Level Three: Universal Brotherhood Larry Duane Horath 32° Valley of Pittsburgh May 31, 2018

Level Three: Universal Brotherhood

Larry Duane Horath 32°

Valley of Pittsburgh

May 31, 2018

Level Three Topic: Universal Brotherhood

Statement of the Problem and Significance of Research

It has often been said that Freemasonry is the brotherhood of men under the fatherhood of

God. The purpose of this paper was to determine the nature and characteristics of universal brotherhood in Masonry. Freemasonry depends on the universality of brotherhood to attract members of all religions, faiths and beliefs, regardless of wealth or status. This is often confusing to those outside the fraternity and even some members within it. This research paper helps explain the need and essential nature of universal brotherhood. Further, this research illustrates the common nature of universal brotherhood through ritual, principles and practices both within and outside of Freemasonry. In addition, it analyzes the concept of universal brotherhood which forms the foundation of modern Freemasonry as supported by its core values.

Literature Review and Methodology

It is my opinion that as Masons we have a moral imperative to study, understand and apply the principles of universal brotherhood in order to fulfill the stated vision of Scottish Rite

Masonry of caring for its members.1 Through a review of pertinent literature both within and outside of Masonry, the universal nature of brotherhood was defined, described and it was determined how it relates to and supports the core values and mission of Scottish Rite Masonry.

What do Masonic authors have to say about universal brotherhood? Several Masonic authors, including Manley Hall, Albert Mackey, Allen Roberts, Chris Hodapp and Albert Pike, all agreed on the common nature and content of the tenets of Freemasonry. Brotherhood is one of these universal concepts, espoused by fraternities and social groups alike worldwide.

______1. David Glattly, “A Conversation with David Glattly, Sovereign Grand Commander, SRNMJ,” Supreme Council NMJ, May 24, 2018, https://scottishritenmj.org/blog/a-conversation- with-david-glattly-sovereign-grand-commander-srnmj. 2

Literature on the subject includes famous writers such as Mark Twain who wrote: “The universal brotherhood of man is our most precious possession.”2 In addition, philosophers such as Thomas Carlyle recognized the nature of the “mystic tie”, a term first popularized by Robert

Burns and the title of a book by Allen Roberts, stating that “the mystical bond of brotherhood makes all men brothers.”3 While Masonic author Manly Hall in his book entitled The Lost Keys of Freemasonry defined the universal nature of brotherhood as: “Above all other relationships he

[the Mason] recognizes the universal brotherhood of every living thing.”4 On the qualifications of a Mason, Hall continues by stating that: “Every true Mason has come into the realization that there is but one Lodge – that is, the Universe – and but one Brotherhood, composed of everything that moves or exists in any of the planes of Nature. He realizes that his vow of brotherhood and fraternity is universal….”5

Much of Freemasonry is based on custom and tradition. Throughout time, there have been many attempts to list the Landmarks of Freemasonry, some of which are based on the Old

Charges, and these differ depending on the jurisdiction. We are taught to uphold and protect these Landmarks which are ancient, unalterable precepts of the fraternity. One author who attempted to list these Landmarks was Albert Mackey. In 1858, Mackey, in his listing of twenty- five Landmarks of Freemasonry, listed as the twenty-second of twenty-five landmarks:

______2. Mark Twain, “Brotherhood of Man,” AZQuotes, May 24, 2018, http://www.azquotes.com/quotes/topics/brotherhood-of-man.html.

3. Thomas Carlyle, “Brotherhood of Man,” AZQuotes, May 24, 2018, http://www.azquotes.com/quotes/topics/brotherhood-of-man.html.

4. Manly Hall, The Lost keys of Freemasonry, 4th ed., (Dover Publications: Mineola, NY, 1923), xxiv.

5. Hall, 63. 3

The equality of all Masons is another Landmark of the Order. This equality has no reference to any subversion of those gradations of rank which have been instituted by the usages of society. The monarch, the nobleman or the gentleman is entitled to all the influence, and receives all the respect which rightly belongs to his exalted position. But the doctrine of Masonic equality implies that, as children of one great Father, we meet in the Lodge upon the level - that on that level we are all traveling to one predestined goal, that in the Lodge genuine merit shall receive more respect than boundless wealth, and that virtue and knowledge alone should be the basis of all Masonic honors, and be rewarded with preferment. When the labors of the Lodge are over, and the brethren have retired from their peaceful retreat, to mingle once more with the world, each will then again resume that social position, and exercise the privileges of that rank, to which the customs of society entitle him.6

Although these Landmarks of Freemasonry are not recognized by any grand lodge jurisdiction, they illustrate what Mackey and others felt were important ancient and universal principles of the fraternity at that time. Mackey felt these needed to be regarded by Masons throughout the world.

Allen Roberts in his book entitled The Craft and Its Symbols wrote that “Brotherly Love symbolizes the universality of man. It regards the whole human species as one family, regardless of race, religion or creed.”7 Roberts describes the importance of the universal nature of Masonry later by commenting on the Volume of Sacred law, interpreted as whatever sacred writings the initiate holds revered in their faith: “As the Volume of the Sacred Law, it proves Masonry’s claim that men of all faiths, creeds, and races may travel the Masonic road together in harmony.”8 Roberts finishes by providing this charge: “These are some of the important lessons to be found in the symbolism of the three degrees in Freemasonry. Learn them well. Teach them to all men everywhere.”9

6. Albert Mackey, A Textbook of Masonic Jurisprudence, 7th ed., (Macoy & Sickels Publishers: NY, 1865), 34-5.

7. Allen Roberts, The Craft and Its Symbols: Opening the Door to Masonic Symbolism, (Macoy Publishing: Richmond, VA, 1974), 21.

8. Roberts, 23.

9. Roberts, 90. 4

Chris Hodapp in his book Freemasons for Dummies describes Brotherly Love as:

“Simply put, Masons believe in the Golden Rule. The Golden Rule is part of every great world religion, so it qualifies as the single, unifying theme of all faiths. Its most basic concept is the cornerstone of Freemasonry, no matter how it is phrased.”10 On the subject of brotherhood,

Hodapp described this relationship as: “The Scottish poet Robert Burns described Masonry as a mystic tie, and it mythically and symbolically binds its members to millions of Masons around the globe, spanning the centuries.”11 He further describes the universal brotherhood of Masonry as: “Freemasonry brings together men who might otherwise never have met, and it cuts across all social, economical, racial, religious, and political lines.”12 Finally, Albert Pike in Morals and

Dogma commented on brotherhood by stating:

There can be no genuine Brotherhood without mutual regard, good opinion and esteem, mutual charity, and mutual allowance for faults and failings. It is those only who learn habitually to think better of each other, to look habitually for the good that is in each other, and expect, allow for, and overlook, the evil, who can be Brethren one of the other, in any true sense of the word. (Pike, p. 856)13

What do other individuals consider when they think of brotherhood? Faith Baldwin,

American author, said this about brotherhood: “You cannot contribute anything to the ideal condition of mind and heart known as Brotherhood, however much you preach, posture, or agree,

______10. Christopher Hodapp, Freemasons for Dummies, (Wiley Publishing: Hoboken, NJ, 2005), 56.

11. Hodapp, 62.

12. Hodapp, 264.

13. Albert Pike, Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, Reprint, (L.H. Jenkins, Inc.: Richmond, VA, 1945), 856.

5 unless you live it.”14 Therefore, brotherhood is an applied principle that requires the actor to internalize the concept while externally living up to its expectations. Carlos Romulo, a Filipino statesman, explained that “Brotherhood is the very price and condition of man’s survival.”15 He was addressing the need for world peace and the dependent nature of all countries upon one another. On the universal brotherhood of man, Chief Joseph, Nez Perce Native American leader, stated: “All men were made by the Great Spirit Chief. They are all brothers.”16 Chief Joseph served as an advocate of peace and an adamant spokesman for freedom and equality for his people. And, on the responsibility of being a brother, Jolene Perry, novelist, explained: “Because brothers don’t let each other wander in the dark alone.”17 Perry is a contemporary novelist who explores controversial topics for young adults. On the universal nature of brotherhood Thomas

Carlyle, philosopher, in his essays on Goethe’s works stated that: “The mystical bond of brotherhood makes all men brothers.”18 Stephen Vincent Benet, poet and author, is quoted as:

“Grant us brotherhood, not only for this day but for all our years -- a brotherhood not of words but of acts and deeds.”19 This was also quoted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in his radio

14. Faith Baldwin, “Brotherhood,” Wise Old Sayings, May 25, 2018, http://www.wiseoldsayings.com/brotherhood-quotes/.

15. Carlos Romulo, “Brotherhood,” Wise Old Sayings, May 25, 2018, http://www.wiseoldsayings.com/brotherhood-quotes/.

16. Chief Joseph, “Brotherhood,” Wise Old Sayings, May 25, 2018, http://www.wiseoldsayings.com/brotherhood-quotes/.

17. Jolene Perry, “Brotherhood,” Wise Old Sayings, May 25, 2018, http://www.wiseoldsayings.com/brotherhood-quotes/.

18. Thomas Carlyle, “Brotherhood,” Wise Old Sayings, May 25, 2018, http://www.wiseoldsayings.com/brotherhood-quotes/.

19. Stephen Vincent Benet, “Brotherhood,” Wise Old Sayings, May 25, 2018, http://www.wiseoldsayings.com/brotherhood-quotes/.

6 address on United Flag Day, June 14, 1942.20 The belief in a universal brotherhood of all men is a constant theme of these Masonic and non-Masonic authors, scanning many years, nations and occupations.

Brothers and Brotherhood

The term brother, outside of the usual biological sense of the term, requires an explanation and definition. The etymology of the word from www.etylmology.com:

1. Originally meant “relationship of a brother,” also “friendly companionship.” 2. [In the] concrete sense of “an association of men for any purpose, a fraternity” is from mid-14th century. 3. Meaning “a class of individuals of the same kind” or “community feeling uniting all humankind” is from 1728.21

Seeking further clarification on the definition of brotherhood, www.definitions.net provided:

“Brotherhood, a noun, meaning: 1) the feeling that men should treat each other like brothers and

2) persons of a like kind.”22 These definitions remind me of the motto of Alexander Dumas’ characters in the Three Musketeers: “One for all and all for one.”23 The bond between brothers is one of mutual aid, respect and support, joining together for a common, committed purpose.

This brotherhood connection has a beginning (initiation) and must be nurtured for it to grow and develop. From this initiatory experience, the new Mason’s world grows and develops

20. Franklin D. Roosevelt, "Radio Address on United Flag Day," June 14, 1942, Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16276.

21. Etymology Online, “Brotherhood”, May 25, 2018, https://www.etymonline.com/word/brotherhood.

22. Definintions.net, STANDS4 LLC, “Brotherhood,” May 24, 2018, https://www.definitions.net/definition/Brotherhood.

23. Alexander Dumas, The Three Musketeers, www.gutenberg.org, May 26, 2018, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1257/1257-0.txt. 7 according to the time and effort put into it. We often hear the phrase “you get out of Masonry what you put into it.” Concomitantly, the outside world grows and develops, becoming exponentially more complicated in many ways. Together, we are all faced with the same or similar challenges of modern society and should realize that Masonry must foster a sense of community in the newly raised brother as well as foster it in the more experienced one. In my experience, several of the universal challenges and concerns that we, as Masonic brothers, face together in this era include:

 Rising dues,  Membership declines,  An aging population,  Aging Temples that need immediate attention,  Outward image as a “secret society”,  Generational issues,  Social demands on our time and resources,  Constant need for better recruitment and retention,  Communication both within and outside of the Lodge,  Repeating masters and officers, and  A lack of interesting programs and Masonic education.

These concerns are not necessarily specific to Masonry. There are many social and service organizations facing these same universal issues. However, Masonry needs to unite its forces in fraternity to address these and other issues, to strengthen the bond of brotherhood. Men are free to seek their own path to brotherhood and enlightenment and Masonry is not appropriate for everyone to pursue that path. However, those who choose and are accepted will find brotherhood in Masonry. And, with a new sense of belonging, brothers find renewed confidence and the courage to face these challenges, now and in the future.

Brotherhood is a living entity which needs to be fed, nourished and secured by proper motivation and constant reinforcement. Otherwise, the sense of brotherhood withers and diminishes, looking for another connection to fulfill the needs of the individual. The strength of 8 this bond of brotherhood is based on the perceived strength of the connection with his lodge and its members. If this connection is reinforced by a strong education program, proficient mentoring and instruction and programs that foster growth and development as a man and a Mason then that sense of brotherhood flourishes and will spread to other likeminded men.

Universal Nature of Brotherhood

Universal brotherhood is not based on politics as individuals are free to join, promote and support whichever candidate they desire. It is not based on religion as, too often, religion divides men; each man or group thinking their path to God is the right one and all others are flawed.

Politics and religion are discouraged in Masonic meetings as their discussion often leads to events that disrupt that peace, harmony and universal nature fostered within the Lodge. Yes, the building in which Masons meet is referred to as a temple, but we do not worship the Supreme

Being in it, per se. When we invoke the blessing of the Supreme Being, we use that term rather than referring to a specific deity. This allows the inclusion of all without the exclusion of any religion, faith or sect. The Holy Bible is often used in lodges of my experience as the Volume of

Sacred Law, but any other sacred holy book may be used which is regarded as Holy Scripture by the lodge, for instance, the Koran, Torah and Veda among other examples.

While the main catchphrase “Making Good Men Better” continues to portray an important role in the mission of Freemasonry, there is some latitude in defining what a “good man” is. This catchall term lacks clear definition and no complete description of who is included in this category. The duty and responsibility for determining who is offered membership rests within the body of the lodge as reported by a committee assigned that responsibility. Their inquiry and investigation is aimed at determining the qualifications of the applicant without prejudice or bias. This vetting process is applied universally regardless of jurisdiction. 9

Membership is open to men of all faiths, of mature age and exhibiting good moral character, regardless of wealth or status. The same cannot be said of other organizations, thus supporting the universal nature of Masonry.

There are as many things that make us brothers as there are facets of brotherhood. It is not only the universal signs, words, grips or esoteric knowledge that sets Masons apart. Many organizations have their own forms of recognition and secrets to share. These allow the member to be identified from the impostor, the brother from the cowan, the initiated from the uninitiated.

The shared initiatory experience we have all gone through makes us brothers, according to previous definition. Brothers in that we have a common beginning and similar lineage through the various degrees from blue lodge through the thirty-second degree, ultimately becoming

Sublime Princes of the Royal Secret. This shared experience also helps develops the bond we call brotherhood.

Reflecting back to the operative nature of Masonry, brothers were employed in the same craft, that of stone working and related occupations. This brotherhood remains today in unions such as the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, International Brotherhood of

Teamsters and other unions related to a particular profession or skilled trade. To gain membership, an applicant had to be engaged in the profession and entered through examination.

These organizations hold their own tiled meetings and require their own signs of recognition, e.g. dues cards, certificates and related insignia of achievement. Masons are united as brothers in the common goal of metaphorically building a temple of virtue, a monument to honor, a beacon of charity, being pure of heart and motive to gain knowledge by degrees through diligent training and rigorous study. We are bound together as brothers, working toward the shared purpose of making the world better by honorable means and self improvement. 10

Core Values

To begin, definitions of mission, vision and core values are necessary. Dr. Carl

Harshman, founder and president of Carl L. Harshman and Associates leadership consulting company, defined an organization’s mission as: “A mission is a statement of the reason or reasons for the existence of the organization, the ultimate purpose the organization serves in society, and the boundaries within which it operates.”24 Continuing, Harshman defines the organization’s vision as: “If the mission describes your reason for being, then the vision describes what you want to become or how you want to be. It is the ‘dream’ toward which you are moving.”25 Finally, he defines values as: “Values include beliefs and attitudes that guide behavior and relationships with others.”26 We can see from Harshman’s definitions that it is integral to an organization’s success to have a clear mission for existence which leads to a vision of where you want to be based on the values that guide you on the path to success.

How is universal brotherhood reflected in the core values? The core values of Scottish

Rite Masonry include: reverence to God, toleration, justice, integrity, devotion to country, and service to humanity. These guiding principles are universal in nature and practiced among many diverse groups. Although these diverse groups may be separated by several factors, they share the universal brotherhood concept. These core values contain the terms and ideals of

24. Carl Harshman, “Mission – Vision – Values: Toward Common Definitions,” Carl L. Harshman and Associates, Inc., May 25, 2018, http://www.harshman.com/assets/files/Mission- Vision-Values%20Definitions.pdf, 1.

25. Harshman, 1.

26. Harshman, 1.

11 commonality contained in the concept of universal brotherhood and form the basis for Masonic principles and practices.

As Masons, we are taught to revere God in whatever form the individual celebrates. We invoke the blessing of the Supreme Being before we set out on any great undertaking, to secure

His guidance, assistance and divine favor on our work. In service to God, we recognize the brotherhood of all men under the fatherhood of God. We require a man and brother to believe in the existence of a Supreme Being and an afterlife, according to that man’s own beliefs. Masonry is based on these principles which are universal in nature and common to all religions. Masons believe that there is a proper place for faith in their lives and society, acting in accordance with moral and ethical values.

Within the Masonic lodge, brothers are tolerant of conflicting opinions and unfortunate failings, preferring to offer aid and assistance in bringing about greater understanding and reformation of character rather than through argument and reprimand. We are to support our brothers when the cause is just and aid in educating a brother when otherwise. Clive Herron, in an article entitled Tolerance: A Look at the Importance of Practicing Tolerance in the Lodge wrote: “Tolerance is the unwritten law of Freemasonry. There can be no Brotherly Love without it.”27 Masonry is free of bias and prejudice, committed to tolerance by showing brotherly love toward all men. Tolerance extends both within and outside of the Lodge and should be applied universally. This does not mean that Masons should surrender their values and opinions rather that they respect diverse values and opinions of others, defending the rights of all to express

27. Clive Herron, Tolerance: A Look at the Importance of Practicing Tolerance in the Lodge, Pietre-Stones Review of Freemasonry, May 26, 2018, http://www.freemasons- freemasonry.com/herron2.html. 12 these differing views. Looking at the world through another’s eyes can often expand and increase your own understanding and lead to your own enlightenment.

Masons value justice and integrity, but these concepts are not exclusive to Freemasonry.

Doctor Udipi Gauthamadas in his article entitled An Exploration of Moral Virtues as Applicable to Freemasonry wrote that “A Freemason is informed, during his initiation, that the practices of moral and social virtue are the foundations of Freemasonry that distinguish it from other institutions.”28 By comparing philosophies of the Greeks, Romans, Christians, Islamic, Vedic and Buddhist authors, Gauthamadas illustrated that the principles of justice, mercy and integrity are universal, being common to many cultures. Further, these principles are portrayed in the degrees of Scottish Rite Masonry where the aspirant and brother alike learn ways to adapt these into their daily lives through the pursuit of greater Masonic Light and education.

Devotion to country and service to humanity take many forms and are achieved through a variety of means. Masons are peaceful and dutiful citizens, supporting our democratic system of government through devoted service to our country. This service comes from benevolence and charity at home and service in the defense of our country abroad. When called upon to serve our nation, Masons throughout the ages have answered that call by devoting themselves to defending our way of life and serving humanity through charitable acts, displaying the universal principles contained in the core values. These efforts demonstrate the character of Masonry and are supported by faith in God, service and support for the community and country. Based on moral and ethical values taught through ritual and Masonic education, Masons have and will continue to demonstrate universal brotherhood by espousing their core values.

28. Udipi Gauthamadas, An Explanation of Moral Virtues as Applicable to Freemasonry, Pietre-Stones Review of Freemasonry, May 26, 2018, http://www.freemasons- freemasonry.com/moral_virtues-freemasonry.html.

Summary and Conclusions

This paper has provided evidence supporting the premise that brotherhood is universal and both supports and is supported by the core values of Scottish Rite Masonry. We, as Masons, recognize the right of any man to pursue a greater understanding of themselves through diligent study and practice in morality, charity and brotherly love. Toward this goal, we are all united in the universal brotherhood of man.

Masonic and non-Masonic authors agreed that the principles and practices of universal brotherhood cross all boundaries and are essential qualities of all men. It was further determined that these precepts exist for all men seeking to be part of a greater brotherhood of man. When these core values are properly understood and applied to our daily lives, these Masonic precepts may lead to an increased sense of fellowship, brotherhood, teamwork and an enthusiasm for the fraternity. These concepts are universally recognized amongst various cultures and fraternal bodies.

Dr. Harshman’s definitions demonstrate that an essential component of an organization’s success requires having a clear mission for existence which leads to a vision of where you want to be based on the values that guide you on the path to success. The core values of Scottish Rite

Masonry contain the common terms and ideals necessary for universal brotherhood. These principles are portrayed and reinforced in the degrees of Scottish Rite Masonry where the aspirant and brother alike experience through allegory how to adapt these into their daily lives.

Based on the mission, vision and core values of Masonry, we are charged and empowered with developing a bond that instills in men a shared goal to make the world better. This bond between brothers is one of mutual aid, respect and support, involving good men joined together for a common, committed purpose. 14

This journey of brotherhood has at its beginning the resolution when a man decides to pursue membership in Masonry. A desire to learn more and become a part of something greater leads to the first step or the initiatory experience. However, this bond must be fed and nurtured for it to grow and develop. Expanding from the initiatory experience, the new Mason’s bond grows and develops according to the time and effort put into it. The shared journey and experience fosters a sense of universal brotherhood in the newly raised brother as well as the more experienced one.

The strength of this bond of brotherhood is based on the perceived strength of the connection with his lodge, his brothers and the fraternity. Strength may be developed through knowledge supported by action. If this connection is reinforced by a strong education program, proficient mentoring and clear instruction it will promote growth and development as a man and a Mason. Then, that sense of universal brotherhood flourishes and will spread to other likeminded men.

This ubiquitous connection knows no prejudice or bias as membership is open to men of all faiths, of mature age and exhibiting good moral character. These men are united as brothers, sharing in the common goal of metaphorically building a temple of virtue, a monument to honor, a beacon of charity, being sincere in their motives to increase their knowledge by degrees through diligent training and rigorous application. One may draw the conclusion that universal brotherhood through Masonry binds us together, working toward the shared purpose of making the world better by honorable means and self improvement. Masons have and will continue to demonstrate universal brotherhood by espousing the core values of Scottish Rite Masonry.

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