with C.P. Snov¡ and Pamela Hansford Johnson"l? Publ:Låþerls_ T$eekl[, CLXXVT (l,lovember 28:29 30, L95b), " Saal, Rollene iqi" Biographícal Note, SaturdaL_F.et¡iew, ='4 *-- '/r jrllJJ. (wtay"- Z o J.youJ,r96oJ , t).i5. Portrait" fr3s L935), 6m, s.Xã':(Àp_-$"} BiographícaI IrIote" Saturday Nie;ht-, LXX (Noverober 6, I95l+), l+' t,CrP.. Seiçel, L. . Sn9q,1? $ílson L:!&reС Buil-e-b:Ln, XX-\IIIï ( RJ AnuAryt L954), 1,,Ðl+" Bioeraphical Note. Th-e Times Literqry Sripplement, September g , i960, p" vii, ?rSir Charles and Lady Snow,ttVqgl¿q, CIJIíVII (I,tarch 1, 1961), 1¿0-rL,l" Tdagner, G" Î?l"Jriter i-n the !,Ielfare State, 1r Comrngnleal, LXV -(Ociober t,g-50 L2, T956), " tlSir Charles Percy Snow,rf T.dhors l'tlho, 1960" London: Adam and CharJ-es Blâck, f96oÏff?ffii"-

TTT" },trSCELL.A.NEOUS NOTES

Cahill, Bri-an " llSnowr s Grenade and Mankind.?s Peaceuei l'ligþP, December 9 196L, 23-21+ Satrlrday , PP ' "

?rDoes I{odern li{an Har"e a Consc:Lence?rt cvøUøva R n- Timpe¿4ruvPt XIV (October 27u L96Y), 20" Crowle¡r, C"P" TlThe Closed Uníverse of C"P. Sno¡¡r?1 gíven on the Trans-Canada Network of The Canadian Broadeasting Corpora-tiono lvlareh 4¡ L962"

T?C P r? FaIl ers , L. " n Snovr a.nd th e third Cul-ture , Bull etin of j.eggiqj:s, ( -TÕ"ö--JTF the ÁtomÍç .Se XVII l'iovember o L96L) ,

Hicks, Granville. Review of A Danee to the i'dusic of-JÅEt- by' Â.nthony Por'rel ]. Sa'Þ¡¿ird / \ r - ^ ^ Lyo¿) , tJ " Priest1y, J"B. _Li!ç_fa!t¡¡e and !üeste¡-n }tqn, Ner'¡ Torli: lJor-.novr¡¡q¡ ,-v¡ qnrì Brothers,- 19Ó0 " P " IrL7, 13e I?ar:-c9aI.l , iI.*.¿i-l1-e * Re'råå::¡ çf kr* p:r.*f i-n" !Ï+* r¡io::.!.de: Rre essog. F "A i-nti ems.nn V: scãffi un eqf{elå_" þy thetiãe Ear.biar3" rtr Bfrk o !,8.IJY" ìil{Û I{ovember 8u Ï961,}961, po 6* s&:.årer, l¡jål-Låam L" Elc_E¿€g*_Ê.ILË_!lq"å3 *f ,Èhq Thå::d ReLeh. N-eks Ycrk; Såmon sine:}aår, Lir-bern r::.ter-våer¡ ¡çíth ,$J"2" Ghar"Lcs F*?Ðyt sm"orru on t?re cenaci.åa.r: Bv'cadc*"*tårug Õ*rp,$3"a'ti åen ÈeLesrå*j u:n "pï-'f/gr"e,þîffi.a tîÇll- rr ase*TJy: u !ía:"*åa-33, :-çúã.

!5y].Õ,"¡.* $åy" Õh,sy.lr-e"$ -Füï*;u * Exr¿::-;rt:,: f:cayri a s,p*e*3:. t* tþ¿e li"m*r:3..r:,ttn. Aç,9** j.d:î\-o.u::, !*r *t:,*u: j\.*¿""ran**m-*nt c.f Sgå.*nee" :,t tp s-'" ;,i :l -¡ 11:-h t ,l_,Ja".i _1¡ork T:,:-lt s l],ï.: crnl¡r.;:i, :::?î::::'ie u 28 ^ : ?ác ¡ 1::*' g, l6.hh. .,:íi,-_î_âî Rap *ri:- i it {,:- *f EË'* ëGi:,fîFreäro'äi Ì sr* a:nd S c* ås"L 'l;Ttç:} 3*.t'-*¿ftee *f lÏr;"flÈed tÌ:-n::i:e;þ eif tanarla. Tüi*Õn,$tr: yrz* TJnå.'c r *d *itzy*k Ft:-hl_ i-,*hång Iî,:iúÍiiÌÊ :r,.g 6\* Fp n ACç*Zl- A;

" äuot ed lJ: L;1L +r i{*,r:,r s l}eæi"såû}xerr a::. Edåtorf_.qj, * l,¡;'i"n::r-j,"r" : tûF. F'::'.:e Þr+eq e :i*::--* e Ll(i.JÌ: {Janu*-::y 2} u lLç62} * ZT * -**ð E.*v--t*t'¿" nf fne Psrrf å$. l3."Tc i¡forids; W:.* *ttI,* -r-"*.lt Lf.f * oí i:.f (*t "i .[-J^ Lìï'essGr" _í," A Visel:'r:r. v¿au¿.Jc"'¡r,r "'1v*J-4 lrrru,\ L.l.tu¡ :"kenheaC, * Tåmes tdee "L96l--, e ;L_tt_e-l¡.e1:, i'T or-' enib : :' .u, ¡ a! Norrsmgss,I6s f/ 6 èv & ',¡'lÐ"Lgt:'n*"tËa'Ð'fu, $åy, Robe:"h A1,s)i,f:,::*etr, tã,, yre Tr.çrt1r. A?:out #Ïru,rchå3"3s*q Á.ídaË j\ Eðhr¿*ta} to Èhe Gcdkån Leetu*.r-û$ .l¡¡ #*?'u sr:-trnf å.'G T:iã't:r,"ardrut ffir &Íi/ {irtarctr l¡, 196:)å tig-"53" Letterþ 'uffir*æ,r :" *ãpry and Ê. :-"ep]-;r hy Sír ffilar3" es Ssrsrr,i r wL..rk e :reb.u*htal- L:¡ ,Så:r: ,Ê*be:"*u $q,Sq^qd_gf f:nlV {,4ps,j^:- l-e 1gáli;" !+*b5. &qll+,_g?ru