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EFFECTS of GEOTHERMAL PRODUCTION and INJECTION on HOT SPRING and GEYSER ACTIVITY, STEAMBOAT SPRINGS, NEVADA Robert J

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EFFECTS of GEOTHERMAL PRODUCTION and INJECTION on HOT SPRING and GEYSER ACTIVITY, STEAMBOAT SPRINGS, NEVADA Robert J 183 Proc. 12th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop 1990 EFFECTS OF GEOTHERMAL PRODUCTION AND INJECTION ON HOT SPRING AND GEYSER ACTIVITY, STEAMBOAT SPRINGS, NEVADA Robert J. David of Geological Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA at HILL, Santa Ana, CA ABSTRACT Hot spring and geyser activity at Steamboat One objective of this study has been to Springs, Nevada has historically been second the for the decline of hot only in concentration to Yellowstone National spring and geyser activity, while Park in the continental United States. This differentiating .between various natural activity began to decline in early 1987, influences known to affect the hot springs and shortly after a binary-type geothermal power potential impacts from geothermal development. plant began operating nearby, and coincident Another objective of the study has been to with well testing at a second, primary describe the hydrogeology of the Steamboat type geothermal power plant. By early 1988, Springs geothermal area and the relationship shortly after the primary flash-type power between production and injection of thermal plant began operating, none of the numerous water the different well fields and hot spring and geyser vents contained visible spring and geyser activity. Possible methods water. Data collected as part of a recent to mitigate impacts to the springs and geysers study suggest that geothermal production wells caused by the production and injection wells the primary flash-type, and to a much lesser have also been discussed. extent, binary-type, power plant well fields have significantly influenced spring and geyser STUDY APPROACH activity. Observations of spring decline suggest that the mitigating effects of In order to meet the study objectives, data injection have been less than expected, collected by private persons, federal and state probably as a result of heterogeneous and/or agencies, and geothermal developers have been anisotropic conditions. reviewed and analyzed. Original data collection and analysis have been performed. INTRODUCTION During a detailed study from 1945-52, White (1968) ascribed changes spring discharge and The Steamboat Springs geothermal area water levels (in nonflowing vents) to several located approximately 9 miles south of Reno, factors, including ( 1) earthquakes, (2) random western Nevada. Steamboat Springs has been the effects, (3) earth tides, (4) barometric site of historically continuous hot spring and pressure, (5) precipitation, and (6) geyser activity. The unique occurrence of the discharging geothermal wells. Data have been springs and geysers was second only collected in such a way as to attempt to assess concentration to Yellowstone National Park in the degree to which one, or more, of these the continental United States. In 1983, to factors affected the decline in spring and provide federal protection for these features, geyser activity. a tract of land containing some of the springs and geysers was designated an Area of Critical Aerial photograph analysis, limited geologic Environmental Concern (ACEC). The ACEC is structural data collection, and administered by the U.S. Bureau of Land compilation of published geologic maps of the Management. area have helped to understand groundwater flow in the fractured bedrock of the geothermal In January, 1987, electric power generation area. Barometric pressure data were from a binary-type geothermal power plant began from a nearby weather station for selectedtime at a site near the springs and geysers (Fig. periods. Precipitation records dating back to 1). This power plant is operated by Ormat 1937 were obtained and used to compare Energy Systems, Inc. (OESI). In February, observations of hot spring activity and 1988, after several periods of well testing corresponding annual precipitation between beginning March, 1986, a second, primary 1945-52 with similar data from 1977 and flash-type, geothermal power plant began Stream discharge and chloride operating nearby (Fig 1). This power plant is concentration measurements along Steamboat operated by Power, Inc. (CPI). The Creek, a regional groundwater discharge point, two power plants utilize production and have been used in mass flux calculations to injection wells to supply and dispose of high make estimates of the total thermal groundwater temperature groundwater. Unlike the OESI discharge from the Steamboat Springs geothermal facility, which injects 100% of the produced system. These estimates were compared to a thermal water, operation of the CPI facility similar estimate before geothermal development. results a net (mass) production (consumptive use) of about 11% thermal water. A therapeutic Probably the most valuable data collected and spa also operates one well, which is located analyzed included water level measurements about 3000 feet from the springs and geysers. (using a graduated rule or electronic water level probe) hot spring vents, as well as A study of the Steamboat Springs geothermal water level and pressure measurements in area, conducted jointly by the U.S. Geological observation wells in the vicinity of the Survey (USGS) and San Diego State University, springs and the geothermal well fields. A was initiated at the request of the BLM as a fairly detailed history hydrographs) of result of the decline in, and cessation of, hot the decline in hot spring activity and geyser spring and geyser activity in the Steamboat water levels was prepared from the spring Springs ACEC beginning in late 1986. measurements, This history was compared to 184 Collar and Huntley I I I I I I I I I II I 1 I I I I V I i I \ \ II LEGEND Fault. where inferred. dotted where ball and tick on \ Air photo lineament of origin: and tick on of fault 0 0 Figure 1. Fault and air photo lineament map of the Steamboat Springs geothermal area, including the location of selected wells. 21-5, 83A-6 and 23-5 = CPI production wells; Cox = CPI injection well: PW-1, PW-2 and PW-1 = OESI production wells: IW-2 and IW-3 OESI injection wells (Collar, 1990). water level changes in the various observation conditions, groundwater flows from the recharge wells and to periods of production and/or area in the southwest (elev. 7000 ft), parallel injection at the geothermal well fields. to the dominant fracture trend in the Steamboat Springs geothermal area, and discharges as RESULTS thermal water to the springs and Steamboat Creek (Fig. 1; Collar, 1990). A number of The springs investigated during this study production, injection, and observation wells approx. 4650 ft) occur the discharge have been completed the fractured bedrock in area of a regional-scale groundwater flow the Steamboat Springs area. Production wells system (Fig. 1) referred to as the Steamboat in the OESI well field (elev. 4700 ft), located Springs geothermal system. Under natural northwest of the springs, are completed in 185 Collar and Huntley BLM data a data A GOSA data W 0 -I o_ W 1986 1987 1988 1989 Figure 2. Hydrograph of spring 6, March, 1986 to September, 1989 (see Fig. 1 location). Zero water depth corresponds to period of spring discharge. granodiorite, while injection wells are of annual precipitation data shows that the completed in volcanic rocks and/or observed decline in spring activity and granodiorite. Production wells in the CPI well discharge rates are not consistent with any field (elev. 5350-5660 ft), located southwest relationships between spring discharge and of the springs, are completed in granodiorite annual precipitation suggested by White (1968). and metamorphic bedrock, while the single The 3 to 4 gallons per minute (gpm) spring injection well (elev. 5050 ft) is completed discharge measured in 1988 is significantly granodiorite. lower than the 34 to 40 gpm predicted from spring discharge-annual precipitation Between March, 1986, and August, 1989, many relationships derived from White's data. springs experienced several periods of parallel water level decline and recovery, superimposed The general spring and geyser decline began on a general decline in hot spring water before the start of the current drought in levels. Following a period of spring western Nevada and long precipitation data discharge and geysering in the fall and winter and observations indicate that the springs and of 1986, numerous springs and geysers geysers have remained active during previous experienced declining water levels over a 7 prolonged droughts (White, 1968 and Collar, month period. These temporal variations are 1990). However, is unclear whether best illustrated by spring 6 (Fig. 2). At the consecutive below normal precipitation years end of this period, in July, 1987, all but two have. contributed to the spring and geyser of the springs and geysers were reported as decline. dry. Water level declines, interrupted by brief periods of recovery, have generally Current estimates (Collar, 1990) of the natural continued through 1989. The water level rate of thermal water discharge (as inflow to decline from 1987 to 1989 in spring 12 (Fig. 1) Steamboat Creek) are about 80% of that has been as much as 17 feet. estimated by White (1968) in 1955, with most of the decrease occurring the vicinity of the Analysis of previous studies of the springs and geothermal area. Only when the net production use of simple barometric pressure corrections rate from the CPI wellfield is added to recent (Collar, 1990) suggest that water level estimates of the natural discharge rate is the fluctuations caused by earth tidal stresses, total estimated discharge rate from the changing barometric pressure, or other factors Steamboat Springs geothermal system (as wells earthquakes) are small, short lived, or and inflow to Steamboat Creek) similar to the random comparison to those caused by 1120 gpm (as wells, and inflow to discharging geothermal wells. Therefore, it is Steamboat Creek) estimated by White. These unlikely that these influences have contributed observations suggest that thermal water which to the long term decline in spring water formerly discharged to the springs and levels. Steamboat Creek the geothermal area has been diverted by the CPI wells.
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