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A Critical Analysis of the Entrepreneurial Orientation, Trait

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A Critical Analysis of the Entrepreneurial Orientation, Trait A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION, TRAIT EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE, AND ENTREPRENEURIAL SERVICES OFFERED BY PHARMACISTS IN THE UPPER MIDWEST A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Jeanne Elizabeth Frenzel In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Department: Education Option: Occupational and Adult Education March 2018 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title A Critical Analysis of the Entrepreneurial Orientation, Trait Emotional Intelligence, and Entrepreneurial Services Offered by Pharmacists in the Upper Midwest By Jeanne Elizabeth Frenzel The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Myron Eighmy, EdD Chair Daniel Friesner, PhD Chris Ray, PhD David Scott, MPH, PhD, RPh Approved: April 11, 2018 Chris Ray, PhD Date Department Chair ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to critically analyze the entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and trait emotional intelligence (EI) of pharmacists to develop an understanding of how these traits are exhibited in different practicing settings and practice roles. In addition, the relationship between trait EI and EO was explored to determine if trait EI is positively associated with EO in pharmacists. Finally, entrepreneurial services offered by pharmacists were evaluated for type and frequency. Critically analyzing the EO of pharmacists in different settings and in different roles and evaluating the entrepreneurial services they offer will produce a better understanding of the need for entrepreneurship training for students in colleges and schools of pharmacy. Participants were practicing pharmacists in Upper Midwest states. Data was collected using an online survey. Item analysis, descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and an independent-samples t-test were used to analyze the data. Pharmacists practicing in different settings exhibited no differences in EO; however, significant differences were found when evaluating the EO of pharmacists by practice role. This study found that North Dakota pharmacists had overall higher mean scores for the EO construct of autonomy and are more likely to provide discharge consultation and med to bed services than pharmacists in other Upper Midwest states. Pharmacists who owned a pharmacy had higher mean EO for the constructs risk-taking, innovativeness, proactiveness, and autonomy. No significant differences were found between pharmacists in Upper Midwest states for global trait EI or its constructs. A positive correlation was found between global trait EI and all constructs of EO suggesting that global trait EI could be used to predict EO in individuals. iii These findings suggest that educators consider evaluating the global trait EI of students to predict their EO. As it has been shown that students with a high EO are more likely to own their own pharmacy, additional entrepreneurship training may be of value to these students. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you to my advisor, Dr. Myron Eighmy, and to the members of my supervisory committee, Dr. Daniel Friesner, Dr. Chris Ray, and Dr. David Scott for their guidance and support. A special thank you to Dr. Dan Cernusca for his technical support. v DEDICATION To Oliver, Piper, and Ephrem. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................v DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................11 CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................49 CHAPTER 4. ANALYSIS OF DATA ..........................................................................................62 CHAPTER 5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS .........................92 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................111 APPENDIX A. INSTRUMENT ..................................................................................................131 APPENDIX B. NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD APPROVAL .................................................................................................................136 APPENDIX C. INFORMED CONSENT ....................................................................................137 APPENDIX D. PILOT PRE-NOTIFICATION LETTER ...........................................................139 APPENDIX E. PILOT SURVEY EMAIL ..................................................................................140 APPENDIX F. PRE-NOTIFICATION LETTER ........................................................................141 APPENDIX G. SURVEY EMAIL ..............................................................................................142 APPENDIX H. SURVEY POSTCARD ......................................................................................143 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Licensed Pharmacists Eligible for Inclusion in the Study by State ...................................51 2. Item Total Statistics for Entrepreneurial Orientation Scale Pilot Study ............................56 3. Item Total Statistics for Trait Emotional Intelligence Scale Pilot Study ...........................57 4. Item Total Statistics for Revised Entrepreneurial Orientation Scale Full Study ...............65 5. Item Total Statistics for Trait Emotional Intelligence Scale Full Study ............................66 6. Levene's Test of Homogeneity of Variances for Entrepreneurial Orientation Subscales Between States ...................................................................................................................67 7. Levene's Test of Homogeneity of Variances for Trait Emotional Intelligence Subscales Between States ...................................................................................................................67 8. Kruskal-Wallis Test for Entrepreneurial Orientation Subscales Between States ..............68 9. Kruskal-Wallis Test for Global Trait Emotional Intelligence and Subscales Between States ..................................................................................................................................68 10. Crosstab and Chi-Square Comparison of Mode of Distribution by Position ....................69 11. Crosstab and Chi-Square Comparison of Mode of Distribution by Gender .....................69 12. Frequencies and Percentages of Gender, Ethnicity, and Age of Pharmacists in Upper Midwest States ...................................................................................................................70 13. Frequencies and Percentages of Level of Education of Pharmacists in Upper Midwest States ..................................................................................................................................71 14. Frequencies and Percentages of Year Licensed to Practice Pharmacy and State of Practice of Pharmacists in Upper Midwest States .............................................................72 15. Frequencies and Percentages of Practice Role of Pharmacists in Upper Midwest States .72 16. Means and Standard Deviations of Entrepreneurial Orientation Constructs Reported by Pharmacists by State .....................................................................................................73 17. One-Way ANOVA Between Group Comparison of Entrepreneurial Orientation Constructs Reported by Pharmacists Between States ........................................................73 viii 18. Frequencies, Percentages, Means, and Standard Deviations of the Level of Entrepreneurial Orientation of Pharmacists by Employment Status .................................74 19. Means and Standard Deviations of Entrepreneurial Orientation Constructs by Practice Setting ................................................................................................................................75 20. One-Way ANOVA Between Group Comparison of Entrepreneurial Orientation Constructs by Practice Setting ...........................................................................................75 21. Crosstab Comparison of Pharmacist Practice Role by State .............................................76 22. Means and Standard Deviations of Entrepreneurial Orientation Constructs by Practice Role of the Pharmacist .......................................................................................................76 23. One-Way ANOVA Between Group Comparison of Entrepreneurial Orientation Constructs by Practice Role of Pharmacist ........................................................................77
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