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Archaeological and Historical Examinations of Three Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Rice Plantations on the Waccamaw Neck

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Archaeological and Historical Examinations of Three Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Rice Plantations on the Waccamaw Neck ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL EXAMINATIONS OF THREE EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH CENTURY RICE PLANTATIONS ON THE WACCAMAW NECK A B o 30 MILLIMETER S ]).~ 1-3-/ffo ~IL =- I ~r - 1/1 ,~ /~ CHICORA FOUNDATION RESEARCH SERIES 31 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL EXAMINATIONS OF THREE EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH CENTURY RICE PLANTATIONS ON THE WACCAMAW NECK RESEARCH SERIES 31 Michael Trinkley, Editor contributors: Natalie Adams Debi Hacker David R. Lawrence Rowena Nyland Michael Trinkley Jack H. Wilson, Jr. Chicora Foundation, Inc. P.O. Box 866~ • 861 Arbutus Drive Columbia, South Carolina 29202 803/787-6910 May 1993 ISSN 0882-2041 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Archaeological and historical examinations of three eighteenth and nineteenth century rice plantations on the Waccamaw Neck / Michael Trinkley, editor i contributors, Natalie Adams •.. ret al.]. p. cm. -- (Research series, ISSN 0882-2041 i 31) "April 1992." Includes bibliographic references. $27.00 1. Waccamaw River Valley (N.C. and S.C.)--Antiquities. 2. Plantations--Waccamaw River Valley (N.C. and S.C.) 3. Excavations (Archaeology)--Waccamaw River Valley (N.C. and S.C.) 4. Indians of North America--Waccamaw River Valley (N.C. and S.C.)- -Antiquities. I. Adams, Natalie, 1963- II. Trinkley, Michael. III. Chicora Foundation. IV. Series: Research series (Chicora Foundation) i 31 . F277.W3A73 1992 975.7'89--dc20 92-6710 CIP The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences - Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. i Of the great tropical and semitropical staples in the Americas, rice was by far the least significant. Despite the pretensions of low country planters and the puffery of later apologists for the industry, rice was never vital to the West. In comparison with sugar, cotton, and tobacco, which have been described with some accuracy in the literature as mighty, Kingly, and holy commodities respectively, rice was but a humble footman or sexton, lacking even a hint of sovereignty in the marketplace. -- Peter Coclanis, The Shadow of a Dream. ii ABSTRACT This study examines the historical and archaeological research conducted by Chicora Foundation on a series of five sites representing portions of three eighteenth and nineteenth century Waccamaw Neck rice plantations -- Willbrook, Oatland, and Turkey Hill. Three of these sites -- 38GE29l, 38GE292, and 38GE340 -- represent the main settlement during the nineteenth century and two late eighteenth century slave settlements associated with Willbrook Plantation. Site 38GE291 also produced evidence of a possible eighteenth century plantation overseer's structure adjacent to the slave settlement. In addition, research at 38GE340 revealed evidence of a postbellum structure possibly associated with early Catholic missionary activity in the Waccamaw Neck vicinity. One site -- 38GE294 -- represents the main house and a nearby slave structure associated with neighboring Oat land Plantation. The proximity of the single slave structure suggests that it may have been used by house servants. These structures, yielding architectural as well as archaeological data, date from the antebellum period. The final site -- 38GE297 -- represents one of two nineteenth century slave settlements associated with Turkey Hill Plantation, situated just north of Oatland. Excavations at this site concentrated on what appears to be the house of a slave driver. This study examines the historical documents, the archaeological and architectural evidence, and incorporates a detailed examination of the faunal material recovered from these sites to provide a detailed reconstruction of owner, overseer, and slave life on several Waccamaw Neck rice plantations. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract •••. • iii List of Figures .•• vi List of Tables. .viii Acknowledgements. • • .xi Introduction •. Michael Trinkley. 1 Background Scope and Goals Curation Natural Setting Michael Trinkley. • • . • . • • . • • • •••.•• 7 Physiographic Province Climate Geology and Soils Floristics Historical Analysis of Willbrook, Oatland, and Turkey Hill Plantations .. Rowena Nyland •••••••..•••.•••• 14 Historical Overview of the Waccamaw Neck History of the Willbrook Properties Plantation Archaeology •• Michael Trinkley. • . • • • • • • • • • • • . 61 Rice Plantations Rice Plantations on the Waccamaw Neck Examination of Rice Plantation Artifact Patterns Other Issues Excavations • . Michael Trinkley. • • • • . • • • • • .78 Strategy and Methods 38GE291 38GE292 38GE294 38GE297 38GE340 Artifact Analysis . Debi Hacker and Natalie Adams • • • • . • . • . • • • • 111 Introduction Descriptions and Interpretations Dating Syntheses Pattern Analyses Status and Economic Observations Summary Faunal Remains •. Jack H. Wilson, Jr ••.••••..•.•.•••••••• 179 Introduction Analytic Techniques Identified Fauna Results of Faunal Analysis Comparison with Other Faunal Assemblages Conclusions Shellfish Remains .. David R. Lawrence ..•.•••.••••••.•••• 204 Introduction The Oysters The Quahogs Summary and Synthesis .• Natalie Adams and Michael Trinkley .•.•...•. 206 Introduction Artifacts, Plantation Life, and Labor References Cited. • . • . • . • • . • • . • • .214 iv v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Willbrook Plantation area ••• • .3 2. Waccamaw Neck area. • • . • • •••• · .8 3. Moll's 1729 map of Carolina .•.••• • 15 4. Areas of tidal rice cultivation in Georgetown County • 17 5. Waccamaw Neck area in 1826 •. · 19 6. Hobcaw Barony ..••.•...•...... • 25 7. Portion of Turkey Hill granted in 1733 ..• • • • • • • • • • • 27 8. Portion of Willbrook area granted in 1732 •. • • 29 9. Portion of Willbrook purchased in 1768 . • • 33 10. Willbrook Plantation in 1798 •• • • • • • • • • • 41 11. Oatland and Turkey Hill in 1919 .•.. • • • • • • . ••••• 51 12. Willbrook Plantation in 1872 ...•.. · . • • . • • • 52 13. Willbrook in 1886 •••••.•.••• · • • • . • • • • 54 14. Willbrook, Oatland, and Turkey Hill in 1931 •. • • • • . • • • • • • 55 15. Waccamaw Neck area in 1939 ...•....•. • • . • • 59 16. Kitchen and Architecture Artifact group ranges . • • • • • • 75 17. 38GE291 site area ••.....•.... • • • 81 18. Density of historic artifacts at 38GE291 • • • • • 82 19. Density of rubble at 38GE291 .• • • . • . • • 82 20. Area of excavations at 38GE291 •. • • • • • • • • 83 21. Unit 315R175 at 38GE291. •• • ••. · • •. .....•.. 83 22. 38GE292 site area. • • • •. ••. • • • • • • • • 86 23. Density of historic artifacts at 38GE292 • 87 24. Density of rubble at 38GE292 . • • 87 25. Area of Structure C at 38GE292 • • 89 26. Excavation of Structure C at 38GE292 • • • • • • 89 27. Structure C at 38GE292 • . • • . • . • . • • • • . • • 90 28. 38GE294 site area. • • . • . .• •• •. • • • • • • • 92 29. Density of historic artifacts at 38GE294 •. · • •• 93 30. Density of rubble at 38GE294 • • . 93 31. 81-83-119 Block area at 38GE294 •• • • • • • • • 94 32. Excavations in the 81-83-119 Block area at 38GE294 • • 96 33. Feature 6b at 38GE294 ••• • • • • • • • • • • 96 34. 9-47 Block area at 38GE294 • · . • • • • • • • • 97 35. Structure B at 38GE294 • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • • 97 36. Feature 9 at 38GE294 . • • • • • • • 98 37. Feature 8 at 38GE294 • . • • 98 38. 38GE297 site area. • • · •• 100 39. Density of historic artifacts at 38GE297 • • • • • .101 40. Density of rubble at 38GE297 . .... • •• 101 41. 250300-310, 250-280R320-330 Block area at 38GE297 •• • •••• 103 42. Feature 1 at 38GE297 . ..•.••••. • • • • • .103 43. Feature 4 at 38GE297 .••••. · .104 44. View of 38GE340. • . • . • • • · .105 45. Density of historic artifacts at 38GE340 . .106 46. Density of rubble at 38GE340 • • • • .107 47. 38GE340 site area ••••..•..••• · . • • .108 48. Troweling 190R190 at 38GE340 ..•••• · • .• .109 49. -80R245, -70R215-235, -60R235 Block area at 38GE340 .. · .110 50. Kitchen artifacts from slave sites • • . • • • . • • .121 51. Clothing group artifacts from slave sites • .130 52. Other artifacts from slave sites .. • • • • .133 53. Artifacts from overseer's site •.. · .139 54. Kitchen artifacts from owners' sites · .146 55. Other artifacts from owners' sites • .152 vi 56. Artifacts from postbellum occupation. .157 57. Religious items from 38GE340 .•. • •. 158 58. Comparison of artifact patterns ... • •• 211 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Land, crops, and slaves of the Willbrook properties in 1850. •• ..... • 38 2. Land, crops, and slaves of the Willbrook properties in 1860. •• •..•. 39 3. Artifact patterns of eighteenth and nineteenth century rice plantations. • . • . • 72 4. Eighteenth and nineteenth century Low County Plantation kitchen and architecture artifact ratios . · • • • . 73 5. Site Categories. • • • • • . • . • . • . • • • • . • • • • • .113 6. Major types of ceramics at 38GE291, Block 2. .114 7. Mean ceramic date for 38GE291, Block 2 . • . • • • • • • .115 8. Major types of ceramics at 38GE294, Block 2 .• .116 9. Mean ceramic date for 38GE294, Block 2 . • • • .117 10. Major types of ceramics at 38GE297, Block 2 •. .118 11. Mean ceramic date for 38GE297, Block 2 .••• • • • .118 12. Major types of ceramics at 38GE340, Block 2 •• • ••• 120 13. Mean ceramic date for 38GE340, Block 2 • .120 14. Measurements and functional categories of nails. • • • . .122 from 38GE291, Block 2 15. Measurements and functional categories of nails. • . .123 from 38GE294, Block 2 16. Measurements and functional categories of nails. .124 from 38GE297, Block 2 17. Measurements and functional categories of nails. • .125 from 38GE340, Block 2 18. Buttons recovered
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