STRANGERS AND BROTHERS: ]NDTVIDUAL A}]D SOCÏETY TN THE }IC\TELS CIF C" P. ,SNOYI A Thesis Presented to the FacultY of the DePartment of Encrlish University of }4anitoba ou il'Ñnt*å*^ æ*ææ LoËRAt{j-v In PartÍa} Fu-lfillment of the Requírements for the Degree l.faster of Arts by I{ílliam Brent McGregor Ðenham APril, L962 STRANGERS AND BROTHERS: ' T{DIVIÐUAL ;\I'ID SOCTETY ÏN TIJJ-I }TOVELS OF C. P" SNOIIT An Abstract of a Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Department of English UnÍversity of I'[anitob a In Partial FulfÍ1lment of the Requirements for the Degree I{aster of Arts by \riilliaru Brent l.,TcGregor Ðenham ApriS-, L962 This thesis Ís based on a stud'y of all avaílable writings of Sir Charles Percy Snow and on all available biographieal and critical materia.l on him, but it coneen- trates on the novels of the Tlstrangers and Brothersrf series and Thsileaqch. As the title of his major seríes of novels impliesu one of snowls chief concerns is the situation of man both as stranger and. é;e .braÈhopr' iarrd' s,s si"b *ndåç'ådqí'aJ.:iand &'ffi & member of society" Each of these aspects is examined to discover r^Ihat mu-st be the proper balance betr'¡eeri them íf a society is to be achíeved that is meaningful, fulfill- ing, and effeetive as a community, yet not too restrictive of indÍvidualítY' Thisachievement,thestepsleadÍngtoit¡andthe are hu-man eharacteristics whích encourage or prevent' it, examined. by .snow in his novels, âs he loolcs at an era in English life-:19Lt+*Lg5À.--and at one man ín that era' Lewis Eliot" The rânge of eharaeter, setiingo and si.tuation, is broad" The background is one of actual events. From thís examination of his time, snow dral^rs certain conclusions which it is the purpose of tllis thesís to describe. an lviarr rnay ascend frorc stranger to brot'her through ever-l,ridening awareness of community, eoncern for íts maintenance, and j-rrVolvement in it. Through l'et'lis Eliot r-l_L vre see this development" I,fe see him l,¡iih his parents, rejecting his motherls possessive love and responding to his fatherîS less demanding feetíng" i¡Ie see Lewis in his trvo maryiages, crippled in the first by the memory of his motherrs possessiveness, and in the second learning to give hÍmself " Ì¡.ie see him in his male friendships, estab* ]Íshíng relationshíps which involve an inereasing self- forgetfulness" !,Ie observe his development, as a brother by examining his reactions to the working:cut of relation* ships l¡etween other indÍvidual-s" He sees the efforts of one of his friends to escape the overpov.rering d-ernands of the fanrlly, aS Yrel I as the efforts of another to form a smaller society of indivíduals, ín the face of opposition from the establÍshed societY" LewÍs Eliot next becornes invol ved in the lífe of a carnbridge college" In the acadenric commlr-nitY¡ men-- inclivíd.uals, strangers, sej-fish and pre judiced:-are sufficiently willing to sacrifiee their individuality to maÍntain their community intact, if not unstrained, through a time of severe testing, From the collegeu Levris moves into the r,,¡crld of scíence and government. There his out- look is further r¡¡idened. as he sees the need for scientífie truth and íntegrity, for national loyalty, ffid for human justice and. brotherhood, .A.lthou.gh for a time he slíps baek iv ínto sel-fishness, he fína]ly sees the tru'th of his own experience as stranger and brother, as well as the need for others to folloi¡¡ his example" Throu.gh rrrhat Lel'ris Eliot experiences and observes, ,Snow points out the need for brotherhood. and the means by vfuích it is achÍeved" The process is not inevj-table, Tvian may reject the need. for brotherhood, he may accept ít, or líke Lewås, hê may be drawn into it almost ín spite of himself" Even if he becomes a brother, his ovitl nature alt^rays threatens the eertainty of hís fully doing his part in acl:i eving commrrníty" But the steps are there-=Ievels of aehievement through which man must pass" In a v¡orld threatened by the tend.ency of Índ.ivÍduals or small-er social groups to retreat into themselves, the only hope that Snow sees ís that men may learn to live Èogether i-n a meaningful and vital eommunitY" TABTE OF CONTENTS PAGE LIST 0F ABBREVï"IITED TITLES o ê o o o ê o o o ô iií fltTRODUCTIONoôooøêooøø"iv CHAPTER f . ]I{DTVIDUAL RELATTONSHIPS: THE BASÏS OF COIrt'/ruNITï o e o o e c o o . ô c ç 1 IT. THE TI]DÏVIDUAI .A,ND HÏ S FELLOIiIS: F]RST STEPSTO'I¡IARÐSCO}flWUNITY ø a i j2 TTf" TI-IECOIJ,EGE: COIIIVIUJITTYACHIEiTED@ o a o 5h. ïV, SCIEI,ICE AND C,OVERI{wIÐIIIT: TTfi I'/ïDER VISIOI'I 0FCOI,Î.{UNTTT ø 6 @ o @ ø @ @ " 76 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPIIÏ O O O ø O O ø O ê O ê ê 110 ABBREVTATED TTTTES -'¡{T{ICH BY C, P. Sit]01II1S IqIORI{S ARE CTTED TN THTS TI.IESÏS The Affaír UfLrtÐ The Conscience of the Rich LT II HOmecomLngs t"D The Lieht and the qqrk 'Àf !f The Masters r{M The Nev¡ I',Ien The Search SB StranEers and Brothers cn ScÍence and Government rTr ar The Two Cultures and the Scientífic Revolutíon qru t¡r time *Ë_-Hope Il'Iilllì0llUCTf 0lrj 1 * .ìrì- \¡ôr'r'r,lc'-,rOUl1 -i-.ì.o rn r eCL,_ l¡onr-q i.lrn iilì.[r]"ÍrlìÕì-r¡ ,ci l':l-"-r'rrìì,t , nlli-.q'i dorq have been -l-ou-d in il:iejr cr:j-tj-cj-sttls oí En3-Lish societlr ¿t 6 :'-niern¡.tional nor¿l:l-it)r " ',lheir cl anour:'-rt¡,s l-rlve receivecÌ cfr-êâ-r i-¡r-,lrl i r'-i ti¡ ^ l¡lti, i,llcr¡ Ìrave off er"ecÌ iro :rca,]- i:ìrìSr,¡Ie I'S. 0bher ¡¡oi-ces ilave a.:l-so spolrien voices o-Íl i::toc-leratl'-on" r¡oi ces oif er"in¡; sol-'Lr[i.oits . 0ne o:i tire se voices apncaLs r'roi on-l--l¡ i,o i,lle liore conscrvltj-.¡e, ltut a.,l so to i;ìte radic¡.1- ouLsi-c]ers " Out of r ì:a clli.r'ounc1 as a. sc-i-en-ii si, e \,c¿ì.cjr eT', [) c j-i,.il s e-L'vnlr'¿: lr brr-s'i -:cssnen , a ì]ove.l i- st,, lLncl a líterary .r-: -. rat.,¡i-l UI^---i J-1-J-U, '--i ñ t)-.-.L V::CL.| !\-Jes P.;^c-;J. U-L \,.)' :JtLvitljnOr..¡ t.¡Olr\/1..\tJ r"l :S ¡.i,c-v SO_l Vi _rt.: clj-_iiiCrrl - 'í-.ì i-l'^-" -1.¡^r-^'"1 Lrl-r:Ð,oq itn';:iu L/ ':,¡r'¿.-ì-::ur u-LJ .,- u:,rì-. (r LiUU.Lrlonryi1." :/-r-lrr) U1i\:.L.lo -l-i.:iJUUL'-LL \Ja^'r. ú.ì',.JUcluL^--ir-^teCJ. icìeal i-snr lrc of,[ers c¿ll¡i r"e:i-ì-:-s.''nt; i-nste:.cl of po-li-ti-ca-l- c:.ii'c,':i-si:r, sensibl e huürani s¡i; iusbeacl of ej-thei: revo-l.-i, or j-e,rìc Ii on , coi.]-orotni- se e t.ri -l l-i,r':n ess to stLlr lli.ihi n ihe -.¡h-cn e s,;aìrli-sirlreni ancì j i,s .reC j-iioirs, to :todj.-Îy tlrer:l ncccssil.ry, bt:i riovcr io lte cioi:ij-r¿.Lcd il',' thcir" rt'-l l tl:is 'j¡o'.': rl-ocs -i l :rrosc i¡lli clr , i--i i t i-s irot ar:úi.stical l-.¡ r-.-,,'r-r-ì-..-r.rJI j_-l__LI(r;lju, i- .¡-iìrl¡, (:._tt.r. J_J D\--trJl_.rI(t,-¡-1 cle:-t-v-t-\iúJ. , ¡i-rrl i¡oit¡i,ed_._.rvJ.i.iu TO l:i_:,t afe c'r.ra¡.,¡n iteonJ-e o,Î.¡a.rl'-ous ì.tacl;¡r-oui.lcl-3: ;lo-1,ì t:'-cal bel:'Le-is, ancÌ Ii.r.-^l ^..-: ^-,1 ì)er3ir-:ì51-ons ü-OO.l-Oi,l-C¿i.-l " V- K,e:rnetlr r'illsop ì:J-¿l:iles Si:ro','¡ fo,r be:-n¡ ?1u-ir::e con ci l-ed.?1 úo tite posi-r,tar itoi:ld r'.- ,or- no'b 'r:e:'-irg riwj-'¿ilj-n úì-re ,:syche of ii:c ,li_f cics "??'"""? Tlre concern s-¡ sLr_ch ',,1:¡j_teL:s as Col- j n 'lj-l-sot h;Ls 1ed. .chelt io bcconic ou-'csi-cier-s, ,sti-rn;ers, di-s¡.rtsteci l,'i-fll irliin-,r¡' ascecis of socj-ct.-it r ll'utt 'l.lne.ble io cl-o atr;.-tì-rin,..; io ¿:.chieve jie .y- thc changes t '.''¡å.nt, ,j'.;i Si'ior¡¡ l:i as e..f ¿Lnsr,'¡eri,c sr-¡.cÌr rlcr- ,soÌls, f or iie oorti:á,.-'¡s ot-le o-l ihen in hi s noi.rel , Str-an,3ers ancl :lro-l;ìttr"s. lcoi"rte i)assa,rt i-s ol:itct,l:i'--l-illc';ocìa-¡Is oi.r.';- sì cici's cnri,i¿..ed iLt, tlrc :'-ir-ìusi,i.ces iiiri-ch alte etr-c,fcsseci i,irror;,3h n::r: jur,'i-'ì cer snobberl', J.:rd- la-¡o:."j-'¿i slìrr -îr-r.l 1 oí j-cl,e¡',.s ¿"r,bor-r.-L iroi,,¡ i;o chilr:¡¡c i,ile ito:r:ltJ., ì-'i.r-f :i-n tLLe end- i-nc¡n¿Lb-l-e or¡en of inain i,;rir,'ti-;:ti.1 lii-s or,'.,Íl i i: begi"i-t1r, ir/j",1 l_j-¡rn Cootte:: ooj-n'¿s or,l]; tln¿i-t S¡r.rl',,,,¡ a,tii:¿Lc'bs llrs j¡ol.r.nger contcni:orari-cs ioi: tìre sj-1"'c.l-e,i:ei.tsofl []rai;1;ìle-v iiru:st rTe.cceit b a:rc'1, 1,r"1.