Brevipalpus Donnadieu (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) – Utilização De Marcadores Moleculares Mitocondriais E Nucleares

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Brevipalpus Donnadieu (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) – Utilização De Marcadores Moleculares Mitocondriais E Nucleares UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ZOOLOGIA SISTEMÁTICA MOLECULAR PARA ÁCAROS PLANOS DO GÊNERO BREVIPALPUS DONNADIEU (ACARI: TENUIPALPIDAE) – UTILIZAÇÃO DE MARCADORES MOLECULARES MITOCONDRIAIS E NUCLEARES ÍSIS CAROLINA SOUTO DE OLIVEIRA DISSERTAÇÃO (MESTRADO) BRASÍLIA - DF AGOSTO DE 2014 ii UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ZOOLOGIA SISTEMÁTICA MOLECULAR PARA ÁCAROS PLANOS DO GÊNERO BREVIPALPUS DONNADIEU (ACARI: TENUIPALPIDAE) – UTILIZAÇÃO DE MARCADORES MOLECULARES MITOCONDRIAIS E NUCLEARES ÍSIS CAROLINA SOUTO DE OLIVEIRA Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do Título de Mestre em Zoologia pelo Programa de Pós- Graduação em Zoologia da Universidade de Brasília. ORIENTADOR: DENISE NAVIA MAGALHÃES FERREIRA CO-ORIENTADOR: RENATA SANTOS DE MENDONÇA BRASÍLIA - DF 2014 iii Aos meus pais Hélio e Soraya, à minha irmã Letycia, pela compreensão, carinho e apoio DEDICO iv Às pesquisadoras Denise Navia e Renata Mendonça Pelo apoio, orientação, paciência, ensinamentos e exemplo de dedicação Agradeço especialmente v AGRADECIMENTOS À Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciência Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia e ao corpo docente pelo conhecimento adquirido. A Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) pela concessão da bolsa de mestrado. À Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia por todo o suporte para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. À Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (CENARGEN) por todo o suporte para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Aos projetos "Inovação e Suporte Tecnológico para a Defesa Fitossanitária no Brasil", Edital CNPq/SDA/MAPA 064/2008, processo No. 578353/2008-3; e “Quarentena de Germoplasma Vegetal para o Sistema Nacional de Pesquisa Agropecuária”, Macroprogram 1 Embrapa, projeto No. 01090100404-00, pelo financiamento. Aos pesquisadores colaboradores e suas Instituições, pelo envio de amostras, essenciais para o desenvolvimento do projeto de pesquisa: no Brasil – Prof. Dr. Manoel Guedes Correa Gondim Jr., Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, UFRPe, Recife; Dra. Rosa de Belém das Neves Alves, Embrapa CENARGEN e Prof. Dr. Elliot W. Kitajima, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, ESALQ-USP, Piracicaba, São Paulo. No exterior – Prof. Dr. Francisco José Ferragut, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Espanha e ao Engenheiro Agrônomo Roberto C. Trincado, Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero, Curacaví, Santiago de Chile, Chile. Aos companheiros da PPG-ZOO na UnB: Meiriane, Pedro, Michele e Diego pelas conversas, apoio, amizade e ajuda. À equipe do Laboratório de Quarentena Vegetal, em especial aos companheiros de todas as horas Larissa, Stefânia, Stephanie, Mércia, Ritanne, Andreza, Macária e Rayan. Bem como, Flávia, Maria Elvira e Maria e pelo carinho e atenção, apoio e amizade. A todos os colegas, funcionários e pesquisadores do Núcleo Temático de Segurança Biológica da Embrapa Cenargen pela amizade e por todos os momentos compartilhados (ressalvo-me a não citar nomes pelo carinho que tenho a todos). vi Aos amigos mais que especiais, Thais, Filipe, Gabriela, Anna, Larissa, Victor e Clara, pela compreensão nas minhas ausências, carinho e apoio constante. vii SUMÁRIO RESUMO .......................................................................................................................... x ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... xii Capítulo 1 1.1 INTRODUÇÃO............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA ......................................................................................... 3 1.2 REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA ......................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Acari ......................................................................................................................... 3 1.2.2 Ácaros plantícolas ..................................................................................................... 4 1.2.3 Ácaros Fitófagos ....................................................................................................... 4 1.2.4 Família Tenuipalpidae ............................................................................................... 5 1.2.5 Ácaros do gênero Brevipalpus - importância econômica e quarentenária .................. 6 1.2.6 Taxonomia dos ácaros Brevipalpus ........................................................................... 9 1.2.7 Sistemática molecular de ácaros plantícolas ........................................................... 12 1.2.8 Sistemática molecular de ácaros Brevipalpus .......................................................... 15 1.2.9 Taxonomia integrativa ............................................................................................. 16 1.3 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ........................................................................... 18 Lista de Tabelas Tabela 1.1: Principais caracteres utilizados por Baker e Tuttle (1987) para a divisão do gênero Brevipalpus em grupos............................................................................................10 Capítulo 2 - SISTEMÁTICA MOLECULAR PARA ÁCAROS PLANOS DO GÊNERO BREVIPALPUS DONNADIEU (ACARI: TENUIPALPIDAE) – UTILIZAÇÃO DE MARCADORES MOLECULARES MITOCONDRIAIS E NUCLEARES 2.1 INTRODUÇÃO........................................................................................................... 31 OBJETIVOS GERAIS ...................................................................................................... 34 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS ............................................................................................ 34 2.2 MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS ......................................................................................... 35 2.2.1 Amostras ................................................................................................................ 35 2.2.2 Identificação Morfológica......................................................................................... 36 2.2.3 Avaliação de protocolos de extração de DNA .......................................................... 39 2.2.4 Avaliação de primers e otimização de protocolos de amplificação de DNA .............. 41 2.2.5 Análises e edição das sequências ........................................................................ 46 2.2.6 Análises Filogenéticas ............................................................................................ 46 2.2.7 Distância genética ................................................................................................... 47 2.2.8 Conjunto de dados .................................................................................................. 47 2.3 RESULTADOS .......................................................................................................... 49 2.3.1 Avaliação de protocolos de extração de DNA .......................................................... 49 2.3.2 Avaliação de primers e otimização de protocolos de amplificação de DNA .............. 49 2.3.3 Análises filogenéticas e estatística descritiva .......................................................... 50 2.3.3.1 COI primers DNF & DNR...................................................................................... 52 2.3.3.2 COI primers LCO & HCO ..................................................................................... 58 2.3.3.3 ITS 2 .................................................................................................................... 62 2.3.3.4 Subunidade D1-D3 (28S) ..................................................................................... 67 2.3.4 Integração de dados moleculares e morfológicos .................................................... 71 2.4 DISCUSSÃO ............................................................................................................. 83 2.4.1 Avaliação de protocolos de extração de DNA .......................................................... 83 2.4.2 Avaliação de primers e protocolos de amplificação de DNA..................................... 83 2.4.3 Análises filogenéticas.............................................................................................. 84 2.4.4 Distâncias genéticas ............................................................................................... 86 2.4.5 Caracteres taxonômicos em um contexto filogenético ............................................. 87 2.4.6 Informações biológicas obtidas através da identificação acurada de Brevipalpus .... 89 2.5 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS ....................................................................................... 92 viii 2.6 REFERÊNCIAS BILIOGRÁFICAS.............................................................................. 93 Lista de Tabelas Tabela 2.1: Dados de coleta (localidade, hospedeiros, coletores e datas) das amostras de ácaros Brevipalpus obtidas nesse estudo, número de lâminas e espécimes preservados, e identificação morfológica.....................................................................................................38 Tabela 2.2: Fragmentos amplificados e primers utilizados nas reações de PCR e no seqüenciamento do DNA dos espécimens de ácaros Brevipalpus.....................................42 Tabela 2.3:
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