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The Evolution of Seaside Tourism in the First Tourist Season of the COVID-19 Pandemic: the Situation of the Romanian Black Sea Resorts

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The Evolution of Seaside Tourism in the First Tourist Season of the COVID-19 Pandemic: the Situation of the Romanian Black Sea Resorts “Ovidius” University Annals, Economic Sciences Series Volume XX, Issue 2 /2020 The Evolution of Seaside Tourism in the First Tourist Season of the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Situation of the Romanian Black Sea Resorts Ion Danut Juganaru “Ovidius” University of Constanța, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Romania [email protected] Abstract Tourism and travel were among the most affected sectors of the economy in 2020, due to the measures taken to prevent the spread of COVID-19, including the restriction of movement of people. Tourism in Romania was also severely affected by this crisis, especially the inbound tourism, but the tourism in the coastal area had, in the first 9 months of 2020, a better evolution than in other tourist areas of the country and compared to other EU countries, based on domestic tourism, since inbound tourism collapsed. The main objectives and goals of the research are the analysis of the evolution of the tourist season in the seaside resorts, in 2020, and to highlight some mistakes that, if avoided in the future, there is a great chance for much better results in the summer tourist season of 2021. The mistakes were made by the state authorities rather than the tour operators. Key words: coastal tourism Romania, COVID-19 impact, extension of the beaches, unjustified restrictions, adaptation of the tourist offer J.E.L. classification: Z31, Z33, Z38, Z39, Q58, R11 1. Introduction The lives of billions of people on the entire planet Earth were endangered in 2020 by the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. The governments of the world's states were taken by surprise, unable to promptly and adequately respond to this threat from an "invisible enemy" for which there was no vaccine or treatment known to be effective against the disease. Romania was even less prepared than other European countries, in terms of its health system, which was chronically underfunded for long periods of time, without the necessary equipment to treat the infected patients (especially in terms of the very small number of beds in the Intensive Care Units) and with a significant shortage of medical staff. The first case of COVID-19 infection in Romania was recorded on February 26, 2020. Then, the pandemic spread rapidly throughout the country, with about a third of the cases detected in the cities of Suceava and Bucharest (OECD, 2020, p.291). Inevitably, traffic restrictions and the quarantine followed. Since the spread of the cases reached alarming levels, worldwide, measures to quarantine the population at home or in specialized units, to restrict the movement of the people, even an almost complete closure of the borders were needed, and many economic activities were either restricted or a total closure of their activity was ordered. Romania has also been severely affected by this serious health crisis, especially with regard to receiver (inbound) tourism, while decreases in tourism flows were more moderate, so that, in total, the decreases in the total number of tourist arrivals were smaller than in other European countries. Tourism in Romania recorded significant losses, but, in the coastal area, the evolutions were better than those recorded at the level of the entire country, for the first 3 quarters of 2020, based on internal (domestic) tourism, while receiver (inbound tourism) collapsed. 690 “Ovidius” University Annals, Economic Sciences Series Volume XX, Issue 2 /2020 2. Literature review As expected, given the unprecedented scale of the global hospitality crisis, a large number of authors researched this phenomenon and published papers on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on economies, at global, regional, national or zonal level, and in particular on travel and tourism. Numerous papers analyze the evolution of the main indicators which measure tourist traffic, globally or nationally, due to the impact of the pandemic, tackling issues such as the evolution of tourism demand, how the tourist offer has had to adapt, in the hotel industry, restaurants, passenger air transport, the cruise industry, but also in terms of the employment in the hospitality industry. Another category of papers compares the COVID-19 pandemic with other previous health crises (such as those related to: malaria, yellow fever, Ebola, Zika, MERS-CoV, SARS, bird flu-H5N1, swine flu, etc.) (Menegaki, 2020). A particularly interesting and useful paper displays the analysis of 175 published articles, with a relevant content, identified using Google Scholar, Web of Science and Science Direct Databases and which were classified into 6 groups: (1) articles which performed simulations and scenario modeling (2) those on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, (3) those comparing the COVID-19 pandemic with other previous health crises, (4) those measuring the impact of COVID-19 in economic terms, 5) those regarding the resumption of activities in the post-pandemic period and (6) those related to conducting surveys (Davahli et al., 2020). In the absence of a vaccine to prevent getting the disease and in the context of a limited capacity of the medical system to treat this disease, the various forms of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are particularly important, including lockdown measures (home isolation, voluntary or imposed quarantine), maintaining the physical distancing between people and limiting the number of persons who are together, in the same place, the closure of schools and / or universities and non- essential economic activities, the cancellation or postponement of events (cultural, sports) and of public meetings with a certain number of people (Gösling et al., 2020, p.2). However, such measures, along with closing the borders or limiting the right to travel, drastically restrict tourist traffic. The main barrier against the rebound of international tourism, according to UNWTO experts, continues to be the travel restrictions, along with a slow virus containment and low consumer confidence. Other obstacles identified by experts were the lack of a coordinated response from the world's states so as to ensure harmonized protocols and coordinated restrictions, as well as the deterioration of the economic environment (UNWTO, 2020b). 3. Research methodology In this paper we have conducted a descriptive research on the evolution of the tourism activity on the Romanian coast during the coronavirus pandemic. For a part of the research we have used secondary, quantitative information, using a longitudinal profile (Jugănaru.1998, p.25), represented by the values of the main indicators of the tourist circulation in the coastal area of Romania. Thus, we have performed a comparative analysis of the evolution of the selected indicators (number of arrivals and number of overnight stays of residents and non-residents) during the first 9 months of 2020 and the similar period in 2019, by resorts and tourist localities. Furthermore, we have compared these developments with those recorded, in the same period, at the level of the entire country (Romania), but also at the level of the 27 EU countries. Another part of the research has been conducted using the “focus group” method (Jupp, 2010, pp. 207-208) and is based on qualitative, direct information obtained from the discussions we had, during this analyzed period, with over 20 managers and entrepreneurs of tourist reception structures with accommodation, food and leisure functions, from the tourist resorts on the Romanian coast. 4. Findings The travel restrictions imposed in response to the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic hit world tourism hard in 2020. 691 “Ovidius” University Annals, Economic Sciences Series Volume XX, Issue 2 /2020 4.1. Evolutions of international tourism in 2020 International tourism fell by 70% due to the impact of travel restrictions in all the regions, according to the World Tourism Organization's press release of October 27, 2020, analyzing the developments of the first 8 months of the year (UNWTO, October 27, 2020). At the end of October 2020, UNWTO’s expectations were that, for the entire 2020, there would be a 70% decrease in the number of international tourist arrivals compared to 2019 (UNWTO, 2020b). UNWTO’s expert panel predicts a bounce back of international tourism only in the third quarter of 2021, and some of them expect this to happen only in 2022. According to UNWTO’s World Tourism Barometer, the number of international tourist arrivals fell by 81% in July and by 79% in August, the two peak months for tourism in the northern hemisphere summer season. The fall recorded in August represents 700 million fewer arrivals, compared to the same period in 2019, which translates into a loss of 730 billion USD in export revenues - in international tourism, i.e., more than 8 times the loss recorded after the global economic and financial crisis of 2019 (UNWTO, 2020a). Europe recorded a more moderate decline in July and August (-72% and -69%, respectively), but the rebound was short-lived, with new travel restrictions being reintroduced, following the increase in the number of COVID-19 infections. According to EUROSTAT data, between January and September 2020, compared to the same period in 2019, the number of overnight stays in EU countries’ accommodation units decreased from 2.4 million to 1.2 million (-49%) (EUROSTAT, 2020). During this period, all EU Member States recorded significant decreases. The most affected EU countries were Greece, Malta, Spain, where the number of overnight stays fell by at least 67%. In Romania, the decrease was 49.5% in terms of tourist accommodation establishments and 51% - hotels and similar accommodation. 4.2. Summer tourist season in 2020 in the EU countries In January and February 2020 there were significant increases in the number of overnight stays, by 4.4% and 5.7%, respectively, compared to similar provisions in 2019. However, March 2020 marked the start of the lockdown measures and the introduction of travel restrictions in most EU countries, and the decrease in the number of overnight stays compared to March 2019 was 63%.
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