DOCSLIB.ORG

Population Genetic and Phylogenetic Studies on Trichuris Spp. Recovered from Pigs, Humans and Baboons in Different Geographical Regions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Population Genetic and Phylogenetic Studies on Trichuris Spp. Recovered from Pigs, Humans and Baboons in Different Geographical Regions FACULTY OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN Master Thesis Mohamed Bayoumi Fahmy Hawash – TQS650 Population genetic and phylogenetic studies on Trichuris spp. recovered from pigs, humans and baboons in different geographical regions Supervisor: Peter Nejsum Section of Parasitology and Aquatic diseases Department of Veterinary Disease Biology Submitted : 31/08/2014 Copenhagen University Dyrlægevej 100, 1871 Frederiksberg C, I Denmark Mohamed Bayoumi Fahmy Hawash ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ Cover Photo from: www.tvblogs.nationalgeographic.com/blog/big-baboon-house/ II Contents CONTENTS ................................................................................................................... I SUMMARY ................................................................................................................. III PREFACE ..................................................................................................................... V ACKNOWLEDGMENT............................................................................................ VI BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................... 1 Parasitology ............................................................................................................................. 1 Phylogeny ........................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Trichuris spp. and their hosts ........................................................................................................................................ 1 Morphology .................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Life Cycle ........................................................................................................................................................................ 2 Pathology and clinical symptoms .................................................................................................................................. 3 Epidemiology of T. suis and T. trichiura....................................................................................................................... 4 Economical and public health importance of T. trichiura and T. suis ....................................................................... 5 Molecular Biology ................................................................................................................... 5 Phylogenetics and Population Genetics. ..................................................................................... 5 1. DNA marker ......................................................................................................................................................... 7 Nuclear DNA markers .............................................................................................................................................. 8 Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers .................................................................................................................. 8 2. Molecular Biological Methodologies ................................................................................................................... 9 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and PCR linked techniques ........................................................................... 9 3. Computational analysis ........................................................................................................................................ 9 3.1. Phylogenetic Tree ........................................................................................................................................ 9 3.1.1. Distance based Trees .............................................................................................................................. 9 Neighbor Joining (NJ) ................................................................................................................................... 10 3.1.2. Character based Trees ......................................................................................................................... 10 Maximum Parsimony (MP) .......................................................................................................................... 10 Maximum Likelihood (ML) .......................................................................................................................... 11 Bayesian Analysis........................................................................................................................................... 11 3.1.3. Bootstrapping ....................................................................................................................................... 12 3.2. Phylogenetic network ................................................................................................................................ 12 3.3. Coalescent analysis.................................................................................................................................... 12 Next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies and parasite genomics ......................... 13 Parasite genomes .......................................................................................................................................................... 14 Parasite mitochondrial genome .................................................................................................................................. 14 NGS workflow for mitochondrial genome ................................................................................................................. 15 THESIS'S STUDIES INTRODUCTION .................................................................. 17 Brief introduction and major findings ................................................................................ 17 I Limitations ............................................................................................................................. 19 Conclusions and Perspectives .............................................................................................. 20 REFERNECES ............................................................................................................ 21 MANUSCRIPT 1 ......................................................................................................... 27 SUPPLEMENTARY DATA OF MANUSCRIPT 1 ................................................ 53 MANUSCRIPT 2 ......................................................................................................... 57 SUPPLEMENTARY DATA OF MANUSCRIPT 2 ................................................ 80 APPENDIX OF RAW DATA .................................................................................... 85 II Summary Trichuris suis and T. trichiura are two different whipworms that infect pigs and humans respectively. Trichuris suis is found in pigs in almost all over the world while T. trichiura is found in humans mainly in areas with poor sanitation and is responsible for nearly 460 million infections. The taxonomic status of whipworms in non-human primates is unsettled but they are normally designated as T. trichiura as well. The pattern and nature of transmission of Trichuris spp. infecting human, non human primates and pigs is poorly understood. Population genetics can provide inferences about the direction of parasite transmission on different levels (between individuals, populations and geographical locations) beside the natural and demographic history of the parasite. In the first study, I applied different population genetic and phylogenetic approaches to investigate the pattern of transmission and the demographic history of Truchuris spp. in pigs, humans and baboons. I tested a hypothesis regarding the transmission and history of Trichuris spp. between humans and pigs which is the Trichuris sp. was found in either humans or pigs before it was transmitted to the other host in the Neolithic era upon domestication of animals when the two hosts were in sympatry nearly 10,000 years ago. Moreover I investigated the evolutionary and phylogenetic relationship of the Trichuris infecting humans and a non human primate (baboon). Coalescent analysis, Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) and phylogenetic analysis were applied on two mitochondrial markers namely the nad1 and rrnL genes on T. suis populations from domestic pigs from Denmark, USA, Uganda and China; T. trichiura from humans from China and Uganda; Trichuris from olive and yellow baboons from Denmark (Copenhagen Zoo and Knuttenborg Park) and from USA (Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), Texas). The demographic history reconstructed through coalescent analysis of the different populations of Trichuris spp. from pigs and humans revealed independent demographic history of the parasite in the two hosts indicating that the speciation events happened much older than the Neolithic era 10,000 years ago and hence the hypothesis was rejected. Moreover, the demographic history of T. suis in different areas underlined the major role of the human trading activity in transmitting the parasite through pig transport. No genetic differentiation between Trichuris obtained from baboons and humans in Uganda emphasizing on the possible zoonotic
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Update on the Use of Helminths to Treat Crohn's and Other
    Parasitol Res (2009) 104:217–221 DOI 10.1007/s00436-008-1297-5 REVIEW An update on the use of helminths to treat Crohn’s and other autoimmunune diseases Aditya Reddy & Bernard Fried Received: 17 August 2008 /Accepted: 20 November 2008 /Published online: 3 December 2008 # Springer-Verlag 2008 Abstract This review updates our previous one (Reddy immune status of acutely and chronically helminth-infected and Fried, Parasitol Research 100: 921–927, 2007)on humans. Although two species of hookworms, Ancylostoma Crohn’s disease and helminths. The review considers the duodenale and N. americanus, commonly infect humans most recent literature on Trichuris suis therapy and Crohn’s through contact with contaminated soil (Hotez et al. 2004), and the significant literature on the use of Necator we have not seen papers on therapeutic interventions with americanus larvae to treat Crohn’s and other autoimmune A. duodenale. Therapy with N. americanus larvae is easier disorders. The pros and cons of helminth therapy as related to use by physicians than the Trichuris suis ova (TSO) to autoimmune disorders are discussed in the review. We also treatment because of the fewer number of treatments and discuss the relationship of the bacterium Campylobacter more long lasting effects of the hookworm treatments. jejuni and T. suis in Crohn’s disease. The significant Though we will continue to use the term TSO in our literature on helminths other than N. americanus and T. review, the term should really be TSE, because the suis as related to autoimmune diseases is also reviewed. treatment is with Trichuris eggs not ova.
    [Show full text]
  • Nematodes of the Genus Trichuris (Nematoda, Trichuridae), Parasitizing Sheep in Central and South-Eastern Regions of Ukraine
    Vestnik Zoologii, 52(3): 193–204, 2018 DOI 10.2478/vzoo-2018-0020 UDC 595.132.6 NEMATODES OF THE GENUS TRICHURIS (NEMATODA, TRICHURIDAE), PARASITIZING SHEEP IN CENTRAL AND SOUTH-EASTERN REGIONS OF UKRAINE V. А. Yevstafi eva1, I. D. Yuskiv2, V. V. Melnychuk1, І. О. Yasnolob1, V. А. Kovalenko1, K. O. Horb1 1Poltava State Agrarian Academy, Skovorody st., 1/3, Poltava, 36003 Ukraine 2S. Z. Gzhytskiy National Veterinary and Biotech University of Lviv, Pekarska st., 50, Lviv, 79010 Ukraine E-mail: [email protected] Nematodes of the Genus Тrichuris (Nematoda, Trichuridae) Parasitizing Sheep in Central and South- Eastern Regions of Ukraine. Yevstafi eva, V. A., Yuskiv, I. D., Melnychuk, V. V., Yasnolob, I. O., Kovalenko, V. A., Horb, K. O. — Abundance and distribution of nematodes of the genus Тrichuris Schrank, 1788 parasitizing domestic sheep (Ovis aries Linnaeus, 1758) were studied in Poltava, Kyiv and Zaporizhzhia Regions of Ukraine. Th ree species of Тrichuris were found, Trichuris skrjabini Baskakov, 1924, Trichuris оvis Abildgaard, 1795 and Trichuris globulosa Linstow, 1901. Trichuris оvis and T. skrjabini were more common (54.9 and 35.7 %), whereas Т. globulosa was relatively rare (9.4 %) in the studied material. New species-specifi c and sex-related morphological characters and metric indices were reviewed as useful in better identifi cation of T. skrjabini, Т. оvis and Т. globulosa parasitizing sheep. Key words: Тrichuris, sheep, fauna, abundance, morphological characters, metric indices. Introduction Parasitic nematodes are one of most diverse and widely distributed group of parasitic worms. Th ey in- clude the economically important family Trichuridae Baird, 1853 with the monotypic genus Trichuris Schrank, 1788.
    [Show full text]
  • The Transcriptome of Trichuris Suis – First Molecular Insights Into a Parasite with Curative Properties for Key Immune Diseases of Humans
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ResearchOnline at James Cook University The Transcriptome of Trichuris suis – First Molecular Insights into a Parasite with Curative Properties for Key Immune Diseases of Humans Cinzia Cantacessi1*, Neil D. Young1, Peter Nejsum2, Aaron R. Jex1, Bronwyn E. Campbell1, Ross S. Hall1, Stig M. Thamsborg2, Jean-Pierre Scheerlinck1,3, Robin B. Gasser1* 1 Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 2 Departments of Veterinary Disease Biology and Basic Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark, 3 Centre for Animal Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia Abstract Background: Iatrogenic infection of humans with Trichuris suis (a parasitic nematode of swine) is being evaluated or promoted as a biological, curative treatment of immune diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and ulcerative colitis, in humans. Although it is understood that short-term T. suis infectioninpeoplewithsuchdiseases usually induces a modified Th2-immune response, nothing is known about the molecules in the parasite that induce this response. Methodology/Principal Findings: As a first step toward filling the gaps in our knowledge of the molecular biology of T. suis, we characterised the transcriptome of the adult stage of this nematode employing next-generation sequencing and bioinformatic techniques. A total of ,65,000,000 reads were generated and assembled into
    [Show full text]
  • The Worm Returns Joel V
    COMMENT HISTORY Centenary of the CONSERVATION Suburbanites’ BIOLOGY How life OBITUARY Keith Campbell, equation that launched conflicted relationship with turns random energy creator of Dolly the sheep, crystallography p.186 wild animals p.188 into useful work p.191 remembered p.193 JOEL WEINSTOCK LAB JOEL WEINSTOCK The whipworm Trichuris suis is currently in trials for treating Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. The worm returns Joel V. Weinstock explains why several clinical trials are deliberately infecting people with helminths to treat autoimmune diseases. or as long as modern humans have a rapid increase in an entirely new set of to wait until the airport could get up and existed, they have carried parasitic diseases, such as inflammatory bowel running again. worms. That is around 200,000 years. disease (the focus of my research). These I was writing a review article at the time, FLike many bacteria, some roundworms and once-rare diseases, caused by autoimmun- on inflammatory bowel disease, and edit- flatworms (helminths) reside harmlessly in ity, have become relatively common in less ing a book about parasites. That day, I was the gut. Others can cause problems. than a century. Why? focusing on a chapter about how the ‘evil’ Before antibiotics and improvements This question was plaguing me as I properties of intestinal parasites are often in sanitation, gastrointestinal infections sat in a plane on the runway of Chicago’s overblown. Considering the vast number of — mostly with bacteria — killed perhaps O’Hare airport for five hours one day dur- people who have carried them throughout one in five children and many adults.
    [Show full text]
  • Helminth Therapy Or Elimination: Epidemiological, Immunological, and Clinical Considerations
    Review Helminth therapy or elimination: epidemiological, immunological, and clinical considerations Linda J Wammes, Harriet Mpairwe, Alison M Elliott, Maria Yazdanbakhsh Lancet Infect Dis 2014; Deworming is rightly advocated to prevent helminth-induced morbidity. Nevertheless, in affl uent countries, the 14: 1150–62 deliberate infection of patients with worms is being explored as a possible treatment for infl ammatory diseases. Several Published Online clinical trials are currently registered, for example, to assess the safety or effi cacy of Trichuris suis ova in allergies, June 27, 2014 infl ammatory bowel diseases, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and autism, and the Necator americanus http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S1473-3099(14)70771-6 larvae for allergic rhinitis, asthma, coeliac disease, and multiple sclerosis. Studies in animals provide strong evidence Department of Parasitology, that helminths can not only downregulate parasite-specifi c immune responses, but also modulate autoimmune and Leiden University Medical allergic infl ammatory responses and improve metabolic homoeostasis. This fi nding suggests that deworming could Center, Leiden, Netherlands lead to the emergence of infl ammatory and metabolic conditions in countries that are not prepared for these new (L J Wammes MD, epidemics. Further studies in endemic countries are needed to assess this risk and to enhance understanding of how Prof M Yazdanbakhsh PhD); MRC/Uganda Virus Research helminths modulate infl ammatory and metabolic pathways. Studies are similarly needed in non-endemic countries to Institute, Uganda Research move helminth-related interventions that show promise in animals, and in phase 1 and 2 studies in human beings, into Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda the therapeutic development pipeline.
    [Show full text]
  • Trichuriasis Importance Trichuriasis Is Caused by Various Species of Trichuris, Nematode Parasites Also Known As Whipworms
    Trichuriasis Importance Trichuriasis is caused by various species of Trichuris, nematode parasites also known as whipworms. Whipworms are common in the intestinal tracts of mammals, Trichocephaliasis, although their prevalence may be low in some host species or regions. Infections are Trichocephalosis, often asymptomatic; however, some individuals develop diarrhea, and more serious Whipworm Infestation effects, including dysentery, intestinal bleeding and anemia, are possible if the worm burden is high or the individual is particularly susceptible. T. trichiura is the species of whipworm normally found in humans. A few clinical cases have been attributed to Last Updated: January 2019 T. vulpis, a whipworm of canids, and T. suis, which normally infects pigs. While such zoonotic infections are generally thought uncommon, recent surveys found T. suis or T. vulpis eggs in a significant number of human fecal samples in some countries. T. suis is also being investigated in human clinical trials as a therapeutic agent for various autoimmune and allergic diseases. The rationale for its use is the correlation between an increased incidence of these conditions and reduced levels of exposure to parasites among people in developed countries. There is relatively little information about cross-species transmission of Trichuris spp. in animals. However, the eggs of T. trichiura have been detected in the feces of some pigs, dogs and cats in tropical areas with poor sanitation, raising the possibility of reverse zoonoses. One double-blind, placebo-controlled study investigated T. vulpis for therapeutic use in dogs with atopic dermatitis, but no significant effects were found. Etiology Trichuriasis is caused by members of the genus Trichuris, nematode parasites in the family Trichuridae.
    [Show full text]
  • JOURNAL of NEMATOLOGY First Report of Molecular Characterization
    JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY Article | DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2020-036 e2020-36 | Vol. 52 First report of molecular characterization and phylogeny of Trichuris fossor Hall, 1916 (Nematoda: Trichuridae) Malorri R. Hughes1,*, Deborah A. Duffield1, Abstract Dana K. Howe2 and Dee R. Denver2 Because species of Trichuris are morphologically similar and ranges 1Department of Biology, Portland of host preference are variable, using molecular data to evaluate spe- State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave, cies delineations is essential for properly quantifying biodiversity of SRTC Rm 246, Portland, Oregon, and relationships within Trichuridae. Trichuris fossor has been report- 97201. ed from Thomomys spp. (Rodentia: Geomyidae, ‘pocket gophers’) hosts based on morphological features alone. Partial 18S rRNA se- 2Department of Integrative Biology, quences for specimens identified as T. fossor based on morphol- Oregon State University, 3029 ogy, along with sequences from 26 additional taxa, were used for Cordley Hall, Corvallis, Oregon, a phylogenetic analysis. Evolutionary histories were constructed us- 97331. ing maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. In both analyses, *E-mail: [email protected] the specimens fell within the Trichuris clade with 100% support and formed a distinct subclade with 100% support. These results confirm This paper was edited by that T. fossor is a distinct species and represent the first molecular Zafar Ahmad Handoo. report for it. Relatedness among species within the family were well Received for publication resolved in the BI tree. This study represents an initial effort to obtain November 7, 2019. a more comprehensive view of Trichuridae by including a new clade member, T. fossor. A better understanding of Trichuridae phylogeny could contribute to further characterization of host-associations, in- cluding species that infect livestock and humans.
    [Show full text]
  • Helminth Therapy – from the Parasite Perspective
    Trends in Parasitology Opinion Helminth Therapy – From the Parasite Perspective Kateřina Sobotková,1,4 William Parker,2,4 Jana Levá,1,3 Jiřina Růžková,1 Julius Lukeš,1,3 and Kateřina Jirků Pomajbíková1,3,* Studies in animal models and humans suggest that intentional exposure to hel- Highlights minths or helminth-derived products may hold promise for treating chronic Helminth therapy (HT) appears to be a inflammatory-associated diseases (CIADs). Although the mechanisms underly- promising concept to oppose inflamma- ing ‘helminth therapy’ are being evaluated, little attention has been paid to the tory mechanisms underlying chronic inflammation-associated diseases be- actual organisms in use. Here we examine the notion that, because of the com- cause helminths are recognized as one plexity of biological symbiosis, intact helminths rather than helminth-derived of the keystones of the human biome. products are likely to prove more useful for clinical purposes. Further, weighing potential cost/benefit ratios of various helminths along with other factors, such So far, the majority of HT studies de- scribe the mechanisms by which hel- as feasibility of production, we argue that the four helminths currently in use for minths manipulate the host immune CIAD treatments in humans were selected more by happenstance than by de- system, but little consideration has been sign, and that other candidates not yet tested may prove superior. given to the actual tested helminths. Here, we summarize the knowns and unknowns about the helminths used in Dysregulation of Immune Function after Loss of Keystone Species from the HT and tested in disease models. Ecosystem of the Human Body For hundreds of millions of years, vertebrates developed intricate and extensive connections with Specific eligibility criteria need to be ad- dressed when evaluating prospective symbionts in their environment and inside their own bodies.
    [Show full text]
  • A Critical View of Helminthic Therapy: Is It a Viable Form of Treatment for Immune Disorders Under the Category of Inflammatory Bowel Disease?
    Portland State University PDXScholar University Honors Theses University Honors College Winter 2017 A Critical View of Helminthic Therapy: Is It a Viable Form of Treatment for Immune Disorders Under the Category of Inflammatory Bowel Disease? Alyssa Murphy Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/honorstheses Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Murphy, Alyssa, "A Critical View of Helminthic Therapy: Is It a Viable Form of Treatment for Immune Disorders Under the Category of Inflammatory Bowel Disease?" (2017). University Honors Theses. Paper 356. https://doi.org/10.15760/honors.349 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in University Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Alyssa Murphy Honors Thesis Winter 2017 A Critical View of Helminthic Therapy: Is it a viable form of treatment for immune disorders under the category of inflammatory bowel disease? Abstract In the developed world, Crohn’s disease and colitis affects the lives of many individuals. Recently, a new form of treatment for these autoimmune diseases has gained recognition. This treatment uses helminths (Trichuris trichiura and Trichuris suis) as an immunomodulant to a ​ ​ ​ ​ human immune system. Various studies (Summers et. al., 2004; Dige et. al., 2016; Lopes et. al., ​ ​ ​ ​ 2016) have shown the safety and viability of this form of treatment, but many believe this area of research leaves much to be desired. Through this paper, the topic of helminthic therapy and its viability as a form of treatment for autoimmune diseases under the category of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) will be discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Especies De Trichuris Aisladas De Primates De Parques Zoológicos De España
    ESPECIES DE TRICHURIS AISLADAS DE PRIMATES DE PARQUES ZOOLÓGICOS DE ESPAÑA Universidad de Sevilla Facultad de Farmacia Julia Rivero Fernández 0 Universidad de Sevilla Facultad de Farmacia Trabajo Fin de Grado Grado en Farmacia “ESPECIES DE TRICHURIS AISLADAS DE PRIMATES DE PARQUES ZOOLÓGICOS DE ESPAÑA” Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología TFG de tipo experimental Tutoras: Cristina Cutillas Barrios y Rocío Callejón Fernández Julia Rivero Fernández Sevilla, Julio de 2018 1 Resumen En el presente Trabajo Fin de Grado se ha llevado a cabo un estudio epidemiológico, morfo-biométrico y molecular de especies de Trichuris aisladas de primates de distintos zoológicos de España. Las especies pertenecientes al género Trichuris son responsables de la enfermedad denominada Tricocefalosis o tricuriasis. Hasta hace unos años se consideraba a Trichuris trichiura como la especie parásita de primates y humanos, no obstante, el descubrimiento de nuevas especies de este género en estos hospedadores ha promovido el estudio de éstas por su importancia zoonótica. Se ha realizado un estudio epidemiológico de diversos primates que viven en cautividad en 7 zoológicos de España. La prevalencia de Trichuris sp. en dichos primates ha sido del 7 % de las muestras totales analizadas. En las diferentes muestras se han encontrado huevos de Trichuris sp. en heces de Macaca sylvanus, Cercophitecus neglectus, y Colobus guereza kikuyensis. Se ha realizado una identificación morfológica y un estudio biométrico de los huevos aislados de las heces de cuatro hospedadores, y de adultos de Trichuris sp. obtenidos de un Macaca sylvanus procedente del Zoo de Castellar. Los resultados obtenidos han sido comparados con los citados para otras especies de Trichuris sp., observándose una similitud de los huevos de Trichuris sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Mitogenomics and Evolutionary History of Rodent Whipworms (Trichuris Spp.) Originating from Three Biogeographic Regions
    life Article Mitogenomics and Evolutionary History of Rodent Whipworms (Trichuris spp.) Originating from Three Biogeographic Regions Jan Petružela 1,2,*, Alexis Ribas 3 and Joëlle Goüy de Bellocq 1,4 1 Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Kvˇetná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic; [email protected] 2 Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotláˇrská 2, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic 3 Section of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] 4 Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Trichuris spp. is a widespread nematode which parasitizes a wide range of mammalian hosts including rodents, the most diverse mammalian order. However, genetic data on rodent whipworms are still scarce, with only one published whole genome (Trichuris muris) despite an increasing demand for whole genome data. We sequenced the whipworm mitogenomes from seven rodent hosts belonging to three biogeographic regions (Palearctic, Afrotropical, and Indomalayan), including three previously described species: Trichuris cossoni, Trichuris arvicolae, and Trichuris mastomysi. We assembled and annotated two complete and five almost complete mitogenomes (lacking only the long non-coding region) and performed comparative genomic and phylogenetic analyses. All the Citation: Petružela, J.; Ribas, A.; mitogenomes are circular, have the same organisation, and consist of 13 protein-coding, 2 rRNA, and de Bellocq, J.G. Mitogenomics and 22 tRNA genes. The phylogenetic analysis supports geographical clustering of whipworm species Evolutionary History of Rodent and indicates that T.
    [Show full text]
  • Arasites of Cattle
    arasites of Cattle CONTENTS 1 Stages in the gut and faeces . ............ 24 • 2 Stages in the blood and circulatory system . .................... 55 • 3 Stages in the urogenital system ........ 83 . 4 Stages in internaiorgans . ............... 85 4.1 Locomotory system .................. 85 4.7 .7 Muscles ...................... 85 4.7.2 Tendons . .................... 90 4.2 Liver ............................. 90 4.3 Respiratory system ................... 97 4.4 Abdominal cavity .................. 101 4.5 Pancreas ......................... 102 4.6 Central nervous system .............. 103 • 5 Stages on the body surface . ............ 105 5.1 Skin and co at ..................... 105 5.2 Eyes ............................. 143 J. Kaufmann, Parasitic Infections of Domestic Animals © Springer Basel AG 1996 1 Stages In the gut and taeces , Stages in the gut and faeces and para lysis. Death can occur rapidly, mainly in calves. Another form of coccidio­ sis is characterized by persisting, non-ha em­ orrhagic diarrhoea with continuous weight PROTOZOA loss until cachexia. This condition may last • Protozoa oocysts found in the faeces . .. 24 for several weeks. Animals that survive severe illness can have significant weight HELMINTHS loss that is not quickly regained, or can • Trematoda eggs found in the remain permanently stunted. faeces and adult trematodes living in the gastrointestinal tract . ..... .. 29 Significance: E. hovis and E. zuerni are most commonly involved in c1inical coccidiosis • Cestoda eggs found in the faeces and adult cestodes living in the of cattle. gastrointestinal tract ...... .. ... 32 Diagnosis: Clinical signs and extremely high • Nematoda eggs found in the faeces, numbers of oocysts per gram of faeces adult nematodes living in the gastro­ (50,000-500,000). intestinal tract and first-stage Therapy: The drugs that are commonly used larvae of Dictyocaulus viviparus .
    [Show full text]