Geol. Bull. Univ. , Vol. 25, pp. 23-37, 1992 ies of groun

JOCHEN BUNDSCHUH Institute of Geology, D-7400 Tiibingen 1, Sigwartstr. 10, Germany

ABSTRACT: In September 1988 a comprehensive three months progratnrne for Aydro- geoclze~nicaIgrorindwaterinvestigations in Pesltawar Valley in the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) of was carried ortf. Its main aim was to classib the grorindwater clternically in order to lirrreliglrf the regional differences and highlight problems related to drinking and irrigafion water in the region. Aborit 100 water sarrrples were collected from wells and analyzed. The elevation ofthe grorindwater table and the depflr to the grortndwuter ruble were tneasrired. Thesedata show thuf fl~ewater table in Pesltawar Valley is < 51n deep, except in areas near tlre ~norintainsand in fhe soritkeast where it ranges from 5 to > 30m. There is a general grori?lrl~~aterflow towards tlre centre of the basin from where the discharge is towards the Indris Valley. It has been noticed tlrat tlre electrical conditctiviry (EC-valries) increases from < 800 S/cm near the tnorrntains to a vtaximritn of 7800 S/cm in the centre of the basin. Similar is the case of mineralization. The grorindwater has been classified according to PIPER. In Peshawar Basin predotn i- nantly low mineralized grortndwaters of tlre type "nortnal alkaline earth freshwater prevailing hydrogencarbonntic" and "normal alkaline earth freslzwuter with higher con- tents of alkalies prevailing Il~~drogencarboriutic" are present. These grorindwa~et-sut.e c~f good qriality. Only in its central part higI11y mineralized grori~zclwatet-of tlt r type "ulkalirle f,.e.skwater eiflter Irydrogencarhonatic or srt!f.tic-chlorotic " are found. This Izigl~mineral- izntion in combination witll flte low deptlt of the grortndwater table causes salificar ion of rh e soils in fhe centre of Pesltawar Basin, i.e. Risalprtr and its srirrorindings. It is conclrided thnt the rise of sliclr highly minerulized drinking and irrigation water shortld be abandoned as soon as possible becarise of the expected hazards 10 ltritnan ltealrlt und irrigation. It is highly recommended that dreper wells shorild be drilled to find low tninerali~edgrarindwa- ter in fhis urea.

INTRODUCTION use of highly concentrated irrigation water, or water with a special chemical composi- Purpose tion, causes salification of the soil which Beneath air, water is the most important requires expensive and special treatment for substance for the life of all organisms in- productive agriculture. Therefore, a corn- cluding human beings. As in many cases, prehensive three month hydrochemical study water is present in more than sufficient programme was initiated in September 1988 amount in Peshawar Valley, the northwest- for groundwater investigations in Peshawar ern part of Pakistan. In this dry and hot Valley. The main objective of these investi- region the ground and surface water, com- gations was the chemical classification of the ing from the mountains in the north and different types of groundwater, to interpret west, is used for irrigation, drinking and these results and to give some recornmenda- industrial purposes. Generally hydrogeo- tions for the "right use of right water" in logical explorations are carried out with the area. The results of this work are a rough emphasis on the quantity rather than quality approximation for use as a base for detailed (chemical composition) of groundwater. It hydrochemical and hydrogeological investi- is important to know the chemical composi- gations of the Peshawar Valley. tion of water from agricultural and health Methodology of investigations points of view. Water induced diseases may Water samples were taken from 100 repre- take years before they are recognized. The sentative dug and tube wells. Electrical The chemical types of groundwater were Bedrock outcrops determined in order to estimate their local In the surrounding of Peshawar Valley, a distribution in the project area. The direc- structural depression filled with alluvial sedi- tion of groundwater flow was found with the ments, a great number of strata of different help of the groundwater elevation contours. age and lithological composition appears in Based on these investigations areas with suit- the outcrops. According to the intensive able or unsuitable groundwater for irrigation tectonic movement the strata have steep dips. and drinking purposes were identified. In the northern and western vicinity the rocks are predominantly metamorphic while GEOGRAPHYANDGEOLOGYOFTHE in the south sedimentary rocks are found. AREA Alluvial sediments Location and physiography The Peshawar Basin is filled with several The Valley of Peshawar in the NW of Paki- hundred meters thick alluvial sediments of stan covers an area of approximately SO00 Quaternary age. Piedmont deposits are sq.km. It is surrounded by hilly and rnoon- present near the mountains. These weath- tainous regions (Fig. l), except at its ered rocks were transported over a shorter southeast towards the Indus river where the distance. Kabul, Swat and Indus rivers be- intra-mountainous basin is open for discharge long to the group of braided streams. On the of water. The studied area is situated be- one hand they have deposited the sand, tween the longitudes 7 1" 15' and 72'45' E gravel and clay which they transported over and latitudes 33" 45' and 34" 30'N. The greater distances and on the other hand they Peshawar Valley consists of a sandy plain have reworked local material. According to with undulating relief. In general, there are the changing locations of the river arms with no nlajor hills within the plain, except some tiine, the 1i thological composition of the isolated ones in the eastern part. The Kabul alluvial fill varies in both vertical and hori- river, entering from Afghanistan, and the zontal directions. The upper layer is often and the Kalpani Nala originating built by a thin layer of aeolian sediments. in the northern mountains flow through the area to drain into the Indus river. Addition- ally, there is a great number of channels for SURFACE WATER irrigation purposes. It has to be remarked, The surface water found in the rivers and that there is no river coming from the south- channels of Peshawar Valley are less miner- ern mountains, which carries permanent alized, as suggested by values of the electrical water. To demarcate the Peshawar Valley conductivity , which vary between 250 and from the surrounding hills and mountains the 500 S/cin. Calcium and hydrogen-carbonate contour line 1500 feet (457rn) above M.S.L. are the most important ions dissolved in it. can he used (Fig. 1). There is a gradual de- Magnesium, sodium and sulphate are also crease to 900 feet (274111) towards the centre important, while chloride, nitrate and po- of the alluvial plain. In the cen-ha1 part of the tassium are found only in minor amounts. basin a small rise to an altitude of I000 feet The content of ferrous iron is less than ferric (305 m) is recognizable. iron which is contained in the suspended Climate load of the river water with values up to 10 The Valley of Peshawar has a dry and hot n~g/l.Because of its low grade of mineral- climate. The mean annual precipitation ranges ization this surface water is good for from 33cm in the west to 60cm in the eastern irrigation purposes.

HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE STUDY Indus Valley, either in the form of ground- AREA water or, after infiltration into the river in The Alluvial sediments form of surface water. In the centre of Peshawar Valley between Nowshera and AS mentioned earlier the alluvial fill of Peshawar Basin is built by alternating layers Nisetta, there is hardly an inclination of the of clay, silt, sand and gravel. Because of the groundwater table, and the velocity of ground- inhomogeneity of the Quaternary fill, it is water flow is the slowest than elsewhere. not possible to distinguish between certain Together with the relatively. shallow water aquifers. This is why in the following inves- table in this region and high evaporation, the tigations the alluvial sediments are taken as hazard of salification is rising. one very inhomogeneous aquifer, whose com- position varies both in vertical and in HYDROCHEMISTRY OF THE GROUNDWATER horizontal directions. Data collection The bedrock Sampling points: For sampling purposes Only the bedrock near to the mountains are 100 dug wells and tube wells, distributed of hydrogeological interest. In the other parts over the entire valley were selected. One of of Peshawar Valley, excluding some small the selection criteria was that the well should ranges in the east, the bedrocks are covered be in use, so that no sample from water with one hundred meters thick alluvial fill which was stagnant for a long time in the and so economically not recommended for open well, changing its chemical composi- installation of wells. The Mesozoic fissured tion, was taken. The locations of the limestones at the southern boundary of groundwater sampling points number 1 to Peshawar Valley are important aquifers. 100 and the type of well are shown in Similarly the metamorphic rocks at the west- Figure 2. ern and northern boundary of the plain contain Measurements in the field: In the field aquifers of lower transmissivity which are soon after taking the samples, the values of suitable for the installation of smaller wells those parameters which change quickly with (Rafiq et nl., 1983). time, were measured. The pH-value, the Depth of the water table electrical conductivity (EC-value) and the The measured depths to the water table be- content of dissolved oxygen were deter- low the earth's surface were plotted on a map mined by using an electrical pH-meter (WTW to show variations (Fig.3). Except the re- PH-59), an electrical conductivity-meter gion at the boundary to the mountains and an (WTW LF-91) and an electrical oxygen- area in the southeast of the basin with depths meter (WTW OX-92). The amount of of 5 to 40m, the depth of the water table in hydrogen carbonate ions (m-value) was es- Peshawar Basin is < 5m. The areas with the timated by titration with O.1N hydrochloric shallow water table belong to irrigated re- acid and methyl orange as indicator gions, while those with deeper water tables (Bundschuh, 1989; Fresenius et al., 1988). are less irrigated. In the areas with water The water samples were stored in plastic table of <5m, capillary rise of groundwater bottles. The depth of the groundwater table and evaporation causes the hazard of below the earth's surface was determined salification. by using a light plumb line. Groundwater flow direction Water analysis in the laboratory: The analysis For the determination of groundwater flow was carried out in the geochemical Iabora- directions a groundwater level elevation map tory at Peshawar University. The amount of was constructed with the help of the depths the dissolved ions were determined by dif- to groundwater level and the altitudes of the ferent methods: magnesium, sodium and measuring points (Fig.4). The groundwater potassium were analyzed by an atomic flows generally towards the centre of the absorbtion spectrometer. Sulphate and ni- basin (average gradient 0.004), from where trate were determined with the help of a the discharge is in the eastern direction to the photometer (HACH DRELI 1C) according PESHAWAR VALLEY DEPTH OF GRO1UNDWATER TABLE BELOW GROUND

GROUNDWATER TABLE ELEVATl ON OCTOBER 1988 IN FEET ABOVE MSL.

a0 % to .Lo \;". 8 ceq mmol 'lo c a'' Cl-+ NO3- Fig. 6: PRESENTATION OF WATER SAMPLES 1 IN THE PI PER DIAGRAM to the turbidimetric or nephelometric method mineralized groundwater is used for drink- (sulphate) and cadmium reduction method ing. In Risalpur, particularly where the Chloride was analyzed by titra- depth of water ranges from 25 to 60m, the tion with mercuric nitrate and calcium by water has an electrical conductivity of 2890 titration with Na2-EDTA and calconcarbon- pSlcm due to its high contents of sodium, acid as indicator (Bundschuh, 1989; FAO, sulphates and chlorides. This value is too 1986; Fresenius et al., 1988). high for continuous use and is a hazard for Electrical conductivity the human health. The eastern boundary of the highly mineralized area is the river The electrical conductivity (EC-values) gives a general impression of the chemical Kalpani Nala. Eastward from this, the river, behaviour and chemical quality of the ground- which is dividing the shallow aquifer sys- water. It is a value for the amounts of ions tem, the EC-values of the groundwater are which are dissolved in the water. In Figure 5 low and vary between 350 and 800 pS1cm. the EC-values found in the project area are Such low EC-values are also found in ground- plotted. The measured values range from 300 water from greater depth of 70 to 120m. pS/cm to 7800 Slcm. While the regions adja- Thus, even in the highly mineralized water cent the mountains and in the eastern part of area between Nowshera, and Niset ta, Peshawar Valley show mostly low EC-values there is law mineralized groundwater, which of < 800 pSlcm, in the most parts of the can be useful for drinking and irrigation basin (area between Peshawar, Nowshera, purposes. Nisetta (SW ) & Katlang) EC-val- Groundwater classification ues greater than 800 pS1cm are found. This section discusses the relative amounts Towards the central part of Peshawar Valley, of different ions in individual water samples. between Nowshera, Mardan and Charsadda, The analytical data were plotted in the there is a rapid increase in the electrical PIPER-diagram which is based on a triangle conductivity of the groundwater. The maxi- for anions, a triangle for cations and a rhornb mum is located about 10 knl northwest of in which anions and cations are represented Nowshera (7780 pS1cm). The distribution together (see Fresenius er a,1988, pattern of these values corresponds to the U.S. EPA, 1976). Different types of waters maps of depth of water table (Fig.3) and of in this rhomb can be divided into the seven water table elevation (Fig. 5). The last men- fields, i.e. "a to f" (Fig.6). The plots of tioned map shows a general groundwater analysis data from all 100 water samples fall flow towards this central area with the high in three areas I to 111. The regional distribu- EC-values ( > 4000 pSIcrn) and also with the tion of the different types of groundwater slow or stagnating flow velocity (low gradi- shown in Figure 7 is discussed. At the fol- ent). Since the water table in the central part lowing percental data of the composition the is low and the water is saline, it shows that sum of anions and the sum of cations are the groundwater flowing from the mountains referred to 100 % each and the percental data towards the central part of the basin became are referred to the cations (100 %) or anions enriched in dissolved components. This part (100 %), respectively. of Peshawar Valley cannot be used for agri- I : This group of water samples belongs cultural purposes, a1 though the surrounding to the PIPER fields "e" and "g". The is agricultural. Westwards of Risalpur water points mostly lie near the boundary of coming from different tube wells with an two fields. Field "e" represents alka- electrical conductivity of about 2 130 pS/cm line earth fresh water with higher is used for agriculture. Such highly mineral- corltmrs of alklzlies prevailing sulphnric ized water is not suitable for irrigation and field "f" represents alkalinefresh- purposes, because evaporation with time waryr prevailing sulphnric-chloritic. leads to an enrich ent of salts in the soil and The \,groundwater with 25-65 % alka- groundwater, ultl\ ately resulting in high lies '(dominantly sodium), 60-90 % salinity. Also in some towns and settlements sulfate and chloride and < 40 % hydro- in this central area bf the basin the highly gen carbonate (% of anions or cations) '30' NORMAL ALKALINE EARTH FRESH WATER Ch Charsda 0 Held a: prevailjng hydrogcncarbbnatic Ka Katlang @ f icld b : hydrogencarbonatic sulfat ic id hb Mardan field c: prevailing sulfatic No N~wshtra ALKALINE EARTH FRESH WATER WITH MORE ALKALIES F'e Peshawar /:'ha ...... " A field d: prevailing hydrogencarbonatic -0 ...... +'. ,4 ...... 0 field e prevailing suifatic 0.. .A,. .Q. / ...... <'-\. ALKALINE FRESH WATER ./:. ....*.....a*. me.. . < ...... \ 0 t ~eldf prevo~linghydrogencarbohatic ./:. .ma....-.....*P...... ! pJ f~eldg. prevailing sdfat ic chloridic ./...... n...... '----L=-:~,

ceq mmolo/

CHEMICAL COMPOSI TlON OF GROUNDWATER ACCORDING TO PI PER CLASSlFl CATION are found in the centre of Peshawar of group I (PIPER fields "a ,d & b ") cover a Basin between Nowshera and Mardan wide range and, as mentioned above, there is (Fig.7). By comparison with the map no recognizable regional trend in the project of EC-values (Fig.5) it can be seen area. The relatively great variability of these that the area of these types of water (I) water samples (Fig.7) is due to the great corresponds with the region of the vertical and horizontal lithological highest EC-values (22000 pSlcm). inhomogeneity of the alluvial fill. 11 : The second group of groundwater pH-values samples belongs to the PIPER field The measured pH-values are shown in Figure *fn and to the boundary zone of field 8. These range from 6.5 to 8.1 and there are ('f" and "d". Field "f" represents al- regional differences that can be distinguished. kd~efreshwater prevailing hydrogen In the southwest and in the centre of Peshawar cnrbonatic. This type of groundwater Valley the pH-values are <7 while in the also occurs in the centre of Peshawar eastern part these range from 7.5 to 8.1. The Basin north-and westward of the above rest of the valley is characterized by values described water group (i.e, type I) between 7 and 7.5. belonging to the PIPER fields "e" and Temperature the upper part of "g" and has EC- The temperatures observed in the well waters values between 800 and 2000 pS/cm. range from 21 to 26•‹C.The exposure of the Group I1 is characterized by 40 to 80 % dugwells to the sun, the depth of water table alkalies (dominantly sodium), 10 to 30 and the air temperature as function of time (50)% sulfate and chloride and 70 to are the main factors influencing the tempera- 90 (50) % hydrogen carbonate ions. ture of the well water. So the temperatures : This group represents the maximum measured in dugwells are not the real tem- number of the water samples. In most peratures of the aquifer. Only the water cases the samples occur in the PIPER comrning from the tubewells shows the aqui- fields "d" and part of "a" with higher fer temperature, but their number is too low alkalies, but a few samples lie in field to give more detailed information on the "b". Groundwater samples from group geothermal gradient. I11 are characterized bv 10 to 40% alkalies (dominantly sodium), 5 to 50 Dissolved oxygen % sulfate and chloride and 50 to 95 % The investigated groundwater shows con- hydrgen carbonate. No regional distri- tents of dissolved oxygen varying between 1 bution or trend of these water samples and 7.2 mgll. This corresponds to a satura- in Peshawar is recognizable. tion of 10 to 95% at the temperature range discussed above. So there is no reducing DISCUSSION water in Peshawar Basin. It has to be taken Group I (PIPER fields "e" & "g") is isolated into consideration however that the oxygen from both of the other groups of water content measured in open wells can only be samples. There are no intermediate points. taken as a rough approximation. Because of This can be used as a hint that water-group I the contact with atmosphere temperature belongs to a single, isolated, aquifer. Be- changes can take place. tween watergroup I1 (PIPER field "d" and The anions " f*) and group 111 there are a few intermedi- Hydrogen carbonate: The content of hy- atepoints. It seems that in general watergroup drogen carbonate ions in most of the analyzed I1 also belongs to a separate aquifer layer water samples is in the range of 300 to 600 which may have some connect ions with mgll. Only the samples from the less min- other surrounding aquifers (mixed zone). eralized groundwater areas between Nowshera But in the complex structured alluvial fill of and and at the northern boundary to Peshawar Basin it is impossible to resolve the metamorphic rocks (Fig. 5) have lower such questions in the absence. of additional hydrogen carbonate contents (200-300 mgl subsurface information. The water samples I). The highly mineralized water between

~~~~h~~a,Mardan and Nisetta also shows part of the Peshawar Valley show higher similarly ]ow hydrogen carbonate concen- contents of calcium reaching up to 260 rngl. trations. ~n the rest of the ~eshawarBasin agnesium: The magnesium concentrations, the hydrogen carbonate contents vary be- like those of calcium show a uniform distri- tween 300 and 600 rngll. Because of abrupt bution, generally varying between 15 and variations over short distances no regional 50 mgll(94 % of the samples). Only in some trend can be recognized. These variations of the highly mineralized groundwater are caused by the lithologically samples from the centre of Peshawar Basin, inhomogeneous aquifer system. the magnesium content is higher and reaches SulJale;The distribution of the sulfate content up to 240 mgll. in the groundwater of Peshawar Basin is Sodium: In contrast to calcium, magnesium shown in Figure 8. The distribution pattern and potassium, sodium shows the greatest is similar to that recognizable in Figure 6, regional differences in concentration. Its where the EC-values are plotted. With regional distribution is shown in Figure 8. contents less than 50 mgll at the There is a significant rise of the sodium boundary of Peshawar Valley, the values content from the boundary of the plain rise towards its centre. Between Peshawar, towards its centre between Nowshera, Mardan Nowshera, Charsadda and Mardan sulfate and Charsadda. While near the mountains concentrations between 100 and 1 170 mgll the sodium concentration is < 50 mgll, it were found. The small stripe of higher reaches to the 100 mgll mark near Katlang, values (100-200 mgll) eastwards of Peshawar Peshawar and Nowshera. In the centre of is situated along the Grand Trunk Road to the basin between Nowshera, Charsadda Nowshera and may he caused anthropologi- and Mardan the values are higher than 200 cally by the industries and wastes comrning mgll and a maximum of 850 mg/1 is found from the road traffic. about 10 km northwest of Nowshera. This Chloride: Compared with the distribution regional distribution of sodium concentra- of sulfate in the groundwater samples the tion is similar to that of the EC-values (Fig. chloride concentration plotted in Figure 8 6). Therefore, sodium is considered the shows much more uniformity. Certain wells most important cation responsible for the show higher chloride locally, which is caused differences of EC-values in Peshawar Ba- by anthropogenic pollution (i. e. eastwards sin. of Peshawar downstreams of the city). The Potossium: Compared with calcium, mag- highly mineralized groundwater between nesium and sodium , potassium is a cation Nowshera, Nisetta and Mardan also shows of minor importance in the groundwater of higher chloride concentrations between 50 Peshawar Valley. In most of the water samples mgll in the vicinity of Mardan and 1240 its concentration is between 1 and 6 mgll. mgll northwest of Nowshera. In all other Only the highly mineralized area in the areas of Peshawar Valley the chloride con- centre shows higher values of up to 22 mgl . tent is <50 mgll and in most of the cases Summary <20 rngl. The distribution of the different anions in Nilrate: In 80 % of the samples the nitrate the studied area shows that the different concentrations are less than 20 n~gll.The grades of mineralization of groundwater are rest have nitrate contents ranging from 20 predominantly caused by sulfate and chlo- to 50 mgll. ride while hydrogen carbonate and nitrate The cations are regionally less variable. The low values Calcium :In most of the samples (85 %) the of nitrate and chloride in most of the area calcium concentration range from 30 to 100 indicate that the groundwater pollution caused mg/l. There is no recognizable regional by the use of fertilizers is low in the Peshawar variation. The differences in the concentra- Valley. tion are caused by the inhomogeneous aquifer In the groundwater of Peshawar Valley, Only some of the highly mineral- the concentrations of calcium, magnesium ized groundwater samples from the central and potassium are of uniformity compared with sodium. According to this study so- RECOMMENDATIONS dium is the most responsible cation for Use as drinking water differences in the grade of mineralization From the hydrochemical point of view the and the types of water in the area.. quality of groundwater in Peshawar Valley, except in its centre, is good. The groundwa- CONCLUSIONS ter in the central part between Risalpur (NW The dominant aquifer system in Peshawar Nowshera), Mardan and Nisetta with EC- Valley is built up by a very heteroge- values > 2000 pSlcm containing great neous alluvial fill of alternating layers amounts of sulfate, chloride and sodium of clay, silt, sand and gravel which should be abandend for drinking purposes, reaches a thickness of more than 250m part iculary in Risalpur where EC-value of in the central part of the plain. Only in 2900 @/cm are recorded and also a great the vicinity of mountains surrounding concern is shown by the general public. the basin, hard rock aquifers are present. Drilling of deeper wells or clean water supply through pipe lines are recommended. The depth of the groundwater table is less than 5m, except in the vicinity of Use as irrigation water themountains and in a smaller region in In Peshawar Valley mostly low mineralized the southeast of the plain, where it ranges surface water with EC-values of 400 pS/cm from 5 to 30m. Because of high water or low mineralized groundwater are used for table and the high evaporation rate in irrigation purposes. But in its central areas the former case the hazard of salification (e.g. west of Risalpur) where this quality is exists. not available, groundwater with high EC- There is a general groundwater flow values of about 2500 pSIcm is obtained from towards the centre of the basin from wells for irrigation. In this area the water where the discharge is in southeastern table is less than 5m deep. Under such cir- direction towards the Indus Valley. cumstances a high degree of evaporation elevate the salinity of soil due to enrichment The EC-values which are a function of of ions dissolved in the groundwater below. the grade of water mineralization in- Deeper wells are therefore recommended to crease from < p800 Slcm in the vicinity minimize the process of salification. of mountains to values > p2000 Slcm in Acknowledgements: At first I would like to the central part of the basin. Areas be- thank Professors M. Qasim Jan and Arif tween Nowshera, Mardan and Nisetta A.K. Ghauri of the National Centre of show a rapid rise up to 7780 flS/cm. Excellence in Geology, University of The chemical classification after PIPER Peshawar, for providing the opportunity to shows that in the major part of Peshawar use the facilities of their institution (labs., Basin groundwater belongs to the types computers and transport) during the inves- norrr~nlalknli enrth freshwater prevail- tigation. I also owe considerable gratitude ir~ghydrogel1 carbonntic and alkali earth to all the other agencies and institutions freshwater with higher contents of alka- especially WAPDA and the Geological Sur- lies prevailing hydrogerl car-horlatic. Only vey of Pakistan for their cooperation and to in the central part of the plain between DAAD (German Academic Exchange Ser- Nowshera, Mardan and Nisetta exist vice) for sponsoring this investigation highly mineralized groundwater belong- programme. I would also like to thank the ing to PIPER-types alkali freshwater faculty and students of the National Centre prevtliling hydrogen carborlatic and nl- of Excellence in Geology for their many- kali freshwater prevailing sulfatic- fold help, and two anonymous reviewers ch loritic. for useful comments. * Data available from author on request. REFERENCES W.,1988. Water Analysis: A practical guide to physico-chcmical, chemical and microbio- Bundschuh, J., 1989. Introduction to quantita- logical water examination and quality tive water analysis: a practical guide for assurance. Berlin (Springer), 804p. hydro geologist^. Institute of Geology and Rafiq, M., Ahmad, I. & Tahirkhcli., T.1983.A ~alaeontology,Tubingen, West Germany, geological map of the surrounding of the 54p. Peshawar plain. Geol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar, FAO, 1986. Codex Alimentarius: methods of 6, 189. analysis for natural mineral waters. Food U .S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1976. and Agriculture Organization of the United Quality criteria for water. Office of Water Nations, Rome, Italy. and Hazardous Materials, Washington, D. C., Fresenius, W., Quentin, K.E. & Schneider, 256p.