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User Centered Design for Persons with Disabilities User Centered Design for persons with disabilities How persons with cerebral palsy can be included in the design process Användarcentrerad design för personer med funktionsnedsättningar Hur personer med cerebral pares kan inkluderas i designprocessen Wyke, Oskar [email protected] Master Thesis in Human Computer Interaction at NADA Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan , 2011 Supervisor KTH: Åke Walldius Supervisor SU: Magnus Magnusson Supervisor Tobii: Uli Ehlert Examiner: Ann Lantz Abstract The user centered design process is a framework built on methods aiming at including the user in the design process. When designing a system that is going to be used by persons suffering from severe disabilities, a number of unique difficulties are introduced. This thesis investigates what particular issues that has to be considered when designing for eye tracking based interaction and how user inclusion can be achieved despite the presence of severe disabilities. Persons from three habilitation centers in the Stockholm area were included in the study which was implemented as an iterative design process, including a number of methods common within user centered design. The result of this study indicates that many of the well-recognized methods in user centered design can be used when including users with cerebral palsy. Focus is shifted slightly away from the user towards other persons in the vicinity. To achieve high usability the system must facilitate individual customizations of the interface regarding the colors, sizes and placements of objects. A method of two step selection, reducing the numbers of unintentional selections, is also presented. Referat Användarcentrerad design är ett ramverk byggt på metoder som syftar till att inkludera användaren i designprocessen. När ett system, som ska användas av personer med allvarliga funktionsnedsättningar designas, introduceras ett antal unika svårigheter. Detta examensarbete undersöker vilka särskilda faktorer som måste tas i beaktande då en design för ögonstyrd interaktion skapas samt hur användare kan inkluderas trots närvaron av allvarliga funktionsnedsättningar. Personer från tre habiliteringscenter i stockholmsområdet inkluderades i studien som implementerades som en iterativ designprocess där metoder, vanliga inom användarcentrerad design, tillämpades. Resultatet av studien indikerar att många välkända metoder inom användarcentrerad design kan användas för att inkludera användare med Cerebral Pares. Fokus flyttas något från användaren till personer i dennes omgivning. För att åstadkomma hög användbarhet måste systemet tillhandahålla möjligheten till individuella anpassningar av färger, storlekar och placering av objekten på skärmen. En tvåstegsmetod, som minskar antalet ofrivilliga val, presenteras också. Preface In late September 2010 I was asked by my co-worker, Pär Dahlman, if I would like to carry out my Master Thesis at Tobii Technology as partners; it was an easy choice, and it has been a pleasure. The project started out in the beginning of 2011 as a journey into unknown territory. Along the way our paths crossed with many interesting and helpful people, some of whom I would like to express extra thanks to. Writing a report for a Master Thesis is a long and laborious process. But with the right support it becomes a manageable task. I would therefore like to thank my supervisor at KTH, Åke Walldius, for the feedback and ideas provided along the way. I would also like to thank my supervisor at SU, Magnus Magnusson, who has shown great faith in our work and provided many useful and interesting insights into the area of AAC. The ones at Tobii who have made this project possible are many. One of them is our supervisor, Uli Ehlert, who deserves extra thanks for all the interesting meetings we had. Great thanks also to our second supervisor, Markus Cederlund, who made sure that all administrative issues were handled smoothly. Finally I would like to thank all the persons, both adolescents and adults, at the habilitation centers included in this study for their invaluable contributions, both in time and knowledge. It is now June 2011 and the journey that is this project has ended successfully. The contents of this report bear witness of all the interesting experiences along the way. Contents 1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 1 1.1 Tobii Technology and eye tracking .............................................. 1 1.1.1 Eye tracking for analysis ................................................. 1 1.1.2 Eye tracking for interaction ............................................. 1 1.2 Aim of thesis ................................................................................ 2 1.2.1 Developing a math communication tool .......................... 2 1.2.2 Inclusion of users with disabilities .................................. 3 1.2.3 Research questions .......................................................... 3 1.2.4 Implementation ................................................................ 3 1.2.5 Related research ............................................................... 4 2 Background ......................................................................................... 5 2.1 Introduction to ACC ..................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Team based approach ...................................................... 6 2.2 Cerebral Palsy ............................................................................... 6 2.2.1 Cerebral Vision Impairment ............................................ 7 2.3 AAC technology ........................................................................... 7 3 Theory ................................................................................................. 9 3.1 Eye tracking .................................................................................. 9 3.1.1 Dwelltime ........................................................................ 9 3.1.2 Switch ............................................................................ 10 3.1.3 Problems related to Eye Tracking.................................. 10 3.2 Four cognitive determinants ....................................................... 12 3.3 Human computer interaction ...................................................... 13 3.3.1 Usability ........................................................................ 13 3.3.2 User centered design ...................................................... 14 3.4 Including persons with disabilities in the design process ........... 18 3.4.1 Accessibility .................................................................. 18 3.4.2 Design by guidelines ..................................................... 18 3.4.3 Considering CVI ............................................................ 20 4 The study ........................................................................................... 21 4.1 User recruitment ......................................................................... 21 4.1.1 Ethical issues ................................................................. 21 4.1.2 Outcome ........................................................................ 22 4.2 Pre-study - Getting an overview ................................................. 23 4.2.1 Contextual inquiry ......................................................... 23 4.2.2 Result ............................................................................. 24 4.3 A conceptual prototype............................................................... 27 4.3.1 Exploration through focus groups ................................. 28 4.3.2 Result ............................................................................. 28 4.4 A prototype evaluation ............................................................... 31 4.4.1 Creation of prototype ..................................................... 31 4.4.2 Thinking aloud ............................................................... 32 4.4.3 Result ............................................................................. 33 4.5 A final evaluation ....................................................................... 35 4.5.1 Creation of hi-fi prototype ............................................. 35 4.5.2 Introducing the prototype .............................................. 35 4.5.3 Logging .......................................................................... 36 4.5.4 Debriefing ...................................................................... 36 4.5.5 Result ............................................................................. 37 4.6 Triangulation .............................................................................. 39 4.6.1 Methods triangulation .................................................... 39 4.6.2 Triangulation of sources ................................................ 40 5 Discussion .......................................................................................... 41 5.1 Team centered design ................................................................. 41 5.1.1 Benefit of diversity ........................................................ 42 5.1.2 Overcoming the communication barrier ........................ 42 5.1.3 Contextual inquiry ......................................................... 42 5.1.4 Focus groups .................................................................. 43 5.1.5 Verifying tests...............................................................
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