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Trophic Status, Energetic Demands, and Factors Affecting Lahontan Cutthroat Trout Distribution in Pyramid Lake, Nevada

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Trophic Status, Energetic Demands, and Factors Affecting Lahontan Cutthroat Trout Distribution in Pyramid Lake, Nevada Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-2014 Trophic Status, Energetic Demands, and Factors Affecting Lahontan Cutthroat Trout Distribution in Pyramid Lake, Nevada Nicholas A. Heredia Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons Recommended Citation Heredia, Nicholas A., "Trophic Status, Energetic Demands, and Factors Affecting Lahontan Cutthroat Trout Distribution in Pyramid Lake, Nevada" (2014). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 3570. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3570 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TROPHIC STATUS, ENERGETIC DEMANDS, AND FACTORS AFFECTING LAHONTAN CUTTHROAT TROUT DISTRIBUTION IN PYRAMID LAKE, NEVADA by Nicholas A. Heredia A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Ecology Approved: ________________________ __________________________ Phaedra Budy Wayne Wurtsbaugh Major Professor Committee Member ________________________ __________________________ Mary Conner Mark R. McLellan Committee Member Vice President for Research and Dean of the School of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2014 ii Copyright © Nicholas A. Heredia All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Trophic Status, Energetic Demands, and Factors Affecting Lahontan Cutthroat Trout Distribution in Pyramid Lake, Nevada by Nicholas A. Heredia, Master of Science Utah State University, 2014 Major Professor: Dr. Phaedra Budy Department: Watershed Sciences Through a myriad of practices, anthropogenic land and water use has caused the localized extirpation or complete elimination of many native fishes throughout North America. Specifically, native salmonids have seen substantial declines in population sizes and geographic distributions due to a number of factors, including habitat loss or degradation, overharvest, or the introduction of non-native competitors and predators. Among those affected, the 14 subspecies of cutthroat trout found across western North America have been subject to two extinctions and five listings as Threatened as per the Endangered Species Act. Lahontan cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi have experienced marked reductions throughout their native range in the western Great Basin, U.S. In Pyramid Lake, Nevada, where they were once locally extirpated due to overfishing, water loss, and degraded spawning habitat, Lahontan cutthroat trout have been successfully iv stocked and managed, though they do not routinely reach their pre-extirpation sizes. With little research to determine the factors influencing Lahontan cutthroat trout in Pyramid Lake, I used a suite of modeling tools and empirical data to elucidate the influence of the current surrounding environment on Lahontan cutthroat trout in Pyramid Lake. To identify important food web interactions that may affect the availability of food to Lahontan cutthroat trout, I used diet composition and stable isotope analyses of carbon and nitrogen to understand dietary trends. Large Lahontan cutthroat trout (>400 mm TL), along with non-native Sacramento perch Ambloplites interruptus, relied most heavily on fish prey, yet neither species showed signs of cannibalism or preying on the other species. Diet composition and stable isotope analyses also indicated that Lahontan cutthroat trout rely mostly on tui chub Gila bicolor and other fish for food. I also used results from bioenergetic and hydroacoustic analyses to compare the number of tui chub consumed by trout to the number of tui chub in the lake, during the time of this study. Results from these analyses suggest that trout consume well below the number of tui chub available in the lake, indicating that trout are not limited by the availability of tui chub. Lastly, I used a number of biotic and abiotic predictors to determine which factors influence the distribution, and subsequently abundance, of trout in Pyramid Lake and found that biotic factors were very weak predictors of trout distribution, further indicating that trout are not limited by food resources in Pyramid Lake. (100 pages) v PUBLIC ABSTRACT Food Web Interactions and Evaluation of the Potentially Limiting Factors to a Valuable Sport and Subsistence Fishery Nicholas A. Heredia The progression of human development across the landscape has caused declines to both terrestrial and aquatic fauna. Many fishes, specifically native salmonids, have seen reductions in both population size and geographic distribution resulting from reduced habitat, overharvest, and the introduction of non-native predators and competitors. A native North American fish particularly hard hit by these types of actions, Lahontan cutthroat trout, are now limited to less than 10% of their historical habitat, and currently occupy only half of the lakes that they once occupied. In Pyramid Lake, Nevada, where Lahontan cutthroat trout were once locally extinct, due to overfishing, water loss, and loss of spawning habitat, stocking and proper management have helped to maintain a healthy fishery. However, since their reintroduction, little research has been conducted to determine which, if any, factors limit the production of Lahontan cutthroat trout in Pyramid Lake, one of their last remaining strongholds. For my thesis, I used a number of analytical tools, accompanied with field data, to assess whether Lahontan cutthroat trout in Pyramid Lake are potentially limited by food availability. vi To understand dietary trends of Lahontan cutthroat trout and other prey fish in the lake, I used diet composition from three different seasons throughout the year, as well as stable isotope data, which give insight to long-term dietary trends. These results suggest that trout, and other predatory fish, primarily rely on tui chub, an abundant native prey fish, for food. I combined these dietary data with temperature and growth rate data to estimate the number of tui chub consumed by trout on an annual basis. These results, coupled with abundance estimates from acoustic sampling, allowed me to compare the number of chub consumed by trout to the number of chub available within the lake. Consumption and abundance estimates indicated that trout consume less than one third of the standing biomass of tui chub on an annual basis. Results from these analyses suggest that trout consume well below the number of tui chub available in the lake, and indicate that trout are not limited by the availability of tui chub. In addition, I used data on physical and biological characteristics of the Pyramid Lake environment to understand which factors influence trout distribution and abundance. This approach confirmed the previously described results that suggest trout do not appear to be limited by food resources. These results will help aid in the management and conservation of this important sport and subsistence fishery, and add to the existing body of research on Lahontan cutthroat trout throughout their native range. vii DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my parents, Robin and Greg Graham, and John Heredia. viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I gratefully thank my advisor, Phaedra Budy, for her continued support, guidance, enthusiastic attitude, and patience. I thank my committee members, Mary Conner and Wayne Wurtsbaugh, for their comments and constructive criticisms regarding this project. I thank Gary Thiede for field and lab assistance, manuscript support, and coffee. I would like to thank the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe for access to Pyramid Lake and continued support throughout this project. Specifically, I would like to thank Albert John, Nancy Vucinich, Denise Shaw, and Robert Eagle of Pyramid Lake Fisheries. I would like to thank Lisa Heki, Tim Loux, Erik Horgen, Roger Peka, and Melissa Conte of the Lahontan National Fish Hatchery Complex for logistical help, field support, and funding. Robert Al-Chokhachy aided in project development, logistics, and field work. Bryce Roholt, Konrad Hafen, Brie Estrada, Michael Yarnall, Dan Weber, Jake Schauer, Jason Augspurger, Shane Hill, Matthew Meier, Michael Stephens, and Levi Simmons aided in the collection of field data and processing of laboratory work. I thank Brian Bailey and Enid Kelley for administrative assistance. Funding for this project was provided by the Lahontan National Fish Hatchery Complex, US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), the US Geological Survey (USGS), Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit (in kind), and the Ecology Center at Utah State University (USU). I would like to thank Todd Gilmore at the Nevada Fish and Wildlife Office for assistance with collection permits, and Aaron Olsen and Jenna Daniels for Utah State University Institutional and Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) assistance. Research was conducted under IACUC protocol number 1530, and ix Federal Fish and Wildlife Permit number TE 08832a-0, issued by the Department of Interior, US Fish and Wildlife Service. The findings and conclusions in this thesis do not necessarily reflect the views of Pyramid Lake Fisheries or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Nicholas A. Heredia x CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii
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