Additional Financing for Provincial Roads Improvement Project (RRP PAK 47360-003)

Initial Environmental Examination

September 2018

PAK: Additional Financing for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Provincial Roads Improvement Project

Prepared by Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Highways Authority, Communications and Works Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with assistance of Project Preparatory Technical Assistance (PPTA) for the Asian Development Bank.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

GOVERNMENT OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA

PAKHTUNKHWA HIGHWAYS AUTHORITY

FEASIBILITY STUDY & DESIGN OF VARIOUS ROADS UNDER THE PKHA PORTFOLIO SH: PROVINCIAL ROADS REHABILITATION PROJECT

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE)

FOR DUALIZATION OF – ROAD,

Total Length 42 km

Final Report

JV M/S CREATIVE ENGINEERING

CONSULTANTS

Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1. PROJECT OVERVIEW ...... 1 1.2. BASIC FEATURES OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 2 1.3. THE STUDY OBJECTIVES ...... 2 1.4. LOCATION OF THE PROJECT ...... 2 1.5. STUDY METHODOLOGY ...... 4 1.6. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCESS ...... 4 1.7. FIELD SURVEYS ...... 6 1.8. WOMEN CONSULTATIONS ...... 6 1.9. TYPE AND CATEGORY OF THE PROJECT ...... 7 1.9.1. CATEGORY AS PER ADB SAFEGUARD POLICY ...... 7 1.9.2. CATEGORY AS PER KP-EPA REGULATION (REGULATIONS 2000) ...... 7 1.10. THE REPORT STRUCTURE ...... 7 2. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 9 2.1. GENERAL ...... 9 2.2. NATIONAL POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 9 2.3. REGULATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT, EPA ...... 9 2.4. REGULATORY CLEARANCES, KPK EPA ...... 10 2.5. GUIDELINES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT, PAKISTAN EPA ...... 10 2.6. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS (NEQS) 2000 ...... 10 2.7. ADB’S SAFEGUARD POLICY STATEMENT (SPS), 2009 ...... 10 2.8. ADB’S PUBLIC COMMUNICATION POLICY 2011 (PCP 2011) ...... 11 2.9. ADB’S ACCOUNTABILITY MECHANISM POLICY 2012 ...... 11 2.10. INTERACTION WITH OTHER AGENCIES ...... 12 2.11. PROVINCIAL EPAS ...... 12 2.12. PROVINCIAL DEPARTMENTS OF FORESTS AND WILDLIFE ...... 12 2.13. PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS ...... 12 2.14. OTHER ENVIRONMENT RELATED LEGISLATIONS ...... 12 2.15. COMPARISON OF INTERNATIONAL AND LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIONS ...... 16 2.16. IMPLICATIONS OF NATIONAL POLICIES AND REGULATIONS ON PROPOSED PROJECT .. 16 2.17. IMPLICATIONS OF ADB POLICIES ON PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 17 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 22 3.1. TYPE OF PROJECT ...... 22 3.1.1. LOCATION ...... 22 3.1.2. DRAINAGE STRUCTURES ...... 23 3.1.3. SCOPE OF WORK ...... 23 3.1.4. DESIGN CRITERIA ...... 24 3.1.5. WORKS AND MATERIALS ...... 24 3.1.6. RAW MATERIAL AVAILABILITY ...... 28 3.1.7. MACHINERY TO BE USED ...... 28 3.1.8. CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE ...... 29 3.1.9. CONSTRUCTION LOGISTICS AND SOURCES ...... 29 3.2. ESTIMATED PROJECT COST ...... 29 3.3. CONSTRUCTION LOGISTICS ...... 29 3.3.1. WORK BASE ...... 29 3.3.2. LABOR CAMPS ...... 30 3.3.3. MACHINERY MAINTENANCE AND EQUIPMENT YARDS ...... 30 3.3.4. MATERIAL DEPOTS ...... 30 3.3.5. MACHINERY REPAIR WORKSHOPS & ASPHALT PLANT ...... 30 3.3.6. SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS ...... 30

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3.3.7. HEALTHCARE ...... 30 3.3.8. LABOR REPORTING OFFICE ...... 31 3.3.9. LABOR TRANSPORT ...... 31 3.3.10. WORK UNIFORM AND HEALTH SAFETY EQUIPMENT ...... 31 3.3.11. SIGNAGE ...... 31 3.3.12. LIGHTING AND ILLUMINATION ...... 32 4. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ...... 33 4.1. PHYSICAL RESOURCES ...... 33 4.1.1. CLIMATE AND AIR QUALITY ...... 33 4.1.2. PRECIPITATION ...... 33 4.1.3. WIND ...... 33 TABLE - 4.1: SWABI CLIMATE TABLE / HISTORICAL WEATHER DATA...... 36 4.1.4. TOPOGRAPHY AND SOILS ...... 37 4.1.5. GEOLOGY/SEISMOLOGY ...... 37 4.1.6. WATER RESOURCES ...... 38 4.2. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING...... 39 4.3. ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES ...... 51 4.4. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ...... 51 4.4.1. INDUSTRY ...... 51 4.4.2. INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 51 4.5. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES ...... 52 4.6. POPULATION ...... 52 5. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ...... 54 5.1. ROAD ALTERNATIVES ...... 54 5.1.1. NO PROJECT OPTION / WORST SCENARIO OPTION ...... 54 5.1.2. A NEW ROUTE ALTOGETHER IS SURVEYED ON ANOTHER SITE ...... 55 5.1.3. PROJECT AS PROPOSED WITH DUALIZATION AND IMPROVEMENTS WHERE NECESSARY ...... 56 5.2. LOGISTIC SITES ...... 56 5.2.1. SITTING OF CONTRACTOR’S FACILITIES ON STATE LAND...... 56 5.2.2. SITTING OF CONTRACTOR’S FACILITIES ON PRIVATE LANDS ...... 57 5.2.3. SITTING THE CONTRACTOR’S FACILITIES AT APPROPRIATE SITE, BE IT PUBLIC LAND OR PRIVATE LAND ...... 58 5.3. LABOR ...... 58 5.3.1. ALL LABOR LOCAL ...... 58 5.3.2. ALL LABOR FROM OUTSIDE ...... 59 5.3.3. AN ADMIXTURE OF LOCAL AND OUTSIDE LABOR AS PER SKILL REQUIRED ...... 59 5.4. CONCLUSION ...... 60 6. SCREENING OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES61 6.1. INTRODUCTION ...... 61 6.2. IMPACT PHASES ...... 61 6.3. TYPES OF IMPACTS ...... 61 6.4. MITIGATION ASPECTS ...... 62 6.5. PHYSICAL RESOURCES ...... 63 6.5.1. AIR QUALITY & CLIMATE CHANGE ...... 63 POTENTIAL IMPACTS ...... 63 6.5.2. TOPOGRAPHY ...... 66 6.5.3. SOILS ...... 67 6.5.4. HYDROLOGY – SURFACE WATER ...... 69 6.5.5. HYDROLOGY – GROUNDWATER ...... 70 6.5.6. GEOLOGY & SEISMICITY ...... 71 6.6. ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES ...... 71 6.6.1. FLORA ...... 71 6.6.2. FAUNA ...... 72 6.6.3. FORESTS AND PROTECTED AREAS ...... 72 6.7. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ...... 72

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6.7.1. INDUSTRIES ...... 72 POTENTIAL IMPACTS ...... 72 6.7.2. INFRASTRUCTURE & TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES ...... 73 POTENTIAL IMPACTS ...... 73 INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 73 TRANSPORTATION ...... 73 6.7.3. LAND USE ...... 74 6.7.4. WASTE MANAGEMENT ...... 74 6.8. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES ...... 75 6.8.1. POPULATION AND COMMUNITIES ...... 75 6.8.2. HEALTH & EDUCATION ...... 76 NOISE AND VIBRATION BELOW...... 76 6.8.3. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS POTENTIAL IMPACTS ...... 77 MITIGATION ACTIONS ...... 77 NONE REQUIRED...... 77 6.9. PHYSICAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES ...... 77 POTENTIAL IMPACTS ...... 77 MITIGATION ACTIONS ...... 78 6.9.1. NOISE & VIBRATION ...... 78 POTENTIAL IMPACTS ...... 78 CONSTRUCTION PHASE ...... 78 OPERATIONAL PHASE ...... 78 MITIGATION ACTIONS ...... 78 6.10. ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS ...... 79 6.11. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND EVALUATION ...... 80 6.11.1. GENERAL ...... 80 6.11.2. OBJECTIVES ...... 80 6.11.2.1. GENERAL OBJECTIVES ...... 80 6.11.2.2. OBJECTIVES DURING PRE-CONSTRUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION STAGES ...... 80 6.11.2.3. OBJECTIVES DURING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE (O&M) STAGE ...... 81 6.11.3. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN ...... 81 6.11.4. PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ...... 82 6.11.5. COMMUNITY HEALTH & SAFETY ...... 83 6.11.6. INSTITUTIONAL MONITORING ARRANGEMENTS ...... 84 6.11.6.1. ESTABLISHMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING CELL ...... 84 6.11.6.2. TRAINING OF MONITORING TEAM ...... 84 6.11.6.3. CHARTER OF DUTIES OF PKHA STAFF ...... 85 6.11.6.4. BUDGET FOR TRAINING OF MONITORING TEAM AND TREE/PLANT PLANTATION...... 86 6.12. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN ...... 88 7. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE ...... 95 7.1. GENERAL ...... 95 7.2. IDENTIFICATION OF STAKEHOLDERS ...... 95 7.2.1. PRIMARY STAKEHOLDERS...... 95 7.2.2. SECONDARY STAKEHOLDERS ...... 95 7.3. STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION PROCESS ...... 95 7.4. PRIMARY STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION ...... 97 7.5. TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION ...... 97 7.6. OUTCOME OF STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION ...... 101 7.6.1. HIGHWAY DESIGN ...... 101 7.6.2. HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION ...... 102 7.6.3. HIGHWAY OPERATION ...... 102 7.7. REDRESS OF STAKEHOLDERS CONCERNS ...... 104 8. GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL MECHANISM ...... 106 8.1 GRIEVANCE REDRESS COMMITTEE (GRC) ...... 106 8.2 COMPLAINTS MANAGEMENT REGISTER (CMR) ...... 107 8.3 CONFLICT RESOLUTION PROCEDURE ...... 107

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TABLE - 8.1: CONFLICT RESOLUTION PROCESS AT PROJECT LEVEL ...... 108 9. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 109 RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (REA) CHECKLIST ...... 1

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ABBREVIATIONS

AD - Assistant Director ADB - Asian Development Bank ADP - Annual Development Programme BOQ - Bill of Quantities AIT - Asian Institute of Technology C&WD - Communication & Works Department DD - Deputy Director EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EMP - Environment Management Plan EMMP - Environment Management and Monitoring Plan EO - Environmental Officer EPA - Environment Protection Agency FD - Forest Department IEE - Initial Environment Examination IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Environment GoKP - Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa GoP - Government of Pakistan KP - Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Province) LEAD - Leadership for Conservation And Development MSL - Mean Sea Level NEQS - National Environmental Quality Standards NESPAK - National Engineering Service of Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd. NTFP - Non-Timber Forest Products PD - Project Director PDD - Planning and Development Department PKHA - Pakhtunkhwa Highways Authority PMU - Project Management Unit PRRP - Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project ROW - Right of Way SFA - Social Framework Agreement SOP - Standard Operational Procedures SPS - Safeguard Policy Statement VOC - Vehicle Operating Cost WWF - World Wildlife Fund

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WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

°C - degree Celsius ha - hectare km - kilometer 2 km - square kilometer km/h - kilometer per hour m - meter m3/sec - cubic meter per second

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This document presents the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of the Dualization of 42 km long Road from Mardan to Swabi, which connects District Mardan and Swabi, the two important districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province. Traffic count of 15,300 VPD and traffic capacity analysis of existing road revealed that the present two lane highway is insufficient for catering existing traffic flow and hence future stream of traffic due to rapid population growth coupled with economic, educational and commercial activities in the regional neighboring districts. Dualization of Mardan – Swabi road will not only improve the traffic flow but will also reduce number of accidents as both sides of the road are densely populated.

In addition to dualization, Mardan – Swabi road will also be a feeder road for vehicles going and coming from Mardan and Swabi to Swat valley through the Swat Expressway with interchange at Ismaila crossing the project road. The under construction Expressway forms part of an Economic Trade Corridor initiating from Kernal Sher Khan Interchange at M-1 Motorway and terminating at Chakdara at the junction of National Highways N-45 and N-95. Hence dualization of Mardan – Swabi Road will be a significant step towards the achievement of the goals fixed by the provincial government in providing roads communication facility. This will also help in accomplishing far reaching results in improving the livelihood of people of the area.

The proposed project includes dualization of 42 km long four-lane (2x2) road which will be completed in about three years at a total cost of Rs. 8.0 billion. For design, execution and maintenance, the project has been assigned to Pakhtunkhwa Highways Authority (PKHA), who as their Consultants has engaged JV of M/S Creative Engineering Consultants & H&B Consulting Engineers International.

As a part of this IEE study, primary as well as secondary data have been collected through field surveys, public consultation and literature research. Consultations have also been carried out with PKHA, the Environmental Protection Agency and relevant government departments. Screening and scoping of the study has been carried out before preparing the Environment Management Plan (EMP).

Included in the study is an overview of Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (NCS), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act 2014, National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), numerous relevant International Guidelines and related regulations and protocols for the study.

The Mardan – Swabi road under the proposed project passes through flat lands. Climatically the project area has cold winter and hot summers. During May and June dust storms are frequent at night. The temperature reaches to its maximum in the month of June, July, August and September record quite high temperatures. Most of the rainfall occurs in the month of July. August, December and January. Towards the end of cold weather there are occasional thunder storms and hail storms. The relative humidity is quite high throughout the year while maximum humidity has been recorded in December.

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Major flora of the project area include Shisham, Mulberry, Bakain, Kikar, Ber, and Eucalyptus. The important fruits are Plum, Peach, Apricot, Pear and Apple.

Main fauna include jackal, fox, porcupine, rodents and pheasant. There are no protected areas or endangered species in the project study area.

The project road is located in the Valley famous as the best agricultural area in the country. Its land is very suitable for cultivation of wheat, maize, sugar cane, rice, tobacco and a variety of vegetables. Hence Agriculture is the main source of income.

Jirga system is still the most dependable social unit. Almost 100 percent population is Muslims. Women form a less favored section of the society. Child labor is also common.

Analysis of alternatives has shown that project as proposed in feasibility i.e. dualization with suitable readjustments where necessary, is the best option among all. Logistically, the best option is to locate all facilities of the contractor on the State land. Best alternative from labor point of view is an admixture of 100 percent unskilled local labor, 50 percent of semiskilled local labor and free choice of technical workers.

The stakeholder consultations have been carried out by meeting stakeholders to obtain an overall feedback about the project and its potential impacts. Consultations have also been carried out through elderly village leaders and also with the general public of the project area.

The present IEE has shown the possibility of mitigation of all adverse impacts. It is seen that impacts due to construction are likely to be related to contractor’s work practices, cooperation between contractor and local communities, inclusion of IEE instructions in the project management and a good Social Framework Agreement (SFA). Also, potentially negative impacts are mostly short term, moderate and reversible in nature, which can be easily addressed with the help of appropriately designed and effectively implementation of the mitigation measures proposed in this report.

A comprehensive EMP has been prepared accompanied by an effective Environment Management & Monitoring Plan (EMMP) supported by an institutional arrangement. The EMP and EMMP will be made an integral part of the tender, bid and contract documents. A system of contractor’s non–compliances / violations has been recommended and linked with contractor’s bill payment. The total cost of managing the environmental aspects has been estimated to be about Pak Rs.6.21 million.

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1. INTRODUCTION

This document presents the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of dualization of 42 km long Mardan – Swabi Road, which connects the two important districts of Mardan and Swabi of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province.

1.1. PROJECT OVERVIEW

Pakhtunkhwa Highways Authority (PKHA), the custodian of 2500 km long Provincial Highway Network, through Road Asset Management (RAM) study conducted in 2013, identified some 300km long candidate roads in the province to be rehabilitated under the ADB ASSISTED PROVINCIAL ROADS REHABILITATION PROJECT (PRRP). The Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa approved the Concept Paper of the scheme with the condition that the PkHA will carry out the detailed design from its own resources. The completion of this ambitious project will ensure reduction in the vehicle operating costs and travel time while adequate safety considerations will avert accidents and enhance road safety. Furthermore, rehabilitation of the proposed roads will contribute a lot in the economic growth and development of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Under the project, the 11 candidate roads with 305 km accumulative length were proposed to be rehabilitated and improved in different district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. However, two road sections (Haripur – Beer & Beer – Gandaf) with total length of 57 km were neglected due to less priority. Instead, Dualization of Mardan – Swabi Road was approved by The Project Steering Committee. Though, it has to be dealt as a separate project under Additional Financing.

The Project Road (a section of Provincial Highway S-1), has a staggering traffic count of 15,300 VPD. The traffic capacity analysis of existing road revealed that the present two lane provincial highway is insufficient for catering existing traffic flow and hence its expansion is inevitable to accommodate future stream of traffic due to rapid population growth coupled with economic, educational and commercial activities in the regional neighboring districts. Dualization of Mardan- Swabi road will not only improve the traffic flow but will also reduce number of accidents as both sides of the road are densely populated.

In addition to dualization, Mardan-Swabi road will also serve as a feeder road for vehicles going and coming from Mardan and Swabi to Swat valley through the Swat Expressway with interchange at Ismaila crossing the project road. The under construction Expressway forms part of an Economic Trade Corridor initiating from Kernal Sher Khan Interchange at M-1 Motorway and terminating at Chakdara at the junction of National Highways N-45 and N-95. Hence dualization to four-lane (2x2) road of 42km long Mardan-Swabi Road will be a significant step towards accomplishing far reaching results in improving the livelihood of people of the area. The proposed project will be completed in about three years at a total cost of Rs. 8.0 Billion. For design, execution and maintenance, the project has been assigned to

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Pakhtunkhwa Highways Authority (PKHA), who as their Consultants has engaged JV of M/s Creative Engineering Consultants & H&B Consulting Engineers International.

1.2. BASIC FEATURES OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT

The dualization of Mardan-Swabi Road project has the following major features:

• Dualization of 42 km section of Provincial Highway with 4 lanes (2x2) • 12 No. Major Structures (Bridges) • 2.0 million population served • Estimated Cost, Rs. 8.0 Billion

1.3. THE STUDY OBJECTIVES

The ultimate objective of the study is to make the project environmentally sustainable and socially acceptable. The specific objectives of this study can be identified as follows:

• To carryout environmental and social assessment supporting administrative and legal framework of the proposed highway. • To identify the potential environmental issues pertaining to the proposed highway. • To evaluate the project’s social acceptance and environmental soundness. • To collect the baseline data on physical biological and socio–economic conditions of the project area. • To identify preventive / remedial measures of the potential environmental impacts. • To propose institutional responsibilities and methods of monitoring for preventive / remedial measures. • To develop a well-resourced environmental management and monitoring plan to identify preventive strategies targeted towards avoidance, minimization and rehabilitation of the impacts.

1.4. LOCATION OF THE PROJECT

The project site is at Mardan towards Swabi criss-crossing two main districts Swabi and Mardan.

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Figure - 1.1: Project Location Map

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1.5. STUDY METHODOLOGY

As part of IEE Study, primary and secondary data were collected through field surveys, public consultations and library research. Consulted were the PKHA Sources, Meteorological Department, Soil Survey of Pakistan, Integrated Environment Laboratory, Statistical Survey of Pakistan, Departments of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries and Communication and Works Department of GoKP. Major data which became available from these sources were land use, soil and physiographic data, traffic and noise level, surface and ground water quality, and biodiversity. Above all the data on social and economic factors prevailing in Mardan and Swabi in general and in the project area in particular were obtained from Pakistan Statistical Year Book, District Gazetteer and Economic Survey of Pakistan.

For information on any resettlement issues, a separate standalone study will be carried out during which for social data of nearby communities, a structured survey was conducted. For Rapid Rural Survey of the area another questionnaire was used.

1.6. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCESS

The methodology adopted to carry out the IEE Study of the proposed project was as follows:

• Orientation • Planning for Data Collection • Analysis of Maps • Literature Review • Desk Top Research • Site Reconnaissance • Public Consultations • Field Studies • Laboratory Analysis • Evaluation of Impacts and their analysis • Categorization of impacts based on their potential environmental significance and prescription of preventive / mitigation measures

In addition to the evaluation and review of the available records, detailed discussions were held with the concerned members of the project management as well as other project stakeholders. Notes and proposals for measures to be taken to mitigate and compensate for any determined / detrimental environmental impacts are contained in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) as well as a Monitoring Plan, including all

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parameters that need to be measured and the frequency of monitoring. A comprehensive qualitative and quantitative methodology was adopted to conduct this study inter–alia in due compliance with the IEE requirements. The study included collection of both primary and secondary data regarding environmental status and other relevant factors. This IEE report has been accomplished after carrying out thorough visit to the proposed site and detailed investigation to identify the following environmental areas of concern:

• To achieve the desired environmental compliance standards; as per Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) of Asian Development Bank and KP EPA as national requirements; as applicable to the project. • Plans and activities to prevent / mitigate any potential impacts and the gaps that could probably remain after implementation. • Any other points / steps to be taken which could be beneficial to mitigate environmental adverse impacts that may accrue both during construction and regular operation of the project.

The methodology for environmental assessment is given in Table - 1.1.

Table - 1.1: Environmental and Social Assessment Process

Phase Activities Status Responsibility Reconnaissance Carried out during Project and initial site visit the present IEE Management (PM) and consultations, Consultants identification of environmental and Screening and social issues & Scoping applicable safeguard policy, categorization and working out an action plan. Identification of potential environmental and social impacts During the present Impact Assessment through site visits, PM Consultants IEE stakeholders consultations, review of drawings, alternatives etc The significant Impact potential impacts During the present PM Consultants categorization were tabulated and IEE mitigation /

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Phase Activities Status Responsibility preventive measures were prescribed PM Consultants Consultation Carried out / EMP prepared as part Preparation Draft EMP of the present IEE

Final version of Included in the Final EMP PM Consultants EMP produced present IEE.

1.7. FIELD SURVEYS

A well trained team including environmentalist, sociologist, and ecologist carried out field survey. They undertook two–fold consultation / survey program.

Phase – I: This phase comprised of the meetings and discussions with the officials. These meetings facilitated achieving multiple and diverse objectives such as:

• Evaluation the site suitability in view of social acceptance and environmental soundness. • Providing maximum information to stakeholders about the significant environmental impacts and the implication of the proposed project. • Confirmation of the suitability of initial list of communities selected for consultation.

Phase – II: This phase involved the discussion with the local communities in the project area of influence. The program included both community discussion and discussion with women only by women organization.

1.8. WOMEN CONSULTATIONS

The rural society in project area is highly conservative where direct access to women for social surveys, even with a female sociologist, is not possible. The community elders and aged women in selected localities hesitated to get their names recorded during the women consultation process which was carried out according to “Gender Issue Study”, commissioned by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considered to be an essential part of project preparation. Accordingly, several meetings were held with women in different parts of the project, through village elders and women teachers.

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1.9. TYPE AND CATEGORY OF THE PROJECT

The proposed project envisages the dualization of 42 km long Mardan – Swabi Road.

1.9.1. Category as Per ADB Safeguard Policy

The Asian Development Bank’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 requires that environmental considerations be incorporated into ADB’s funded project to ensure that the project will have minimal environmental impacts and be environmentally sound. As the proposed project doesn’t fall in any environmentally sensitive area, most of the impacts are short term and reversible, therefore, as per ADB categorization the proposed project categorized in ‘category B’.

1.9.2. Category as Per KP-EPA Regulation (Regulations 2000)

In accordance with the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency, Review of Initial Environmental Examination and Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 2000, SRO # 339 (1)/2000, the project for road falls in Schedule –I, based on the reconstruction and widening of road for which Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report is required for Environmental Approval.

Therefore, to fulfill the legal requirements of the Section-13 of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act, 2014, the client is required to submit the IEE report in the Environmental Protection Agency, Government of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar to obtain the required Environmental Approval (EA).

1.10. THE REPORT STRUCTURE

This IEE document is structured as follow:

Section – 1: Introduction: Contains general information about the project and process of carrying out the study.

Section – 2: Environmental Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework: Briefly discusses international environmental policy of ADB, existing national policy and resulting legislation for sustainable development and environmental protection, and then presents the legislative requirements of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act, 2014.

Section – 3: Project Description: Describes the proposed project including any offsite investments that may be required.

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Section –4: Description of the Environment: Describes the project area’s existing physical, biological, and socioeconomic condition, including geomorphology and soils, water resources, and air quality, flora and fauna, and demography.

Chapter – 5: Comparative Evaluation of Alternatives: presents the project alternatives that were considered, and the reasons for their acceptance or rejection.

Section – 6: Evaluation of Impacts & Mitigation Measures: Presents an assessment of the project’s impact and their required mitigation measures to the physical, biological, and socioeconomic environment.

Section – 7: Environmental Management Plan, Environmental Mitigation Measures and Monitoring Plan: Contains comprehensive prescriptions regarding environmental impacts and their mitigation measures. This also includes institutional arrangements and Environmental Management & Monitoring Plan.

Section – 8: Stakeholders Consultations: Record of consultation meetings, for obtaining the views of the affected people, local non-governmental organizations and regulatory agencies.

Chapter – 9: Conclusion and Recommendation: Concludes the IEE report with some practical recommendations.

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2. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

2.1. GENERAL

This section provides an overview of the international policy framework and national legislation that applies to the proposed project. The project is expected to comply with all national legislation relating to the environment in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and to obtain all the regulatory clearances required.

2.2. NATIONAL POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK

The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (NCS) that was approved by the federal cabinet in March 1992 is the principal policy document on environmental issues in the country (EUAD/IUCN, 1992). The NCS outlines the country's primary approach towards encouraging sustainable development, conserving natural resources, and improving efficiency in the use and management of resources. The NCS has 68 specific programs in 14 core areas in which policy intervention is considered crucial for the preservation of Pakistan's natural and physical environment. The core areas that are relevant in the context of the proposed project are pollution prevention and abatement and increasing energy efficiency while conserving biodiversity.

Prior to the adoption of the 18th Constitutional Amendment, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) 1997 was the governing law for environmental conservation in the country. Under PEPA 1997, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) and Pak EPA were primarily responsible for administering PEPA 1997. Post the adoption of the 18th Constitutional Amendment in 2011, the subject of environment was devolved and the provinces have been empowered for environmental protection and conservation. Subsequently, the government amended PEPA 1997 as Punjab Environmental Protection (Amendment) Act 2012, and Punjab EPA (PEPA) is responsible for ensuring the implementation of provisions of the Act in Punjab’s territorial jurisdiction. PEPA is also required to ensure compliance with the NEQS and establish monitoring and evaluation systems.

2.3. REGULATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT, PAKISTAN EPA

Under Section 12 (and subsequent amendment) of the PEPA (1997), a project falling under any category specified in Schedule I of the IEE/EIA Regulations, SRO-339 (I0/2000), requires the proponent of the project to file an IEE with the concerned provincial EPA. Projects falling under any category specified in Schedule II require the proponent to file an EIA with the provincial agency, which is responsible for its review and accordance of approval or request any additional information deemed necessary.

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2.4. REGULATORY CLEARANCES, KPK EPA

In accordance with provincial regulatory requirements, an IEE/EIA satisfying the requirements of the KPK Environmental Protection Act (2014) is to be submitted to KP Environmental Protection Agency (KP-EPA) for review and approval, and subsequent issuance of NOC before the commencement of construction.

2.5. GUIDELINES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT, PAKISTAN EPA

The Pak-EPA has published a set of environmental guidelines for conducting environmental assessments and the environmental management of different types of development projects. The guidelines that are relevant to the proposed project are listed below:

• Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental Reports, Pakistan, EPA 1997; • Guidelines for Public Consultations; Pakistan EPA May 1997;

2.6. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS (NEQS) 2000

The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), 2000, specify the following standards:

• Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (32 parameters) in municipal and liquid industrial effluents discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment facilities, and the sea (three separate sets of numbers); • Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (16 parameters) in gaseous emissions from industrial sources; • Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (two parameters) in gaseous emissions from vehicle exhaust and noise emission from vehicles; • Maximum allowable noise levels from vehicles;

These standards apply to the gaseous emissions and liquid effluents discharged by batching plants, campsites and construction machinery. The standards for vehicles will apply during the construction as well as operation phase of the project. Standards for ambient air quality have also been prescribed.

2.7. ADB’s SAFEGUARD POLICY STATEMENT (SPS), 2009

The Asian Development Bank’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 requires that environmental considerations be incorporated into ADB’s funded project to ensure that the project will have minimal environmental impacts and be environmentally sound. Occupational health & safety of the local population should also be addressed as well as the project workers as stated in SPS. A Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) to

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receive application and facilitate resolution of affected peoples’ concerns, complaints, and grievances about the project’s environmental performance is also established in this assessment report. All loans and investments are subject to categorization to determine environmental assessment requirements. Categorization is to be undertaken using Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklists, consisting of questions relating to (i) the sensitivity and vulnerability of environmental resources in project area, and (ii) the potential for the project to cause significant adverse environmental impacts. Projects are classified into one of the following environmental categories:

a. Category A: A proposed project is classified as category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area lager than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is required. b. Category B: A proposed project is classified as category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts are less adverse than those of category A projects. These impacts are site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for category A projects. An initial environmental examination (IEE) is required. c. Category C: A proposed project is classified as category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. No environmental assessment is required although environmental implications need to be reviewed. d. Category FI: A proposed project is classified as category FI if it involves investment of ADB funds to or through a financial intermediary (FI).

As a result of the completion of the REA checklist, provided as Annexure-A, the project has been classified as Category ‘‘B’’ and thus a detailed and comprehensive IEE study has been prepared including the EMP.

2.8. ADB’s PUBLIC COMMUNICATION POLICY 2011 (PCP 2011)

The PCP aims to enhance stakeholders’ trust in and ability to engage with ADB, and thereby increase the development impact of ADB operations. The policy promotes transparency, accountability, and participatory development. It establishes the disclosure requirements for documents ADB produces or requires to be produced.

2.9. ADB’s ACCOUNTABILITY MECHANISM POLICY 2012

The objectives of the Accountability Mechanism is providing an independent and effective forum for people adversely affected by ADB-assisted projects to voice their concerns and seek solutions to their problems and to request compliance review of the alleged noncompliance by ADB with its operational policies and procedures that may have caused or is likely to cause, them direct and material harm. The Accountability Mechanism a “last resort” mechanism.

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2.10. INTERACTION WITH OTHER AGENCIES

The Pakhtunkhwa Highway Authority (PkHA), GoKPK is responsible for ensuring that the project complies with the laws and regulations controlling the environmental concerns of the proposed road construction and operation and that all preconstruction requisites, such as permits and clearances are met. This section describes the nature of the relationship between the PkHA and concerned departments.

2.11. PROVINCIAL EPAS

PkHA will be responsible for providing the complete environmental documentation required by the KP-EPA and remain committed to the approved project design. No deviation is permitted during project implementation without prior and explicit permission of the KP-EPA.

2.12. PROVINCIAL DEPARTMENTS OF FORESTS AND WILDLIFE

Uprooting or clearing of trees is expected for the proposed project. However, any removed trees or vegetation under private ownership will be compensated as per provision that in case of disruption to vegetation or trees, the project contractor will be responsible for acquiring a 'No-Objection Certificate' (NOC) from the concerned forest department. The application for an NOC will need to be endorsed by the PkHA.

2.13. PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS

The PkHA and its contractors must ensure that the project meets the criteria of provincial/district governments as related to the establishment of construction camps and plants, and the safe disposal of wastewater, solid waste, and toxic materials. PkHA will coordinate and monitor environment related issues.

2.14. OTHER ENVIRONMENT RELATED LEGISLATIONS

Table - 2.1 provides a summary of other legislations, guidelines, conventions and corporate requirements.

Table - 2.1: Environmental Guidelines and Legislations

Legislation/Guideline Description NEP is the primary policy of Government of Pakistan addressing environmental issues. The broad Goal of NEP National Environmental Policy is, “to protect, conserve and restore Pakistan’s (2005) (NEP) environment in order to improve the quality of life of the citizens through sustainable development”. The NEP

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Legislation/Guideline Description identifies a set of sectoral and cross-sectoral guidelines to achieve its goal of sustainable development. It also suggests various policy instruments to overcome the environmental problems throughout the country. The Land Acquisition Act, 1894, is a “law for the acquisition of land needed for public purposes and for companies and for determining the amount of compensation to be paid on account of such acquisition”. The exercise of the power of acquisition has been limited to public purposes. The principles laid down for the determination of compensation, as clarified by judicial pronouncements made from time to time, reflect the anxiety of the law-giver to compensate those who have been deprived of property, adequately. In Land Acquisition Act, 1894 case any land acquisition does become necessary, the Including Later Amendments land needed for the construction of the project will be acquired under normal conditions based on prevailing market prices or negotiated prices between PkHA and owners of the land. Section 17(4) of the LAA will not be used in the absence of an emergency. Instead, the land will be purchased under willing-seller willing-buyer deal at agreed upon market rates and the seller will have the option not to sell the land, in case an acceptable deal for both the parties is not reached. The Act empowers the provincial forest departments to declare any forest area as reserved or protected. It empowers the provincial forest departments to prohibit the clearing of forest for cultivation, grazing, hunting, removing The Forest Act (1927) forest produce, quarrying and felling, lopping and topping of trees, branches in reserved and protected forests. The proposed project is urban in nature and thus no protected forest is situated in the Project area.

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Legislation/Guideline Description It empowers the government to declare certain areas reserved for the protection of wildlife and control activities Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Wildlife within these areas. It also provides protection to and Biodiversity Act, 2015 endangered species of wildlife. As no activities are planned in these areas, no provision of this law is applicable to the proposed project. It ensures the protection, preservation, development and maintenance of antiquities in the province of KPK. The Act defines “antiquities” as ancient products of human activity, historical sites, or sites of anthropological or cultural interest, national monuments, etc. The Act is designed to protect these antiquities from destruction, theft, negligence, unlawful excavation, trade, and export. The law prohibits new construction in the proximity of a The KPK Antiquities Act (2016) protected antiquity and empowers the GoKPK to prohibit excavation in any area that may contain articles of archaeological significance. Under the Act, the subproject proponents are obligated to ensure that no activity is undertaken in the proximity of a protected antiquity, report to the Department of Archaeology, GoKPK, any archaeological discovery made during the course of the project. It authorizes fines, imprisonment or both for voluntary Pakistan Penal Code (1860) corruption or fouling of public springs or reservoirs so as to make them less fit for ordinary use.

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND CONSERVATION STRATEGIES

Before the approval of NEP, the National Conservation Strategy (NCS) was considered as the Government’s National Conservation primary policy document on national environmental issues. Strategy At the moment, this strategy just exists as a national conservation program. The NCS identifies 14 core areas including conservation of biodiversity, pollution prevention

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Legislation/Guideline Description and abatement, soil and water conservation and preservation of cultural heritage and recommends immediate attention to these core areas. The plan recognizes IEE/EIA as an effective tool for Biodiversity Action Plan identifying and assessing the effects of a proposed operation on biodiversity. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS The Convention requires countries to take action to avoid endangering migratory species. The term "migratory species" refers to the species of wild animals, a significant proportion of whose members cyclically and predictably The Convention on cross one or more national jurisdictional boundaries. The Conservation of Migratory parties are also required to promote or cooperate with Species of Wild Animals other countries in matters of research on migratory (1981.21) species. The proposed project is being developed in a completely urban landscape and thus there are no endangered species of plant life or animal life in the vicinity of the Project. The convention requires Pakistan to impose strict Convention on International regulation (including penalization, confiscation of the Trade in Endangered Species specimen) regarding trade of all species threatened with of Wild Fauna and Flora (1973) extinction or that may become so, in order not to endanger their survival further. International Union for Lists wildlife species experiencing various levels of threats Conservation of Nature and internationally. Some of the species indicated in the IUCN Natural Resources Red List red list are also present in the wetlands of Pakistan. (2000) INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 provides ADB’s Safeguard Policy guidelines for environmental assessments of development Statement (SPS), 2009 projects. These guidelines help prospective projects identify impacts they will have on various environmental

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Legislation/Guideline Description receptors. The guidelines call for carrying out EIAs or IEEs of projects based on severity of their impacts.

2.15. COMPARISON OF INTERNATIONAL AND LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIONS

The ADB SPS requires application of pollution prevention and control technologies and practices consistent with international good practice, as reflected in internationally recognized standards. The SPS states that when host country regulations differ from these standards, the EA will achieve whichever is more stringent.

A comparison of applicable local and international guidelines for ambient air quality has been provided in Table - 2.3 below. In the case of most pollutants, the NEQS standards for ambient air quality are more stringent in comparison to USEPA and WHO/IFC standards.

Similar to the standards for air quality, the comparison of noise standards provided in Table - 2.4 clearly shows that NEQS standards for noise are more stringent in comparison to the WHO/IFC standards. The only exception is the daytime noise level standard for Industrial areas where the World Bank/IFC standard is more stringent (70 dB (A)) in comparison to NEQS (75 dB (A)) and so for this particular parameter, the WHO/IFC standard will be used. Apart from this one exception, the NEQS standards have been used for the proposed road construction project.

As far as regulations regarding other environmental parameters are concerned such as acceptable effluent disposal parameters, the local regulations i.e. NEQS take precedence over any other international regulations such as WHO/IFC.

2.16. IMPLICATIONS OF NATIONAL POLICIES AND REGULATIONS ON PROPOSED PROJECT

The Pak-EPA formulated regulations in 2000 for ‘Review of IEE and EIA’ which categorize development projects under three schedules-Schedules I, II and III. Projects are classified on the basis of expected degree and magnitude of environmental impacts and the level of environmental assessment required is determined from the schedule under which the project is categorized.

The projects listed in Schedule-I include those where the range of environmental issues is comparatively narrow and the issues can be understood and managed through less extensive analysis. Schedule-I projects require an IEE to be conducted, rather than a full-fledged EIA, provided that the project is not located in an environmentally sensitive area. The proposed road project has been categorized as Schedule I and requires an IEE.

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The projects listed in Schedule-II are generally major projects and have the potential to affect a large number of people in addition to significant adverse environmental impacts. The impacts of projects included in Schedule-II may be irreversible and could lead to significant changes in land use and the social, physical and biological environments.

PkHA, being the Executing Agency for the Project is responsible for management of project impacts, and has to undertake the commitments and mitigation measures proposed in this environmental report and in the subsequent review and approval conditions.

According to the regulations, no construction, preliminary or otherwise, relating to the project shall be undertaken until and unless approval of the Environmental Impact Assessment Report has been issued by the KP EPA.

The PkHA will submit the IEE Report on a prescribed application along with the processing fee to KP EPA. After submission of the IEE report the project shall be defended in the KP EPA. The assessment will be completed within a period of forty five (45) days from receipt of the complete documents, and earlier than this wherever practicable.

2.17. IMPLICATIONS OF ADB POLICIES ON PROPOSED PROJECT

The objectives of ADB’s safeguards are to:

• avoid adverse impacts of projects on the environment and affected people, where possible; • minimize, mitigate, and/or compensate for adverse project impacts on the environment and affected people when avoidance is not possible; and • help borrowers/clients to strengthen their safeguard systems. ADB’s SPS sets out the policy objectives, scope and triggers, and principles for three key safeguard areas: • environmental safeguards, • involuntary resettlement safeguards, and • Indigenous Peoples safeguards.

The objective of the environmental safeguards is to ensure the environmental soundness and sustainability of projects and to support the integration of environmental considerations into the project decision-making process. ADB’s policy principles are summarized in Table - 2.2 below.

Table - 2.2: ADB Policy Principles

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Policy principle Summary Screening and Screening process initiated early to determine the appropriate 1. categorization extent and type of environmental assessment. Environmental Conduct an environmental assessment to identify potential impacts 2. assessment and risks in the context of the project’s area of influence. Examine alternatives to the project’s location, design, technology, 3. Alternatives and components and their potential environmental and social impacts, including no project alternative. Avoid, and where avoidance is not possible, minimize, mitigate, 4. Impact mitigation and/or offset adverse impacts and enhance positive impacts. Prepare an environmental management plan (EMP). Carry out meaningful consultation with affected people and facilitate their informed participation. Involve stakeholders early in the project preparation process and Public 5. ensure that their views and concerns are made known to and consultations understood by decision makers and taken into account. Continue consultations with stakeholders throughout project implementation. Establish a grievance redress mechanism. Disclose a draft environmental assessment in a timely manner, in Disclosure of an accessible place and in a form and language(s) understandable 6. environmental to stakeholders. Disclose the final environmental assessment to assessment stakeholders. Environmental Implement the EMP and monitor its effectiveness. Document 7. management plan monitoring results, and disclose monitoring reports. 8. Biodiversity Do not implement project activities in areas of critical habitats. Apply pollution prevention and control technologies and practices consistent with international good practices. Adopt cleaner production processes and good energy efficiency practices. Avoid Pollution 9. pollution, or, when avoidance is not possible, minimize or control prevention the intensity or load of pollutant emissions and discharges. Avoid the use of hazardous materials subject to international bans or phase outs.

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Policy principle Summary Provide workers with safe and healthy working conditions and Occupational prevent accidents, injuries, and disease. Establish preventive and 10. health and safety. emergency preparedness and response measures to avoid, and Community safety. where avoidance is not possible, to minimize, adverse impacts and risks to the health and safety of local communities Physical cultural Conserve physical cultural resources and avoid destroying or 11. resources damaging them. Provide for the use of “chance find” procedures.

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Table - 2.3: Comparison of International and local Air Quality Standards

USEPA WHO/IFC Pak. NEQS Pollution Avg. Avg. Time Standards Standards Avg. Time Standards Time 3 hrs 0.5 ppm 24 hr 20 ug/m3 Annual Mean 80 ug/m3

SO2 1 hr 75 ppb 10 mins 500 ug/m3 24 hrs 120 ug/m3 9 ppm 8 hrs 8 hrs 5 mg/m3 (11 mg/m3)

CO - -

35 ppm 1 hr 1 hr 10 mg/m3 (43 mg/m3) Annual 100 ug/m3 1yr 40 ug/m3 40 ug/m3 Annual Mean Mean (53 ppb) NO2

24 hrs 1 hr 100 ppb 1 hr 200 ug/m3 80 ug/m3 0.07 ppm 3 3 O3 8 hrs (148 8 hrs 100 ug/m 1 hr 130 ug/m ug/m3) 360 ug/m3 Annual Mean TSP - - - - 24 hrs 500 ug/m3 1 yr 20 ug/m3 120 ug/m3 Annual Mean 3 PM10 24 hrs 150 ug/m 24 hrs 24 hr 50 ug/m3 150 ug/m3 Annual 15 ug/m3 Annual 15 ug/m3 1 yr 10 ug/m3 Average Mean PM2.5 24 hrs 35 ug/m3 24 hrs 35 ug/m3 24 hrs 25 ug/m3 1hr 15 ug/m3

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Table - 2.4: Comparison of International and Local Noise Standards

Limit in dB(A) Leq Category of NEQS WHO/IFC Area/Zone Day Time Night Time Day Time Night Time Residential area 55 45 55 45 (A) Commercial 65 55 70 70 area (B) Industrial area 75 65 70 70 (C) Silence zone (D) 50 45 55 45

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3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

3.1. TYPE OF PROJECT

3.1.1. Location

Dualization of Mardan – Swabi Road was approved by The Project Steering Committee under the Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project. Though, it has to be dealt as a separate project under Additional Financing.

The staggering traffic count of 15,300 VPD, the insufficiency of the present two lane existing road for catering current traffic capacity and inability to accommodate future stream of traffic due to rapid population growth coupled with economic, educational and commercial activities in the regional neighboring districts led to the decision of Dualization of Mardan-Swabi road. It will not only improve the traffic flow but will also reduce number of accidents as both sides of the road are densely populated. In addition to dualization, Mardan-Swabi road will also serve as a feeder road for vehicles going and coming from Mardan and Swabi to Swat valley through the Swat Expressway with interchange at Ismaila crossing the Project Road. The under construction Expressway forms part of an Economic Trade Corridor initiating from Kernal Sher Khan Interchange at M-1 Motorway and terminating at Chakdara at the junction of National Highways N-45 and N-95. Hence dualization to four-lane (2x2) road of 42 km long Mardan – Swabi Road will be a significant step towards accomplishing far reaching results in improving the livelihood of people of the area.

NHA estimates that road traffic on the dualized road will increase by an average of 11.45% annually over the 22 year lifecycle of the project. The tables below illustrates the predicted traffic volume increases based on the most recent traffic counts for distance weighted average of 4 counts made at Shahband Baba, Shahbaz Gari, Yar Hussain, and Gohati, and traffic count in 2018 (ADT).

Forecast ADT, 2018–2040 With and Without Project Scenario

With Project Without Project Section 2018 2030 2040 2018 2030 2040 Normal traffic 15,292 23,198 33,485 15,292 23,198 33,485 Generated traffic 0 2,320 3,349 0 0 0 (10%) Diverted traffic 0 1.160 1,674 0 0 0 (5%) Total 15,292 26,678 38,508 15,292 23,198 33,485 Source: ADB consultant estimates.

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The proposed project will be completed in about three years at a total cost of Rs. 8.0 billion.

• Alignment: Existing • Project Length: 42 km • No of Lanes: 4 (Four) • Shoulder Width: Outer-3m & Inner-1m • Construction Period: 3 Years • Tentative Cost: PKR. 8,000 million

3.1.2. Drainage Structures

Key structures included in the project are given in Table - 3.1.

Table 3.1: Key Project Features / Structures

Feature / Structure Number / Length (m) Bridges 12 Culverts TBF Covered Side Drain In urban and town centers Foot Path -do- 3.1.3. Scope of Work

The scope of work under the construction of proposed roads is as below:

• Dualization of Mardan – Swabi Road (42 Km). • 12 bridges • A retaining wall for embankment heights greater than 3 m to check the erosion of embankment by the rains or failure of the slopes due to scouring or otherwise. • A guard rail for embankment heights greater than 3 m. • Road furniture and signage.

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3.1.4. Design Criteria

Design Criteria for horizontal and vertical alignment of project is given in the Table - 3.2.

Table - 3.1.42: Design Criteria

Design Parameter Unit Plain / Hilly Design Speed km/h 80 Width of Carriage Way m 2 x 7.30 Outer Shoulder Width m 2 x (2.0 / 1.5) Inner Shoulder Width m 2 x (1.0 / 1.0) Cross–slope Carriageway % 2 / 2 Cross–slope Shoulders % 4 / 4

The typical cross sections of project roads for built up area and rural area are given in Figures - 3.1, 3.2 & 3.3.

3.1.5. Works and Materials

Estimated quantum of work involved in project is given in Table - 3.3

Table - 3.1.53: Estimated Work

Items Length / Height / No. Road Length (km) 42 Average Embankment Height (m) TBF Culverts (No) TBF

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Figure - 3.1: Typical Cross Section with New Jersey Barrier (km 10+00-km 19+500)

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Figure - 3.2: Typical Cross Section with New Jersey Barrier (km 3+00-km 10+00 & 23+000-km 29+000)

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Figure - 3.3: Typical Cross Section with New Jersey Barrier (km 0+000-km 3+000 & 19+500-km 23+000 & km 29+000-km 42+000)

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3.1.6. Raw Material Availability

Sources of different raw materials required for construction are given in the Table - 3.4.

Table - 3.1.64: Construction Material Availability & Quantity

Raw Material Availability Borrow material Along the Road

Stones for retaining walls and rip rap. Jamal Garhi, Risalpur Quarry, Maneri,

Stone for sub-base, aggregate base Margala, Jamal Garhi, Risalpur course, asphalt courses Quarry, Maneri

Bitumen Refineries in Karachi or Rawalpindi

Brick Peshawar, Hattar

Sand Risalpur, Nizampur, Jhari Kas

Water for compaction and sprinkling. Various Canals

Reinforcement Steel Canals, Water Courses

G.I. Pipes Nearby Markets

Cement Nearby Markets

3.1.7. Machinery to be used

The machinery likely to be use in the project are graders, batching plants, asphalt mixing plants and others as given in Table - 3.5.

Table - 3.1.75: Machinery Requirement

Machinery Quantity Graders 4-6 Tractors 8-10 Vibratory Rollers 3-5 Asphalt Mixing Plants 1 Stone Crushers 1 Batching Plants 2 Water Bowser/Sprinklers 3-4 Oil Tankers 2 Haulage Trucks 6-10 Excavators / Loaders 3-5

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Machinery Quantity Small Vehicles 10-12 Dozers 2-3 Asphalt Plant 1

3.1.8. Construction Schedule

The total construction time is estimated about twenty five months.

3.1.9. Construction Logistics and Sources

The contractor will be contractually bound to maximize employment of the local people. The Table - 3.6 gives an estimated requirement for the work force subject to the availability from the local area.

Table - 3.1.96: Distribution of Labor

Type of Labor Local Non–local Skilled 70 30 Semiskilled 80 20 Unskilled 100 0

The daily wage rates are fixed by the local commissioner and the same will be paid in previous segments of the road. Due to dualization of the existing highway, the work access will be easy. The machinery and equipment will be accommodated in the open yard. The yard will have enough storage and haulage space with ample moving and working space. The yard will be walled and provided with sufficient security staff. The contactor will establish a workshop for repair of vehicles and other similar machinery. A first aid facility will be setup by the contractor at the work site assisted by a doctor working on a part time basis.

3.2. ESTIMATED PROJECT COST

The estimated cost of the present project is Rs. 8,000 million.

3.3. CONSTRUCTION LOGISTICS

3.3.1. Work Base

Since all are linear work, the ideal would be to set up the work base at Ismailia which make the center of the project site.

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3.3.2. Labor Camps

Although a majority of the labor force will come from local sources, they will get picked up and dropped by contractor transport. Some unskilled, most semiskilled and skilled workers may have to be brought in by contractor from far off towns who will live in camps. Being located near the work base, the camps will make the work access easy to the camp dwellers. Like camp, the work base can also be 500 m away from the nearest habitation.

3.3.3. Machinery Maintenance and Equipment Yards

Near the work base a machinery and equipment yard will be provided. The yard will have enough storage and haulage space with ample moving and working space. The yard will be walled and will have a gate provided with ample security staff.

3.3.4. Material Depots

Near the work base a material depot will be required for storing construction material. It will have temporary sheds for storing cement, steel and asphalt and open space for storing stones, shingles and bricks. The material depots will be walled and gate will be provided with ample security. A store keeper will keep account of incoming and outgoing material.

3.3.5. Machinery Repair Workshops & Asphalt Plant

With a large number of vehicles and other similar machinery a repair workshop is essential. The contactor may establish his own workshop. The asphalt plant shall be at least 1.5 Km away from the any population or dwellings. It is anticipated that the contractor will use the same asphalt plant as being use for the Swat Expressway.

3.3.6. Security Arrangements

Given the prevailing condition, security staff is necessary. Enough security will be required at Work Base, Labor Camp, Material Store, Equipment Yards and location of the work in progress on the work site. Coordination will be necessary with nearby law enforcing agencies.

3.3.7. Healthcare

With a large number of labor and employees working in the project of road construction, small accidents are expected to take place on all construction sites. A dispensary will be set by the contractor. For major cases the patients will be shifted to the District Hospital under a pre-coordinated arrangement.

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3.3.8. Labor Reporting Office

Along the road and in work bases special areas will be marked where the labor can gather at the time of pick and drop, emergency or briefing and places will be clearly marked and kept open and clean and as per requirement equipped with public address system.

3.3.9. Labor Transport

Almost all of the unskilled labor will be employed from local sources. Contractor will provide vehicle(s), to pick and drop local labor every day. This will also keep the camps less pressurized and manageable.

3.3.10. Work Uniform and Health Safety Equipment

Road construction is a special job and the labor working on such work requires special protective uniforms and special HSE measures. It will be ensured that the labor engaged in breaking of stones, handling bricks, mixing concrete or mixing and laying asphalt will have long boots, overall dresses, goggles and safety hats. As an overall HSE measure anyone going into the construction area will also wear safety hat.

3.3.11. Signage

During construction suitable signboards and traffic signs will be displayed on construction site in particular and on the entire road length in general. This will help in forestalling any possible accidents.

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Figure - 3.4: Road Safety Signs

3.3.12. Lighting and Illumination

Suitable lighting arrangement will be made by the contractor over all work base, work sites, camp site, machinery yard and material depots. This can help the contractor for extended working hours as well as security. If PESCO electric supply is not available, electricity generators will have to be arranged on all spots where lighting is required.

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4. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

This Chapter describes the prevailing environmental conditions along the project road. In the following sections, the relevant Physical Resources, Ecological Resources, Economic Development and Social & Cultural Resources have been briefly discussed.

4.1. PHYSICAL RESOURCES

4.1.1. Climate and Air Quality

The province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa covers nearly six degrees of latitude from north to south and experiences diverse climate conditions. In the mountainous region in the north, summers are temperate and winters intensely cold. The project road lies in the Peshawar Valley where the climate is rather extreme. The summer season persists from May to September. May and June are extremely hot and dry months while July to September is the monsoon period. The months of July and August are hot and humid. The turn of the season comes in mid-September and up to mid-November it is cool and pleasant, though a bit dry and dusty. From December to mid-February it is cold. The spring comes somewhere around the middle of March which is undoubtedly the most pleasant period of the year.

Swabi's climate is classified as warm and temperate. In winter, there is much less rainfall in Swabi than in summer. This location is classified as Cwa by Köppen and Geiger. The average annual temperature is 22.2 °C in Swabi. About 639 mm of precipitation falls annually.

4.1.2. Precipitation

The average monthly amount of precipitation has been recorded at around 28 mm. Throughout the month you can expect to see rain or drizzle falling on 10 days of the month.

4.1.3. Wind

The average daily wind speed has been around 10 km/h, that’s the equivalent to about 6 mph, or 5 knots. In recent years the maximum sustained wind speed has reached 93 km/h, that’s the equivalent of around 58 mph, or 50 knots.

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Figure - 4.1: Climatic Graph of District Swabi

Figure - 4.2: Temperature Graph of District Swabi

The temperatures are highest on average in June, at around 32.9 °C. January has the lowest average temperature of the year. It is 10.2 °C.

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Table - 4.1: Swabi Climate Table / Historical Weather Data

January February March April May June July August September October November December

Avg. Temperature (°C) 10.2 12.7 17.5 22.7 28 32.9 31.8 30.4 28.4 23.4 16.9 11.7

Min. Temperature (°C) 2.8 6 10.6 15.3 20 24.9 25.7 24.8 21.9 15.1 8.3 3.8

Max. Temperature (°C) 17.7 19.4 24.4 30.1 36.1 41 38 36 35 31.7 25.5 19.7

Avg. Temperature (°F) 50.4 54.9 63.5 72.9 82.4 91.2 89.2 86.7 83.1 74.1 62.4 53.1

Min. Temperature (°F) 37.0 42.8 51.1 59.5 68.0 76.8 78.3 76.6 71.4 59.2 46.9 38.8

Max. Temperature (°F) 63.9 66.9 75.9 86.2 97.0 105.8 100.4 96.8 95.0 89.1 77.9 67.5

Precipitation / Rainfall (mm) 55 58 69 47 23 25 110 137 58 14 12 31

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The variation in the precipitation between the driest and wettest months is 125 mm. During the year, the average temperatures vary by 22.7 °C

4.1.4. Topography and Soils

It is a generally accepted theory that the valley of Peshawar formed originally the bed of a vast lake whose banks were formed by the surrounding hills and whose waters were fed by rivers which now flow through its formerly sub-aqueous bed. Supporting the theory, the valley of Peshawar is surrounded on all sides by hills, except to the east.

Mardan district may broadly be divided into two parts, north eastern hilly area and south western plain. The entire northern side of the district is bounded by the hills. In the district, the highest points in these hills are Pajja or Sakra, 2056 meters high and Garo or Pato, 1816 meters high. The south western half of the district is mostly composed of fertile plain with low hills strewn across it.

Like Mardan, The may also be divided into two parts, the northern hilly areas and the southern plain. The major part of these hills are in Gadoon area in the north-east. These are the continuation of the Mahaban hills. The other important hills are situated in north-western corner of the district. These are locally called as the Naranji hills. The height of these hills varies between 750 to 1400 metres above sea level. There are also a few other small isolated hills, the most important of which is located south of Swabi town. Other hills are in the south, along the border with , which are the part of Khattak hills, north of the River. From the foot of the hills, the plain runs down at first with a steep slope, and then gently to the lower levels, towards the . The lower southern half of the district has its slope towards the River Indus.

The project road takes off from the south-eastern corner of and enters Swabi District at its north-western tip and runs towards south-east of the district till it reaches the town of Swabi. Hence the road passes through flat terrain barely touching the tip of Karamar Hills.

4.1.5. Geology/Seismology

The Peshawar Valley's plain itself consists of fine alluvial deposits, the composition and depth of which varies in different localities and at different distances. In most parts of the plain the soil is light and porous, and contains sand to a depth of four to twenty feet. Below this the admixture is much less, or even entirely absent, its place being taken by clay, either soft or indurated, and often combined with beds of nodular limestone or kankar. This formation may extend to a depth of four to sixteen feet, and is succeeded by beds of gravel and sand of greater thickness.

The cultivation tracts consist of a rich, light and porous soil, composed of a pretty even mixture of clay and sand.

The arable soil of Swabi district have developed either from river alluvium or loess plains. Texture of river alluvium ranges from sandy loam to loamy sand, loam

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approaching clay loam. The soil of loess plains ranges in texture from silt loam to silty clay loam or silty clay.

A major earthquake shook Pakistan on Saturday, October 8, 2005, at 8:50 a.m. The epicentre of this magnitude 7.6 quake was at 34.45° N, 73.65° E about 65 miles north-northeast of Islamabad the country’s capital. At least 86,000 people were killed, more than 69,000 were injured, and extensive damage resulted in much of northern Pakistan in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) and neighbouring Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). Thousands were buried under the rubble. The heaviest damage occurred in the Muzaffar Abad area of Kashmir. More than three million people lost their homes.

Subsequent to the catastrophic earthquake, a seismic re-zoning was done. According to MOHW-PEC-NEPAK (2007), the project area for the road is situated in zone 2B with Peak Horizontal Ground Acceleration (PGA) in the range of 0.16 to 0.24g and is considered to be at ‘Moderate’ risk of a major earthquake event.

Map Showing Climatic Region of the Pakistan

4.1.6. Water Resources

Agriculture in Peshawar Valley is largely dependent on Canals. Moreover, tube well irrigation is also done in some areas. The irrigated land in the valley of

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Peshawar constitutes a large percentage as compared to other areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

In Mardan, generally stream flows from north to the south. Most of the streams drain into Kabul River. Kalpani, an important stream of the district rises in the Baizai and flowing southwards join Kabul River. Other important streams which join Kalpani are Baghiari Khawar on the west and Muqam Khawar, coming from Sudham valley and Naranji Khawar from the Naranji hills on the left.

The plain area of the Swabi District is intersected by numerous streams and many smaller ravines. The important stream is the Narranji Khawar, which flows from Narranji hills in a south-western direction joining the Kalapani stream in Mardan district. Another important stream is Badri Khawar which flows from the north close to Swabi town and joins the near village Hund. The Indus River flows along the southern boundary of the district.

The project road is crisscrossed by Muqqam Khwar near , Branches of Naranji Khwar near Yar Hussain and Kalu Khan and Badri Khwar near Swabi besides other nullahs and canals.

Water quality was assessed at four sites from drinking water and waste water sources (Appendix–B). Results for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were showing evidence of high concentration of the pollutants from grey water. The sample of drinking water showed evidence of Coliform contents indicating that the water is not suitable for drinking.

4.2. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

A detailed environmental monitoring for air, water, waste water and noise was conducted from the various points of the project site. The detail report is attached as Appendix-B of the IEE Report.

4.2.1. Water & Waste Water

A total of six drinking water and six waste water samples were collected along the length of the road. The sites are including Near Jawad Chowk Flyover, Bala Garhi, Near Ismailia, Near Aman Chowk, Shahbaz Garhi, Swabi Bazaar (See Figure 4.3 & 4.4). The drinking water analysis revealed that water is chemically stable in its characteristic while has biologically contaminated with Coliform and E-coli contents. The waste water characteristics revealed that the effluents have high concentration of COD and BOD5. For detail baseline monitoring of water and waste water analysis refer to Annexure B &D of the IEE Report.

4.2.2. Air

A total of six air samples were collected along the various sites of the road including Jawad Chowk Flyover, Bala Garhi, Near Ismailia, Near Aman Chowk, Shahbaz

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Garhi, Swabi Bazaar for ambient Particulate Matter and ambient gases (CO, NOx, SO2). The results indicated the currently ambient air is in compliance with the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) for ambient air (Annexure B&D).

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Figure 4.3: Map Showing Sampling Locations along the Road.

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4.2.3. Baseline Noise in the Project Area

Six noise levels samples were collected from the locations including Jawad Chowk Flyover, Bala Garhi, Near Ismailia, Aman Chowk, Shahbaz Garhi and Swabi Bazaar. The monitoring points were chosen to represent data from populated areas or selected sensitive receptors. The monitored data for noise levels reveled that high noise levels along these monitored points are due to traffic flow in the area for details refer to Annexure B&D.

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Figure 4.4: Map Showing Sampling Locations along the road.

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4.2.4. Hydrology of the area

The project area is channelled with various streams. The averaged flow rates of these channel are between of 0.02 cuces to 0.035 cuces while during the moon soon season the flow increases by 0.1 cuces. However, these flow does not causes the flooding in the area.

4.2.5. Sensitive Receptors

The sensitive receptors are the areas along the road project where the occupants are more susceptible to the adverse effects of project’s implementation activities. Extra care must be taken during the project construction and its regular operations in close proximity to areas recognized as sensitive receptors. The identified receptors are given in the following table and figures 4.5- 4.9.

Table - 4.2: List of Sensitive Receptors

No. Sensitive Receptor Chainage

1 Govt. Girls Degree College Km 000+300

2 Soor Jumat Mosque Km 000+700

3 Jamia Mosque Km 04+000

4 Samon’s Hospital Km 04+200

5 Govt. Girls Higher Secondary School Km 005+100

6 Kashmir abad Mosque Km 006+000

7 Tehaful Quran Mosque Km 007+600

8 Police Station and Madrassa Km 008+400

9 Post Office and Madrassa Km 014+600

10 Ismaila Hospital Km 018+800

11 Shoukat memorial College of Km 026+600 Engineering

12 TB Hospital Kalu Khan Km 027+200

13 Marwa Medical Complex Km 030+100

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No. Sensitive Receptor Chainage

14 Ceena Medical Centre Km 031+ 600

15 Masjid Usman Km 042+100

16 Swabi College of Education Km 046+100

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Figure - 4.5a: Sensitive Receptors

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Figure - 4.5b: Sensitive Receptors

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Figure - 4.5c: Sensitive Receptors

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Figure - 4.5d: Sensitive Receptors

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Figure - 4.5e: Sensitive Receptors

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4.3. ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES

The common trees are Mesquite, Ber, Acacia, Jhand, Mulberry (Tut), Sissu (Shiwa), Tarmarisk (Ghaz), Poplar (Supaidar) and Eucalyptus (Lachi). The common shrubs and grasses are spynda, akk, small red poppy, spera, camel thorn, paighambari gul, drab grass, eameithorl and pohli chaulai etc.

Important mammal species found in the vicinity of the project area are Valpus valpus (Fox), Carnis aureus (Jackal), Hystrix indica (Porcupine) and Sus scrofa (Wild boar). Also found Wild Cat, Wild Rabbit, Quai and Wild Pigeon.

Similar is the case of game animals. It is due to having use of firearms of all classes and absence of forests and shrubs. The only worth mentioning game is ducks that travel from Siberia to lakes in Sind where they spend their winters. While travelling, they always find the watercourses flowing from north to south.

The predominant tree species that can be seen stretching on both sides of the project road is Eucalyptus (Lachi). Other species include Zizyphus jujuba (Ber), Acacia (Kikar), Mulberry (Tut), Sissu (Shiwa) and Poplar (Supaidar).

4.4. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

4.4.1. Industry

Industrial activity in the Province is modest. According to Directorate of Industries, Commerce Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar, there are in all 466 industrial units in the two districts of Mardan and Swabi out of which 142 are closed. Hence running industrial units are 324 for the year 2014-2015.

4.4.2. Infrastructure

According to Pakistan Social & Living Standard Measurement Survey (PSLM) 2013- 14, 98% urban population and 75% rural population use safe drinking water resulting in 80% of the total population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa using safe drinking water against the national standards of 94%, 93% and 93% respectively. Similarly, 99% urban population, 78% rural population resulting in 82% total population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa use sanitary means of excreta disposal against the national standards of 99%, 74% and 83%.

Bustling commercial activities can be observed on both sides of the road e.g. markets, restaurants and hotels, filling pumps, banks, and workshops in addition to health and educational institutions and mosques.

World renowned tobacco companies have established their industrial units on the project road as the two districts are famous for growing the best quality Virginia Tobacco, for instance, Samson’s Tobacco (Re-drying) Factory near Shahbaz Grahi,

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Philip Moris Int'l (GLT) Plant and Philip Moris International Leaf Division in Ismaila, Pakistan Tobacco Company in Charbagh and Lakson Tobacco Co Ltd in Serai.

4.5. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES

The province is regarded as the western border of sub-continent, which has been a traditional route for invaders, merchants and travelers from Central Asia and Europe to the Indian peninsula, including Alexander The Great, Tamerlane, Babur and Ahmad Shah Abdali. It was the cradle of Buddhist Ghandara civilization in the 6th century BC.

A total of 85 monuments and archaeological sites in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province are under the protection of the Federal Government.

There are many artifacts and historical sites in the two districts but none of them are threatened by the construction activities as they are not located within the projects' zone of influence. Despite the fact, it is important that contractors are aware of the potential for finding historical remains and that they follow appropriate procedures.

No monuments of historical significance are located on or near the project road. Chanaka Dheri, a place of historical and archaeological significance is situated about 10 km away from Shahbaz Garhi an important town located on the project road. Hence the proposed dualization will pose no threat to Chanaka Dheri.

4.6. Population

The population of Swabi district, according to the 2017 census, is 1,624,616. The population of the district over the years is shown in the table below.

Table - 4.2: District Swabi Population

Census Population Rural Area Urban Area Year

1951 272,279 272,279 None

1961 332,543 307,862 24,681

1972 507,631 440,213 67,418

1981 625,035 566,734 58,301

1998 1,026,804 847,590 179,214

2017 1,624,616 N/A N/A

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5. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

The alternatives for the proposed project and their relative potential impacts on the environment were considered to evaluate the best project option. The following alternatives were considered for the project:

A. Road Alternatives . No project option / worst scenario option. . Altogether a new route . Dualization with improvement of curves where necessary. B. Logistic Sites . Siting of Contractor’s facilities e.g. labor camp site, and machinery yard on state land. . Siting the Contractor’s facilities on private lands. . Siting Contractor’s facilities at most appropriate site be in public land or private land. C. Labor Options . All labor local . All labor from outside. . An admixture of local and outside labor as per skill required.

Discussion on the analysis of all above alternatives are as follows:

5.1. ROAD ALTERNATIVES

5.1.1. No Project Option / Worst Scenario Option

Analysis

 Strengths and Opportunities If the project is not taken up at all then all the funds, efforts and inconvenience will be saved and these will become available for diversion to other projects. No land will be required and no disturbance will be caused to people through resettlement or land acquisition process. No disturbance will be caused to any physical, biological and social part of the environment. The people benefiting out of a status quo will continue benefiting.

 Weaknesses and Threats Not taking up the project would mean withholding the development of the entire

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area along the extended area of the project in whole of Districts Mardan and Swabi. This would also mean restricting the trade opportunities between areas connected by road. Existing road, due to neglect does not meet the international standards and by keeping it as such means declining to open the door of opportunity for better social uplift through education and poverty alleviation. Further the recurring cost of the maintenance of the existing road will be increased along with enhanced operational cost. The project would provide greater job prospects to people during construction as well as the operational phase. Not taking up the project would mean depriving the local people from a blessing of whole lot of new opportunities.

 Conclusion The “No project option” reveals the withholding of development activities in entire area, trade limitations and degradation of economic activities, therefore not recommended.

5.1.2. A New Route Altogether is Surveyed on another Site

Analysis

 Strengths and Opportunities In addition to the existing highway, another double lane road will become available. The capacity to handle inter–district traffic will enhance manifolds. The new alignment will also give an opportunity to modify and improve existing design of road as well as the drainage.

 Weaknesses and Threats A very expensive new exercise will be undertaken without a real necessity. The expected volume of current inter–districts as well as the interprovincial traffic is not adequate to provide justification for an altogether new double lane road somewhere else. By opening up a new area new physical, biological, environmental and social problems will arise which may not keep the new effort positively productive at this point in time. The new alignment may take the new double lane road close to or pass through any of the sensitive areas causing problems.

 Conclusion Because of prohibitive cost, high environmental impacts and social problems, this option of a new highway on an altogether new site is not recommendable.

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5.1.3. Project as Proposed with Dualization and Improvements where Necessary

Analysis

 Strengths and Opportunities As per well considered feasibility, the proposed project responds to the need of the time. Dualization induces traffic ability, safety, speed, efficiency and thus better trade on inter–district level. A dualized road will help in reducing the number of accidents and reduce the vehicle operating cost. All along the proposed project, during construction and after construction there will be ample job opportunities for local population. This will result in better education, health and social welfare opportunities. The project area will experience definite poverty alleviation. Dualization will also help to improve all sharp curves, widen congested points, and solve the problems associated with floods and waterlogging.

In the long run, the project is financially viable, socially acceptable, environmentally preventable, generally neutral and poverty alleviation. The reversible construction and social impacts during construction are manageable.

 Conclusion The opportunity of dualization of road from Mardan to Swabi is recommendable and it should be availed for larger benefit of all stakeholders.

5.2. LOGISTIC SITES

5.2.1. Sitting of Contractor’s Facilities on State Land

Analysis

 Strengths and Opportunities The contractor will get land free of cost for the camping site and the equipment and material yard. This cost will not be reflected in BOQ and this will reduce the overall cost of the contract and thus the project. There will be very little possibility of local disturbance or manipulation from local communities and the contractor will have a free hand to manage his labor and works.

The contractor will not be encouraged to hire private agricultural land and therefore productive agricultural land will be saved. The activities and logistics of the contractor will be under full control of the project management and any adverse environmental or social spill over to outside territories will be eliminated.

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 Weaknesses and Threats Best suitable sites of required size and descriptions may not be available within ROW and the standard. By refusing to contractor the option to go to adjacent private land, the management may be compromising with best site selection and other logistics and therefore overall efficiency of the execution of the contract. By way of leasing their land to contractor, communities may feel their participation in implementation of the project. For creating enough space for contractor at places, situation may arise where resettlement cases with heavy payment may arise.

 Conclusion In presence of adequate and encumbrance Free State land, the contractor may be given the option of using it for his labor camp, machinery yard and work bases. This is an acceptable option and is recommended.

5.2.2. Sitting of Contractor’s Facilities on Private Lands

Analysis

 Strengths and Opportunities The contractor will enjoy the freedom of choosing the best sites for his camps, machinery yards and work bases. By way of payment of base money to the land owner, his participation and ownership of the project will be achieved. No additional government land will have to be set aside for camping. No obligations will fall upon sponsor. No environmental challenge will come up at any stage.

 Weaknesses and Threats The contractor will be free to hire comparatively flat agricultural lands and will put productive land to non–productive use. The contractor will include the cost of leasing land in his BOQ included in the bid. This will increase the cost of the bids and thus project expenditure. Outside the direct control of the proponents, the contractor may indulge in unplanned environmental social or physical activities which may not be acceptable within the meanings of the project IEE.

 Conclusion In presence of adequate state land along the proposed highway taking the project to private land is not advisable. The weakness and threats of this proposal outweigh strengths and opportunities. The proposal of sitting contractor’s facilities on private lands is therefore not supported. If the contractor chooses to establish his facilities and labor camp on hired private land then PkHA will bear no responsibility for his costs and commitments.

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5.2.3. Sitting the Contractor’s Facilities at Appropriate Site, Be it Public Land or Private Land

Analysis

 Strengths and Opportunities The option will create an operationally adjustable opportunity wherein the best site will be chosen by the contractor. Of course, all sites will be approved by the Resident Engineer.

The contractor will not be bound to remain restricted to the sites proposed by the PkHA Engineer and can plan his operations according to his operational convenience and availability of facilities and services. Where enough state land is not available, and private land is available adjacently, the contractor can make necessary adjustments without changing the site.

 Weaknesses and Threats To the extent that the contractor moves out of state lands, establishment of camps, yards and facilities close to villages can cause social problems. Adverse effects may be caused on freedom of women to work in fields. Possibilities of spread of AIDS and other infectious diseases will get greater chances of spread.

 Conclusion After settling the contractor on state land, this is the 2nd best option. But for contractors activities on private lands, PkHA holds no responsibility for contractor’s cost and commitments.

5.3. LABOR

5.3.1. All Labor Local

Analysis

 Strengths and Opportunities All labor will be local and their employment will fulfill a major social requirement of the contract. Local economy will benefit and poverty alleviation will take place. The project will become socially acceptable. A big advantage of local labor will be that most of them will come from and go to their homes daily and there will be very little pressure on labor camps.

 Weaknesses and Threats

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Three types of labor will be required; unskilled, semiskilled and skilled. All types of labor cannot be available locally. So binding contractor to employ all labor locally can put limitation on contractor.

 Conclusion It is not possible to rely entirely on local labor for all trades. So this option is not acceptable. However, all unskilled labor openings must be given to locals.

5.3.2. All Labor from Outside

Analysis

 Strengths and Opportunities Labor from outside will be preselected and ergonomically sound. More efficient more dependable and well trained man power will be available. The labor will not be able to erect undue pressure on the contractor or the project. The outside labor will set model for untrained labor which may improve. Spending by outside labor will bring additional benefit, to local economy.

 Weaknesses and Threats Bringing outside labor will take away economic benefits of employment from the local communities and they will not develop a sense of ownership for the project. The project objective of poverty alleviation, social uplift and capacity building will be defeated. A social problem will be created.

 Conclusion In case the labor is brought from outside, the social losses will be much higher than the economic gains. However, the ergonomic limitations may necessitate bringing in a small percentage of outside manpower especially at skilled level. But as far as possible the local human resource will have to be preferred.

5.3.3. An Admixture of Local and Outside Labor as per Skill Required

Analysis

 Strengths and Opportunities Unskilled labor can be locally 100%. Semiskilled can be local as per their skill wise availability, may be up to 50% of the total. Most of the senior technicians and skilled workers will have to be brought from outside. This flexibility will be possible only under the option of admixture of labor.

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 Weaknesses and Threats Because of the presence of the outsiders there are likely to be social losses. Income of local communities will reduce.

Conclusion

From project implementation point of view, this option presents the best combination of local and outside labor. This option also presents an opportunity of transfer of skills from outside technicians to local workers.

5.4. CONCLUSION

In the light of above discussions in respect of other means of transportation like railway, air and navigation, it is concluded that construction of road rout is the only viable option from socioeconomic considerations. The project will be accommodating within the available COI at built up areas.

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6. SCREENING OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

6.1. INTRODUCTION

This section of the IEE describes in detail the project’s potential impacts and proposes mitigation measures to limit negative impacts identified. The first items discuss the types and phases of the impacts. The report then presents the impacts and mitigation in detail as follows:

 Physical Resources • Air quality & Climate Change • Topography • Soils • Hydrology • Geology & Seismicity  Ecological Resources • Flora • Fauna • Forests & Protected areas (if any)  Economic Development • Industries • Infrastructure & Transportation Facilities • Land use • Waste Management  Social and Cultural Resources • Population and communities • Health & Education • Socio-economic conditions • Physical and Cultural Resources • Noise

6.2. IMPACT PHASES

This impact assessment and mitigating measures cover the entire cycle of the project activities, from pre-construction to construction, operation and maintenance. The coverage of each of project phases is defined as follows:

• Design Phase, or the Pre-construction Phase • Construction Phase • Operation Phase

6.3. TYPES OF IMPACTS

The types of impacts that may arise during Project works can be classified as follows:

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• Direct Impacts - i.e., those directly due to the Project itself such as the impacts to air quality resulting from construction activities, equipment and vehicles. Direct impacts also include the impact of construction expenditures in the local economy. • Indirect Impacts - i.e., those resulting from activities prompted by the Project, but not directly attributable to it. The use of rock and other construction materials, for example, has an indirect impact of increasing the demand for these materials. • Cumulative Impacts - i.e., impacts in conjunction with other activities. A single road improvement may not exert a significant environmental impact, but if some roads are developed in the same area developing a road network the cumulative or additive effect could be more significant. For this project road (Swat expressway) under construction (km18+10).

Impacts in all three categories may be either: • Short-term – i.e., impacts which occur during construction and affect land use, air quality and other factors. Many of these impacts, however, will be short-lived and without long lasting effects. Even the effects of some relatively significant impacts such as borrow pits, for example, may be eventually erased if appropriate mitigation actions are taken. Many potential short-term negative impacts can be avoided or otherwise mitigated through proper engineering designs and by requiring Contractors to apply environmentally appropriate construction methods. Or; • Long-term – i.e., construction impacts that could, for example, affect regional community health and safety if poor design practices are used.

Both short-term and long-term impacts may be either beneficial or adverse. Short term Positive impacts will include, for example, the generation of employment opportunities during construction period. Long-term benefits will include enhanced development opportunities, improved transport services, easier access to commercial and service facilities; faster communications and commodity transport; improved access to markets and growth centers and increased services and commercial facilities.

6.4. MITIGATION ASPECTS

Mitigation is recommended through strategic avoidance combined with construction and monitoring. Bid and contract documents are recommended to specify that a Site Specific EMP (SSEMP) shall be required for this project. The Contractor shall ensure that the SSEMP is submitted to the PkHA (Deputy Director Environment) or the designated person for review at least 10 days before taking possession of any work site. No access to the site will be allowed until the SSEMP is reviewed and approved by the PkHA (Deputy Director Environment) or the designated person.

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6.5. PHYSICAL RESOURCES

6.5.1. Air quality & Climate Change

Potential Impacts

The potential impacts of the Project to air quality and climate change are described as follows:

Construction Phase During construction of the road, air quality is likely to be degraded by a range of operational activities including:

• Exhaust emissions from the operation of construction machinery and the combustion of fuel for furnaces and boilers (e.g. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Sulphur Oxides (Sox) and Carbon Monoxide (CO)); • Dust (Particulate Matter (PM)) generated from quarries, borrow pits, haul roads, unpaved roads, exposed soils and material stock-piles. Dust is the major air quality problem from construction sites. Dust is a problem for a variety of reasons, as outlined below: • Inconvenience to local people. For example, people may have to re-wash laundry that has been put outdoors to dry, and wash windows, curtains and vehicles. Dust can contaminate meat hanging up in open-air butchers and other food that is exposed to it in homes, shops and open-air little shops in the project area. • Health and safety problems. Dust may affect health by irritating eyes and worsening the health of people with asthma. Dust can reduce visibility for drivers on roads. It can also be blown for long distances by the wind. • Impact on ecology. Dust blowing onto watercourses may damage ecology by increasing sedimentation, reducing sunlight etc. It may also affect plant growth and change the species of plants growing in an area. Dust may also damage trees and other vegetation planted as part of the construction contract. • Damage to plant and equipment. Within the construction site, dust can cause mechanical or electrical problems in sensitive equipment such as computers. It can also increase abrasion of moving parts in equipment and clogging of air filters. However, the road rehabilitation works associated with the Project are generally intermittent and not permanent in a specific site, the works move along the Project road as work progresses and as such air quality impacts will be short term in specific locations. Fugitive emissions will be emitted on a longer-term basis from stationary sources such as quarries, borrow pits and asphalt plants. These sites can however be selected and be placed in an area where it can cause the least impact on human and ecologic receptors.

Operational Phase According to the road traffic assessment, traffic is anticipated to increase due to improvement in Vehicle Operating Cost once the Project becomes operational. The main source of air pollution during the operational phase will be vehicles moving on this road. The main pollutants are:

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• Carbon monoxide (CO), • Nitrogen oxides (NOx), • Hydrocarbons (HC), • Sulphur dioxide (SO2), • Lead (Pb), • Carbon dioxide (CO2), • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), • Particulate matter (PM) and • Trace metals.

Some of these compounds can damage health and/or the environment. The concentration of pollutants generated by vehicles depends on factors such as the number, type and speed of vehicles. The effect of air pollution on local people depends on the distance between them and the road, wind direction, topography and other factors. The main direct effects are in the area closest to the road as the rapid dispersion and dilution of exhaust gases quickly reduces their concentrations to levels at which risks are minimal. However, given the relatively low population levels within Project corridor, it is unlikely that increased traffic volumes will have significant impacts to residents health in terms of NOx, CO and PAH pollution. In addition, once completed, current levels of PM in areas where the road condition is poor will be substantially reduced. Improved vehicle performance on a new better road surface will also serve to alleviate potential air pollution levels to a modest degree. Even though traffic will increase on the Project road, vehicle emissions are unlikely to contribute in any significant way to regional or global greenhouse gas levels.

A Climate Change Risk Assessment for the Project and indicates the following potential issues and risks:

i- Change in Temperature: a. Potential deterioration of pavement integrity, such as softening, traffic-related rutting, and migration of liquid asphalt due to increase in temperature (potentially by 4.6 degrees Celsius by 2085). b. Potential corrosion of steel reinforcements in concrete structures due to increase in surface salt levels in some locations resulting from increased evaporation due to increased temperatures. ii- Change in precipitation levels: a. Damage to roads and drainage systems due to flooding - more frequent as well as intense and heavy precipitation events can cause immediate damages, undermine road structural integrity, affect the maintenance of roads, bridges and drainage systems. b. Increases in heavy precipitation events/floods will also cause more weather related accidents due to vehicle and road damages and poor visibility, delays, and traffic disruptions. However, embankments heights are being reduced to limit fatalities and serious injuries caused when vehicles roll off the road. c. Increase in scouring of roads, bridges, and support structures.

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d. Damage to infrastructure due to increased susceptibility to wildfires.

Mitigation Actions

Pre-construction Phase

To adequately manage air quality impacts, the Contractor shall be responsible for the preparation of an Air Quality Plan, submitted to the Deputy Director Environment or designated person as part of the SSEMP. The plan will detail the action to be taken to minimize dust generation (e.g. spraying unsurfaced roads with water, covering stock- piles, and blasting with use of small charges etc) and will identify the type, age and standard of equipment to be used and will also provide details of the air quality monitoring program for routine monitoring. The Plan shall also include contingencies for the accidental release of toxic air pollutants (or shall make reference to the Emergency Response Plan). More specifically, the plan will include the following provisions:

• Exhaust emissions - No furnaces, boilers or other similar plant or equipment using any fuel that may produce air pollutants will be installed without prior written consent of the Deputy Director Environment or designated person. Construction equipment shall be maintained to a good standard and fitted with pollution control devices regularly monitored by the Contractor. • Open burning of waste materials - No burning of debris or other materials will occur on the Site without permission of the Deputy Director Environment or designated person. • Dust generated from haul roads, unpaved roads, material stock piles, etc – The Contractor shall ensure and that material stockpiles shall be located in sheltered areas and be covered with tarpaulins or other such suitable covering to prevent material becoming airborne. All trucks used for transporting materials to and from the site will be covered with canvas tarpaulins, or other acceptable type cover (which shall be properly secured) to prevent debris and/or materials from falling from or being blown off the vehicle(s). Hard surfaces will be required in construction areas with regular movements of vehicles. Effective use of water sprays will be implemented (e.g., all roads within the construction areas of the Site shall be sprayed at least twice each day during days of no rainfall, and more if necessary to control dust to the satisfaction level). • Construction Camp – The Contractor shall ensure that all dust creating activities, such as rock crushing, concrete batching, etc should be sited downwind of any urban area and also downwind of site offices and accommodation at the Contractors camp. In addition to the above plan, the following assessments associated with potential climate changes should be undertaken by the designers during the design stage of the Project: • Deterioration of pavement integrity – Assessment should be undertaken to determine if a potential change in temperature of 5°С will require adaption of pavement design (e.g. change in the asphalt binder or in mineral aggregate). • Corrosion of steel reinforcements in concrete structures – Assess if the use of Advanced concrete materials and structures will help improve the durability of concrete infrastructure and their adaptation to climate change

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• Damage to roads and drainage systems due to flooding – Assessment of 1/50 year flood return period for all bridges and roads embankment and recommend measures to mitigate the flood risks of all planned project roads. Increase capacity of side and cross drains to accommodate more intense floods. • Increase in scouring of roads, bridges, and support structures – Assess designs of piers, abutments and embankments to determine if protection methods are required to cope with additional water volumes and increased flow intensity.

Construction Phase Locations for quarry sites, borrow pits and asphalt plants shall require approval from the Deputy Director Environment or designated person during the Construction phase. Efforts should be made to ensure that these facilities are as near to the Project road as practical to avoid unnecessary journeys and potential dust issues from vehicle movements during construction works. In addition, no quarry or asphalt plant shall be located within one kilometer of any urban area or sensitive receptor. The locations of these facilities shall be indicated within the Contractors SSEMP.

Operational Phase Warning systems should be put in place to ensure the affected road section is closed during extreme wildfire events. 6.5.2. Topography

Potential Impacts

Pre-construction Phase The Project location in this instance has been determined by the existing RoW to be rehabilitated. No significant alteration in realignment is included in the Project. However, given that road section is located on relatively flat area no impacts to topography are anticipated.

Construction Phase Potential impacts to area topography are most likely to occur in this phase due to quarry operations. Crushed rock material will be needed for construction purposes. Operation of quarries can have significant environmental problems if not managed correctly, more specifically uncontrolled excavation of rock material can leave unsightly scars on mountain sides and can also potentially make slopes unstable.

Mitigation Actions

Construction Phase It is most likely that quarried material will be procured from existing, licensed quarries. If this is the case, the Contractor must provide copies of agreements with the quarry operator for the procurement of aggregates and the quarries operational license to the DD-Environment prior to the commencement of construction. However, the Contractor may decide to open and operate his own quarry. In this instance potential adverse impacts to topography in the Project Area resulting from quarry operations shall be avoided or otherwise mitigated by ensuring the Contractor complies with the following: • Quarry sites must obtain the required permits prior to commencement of works, this shall include approval from the EPA and the DD-Environment –PkHA. Efforts should

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be made to ensure that quarries selected area is near to the site as practical to avoid unnecessary journeys. However, no quarry shall be located within one kilometer of any urban area or sensitive receptor. The locations of the quarries shall be indicated within the Contractors SSEMP. In addition, Contractors should ensure that quarries and crusher plants are located at least one kilometer from urban areas to prevent noise and dust impacts and where possible located on government owned lands.

6.5.3. Soils

Potential Impacts

Construction Phase The decision to restrict the Project road to within the existing RoW and carriageway, will keep soils related construction impacts to a minimum. Potential impacts to this component may however include: • Borrow Pits – Opening and operating of borrow pits can result in multiple environmental and social impacts, including degradation of production soils, flora and habitat, impacts to air quality, elevated noise levels, etc. The Contractor shall make the final decisions on the borrow pits and will get it approved from the EPA and DD- Environment of PkHA. • Contamination Due to Spills or Hazardous Materials - Potential soil contamination is a possibility resulting from poorly managed fuels, oils and other hazardous liquids used during the project works. • Erosion – It is possible, that without adequate protection measures soil erosion could occur on road embankments and bridge embankments. It is also possible, that stockpiles of soil located close to surface waters and could infiltrate the water courses during heavy rainfall and cause siltation of the rivers. However, given limited precipitation levels in the Project area, this last point is unlikely to be a significant.

Operational Phase • Induced Changes - Induced changes in the Project Area leading to industrial and commercial development are conceivable. However, due to the limited agricultural activity in the project area any impacts to productive soils due to induced growth will be minimal.

Mitigation Actions Construction Phase

Mitigation related to the potential soil-related impacts is recommended as follows: • Borrow Pits. For borrow pits a due diligence will be carried out by the Environmentalist to confirm that those sites identified for use by the Contractor are indeed operable in an appropriate manner. This will include review of the borrow pits license. • If the Contractor intends to open any new borrow pits they will require approval from a range of local government institutions including EPA, Mines and Minerals Department, KPK. An IEE will need to be prepared by consultants for the owner/operator (the Contractor). In addition, for any new borrow pit to be operated by the Contractor, the Contractor will be responsible for the preparation of a Borrow Pit Action Plan (BAP). The BAP will be submitted to the DD-Environment prior to the start of construction.

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The plan will identify the locations of all proposed borrow pits which will also be approved by both the DD-Environment-KPK and EPA-KPK. The plan shall ensure that: - Pit restoration will follow the completion of works in full compliance all applicable standards and specifications. - Arrangements for opening and using material borrow pits will contain enforceable provisions. - The excavation and restoration of the borrow areas and their surroundings, in an environmentally sound manner to the satisfaction of PkHA will be required before final acceptance and payment under the terms of contracts. - Additional borrow pits will not be opened without the restoration of those areas no longer in use. • Erosion - During construction, the Contractor will be responsible for ensuring material that is less susceptible to erosion will be selected for placement around bridges and culverts. In addition he shall ensure re-vegetation of exposed areas including; (i) selection of fast growing and grazing resistant species of local grasses and shrubs; (ii) immediate re-vegetation of all slopes and embankments; (iii) placement of fiber mats to encourage vegetation growth. The PkHA and the Contractor will both be responsible for ensuing that embankments are monitored during continuously during construction for signs of erosion. • Contamination Due to Spills or Hazardous Materials. The Contractor, with oversight, shall ensure that: - All fuel and chemical storage (if any) shall be sited on an impervious base within a bund and secured by fencing. The storage area shall be located away from any watercourse. The base and bund walls shall be impermeable and of sufficient capacity to contain 110 percent of the volume of tanks. - The construction camp maintenance yard shall be constructed on impervious hard standing with adequate drainage to collect spills, there shall be no vehicle maintenance activities on open ground. - Filling and refueling shall be strictly controlled and subject to formal procedures. Drip pans shall be placed under all filling and fueling areas. Waste oils shall be stored and disposed of by a licensed contractor. - All valves and trigger guns shall be resistant to unauthorized interference and vandalism and be turned off and securely locked when not in use. - The contents of any tank or drum shall be clearly marked. Measures shall be taken to ensure that no contaminated discharges enter any soils. - No bitumen drums or containers, full or used, shall be stored on open ground. They shall only be stored on impervious hard standing. - Areas using bitumen shall be constructed on impervious hard standing to prevent seepage of oils into the soils.

In addition to the above, the Contractor will be responsible for preparation of an Emergency Response Plan (ERP) which will cover containment of hazardous materials, oil spills, and work-site accidents. The plan will detail the process for handling, and subsequently reporting, emergencies, and specify the organizational structure (including responsibilities of nominated personnel). The plan will be submitted to the Engineer for approval. Implementation of the plan will be monitored by the PMU. Any emergencies, and how they were handled, will be reported in monthly progress reports by the Contractor to the PMU

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6.5.4. Hydrology – Surface Water

Potential Impacts

Construction Phase • Construction Camps – Improper siting and design of construction camps can have negative impacts to hydrology through improper disposal of liquid waste and spills of hazardous liquids. Poor management of sanitary waste and accidental spills of hazardous liquids from construction camps can also have negative impacts on ground and surface water. • Bridge Construction - Bridge construction activities may increase silt load in the surface water during construction at bridge sites and may result in accidental spillage of concrete and liquid waste into the surface water. This may impact upon the ecology of surface water including fish species.

Mitigation Actions Construction Phase Potential adverse impacts in the Project Area will be avoided or otherwise mitigated by ensuring the Contractor complies with the following: • Construction Camps – The Contractor shall be responsible for the preparation of a Construction Camp Site Plan which will form part of the SSEMP. The Plan shall indicate the system proposed and the locations of related facilities in the site, including latrines, holding areas, etc. The Contractor shall ensure the following conditions are met within the Plan: 1. Rain-water run-off arising on the site shall be collected, removed from the site via a suitable and properly designed temporary drainage system and disposed of at a location and in a manner that will cause neither pollution nor nuisance. The drainage system should be fitted with oil and grease interceptors. 2. There shall be no direct discharge of sanitary or wash water to surface water. Septic tanks shall be provided at construction camps for sewage water. The septic tanks on regular basis shall be cleaned. 3. Disposal of materials such as, but not limited to, lubricating oil and onto the ground or water bodies shall be prohibited. 4. Liquid material storage containment areas shall not drain directly to surface water. 5. Lubricating and fuel oil spills shall be cleaned up immediately and spill clean-up shall be materials be maintained at the storage area. 6. Construction and work sites will be equipped with sanitary latrines that do not pollute surface waters and are connected to septic tanks, or waste water treatment facilities. 7. Discharge of sediment-laden construction water directly into surface watercourses will be forbidden. Sediment laden construction water will be discharged into settling lagoons or tanks prior to final discharge. 8. Washing out concrete trucks at construction sites shall be prohibited unless specific concrete washout areas are provided for this purpose at the construction site (e.g. a bridge site). The washouts should be impermeable and emptied when 75% full. 9. Spill clean up equipment will be maintained on site (including at the site maintenance yard and vehicle fueling areas). The following conditions to avoid adverse impacts due to improper fuel and chemical storage: - Fueling operations shall occur only within containment areas. - All fuel and chemical storage (if any) shall be sited on an impervious base within a bund and secured by fencing. The storage area shall be located away from any

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watercourse or wetlands. The base and bund walls shall be impermeable and of sufficient capacity to contain 110 percent of the volume of tanks. - Filling and refueling shall be strictly controlled and subject to formal procedures and will take place within areas surrounded by bunds to contain spills / leaks of potentially contaminating liquids. - All valves and trigger guns shall be resistant to unauthorized interference and vandalism and be turned off and securely locked when not in use. - The contents of any tank or drum shall be clearly marked. Measures shall be taken to ensure that no contaminated discharges enter any drain or watercourses. - Disposal of lubricating oil and other potentially hazardous liquids onto the ground or water bodies will be prohibited. - Should any accidental spills occur immediate clean up will be undertaken and all cleanup materials stored in a secure area for disposal to a site authorized to dispose of hazardous waste.

Site plans shall be devised to ensure that, insofar as possible, all temporary construction facilities are locate at least 50 meters away from a water course, stream, or canal. If determined warranted by the PkHA, the Contractor shall provide a wash pit or a wheel washing and/or vehicle cleaning facility at the exits from the sites. If so requested, the Contractor shall ensure that all vehicle are properly cleaned (bodies and tires are free of sand and mud) prior to leaving the site areas. The Contractor shall provide necessary cleaning facilities on site and ensure that no water or debris from such cleaning operations is deposited off-site. • Bridge Construction- The Contractor shall ensure that all works are undertaken in periods least likely to affect the fish spawning period. In addition, concerning bridge construction works, the Contractor shall: 1. Divert the water flow near the bridge piers. 2. Coffer dams, silt fences, sediment barriers or other devices will be provided to prevent migration of silt during construction within streams. 3. Dewatering and cleaning of cofferdams will be performed to prevent siltation by pumping from cofferdams to a settling basin or a containment unit. 4. Carry out bridge construction works without interrupting the traffic on the Project Road. 5. Ensure no waste materials are dumped in the river, including re-enforced concrete debris.

6.5.5. Hydrology – Groundwater

Potential Impacts Construction Phase

Project works have the potential to impact subsurface hydrology in a variety of ways. The most significant being groundwater pollution form construction works (including impacts resulting from construction camps) and extraction of limited groundwater resources for construction activities. In addition, uncontrolled extraction of groundwater for construction use and for potable water supplies via boreholes can have negative environmental and social consequences.

Mitigation Actions

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The mitigation measures outlined in “Hydrology – Surface water”, should prevent impacts to groundwater as well as surface water. For example, the conditions relating to accidental spills will also prevent impacts to groundwater (and also to soils). Regarding extraction of groundwater; it is unlikely that groundwater will be required for construction activities with the exception of use as potable drinking water at the construction camps (and perhaps for activities such as use in laboratories). If boreholes are constructed at construction camps it is likely that the water will also be used for other activities such as water for washing, cooking, cleaning of the site and vehicles. This may result in a significant consumption over the construction period. As such, the Contractor is required to obtain all necessary permits for the drilling and operating of a borehole during the construction period and will ensure that all appropriate permits are in place before excavation of boreholes can begin.

6.5.6. Geology & Seismicity

Potential Impacts Rock materials will be obtained from quarries and hauled by road to the sites as needed. Existing sources (already in use of Swat Expressway), if in active operation, are expected to be used in most cases although Contractors may elect to use other supply options provided they are cost competitive and provide rock meeting established quality standards. Issues relating to quarried materials are discussed above under Topography. The Project corridor is not located within a seismically active area.

Mitigation Actions Actions to ensure the use of proper sources of rock have been noted above to the degree warranted by the nature of the Project. Other than the actions as noted and adherence to good engineering practice, no mitigation actions related geological characteristics are warranted.

6.6. ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES

6.6.1. Flora

Potential Impacts Impacts upon habitats and flora in the project area are expected as a result of the road works. Rehabilitation work will cause minor degradation of local ecology through the clearance of areas of vegetation – mostly ground cover - at work sites and ancillary sites. However, a number of trees will need to be cut as part of the Project and no special status flora have been identified within the vicinity of the Project Road that maybe adversely affected. About 716 tree most of Eucalyptus are required to cut. This specie is exotic in nature and have no ecological importance in the area.

Mitigation Actions Review of the typical road cross sections indicates that road embankments will not be steep, and in fact will have a lower gradient than at present for safety purposes (due to the fact that the road is long, flat and straight many accidents occur when drivers fall asleep at the wheel and the vehicles roll off the road and down the embankments.

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A comprehensive tree plantation shall be carried out by contractor as compensatory trees in consultation with the PkHA and Forest department.

6.6.2. Fauna

Potential Impacts Consideration has been given to potential direct and indirect impact to wildlife in the Project corridor due to: • Rare and Endangered Species – no rare and endangered species found in the project area • Accidents Involving Cattle. Increased traffic movements during the operational phase of the Project may result in increased traffic accidents with cattle. Mitigation Actions • Accidents Involving Cattle. Cattle underpasses have been recommended at the settlements within the Project corridor. • Overpasses – Overpasses are effective, but costly. This suggestion should also be considered in the project cost.

6.6.3. Forests and Protected areas

Potential Impacts • No protected areas are within the vicinity of the Project area. Mitigation Actions • None required

6.7. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

6.7.1. Industries

Potential Impacts

Limited industrial activity is present within the project areas apart from some tobacco unit and some marble shops. Significant negative impacts to industrial activities are therefore not anticipated. However, rehabilitation of the road has the potential to increase economic activity in the region and thus will stimulate industrial activity within the area.

Mitigation Actions No mitigation required.

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6.7.2. Infrastructure & Transportation Facilities

Potential Impacts

Infrastructure Construction activities will include the demolition or rehabilitation of existing drainage structures and construction of new drainage structures along the alignment. Design errors could lead to portions of the drainage network operating below the required standard and lead to erosion of embankments, road washout, flooding, (due to inadequate flow of water through culverts) and dangerous driving conditions.

Transportation The main impacts resulting from Project works will be road diversions and some temporary blocking of access routes. Road closure may occur for periods between one and two hours and as such is not a significant issue as long as the local population are given notice of the delays. Blocking of access routes will be temporary while structures, such as side drains and culverts, are constructed. Notwithstanding the above, the potential beneficial impacts to transport are significant. The road, when complete, will offer reduced travel times, smoother ride (resulting in less vehicle maintenance and less damage to perishable goods) and safer driving conditions.

Utilities Medium and low voltage power lines and gas pipes are located within the Project corridor. Although unlikely, it is possible that transmission lines and gas/telephone pipes close road maybe impacted during construction.

Mitigation Actions Infrastructure Detailed designs will ensure that all drainage structures for Project road are sized and located correctly. During the construction phase the supervision consultants will ensure that the Contractor follows the design documents with respect to the required infrastructure facilities. Transportation To mitigate the potential impacts the Contractor should: • Submit a Traffic Management Plan to local traffic authorities prior to mobilization and include the plan as part of his SSEMP; • Provide information to the public about the scope and schedule of construction activities and expected disruptions and access restrictions; • Allow for adequate traffic flow around construction areas; • Provide adequate signalization, appropriate lighting, well-designed traffic safety signs, barriers and flag persons for traffic control; and • Provide temporary access where accessibility is temporarily restricted due to civil works.

Should the Contractor use any areas for borrow materials, any access roads should be maintained during the construction phase and rehabilitated at the end of construction by the contractor himself to the satisfaction of the local authorities and in

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compliance with the contract. Compliance shall be monitored throughout the construction period. Utilities During construction all power lines and telephone poles in the Project Corridor shall be kept operational, especially during the winter months. Temporary transmission lines may be required while existing poles and lines are moved.

6.7.3. Land use

Potential Impacts Pre-construction Phase As the road involves reconstruction and rehabilitation of an established road, the Project impact on the land acquisition is reduced to a minimum. The geometric design of the road will be prepared in such a way that no land acquisition is required in consequence of the design.

Construction Phase Potential impacts to land uses outside of the RoW during the construction stage are limited to the creation of Construction Camps and other ancillary facilities such as quarries. Construction workers camps constitute a temporary land use change and raise issues related to activities such as poaching of edible animals and birds of the locality in spite of prohibitions; poor sanitation arrangement and improper methods used for disposal of solid wastes and effluent; and transmission of communicable diseases to the local people by the construction workers due to inappropriate health monitoring facilities. Issues relating to quarries are discussed under the heading of Topography above.

Mitigation Actions Pre-construction Phase Under the terms of the agreement with the ADB, before the commencement of the construction works at any part of the Project, The Employer must prepare the Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan (the LARP), obtain the approval of ADB and then implement the plan and acquire the land.

Construction Phase.

Contractors will be required to coordinate all construction camp activities with neighboring land uses. Contracts for the Project activities will also require construction operators to maintain and cleanup campsites and respect the rights of local landowners. If located outside the RoW, written agreements with local landowners for temporary use of the property will be required and sites must be restored to a level acceptable to the owner within a predetermined time period.

6.7.4. Waste Management

Potential Impacts

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Road construction will inevitably generate solid and liquid waste products potentially including: • Inert waste – for example, uncontaminated roads and soil, concrete, masonry and bricks, wood and plastics. • Hazardous waste – acids and alkaline solutions, waste oils and oily sludge, batteries, asbestos, and bitumen.

In addition, uncontrolled discharges of sewage and ‘grey water’ (e.g. from washrooms and canteens) from construction sites and worker’s camps may also cause odors and pollute local water resources. As well as being a cause of complaints by the local population, this may lead to contravention of local regulations and fines being imposed on the Contractor.

The main construction waste produced will be Asphalt.

Mitigation Actions Where possible, surplus materials will be reused or recycled. Oils, fuels and chemicals (including bitumen, bridge deck waterproofing agents and concrete) are substances which are hazardous to human health. They need to be stored properly in correctly labeled containers, both within the construction camp and also at construction sites (e.g. bridges, culverts, etc). Bitumen, oil and fuel should be stored in tanks with lined bunds to contain spillage. Proper storage and handling of hazardous materials reduces wastage and reduces the risk of spillage which could cause temporary or long-term contamination of the underlying soil and possibly to pollution of groundwater and/or watercourses; some (e.g. concrete) may have serious impacts on freshwater fauna. As well as being a cause of complaints by the local population, this may lead to contravention of local regulations and fines being imposed on the Contractor. Proper storage and management reduces the risk of vandalism and theft. Disposal of waste materials shall be undertaken by a waste management company contracted by the Contractor. The waste management company must have the required licenses to transport and dispose of both inert and hazardous waste (including medical) before any such waste is removed from the site. The Contractor will keep copies of the waste management company’s licenses and provide waste transfer manifests at his camp site for routine inspection. The Contractor will also keep a record of the types and volumes of waste removed from the site on a weekly basis

To ensure all of the above conditions are met, the Contractor shall be responsible for the preparation of a Waste Management and Recycling Plan. The Plan shall include items relating to the safe handling and management of:

The Plan shall be approved by the DD-Environment of PkHA as part of the SSEMP approval process.

6.8. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES

6.8.1. Population and communities

Potential Impacts In as much as the project is rehabilitation of the existing roads only, it does not have the social, economic and community life concerns that are associated with new road

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construction, this road improvement project is generally aimed at bringing benefits to surrounding communities through lower transport costs and better access to market places, jobs, and services such as health and education. Road construction and rehabilitation projects can lead to changes in the community or social environment around the road, influencing various aspects of lifestyles, travel patterns, social and economic activities.

Mitigation Actions Road construction works will have short-term negative impacts to the population of the road corridors, such as air quality and noise impacts and potential social impacts resulting from imported labor. However, in general the impacts to population and communities will be overwhelmingly beneficial from all project activities. Imported labor can however, also lead to a spread of sexually transmitted disease.

6.8.2. Health & Education

Potential Impacts Potential impacts due to the proposed construction can be identified as follows: • Easier access to health care facilities. Positive health impacts may result due to quicker response time in emergency situations and improved access to health care facilities for those living in remote areas. • Air quality. Potential air quality issues are discussed above under– Air Quality and Climate. • Contamination of local water supplies during construction. Potential impacts to local water supplies include the possibility of temporary labor camps and the water supply and wastewater disposal associated with them during the construction period, these issues are discussed above under Item– Hydrology. • Noise levels with health consequences. Potential noise issues are discussed in Item

Noise and Vibration below.

• Safety. Construction of the road may result in an increase in the total number of road traffic accidents between vehicles, pedestrians and vehicles and livestock and vehicles. • Worker Safety. Accidents are common during a project of this size and scale. Accidents can occur if workers are not adequately trained or qualified for the job or if they have incorrect safety equipment and clothing.

Mitigation Actions Construction of the road may result in an increase in the total number of road traffic accidents between vehicles, pedestrians and vehicles and livestock and vehicles. However, given that the traffic volumes are also anticipated to rise once construction is complete, the percentage of those affected by road accidents may actually decrease as a result of traffic safety measures, and improvements to the road condition. Traffic safety issues shall be accounted for during the design phase of the Project, they shall include: • Safety barriers • Traffic signs • Road Crossings • Speed Bumps

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• Speed limits

A Health and Safety Plan shall be prepared by the Contractors to manage worker safety. The Plan shall include the following items: 1. Safety Training Program. A Safety Training Program is required and shall consist of: 2. Initial Safety Induction Course. All workmen shall be required to attend a safety induction course within their first week on Site. 3. Periodic Safety Training Courses. Period safety course shall be conducted not less than once every six months. All Subcontractor employees will be required to participate in relevant training courses appropriate to the nature, scale and duration of the subcontract works. Training courses for all workmen on the Site and at all levels of supervision and management. 4. Safety Meetings. Regular safety meetings will be conducted on a monthly basis and shall require attendance by the safety representatives of Sub/contractors unless otherwise agreed. 5. Safety Inspections. The Contractor shall regularly inspect, test and maintain all safety equipment, scaffolds, guardrails, working platforms, hoists, ladders and other means of access, lifting, lighting, signing and guarding equipment. Lights and signs shall be kept clear of obstructions and legible to read. Equipment, which is damaged, dirty, incorrectly positioned or not in working order, shall be repaired or replaced immediately. 6. Safety Equipment and Clothing. Safety equipment and protective clothing are required to be available on the Site at all material times and measures for the effective enforcement of proper utilization and necessary replacement of such equipment and clothing, and all construction plant and equipment used on or around the Site shall be fitted with appropriate safety devices. These shall include but not be limited to: • Effective safety catches for crane hooks and other lifting devices, and • Functioning automatic warning devices and, where applicable, an up-to-date test certificate, for cranes and hoists.

6.8.3. Socio-economic conditions Potential Impacts The Project is expected to have significant beneficial impacts to the economy of the project area. The key benefits include: • Improved access to health and education facilities – Improved road conditions will most likely result in increased traffic on the roads including mini-bus and taxi services, this will enable people to access health care and educational facilities more easily. • Creation of Jobs -The community along the alignment of sub-project will have opportunities for temporary employment during construction. Although, this opportunity is temporary in nature, this will be beneficial.

Mitigation Actions None required.

6.9. PHYSICAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES

Potential Impacts One of the issues that must be considered during the construction of the road is the preservation of physical cultural resources (PCR) such as historic and cultural

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monuments and including structures, memorials, cemeteries and burial sites, and other objects associated with historical events in the life of the community.

Mitigation Actions Contractor shall bound to work within the RoW.

6.9.1. Noise & Vibration Potential Impacts Construction Phase

The various mechanical processes during the construction of roads are a source of intense noise, which can adversely affect humans. The intensity of the ambient noise of road machinery depends on the type of machinery and equipment and the distance from the workplace to sensitive and residential development. Especially problematic is the noise created by the work of bulldozers, vibrators, compressors, excavators, and Diesel Trucks.

Noise attenuation based on the doubling distance rule shows that residents living next to the road will occasionally be exposed to high noise levels if no mitigation measures are implemented.

It should be noted that the project road is sparsely populated, and as such and short term localized construction noise is unlikely to have significant impacts. It is considered most likely that any significant impacts would result from long-term exposure to noise that may result from construction facilities such as rock crushing plants and quarries where operational activities may last for the entire construction period.

Operational Phase

The traffic forecast predicts more than doubling of traffic between 2018 and 2040 for Mardan – Swabi road with the project (from 15,292 to 38,508). The increase will consequence of only a better road but largely the natural growth in traffic volume and private vehicle ownership. Only by 2035 will the increase in noise be perceptible (>3dBa) to people1. Traffic calming measures and speed limit signage will be provided to reduce the impact of the traffic through populated areas. Crossing areas will be marked and amber-flashing lights installed in urban areas, when full traffic signals are not warranted. Noise increases because of project improvements will be minor until approximately 2035 (traffic count increase by approximately 30,500) when traffic noise will become noticeably louder and noise barriers should be considered.

Mitigation Actions Cooperation between the Contractor, the EPA and the local residents within the Project corridor is essential and it is the responsibility of proponent to arrange meetings between these parties and arrange such matters as work schedules (hours of equipment operation, traffic lanes to be kept open, diversion roads, etc.), locations of work camps and material storage areas, and siting of rock crushers and batch plants. In addition, the Contractor shall be responsible for ensuring the use of:

1 This conclusion is based on the rule that doubling traffic volumes will increase noise levels by only 3 dB.

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• Source Controls, i.e., requirements that all exhaust systems will be maintained in good working order; properly designed engine enclosures and intake silencers will be employed; and regular equipment maintenance will be undertaken; • Site Controls, i.e., requirements that stationary equipment will be placed as far from sensitive land uses as practical; selected to minimize objectionable noise impacts; and provided with shielding mechanisms where possible; • Work near Sensitive Receptors shall be limited to short term activities. No asphalt plants, rock crushing plants or any long term generators of significant noise shall be allowed within 300 meters of sensitive receptors; • Time and Activity Constraints, i.e., operations will be scheduled to coincide with periods when people would least likely be affected; work hours and work days will be limited to less noise-sensitive times. Hours-of-work will be approved by the site engineer having due regard for possible noise disturbance to the local residents or other activities. Construction activities will be strictly prohibited between non peak hours in the residential areas. When operating close to sensitive areas such as residential, nursery, or medical facilities, the Contractor’s hours of working shall be limited to 8 AM to 6 PM.

6.10. ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

As an additional measure, following steps will further enhance roadways environments where its related dividends will continued to be received for a very long time far beyond the project life;

• Tree Plantations: Tree plantations on top of embankments and in ROW will serve as small forests and wood lots for the local residents, having tangible benefits in the shape of timber, fuel wood and fodder. Besides soil retention, erosion control and biotic improvements, such plantations will also provide aesthetic and visual screens against sound, dust, wind, toxic emissions, vibrations, night glare and pollution of waterways. • Environmental Training: Capacity building can be achieved through on-the- job training, short-courses, training workshops, lectures, educational visits and seminars. Such interactions include leading team members of PKHA, EPA, consultants, construction managers/supervisors and other related agencies on road related environmental issues. • Awareness Raising: Awareness about roads related current and potential environmental threats for the public at large and roadside dwellers, in particular, requires due attention; the aspect neglected in the past. Enhanced education in road related environmental issues and awareness raising can be achieved through campaigns by; Visual graphics, Print media, Seminars & workshops. • Community Participation and Initiatives: Wherever possible, PKHA officials must involve local communities, for contractors’ camp locations, resource sharing with construction workers and their choice of tree species. In this way a sense of ownership will be inculcated in local residents who will

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also protect core roads and its related resources. The past practices of isolated working methodology must transform into a participatory mode.

6.11. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND EVALUATION

6.11.1. General

Importance of “monitoring & evaluation” cannot be over-emphasized since both provide timely and useful information not only to the project management/ implementation agencies but also provide feed-back to the policy decision makers. Conceptually, “monitoring” means to check and asses on a regular basis: implementation status during construction; and realization of various development targets during operation and maintenance. It helps in timely identification/ analysis and removal of the bottle-necks and expediting actions. In fact, project planners, executors and operation management, as they share the common concern for timely corrective measures.

6.11.2. Objectives

6.11.2.1. General Objectives

The general objectives of environmental monitoring and evaluation are to:

• Identify and assess environmental status and trend continuously; • Act as an early warning system, by identifying any sudden environmental deterioration that needs to be countered. • Afford effective environmental surveillance and to provide reliable information upon which continued environmental management of the project can be updated and refined. • Assess effectiveness of the mitigation or benefit enhancement measures; and to take prompt decisions on any additional measures; • Ascertain the nature and extent of impacts, which were uncertain at the time of IEE study and to allow suitable mitigation measures to be formulated.

6.11.2.2. Objectives during Pre-Construction and Construction Stages

These are to:

• Monitor actual impacts on physical, biological and socio-economic & human resources. • Provide early warning to the project management whether intensity of an impact is severer than the one predicted.

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• Suggest mitigation measures for the impacts which had not been anticipated in the IEE. • Suggest mitigation measures for the impacts whose intensity is severer than those predicted during the IEE. • Furnish feedbacks for correction of any deficiencies / improper situations. • Ensure compliance with the administrative and legal framework. • Ensure fulfillment of the obligations required under National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS). • Restore/rehabilitate construction camps and workshop sites. • Ensure proper disposal of excavated soil and excess construction materials. • Monitor rehabilitation of the borrow areas/pits. • Ensure specified construction of project infrastructure. • Monitor a-forestation along roads.

6.11.2.3. Objectives during Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Stage

These are to:

• Monitor effectiveness of mitigation measures. • Evaluate effectiveness of the IEE in the backdrop of projected levels of impacts. • Suggest modifications/ improvements in construction procedures. • Determine survival rate of tree plantation along the roads.

6.11.3. Environmental Monitoring Plan

At a pre-construction stage, PKHA has to comply with a number of environmental requirements, such as obtaining clearance from EPA, coordination with Archeology and Forest/Wildlife Departments and securing tree removal permits etc. PKHA will also need to confirm that contractors have appropriate and valid permits to use and operate plants such as hot mix plants and batching and rock crushing facilities, vis-à-vis their locations.

The EMP had been tailored taking into considerations the current capacities and capabilities within PKHA. The PMU directorate does have considerable degree of limitations for complete implementation and management of EMP, at least within timeframe of this Project. At present bulk of their work has to be delegated to other agencies, such as appointed consultants. To effectively provide quality control and oversight for the EMP implementation, PKHA staff needs more training in a wide

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ranging spheres, air/noise pollution management and ecological impact mitigation being in the lead. The supervising consultants will also have an environmental specialist, as member of the team. This environmental specialist will help and facilitate PKHA in implementation of the Project EMP.

The overall implementation responsibilities of the EMP will always rest with PKHA. Other parties to be involved in the implementing of EMP are as follows:

• Contractors: responsible for implementing all measures required to mitigate environmental impacts during construction; and • Environmental Protection Agency: who are responsible for environmental clearance and periodic monitoring inspections of the Project, ensuring that EMP is being followed and the environmental safeguards are working or otherwise; and • Forest Department: who will take into consideration all aspects pertaining to trees, grasses, herbs, shrubs and green foliage; and • Wildlife Department: who will their inputs in specific areas endowed with wildlife, which are likely to have any threat to wildlife species; and • Other agencies: such as NGOs, CBOs, police, local residents, transport sector organizations and motor vehicle departments, who will be responsible for monitoring the implementation of environmental conditions related to their areas.

Considering the number of different agencies that need to be involved in implementing the EMP, coordination workshops should be conducted twice a year throughout the Project period. Such broad-based discussion forums will be used for coordination amongst various stakeholders, sharing of experiences, apportioning various responsibilities and chalking out future implementation program of the EMP. At the same time, besides environmental sensitization, these forums will also be conducting environmental audit of already implemented steps and hands-on-training for many young professionals. During the course of workshop deliberations will also be made for any unexpected environmental impacts where suitable remedial measures will be decided.

6.11.4. Performance Indicators

Following are the performance indicators:

• Decreased Vehicle Operating Costs. • Control of air and noise pollution. • Improved flow of traffic.

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• Alleviation of poverty.

6.11.5. Community and Occupational Health & Safety

The objective of environmental health and safety is to provide workers with safe and healthy working conditions and prevent accidents, injuries, and disease. It also covers the establishment of preventive and emergency preparedness and response measures to avoid, and where avoidance is not possible, to minimize, adverse impacts and risks to the health and safety of local communities. It is therefore a combination of occupational health and safety of staff/workers at the subcomponent facilities and community health and safety of people living nearby or potentially affected by failures or poor operation of facilities.

Safety risks are mainly related to the construction phase. Residents, particularly children, are at risk during project construction. In linear construction activities such as road construction and pipe network construction which typically occur in areas frequented by the public, physical and educational measures to protect residents from risks are needed.

Safety measures for construction staff and public will include the following responsibilities of the contractor:

(i) providing safe and convenient passages for the public; (ii) Providing construction workers sufficient personal protection equipment such as hard hats, earpiece, safety shoes, and others; (iii) Providing seminars on safety issues to local public, particularly school students; (iv) Installing warning signs where potential dangers are present;

Ensuring construction staff are on duty on or near heavy movement of construction vehicles, or heavy construction vehicle traffic through the villages to ensure safety; and Setting up traffic signs at and near construction sites. Health risks are primarily related to increased transit population during construction (construction workers) and operation (visitors) in the regions. The increased mobile population could potentially bring and spread infectious diseases in the Project area. Workers could spread diseases such as hepatitis to residents as well as among themselves. Measures for protecting community health include: (i) providing disease prevention and control training to construction workers, epidemic diseases such as hepatitis B prior to the start of construction. Leaflets, education seminars will be organized, in association with the local government and communities, to increase the awareness and knowledge; (ii) Providing posters in and around the construction sites for disease control, for not only construction workers but also villagers and others in the areas; (iii)

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Providing periodical health checks to construction workers to ensure their health and wellbeing.

6.11.6. Institutional Monitoring Arrangements

6.11.6.1. Establishment of Environmental Monitoring Cell

The monitoring and evaluation will be carried out during construction and operation of the Project. There is thus a need of establishing a well-structured Environmental Monitoring Cell (EMC) for the Project. Keeping in mind the financial constraints, the EMC personnel will be taken from the existing establishment. Suggested setup of the proposed EMC is shown below:

Project Director Project Management Unit

Deputy Director Environment

Assistant Director Environment

Composition of the Proposed Environmental Monitoring Cell

As an alternative, the environmental monitoring responsibility can be given to 3rd party environmental consultants who will regularly monitor and report to the Client & Donors as well as the competent regulator. It can be further Strengthened by appointing a Senior Environmental Consultant who can plan, guide and advice on environmental activities.

6.11.6.2. Training of Monitoring Team

For capacity building of PKHA staff, there is a dire necessity of environmental training, where a general training vacuum has been felt at all levels. Without appropriate trainings there are apprehensions that EMP cannot be implemented in letter and spirit. In view of past experiences, KP requires far greater environmental sensitization than any other province. Such a vacuum had amply been accepted and acknowledged by PKHA. It is in this backdrop that following training activities have been proposed for wider dissemination of benefits to larger number of stakeholders:

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a. Environmental Training of PKHA An in-country environmental training for 2 - 3 weeks in road related environmental issues have been proposed for DD and AD. Potential institutions could be

(i) EPA (ii) IUCN (iii) WWF (iv) LEAD Pakistan etc. b. Training Workshops Following three different types of training workshops are proposed, each having its own function, level of participants and a particular segment of stakeholders, including their sensitization in environmental affairs of roads.

(i) Advanced Environmental Training Workshops: (ii) Environmental Mitigation Workshops (iii) Community Consultative Workshops

6.11.6.3. Charter of Duties of PKHA Staff

a. Project Director, PMU (i) In addition to other technical duties he will be responsible for the overall performance of EMC. (ii) He will coordinate activities of EMC with Provincial EPA. (iii) He will supervise working of EMC through D.D.

b. Deputy Director (Environment) (i) He will keep close liaison with institutions and other agencies/ departments directly or indirectly related to the project. (ii) He will be responsible for the activities of EMC to PD (PMU) In charge. (iii) He will keep constant and close liaison with Provincial EPA and other related departments. (iv) He will ensure training of the staff during pre-construction period as well as afterwards. (v) He will guide and help the A.D. in performance of his duties.

c. Assistant Director (Environment)

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(i) He will continuously monitor that the NEQS are followed at all stages of the project. (ii) He will plan and supervise taking samples of soil, water, air and other materials and arrange their testing from a recognized laboratory. (iii) He will watch and monitor any negative impact on air, water and soil and he will immediately report occurrence of any major adverse impact to the D.D. (iv) He will monitor the progress of flora, fauna and wildlife. (v) He will oversee if plantation of trees is progressing as planned.

6.11.6.4. Budget for Training of Monitoring Team and Tree/Plant Plantation.

Budget for the training activities has been shown as follows;

Table - 6.1: Cost Estimate for Implementation of Environmental Management, Monitoring Plan & Training

No. Road Annual No of Items of Section Remarks Unit Cost Units/Road Years 42 km Training Workshops of the projects for KPHA, 300,000 1 2 600,000 PIU, CSC, contractor & others. Consultation, Reporting & 100,000 1 2 400,000 Communication Noise Monitoring Meter Noise meter scale will be 50,000 1 NA 50,000 for PIU/CSC determined later. Drinking Water Quality 6*samples, twice a year Monitoring: During 20,000 6*2 2 480,000 for the 02 years construction period. construction period. Effluent & Surface Water 6*samples, twice a year Quality Monitoring: During 25,000 6*2 2 600,000 for the 02 years construction period. construction period. 6*samples, twice a year Ambient Air Quality 30,000 6*2 2 720,000 for the 02 years Monitoring construction period. Contractors' responsibility, Workers Communicable who is bound to provide 0 0 2 0 Disease Screening Test proof of lab test results to PIU/CSC. Contractors' responsibility, Personal Protective which will be verified Equipment (for 120 0 0 2 0 physically by PIU/CSC persons approx., replaced throughout construction annually) phase.

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Contractors' responsibility, which will be verified Health & Hygiene 0 0 2 0 physically by PIU/CSC (Testing and workshops) throughout construction phase. Roadside tree plantations Local Species like Morus of endemic/local species alba, Dalbergia sissoo, @ of 3 saplings/in replace 300 NA NA 2,804,400 Accacia Modesta etc. of each tree cutting (3116x3 = 9348) Subtotal 5,654,400 Contingency 10% 565,440 Grand Total PKR 6,219,840 USD (1USD=114 PKR) 54,560 Sum Total for 6*Roads (PKR) 6,219,840 Sum Total for 6*Roads (USD) 54,560

Note: Cost for land acquisition, compensation for structures and relocation of public amenities will be covered under Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan (LARP).

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6.12. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan

EnvironmentalIssue/ Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Remedial Measure Location Monitoring indicators Monitoring Methods component Costs Implementation Supervision A- Pre-construction and DesignStage 1- Alignment (Physical Impacts) A1.1 Protection of • Chance find of object of Observation Included in Contractor Supervision • Stop excavation work immediately if any artifact of historical importance is • Along project corridor historical sites (if) present archaelogical construction Consultant / discovered. wherever excavation will be within corridor of impact of cost PKHA / conducted importance • Inform immediately the Department of Archaeology the project Department of Archaeology A1.2 • • Observation Included in Design Supervision Protection of road Raise embankment height above the HFL levels in the flood prone areas. • Along project corridor Design of • embankment/ construction Consultant Consultant / embankment in Improvement in existing culverts /Bridges to increase their carrying capacity. in the vicinity of rivers and • road profile, cost PKHA Flood prone Areas Provision of adequate balancing culverts nullahs • Design of cross & side drains, • No. of CD structures & their spans A1.3 Bulldozing & • Maximum use of excavated earth in embankments & fill areas. • Along project corridor • Damages to lands, Observation Included in Design Supervision Excavations • Safe disposal at pre-selected sites through haulage trucks. property & irrigation construction Consultant Consultant / channels. cost PKHA Biological Impacts Due to Road Alignment A1.4 Water stagnation due • Hydrological studies prior to design of cross drainage structures. • Along project corridor near • Waterlogging and Observation Included in Design Supervision to irrigation. irrigated lands ponding construction Consultant Consultant / cost PKHA A1.5 Borrow materials for Borrow areas well away from visual distance. • Along project corridor Marred landscape. Observation Included in Design Supervision embankment raising. • Refilling of excavated areas. Water stagnation in construction Consultant Consultant / Landscaping. ponds. cost PKHA A1.6 Removal of tree & • No. oftrees to be cut Observation Included in Design Supervision • Restricting tree cutting within construction limit. In suburban stretches and other foliage. between irrigated lands construction Consultant Consultant / Avoiding tree cutting at ancillary sites cost PKHA • Providing and maintaining compensatory tree plantation @ 1:5 ratio. Road Saftey Impacts A1.7 Safety along the Provision of retro-reflective warning sign boards nears school,hospital, religious Places where No. of accident Field observation Included in Design Supervision proposed alignment places, and other areas, speed restriction sign in built-ups, forests areas etc. height ofembankment is more & Vehicle • interview of locals construction Consultant Consultant / Improving substandard curves, grading & other geometric features as per AASHTO than 3.00 m collisions cost PKHA Standards Provision of metal beam crash barriers/guard stones at high embankment locations. Provision of slope stabilization measures in high embankment/cutting to prevent any land slide situation. Land Relate Impacts A1.8 Land Acquisition & Properly addressing all concerns of affected persons through dialogue. Along project corridor wherever Review of Plans. Field Interaction With Included in Resettlement Supervision Resettlement 2. The new shops and houses allocated to affected persons must be based on a fair shifting of shops and/or houses visits Interaction with Revenue Staff and SIA & RAP Expert Consultant / and transparent criterion. needs to be done locals. and locals Report PKHA A1.9 Shifting of All telephone and electrical poles/wires and underground cables should be Along project corridor Utility shifting plan Interaction With Included in Resettlement Supervision utility services shifted before start of construction. Necessary permission and payments Complaints from local concerned utility Construction Expert Consultant / should be made to relevant utility service agencies to allow quick shifting people Status of authorities and locals cost PKHA and restoration of utility services. loca utility services 2. Design & Specifications A2.1 Contractor camps. • Pre-identification of campsites in degraded & wastelands well away from Along project corridor Social disputes. Conflicts Observation Interaction Included in Design Supervision habitats, marked on drawings. with locals. With local public construction Consultant Consultant / • Respect for local culture & traditions, social & cohesion. Communicable diseases. cost PKHA • Employment for locals. • Civic & hygienic facilities. • Recreational facilities. • Waste disposal facilities.

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EnvironmentalIssue/ Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Remedial Measure Location Monitoring indicators Monitoring Methods component Costs Implementation Supervision • Resource sharing code. • A2.2 Machinery • Pre-identification of machinery parking yards, repair areas & storage of • Along project corridor • Social dispute • Observation Included in Design Supervision parking yards, repair chemicals, in degraded & waste lands well away from habitats, marked on • Contamination of • Interaction construction Consultant Consultant / areas & storage of drawings. water & food chains. With local public cost PKHA chemicals. • Marred landscape. • A2.3 Other • Potential sites may be marked or indicated on drawings. • Along project corridor • Marred landscape. • Observation Included in Design Supervision construction • Least delineation from road edge. • Water stagnation in • Interaction construction co Consultant Consultant / materials, such as ponds With local public PKHA stones, crush & sand etc. • • • • • Design Supervision A2.4 Rest/repair Provisions may be made for: In areas of population Road safety & Review Included in areas, bus stops, • centers & towns, at specific social amenities. • Consultant Consultant / Rest/repair areas. of detail construction PKHA parking / turning • Bust stops. locations. design cost spaces & crossing • Parking/turning spaces documents ramps. • Petrol pumps. & drawings • Zebra crossings • Over-heads • Under passes. B. Construction Stage (Physical Impacts) Air Quality & Noise

Throughout the project corridor. PM10 level • Included in Contractor Supervision • B1.1 Dust generation Transport, loading and unloading of loose and fine materials through covered Standard vehicles. measurement, methods project cost Consultant / due to To Dust pollution or • PKHA construction Paved approach roads. Public complaintsof locals consultation activities & Storage areas to be located downwind of the habitation area. transport, storage • Water spraying on earthworks, unpaved haulage roads and other dust prone and handling of areas. construction materials • Provision of PPEs to workers. B1.2 Emission of air • • •  Regular maintenance of machinery and equipment.  Asphalt mixing plants, •  Monitoring of Standards • Included in Contractor • Supervision • methods • pollutants (HC, SO2, Batching, asphalt mixing plants and Crushers at downwind (1km) direction • Crushers etc. locations project cost Consultant / • ambient air NOX, CO etc) from from the nearest settlement. PKHA quality & vehicles due to traffic Only crushers licensed by the EPA shall be used. congestion & use of  Ambient air quality monitoring. • checking equipment and machinery B1.3 Noise from • All equipment to be timely serviced and • Throughout project corridor • Complaints • Noise levels Included in Contractor Supervision • from locals measurements project cost Consultant / • Construction vehicle, • properly maintained. especially at construction PKHA equipment and Construction equipment and machinery to be fitted with silencers and maintained. sites, residential and

machinery. • Only approved equipment shall be used identified • for construction activities in compliance with the national and local regulations. sensitive locations. • Timing of noisy construction activities shall be done during night time and weekends near schools and selected suitable times near mosques when there are no prayers • if possible, re-route traffic during construction to keep the accumulation of noise within NEQS limits. • Provision of temporary noise barrier at sensitive locations or near sources. • Time regulation near residential, built up areas construction shall be restricted to daylight hours.residential, built up and • forest areas construction shall be restricted to daylight hours. Land and Soil • • • • Contractor Supervision • B2.1 Land use Non-agricultural areas to be used as borrow areas to the extent possible.  In suburban stretches and Borrow pit Review Included in • Locations, Top borrow area construction Consultant / Change and Loss If using agricultural land, top soil to be between irrigated lands preserved and laid over either on the soil storage plan cost PKHA • of productive/top

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EnvironmentalIssue/ Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Remedial Measure Location Monitoring indicators Monitoring Methods component Costs Implementation Supervision soil area • • embankment slope for growing vegetation to protect soil erosion. Site visits B2.2 Slope failure • Bio-turfing of embankments to protect slopes. Throughout the entire  Occurrence of Review of • Included in Design Supervision • project corridor especially Design documents Construction consultant and Consultant / • And soil erosion due Slope protection by providing dry stone slope failure or with excessive filling and site Contractor, PKHA to construction pitching, masonry retaining walls, planting of grass and trees. erosion issues cost observation activities, •  The side slopes of all cut and fill areas • will be graded and covered with stone • earthwork, and cut pitching, grass and shrub as per design and fill, • specifications. • stockpiles etc. •  Care should be taken that the slope gradient shall not be greater than 2:1. B2.3 Borrow site • Non-productive, barren lands, upland shall be used for borrowing earth with the  Throughout the project . Existence of Review of Included in Design Supervision necessary permissions/consents. Design documents Construction consultant Consultant / • locations corridor. • borrow areas • and site cost and PKHA Depths of borrow pits to be regulated and in inappropriate observation Contractor sides not steeper than 25%. unauthorized • Topsoil to be stockpiled and protected for use at the rehabilitation stage. • Transportation of earth materials through • locations. covered vehicles.  Poor borrow Area management • To the extent borrow areas shall be practices. sited away from habitation areas and  Incidents of • shall be levelled with salvaged material or other filling Accidents materials which do not pose • Complaints contamination of soil. from local people. • B2.4 Quarry  Aggregates will be sourced from existing Quarry area locations  Existence of Review of Included in Contractor Supervision operations licensed quarries. licenses for all design Construction Consultant / PKH •  Copies of consent/ approval / quarry areas documents, cost rehabilitation plan for a new quarry or from which contractor materials are documents • use of existing source will be submitted being sourced and site to SC, PKHA, Mineral Deptt. & EPA.  Complaints from locals. observation  The contractor will develop a Quarry • Redevelopment plan, as per the Mineral Deptt. Rules of and submit a copy of the approval to EPA. B2.5 Contamination Construction vehicles and equipment Quality of soil Site Included in Contractor Supervision • Fuelling station,construction will be maintained and refuelled in such a near storagearea observation Construction Consultant / PKH • of soil due to leakage sites, and construction fashion that oil/diesel spillage does not Presence of cost. /spillage of oil, camps contaminate the soil. spilled oil or bituminous and non- and disposal location. Fuelstorage and refuelling sites to be kept away from drainage channels. bitumen in bituminous debris project area • Unusable debris shall be dumped in • generated from ditches and low lying areas. To avoid soil contamination Oil-Interceptors shall be demolition and road construction provided at wash down and refuelling areas.  Waste oil and oil soaked cotton/ cloth shall be stored in containers labelled ‘Waste Oil’ and ‘Hazardous’ and properly disposed off.  Non-bituminous wastes to be dumped in borrow pits with the concurrence of landowner and covered with a layer of topsoil conserved from opening the pit.  Bituminous wastes will be disposed off in an identified dumping site approved by the SC. WaterResources

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EnvironmentalIssue/ Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Remedial Measure Location Monitoring indicators Monitoring Methods component Costs Implementation Supervision B3.1 Sourcing of  Requisite permission shall be obtained for  Throughout the project  Approval from • Checking of Included in Contractor Supervision water during construction abstraction of groundwater from local adminstration. corridor. competent Documenta- construction Consultant / PKH  Arrangements shall be made by authority tion cost contractor that the water availability and  complaints • Talk to locals supply to nearby communities remain from local unaffected. people on water availability B3.2 Disposal of • Included in Contractor Supervision  Provisions shall be made to connect • Throughout the project  Design of road Review of water during construction construction Consultant / PKH road Side drains with exiting nearby corridor. side drains documents ponds otherwise make provision of water  Existence of • Site cost harvesting pits intermittently. Proper drainage observation system for disposal of waste water B3.3 Deterioration in  No vehicles or equipment should be  Water bodies, Refuelling  Deterioation of • Conduction Included in Contractor Supervision Surface water quality due t parked or refuelled near water- bodies, so as to avoid contamination from fuel stations, construction water quality of water construction Consultant / PKH Leakage from vehicles and lubricants. camps. of ponds, quality tests cost and equipment’s and  Oil and grease traps and fuelling streams, rivers as per Waste from construction Platforms to be provided at re-fuelling and other monitoring camps. locations. water bodies in plan  All chemicals and oil shall be stored project area • Field Away from water and concreted  Presence of oil observation Platform with catch pit for spills floating in collection. water bodies in  All equipment operators, drivers, and project area warehouse personnel will be trained in immediate response for spill containment and eventual clean-up.  Construction camp to be sited away from water bodies.  Wastes must be collected, stored and taken to approve disposal site only.  Water quality shall be monitored periodically Biological Impacts Flora Fauna B4.1 Vegetation Loss  Minimize tree cutting to the extent  Throughout the project  ROW width, • Review of Road side Relevant Supervision due to site preparation possible. corridor  Number of Relevant plantation cost agency Consultant / PKH and construction  Roadside trees to be removed with prior trees for felling documents is included in specialized in activities approval of competent authority.  Compensatory • Compensa-tory project costs. afforestation  Compensatory plantation at 1:5 basis plantation plan plantation and additional plantation as per Forest  Number of plan, • Guidelines in consultation with Forest trees replanted Field Department. observation  Regular maintenance of all trees planted.  Provision of LPG in construction camp as fuel source to avoid tree cutting, wherever possible.  Plantation of trees on both sides of the road. • In the event of design changes during the construction stages additional assessments including the possibility to save trees shall be made by the EA.  Road side Plantation Strategy as per specifications including maturing.

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EnvironmentalIssue/ Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Remedial Measure Location Monitoring indicators Monitoring Methods component Costs Implementation Supervision ConstructionCamps B5.1 Impact associated All camps should maintain minimum distance from following:  All construction • Location of • On site • Included in Contractor Supervision with location 1)500 m from habitation, camps camp sites and Observation construction and Consultant / PKH 2)500 m from forest areas where possible distance from • Interaction cost EO 3)500 m from water bodies where habitation / with workers possible forest /water bodies and local 4)500 m from through traffic route where community possible. B5.2 Worker’s Health in  The location, layout and basic facility provision of each labour camp will be  All construction  Camp health • Camp Part of the Contractor Supervision construction camp submitted to SC prior to their construction. The construction shall commence only camps records, records, Contractors Consultant / after approval of SC.  Existence of • Regular EHS audits costs PKHA  The contractor will maintain necessary living accommodation and ancillary proper first aid of the site facilities in functional and hygienic manner as approved by the EA. kit in camp site • Consultation  Adequate water and sanitary latrines with septic tanks attached to soak pits  Complaints with local shall be provided. from local people people living  Preventive medical care to be provided to workers including a FirstAid kit nearby that must be available in the camp.  Waste disposal facilities such as dust bins must be provided in the camps and regular disposal of waste must be carried out.  The Contractor will take all precautions to protect the workers from insect and pest to reduce the risk to health. This includes the use of insecticides which should comply with local regulations.  No alcoholic liquor or prohibited drugswill be imported to sell, give, and barter to the workers of host community.  Awareness raising to immigrant Workers / local community on communicable and sexually transmitted diseases. . Management of Construction Waste/Debris B6.1 Construction • Waste management plan to be submitted to the CSC and approved one month Throughout the project Corridor. Ground water • Review Included in Contractor Supervision Waste Disposal prior to starting works. The temporary stockpiling areas contamination & aesthetic of detail project cost Consultant / • Estimating the amounts and types of construction waste to be generated by the and more permanent dumping hazards. design PKHA project. areas to be marked on drawings documents • Investigating whether the waste can be reused in the project or by other interested and approved before work & drawings parties. commencement. • Identifying potential safe disposal sites close to the project or those designated sites in the contract. • Investigating the environmental conditions of the disposal sites and recommendation of most suitable and safest sites. • Piling up of loose material in segregated areas to arrest washing out of soil. • Debris shall not be left where it may be carried by water to downstream flood plains, dams, lagoons etc. • Used oil and lubricants shall be recovered and reused or removed from the site in full compliance with the national and local regulations. • Oily wastes must not be burned. Disposal location to be agreed with local authorities/EPA. • Machinery should be properly maintained to minimize oil spill during the construction. • Solid waste should be disposed at an approved solid waste facility, open burning is illegal and contrary to good environmental practice. B6.2 Reuse and • The existing bitumen surface shall be utilized for paving of cross roads, access Throughout the project • Percentage of • Contractor Included in Contractor Supervision disposal of construction roads, and paving works in construction sites and camps, temporary traffic Corridor reuse of existing Records, Construction Consultant / and dismantled waste diversions, and haulage routes. surface material • Field cost. PKHA  All excavated materials from roadway, shoulders, verges, drains, cross observation, drainage • Interaction will be used for backfilling embankments, with locals filling pits, and landscaping.

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EnvironmentalIssue/ Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Remedial Measure Location Monitoring indicators Monitoring Methods component Costs Implementation Supervision  Unusable and non-bituminous debris materials should be suitably disposed off as discussed.

. Traffic Management and Safety B7.1 Management of  Temporary traffic diversion shall be planned by the contractor and Throughout the project corridor • Traffic • Review Included in Contractor Supervision existing traffic and approved by the Engineer. Especially at intersections. management traffic construction Consultant / PKH safety  The traffic control plans shall contain details of diversions; traffic safety plan management cost. arrangements during construction; safety measures for night time traffic and • Safety signs on site, plan precautions for transportation of hazardous materials. • Number of • Field observation of  The Contractor will ensure that the diversion is always maintained in traffic accidents traffic running condition, particularly during the monsoon to avoid disruption to traffic flow. management • On stretches where it is not possible to pass the traffic on the part width and safety of existing carriageway, temporary paved diversions will be constructed. system •  Restriction of construction activity to only one side of the existing road. Interaction with people  The contractor shall inform local community of changes to traffic in vehicles routes, and pedestrian access arrangements with assistance from “Engineer”. using the Use of adequate signage’s to ensure traffic management and safety.  road  Conduct of regular safety audit on safety measures. B7.2 Pedestrians,  Temporary access and diversion, with proper drainage facilities. • Near habitation on • Road signage • Field Included in Contractor Supervision animal movement  Access to the schools, mosques and other public places must be both sides of schools, & drainage Observation construction Consultant / PKH maintained when construction takes place near them. mosques, hospitals, • Complaints from • Interaction cost.  Fencing wherever cattle movement is expected. graveyards, local with local construction sites,  To avoid the need for cattle underpasses, some of the proposed culverts near people people haulage roads, habitations may be widened to facilitate cattle movement. diversion sites. B7.3 Safety of  Contractors to adopt and maintain safe working practices. • Construction sites • Availability of • Site Included in Contractor Supervision Workers and  Usage of fluorescent and retro- reflectory signage, in local language at the safety gears to observatin construction Consultant / PKH accident risk from construction sites workers, • Review cost. construction activities  Training to workers on safety procedures and precautions. • Safety records on  Mandatory appointment of safety officer. signage, safety training • Training records on and accidents,  All regulations regarding safe scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, gangway, safety, • Interact with stairwells, excavations, trenches and safe means of entry and egress shall be • Number of workers complied With Provision of PPEs to workers. Safety related  Provision of a readily available first aid unit including an adequate accidents supply of dressing materials.  The contractor will not employ any person below the age of 18 years for any work.  Use of hazardous material should be minimized and/or restricted.  Emergency plan (to be approved by engineer) shall be prepared to respond to any accidents or emergencies.  Accident Prevention Officer must be appointed by the contractor. Site restoration and rehabilitation B8.1 Clean-up  Contractor will prepare site restoration plans, which will be approved by • Throughout the project • Clean and • Site Included in Contractor Supervision Operations, Restoration the ‘Engineer’. corridor, construction restored camp sites observation construction Consultant / PKH And Rehabilitation  The clean-up and restoration operations are to be implemented by the camp sites and borrow • Presence • Interaction cost. contractor prior to demobilization. areas /absence of with locals,  All construction zones including river-beds, culverts, roadside areas, camps, hot construction • Issue mix plant sites, crushers, batching plant sites and any other area used / affected by material/ debris completion the project will be left clean and tidy, at the contractor's expense, to the satisfaction after completion certificate of the Environmental officer. of construction after works on restoration of all construction site sites are found

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EnvironmentalIssue/ Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Remedial Measure Location Monitoring indicators Monitoring Methods component Costs Implementation Supervision satisfactory • •

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7. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE

7.1. GENERAL

This section describes the outcomes of the stakeholder consultation process as part of the IEE. The feedback from communities and other stakeholders directly or indirectly affected by the project is collected so that it may be used to adjust and improve the project’s design, planning, implementation and help the implementation structure ensuring that the project is both environmentally and socially sound. The consultation process was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Asian Development Bank on public consultation.

The objectives of this process were

• To disseminate information on the project and its expected impact, long-term as well as short-term, among primary and secondary stakeholders, • To gather information on relevant issues so that the feedback received could be used to address these issues at an early stage, • To determine the extent of the negative impacts of different project activities and suggest appropriate mitigation measures.

7.2. IDENTIFICATION OF STAKEHOLDERS

There are two types of stakeholders; i.e.

7.2.1. Primary Stakeholders

The primary stakeholders are the initial stakeholders, such as affected persons, general public residing in the project area. Accordingly, the consultations/ focus group discussions were made with all above primary stakeholders for sharing of information about the proposed project and expected impacts and understanding about the concerns by category of stakeholders.

7.2.2. Secondary Stakeholders

The secondary stakeholders are the representatives of Government Departments / Agencies involved in the planning, design, implementation and operation of the project, including various government departments such as District Administration, WAPDA, Wildlife, Forestry & Environment, Agriculture including the Horticulture wing, Irrigation, PkHA and other relevant departments.

7.3. STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION PROCESS

The overall strategy for stakeholder’s consultation is as shown in Table - 7.1.

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Table - 7.1: Process of Stakeholder Consultation

Stakeholders Purpose of consultations Methodology Stage Primary • Information gathering and • Focus Group • Base line Study Stakeholder data collection. Discussions • Impact • Information sharing about • Formal and informal Assessment the project (disclosure) • Community meetings • Inventory of • Opinion seeking Losses (concerns and • Price fixation • expectations) Discloser • Grievance redress • Involvement of PAPs Secondary • Participation in the • One on one meetings • On need basis Stakeholder process • In-depth interviews • Information gathering • Group meetings • Authentication and validation of the processes verification of the record

Stakeholder consultation for this project was planned process. The meetings were conducted to inform stakeholders about the project and how it may affect their lives / activities, and to record their concerns, whether real or perceived. Through the use of various tools the study team tried to involve the stakeholders in active decision- making.

7.4. PRIMARY STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION

Apart from gathering of quantitative data through household survey of the area of influence of the project and survey of project affected people and other local community to share the information about the project and record their concerns/ feedback associated with this project. In this context, APs shared their view point regarding the assessment especially price assessment, method of payment of compensation and procedure for entering their concerns/ grievances.

7.5. TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION

The following points were discussed during the public consultations: Project components, its activities and impacts.

• Needs, priorities and reactions of the population regarding the proposed project.

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• Land acquisition and resettlement issues. • Employment and livelihoods of communities. • Gender and women issues • Contractor’s camp and access • Environmental issues • Role of the affectees in implementation of the project • Basis for determining the rates of the land, houses, and other infrastructures.

Table - 7.2: List of Primary Stakeholder’s Consultations in the Project Area

Number of Date Location Feedback Recommendation in IEE Participants 4.12.2017 Jawad 39 People were in favor of the It is recommended to Chowk project. People demanded implement the EMP with full the proper plan of spirit at site and inform the commencement of the construction hours to the project and show concern of local to avoid any pollution during the inconvenience. construction.

4.12.2017 Shahbaz 31 People were in favor of the It is recommended to Garhi & project. People demanded provide the maximum Bala Garhi the proper compensation of employment to the project the damages, if any, and area people. employment.

5.12.2017 Ismaila & 34 Most of the people were Proper coordination with the Aman interested in project and local people will make the Chowk their concern were very project socially acceptable. much positive about project.

6-12-2017 Swabi 32 People demanded the It is recommended to Bazar smooth function of the implement efficiently the business during the EMP during the project construction construction.

Meetings with stakeholders consisted of community consultation meetings, focus group discussions, and in–depth interviews with community.

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A view during General Public Consultation

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Public Consultation Process

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Public Consultation Process

7.6. OUTCOME OF STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION

Generally, people were found to be aware of the need to upgrade the roads, and expressed their support for the project. The proposed improvement / rehabilitation of the road was welcomed by the people since it will reduce traffic congestion and other road hazards near settlements along the project selected road corridors. Local communities demanded that they should be the part of a continuous consultation process with other stakeholders at different stages of the project including the design, construction, and operation periods. The concerns raised by the stakeholders / communities are described as follows:

7.6.1. Highway Design

• Improve general standards of construction. • The business of the people should not be affected due to project activities. • PAPs should be compensated according to the market rates. • Properly compensate owners of demolished structures. • Protection walls should be constructed where needed. • The waste material should not be dumped in to the surface water body or along the road. • Avoid constructing sharp road curves and grades.

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• Build bus bays, passenger shelters, and parking areas where required and applicable. • Plant trees along the road that could be entrusted to the care of local communities. • Avoid shifting graves that may fall within the ROW. • Avoid relocating/dismantling mosques and other permanent structures. • Provide drainage on both sides of the road.

7.6.2. Highway Construction

• Avoid undue delays in road construction and ensure that project works are carried out in one stretch rather than piecemeal. • Ensure that contractors do not use private land for parking construction machinery. • Avoid dumping construction material along the highway and median. • Adopt measures to minimize dust, smoke, and noise pollution, and to control spillages from construction machinery. • Provide proper diversions for traffic during construction to avoid traffic congestion, related hazards, and dust emissions. • Carry out construction activities preferably at night to avoid traffic jams / hazards. • Proper traffic management plan should be provided during construction activities. • Job opportunities should be provided to the locals during construction activities. • Safety of local residents along the road should be ensured particularly due to land sliding and stones rolling.

7.6.3. Highway Operation

• Provide medical aid centers along the highway to treat road accident emergencies. • Erect cautionary and information signs. • Control over–speeding, overloading, traffic disorders and violations of traffic regulations; construct speed breakers where required. • Prohibit commercial vendors and squatters from encroaching on the ROW. • Increase tree plantation along the highway.

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• Ensure that cross–drainage pipes and culverts are regularly cleaned. • Regularly remove accumulated piles of rubbish from the ROW.

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7.7. REDRESS OF STAKEHOLDERS CONCERNS

Most of the concerns raised by stakeholders have been incorporated into the project’s environmental and social assessment as described below:

Suggestions / Concerns of Prevention Methods Stakeholders Highway Design In response to stakeholders’ concerns, the design at locations of social disruption may be revised by the Design Consultants and if avoidable; no residential and commercial entity will be affected by the Project. Highway Safety Road safety audits and improved road markings/signage and demarcation of accident–prone junctions will be made in order to improve the horizontal and vertical geometry, and reduce conflicting movement during operation, particularly along inhabited stretches of road. Improved intersections on side roads and village tracks will be provided in order to eliminate bottlenecks Roadside furniture and traffic control devices, including information and cautionary signs, signals, traffic diversion and flow markings, to ensure pedestrian safety during construction and operation. A drain will be designed to cater for the road drainage Highway Construction vehicles will remain confined within their designated Construction areas of movement. Sensitivity towards local customs and traditions will be encouraged to minimize social friction; good relations with local communities will be promoted by encouraging contractors to provide opportunities for skilled and unskilled employment to locals, as well as on–the–job training in construction for young people. Land sliding will be minimized by constructing retaining walls The loss of privately owned land or built–up property will be compensated on a replacement–cost basis Solid waste generated during construction and at campsites will be properly treated and safely disposed of only in demarcated waste disposal sites approved by the supervision consultant Contractors will be required to instruct and train their workforce in the storage and handling of materials and chemicals that can potentially cause soil contamination. All necessary measures will be taken to ensure the safety of traffic during construction, including barricades (including signs, pavement markings, flags, and lights) erected as required by the PKHA. All such barricades will be set up as per local regulations. Highway Operation Highway operation plan has been provided in the IEE Report for proper operation and maintenance of road and to ensure quick rescue operations during land sliding.

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The stakeholders supported the project, provided that environmental and social issues are addressed through mitigation measures. To address the issues, Summary IEE are to be developed and shared with stakeholders for their feedback and suggestions.

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8. GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL MECHANISM

The social and resettlement issues relating to the implementation of the Project works and their mitigation shall be identified in the RAP document. However, in spite of best efforts, there is every chance that the individuals / communities affected by the project are dissatisfied with the measures adopted to address the adverse social impacts of the project. In this situation an effective Grievance Redressal Mechanism (GRM) is established to ensure timely and successful implementation of the project. It will also provide a public forum to the aggrieved to raise their objections and through conflict resolution, address these issues adequately.

The main objective of the GRM is to investigate charges of irregularities and complaints received from the any affected person and provide an early, transparent and fair resolution. Keeping in view the findings of the baseline study, it is anticipated that the nature of such complaints will relate to compensation matters by the project functionaries. Some of the grievances that may arise are listed as follows:

♦ Name of the AP may be missing from the list,

♦ Improper distribution of compensation in case of joint ownership

♦ Problems in the relocation of infrastructure

♦ Delays in the payment of compensation,

♦ Any disruption by the civil works contractors

♦ Non-observance of project principles as laid down in the RAP by different parties.

♦ Any other issue arising during the project implementation.

8.1 GRIEVANCE REDRESS COMMITTEE (GRC) Under the GRM, a Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) will be established at project site, which will look into all the grievance cases related to social, resettlement and rehabilitation. The GRC will include:

♦ Deputy Director (Environment), PkHA, (Chair of the Committee) ♦ Assistant Director (Resettlement), PkHA (Member of the Committee) ♦ Resident Engineer of Supervision Consultants (Member of the Committee) ♦ A representative of Supervision Consultants (Member of the Committee) ♦ Resettlement Specialist (consultant) ♦ Two representatives of the Affected Person Committees (APCs) (Members of the Committee), one from each APC.

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♦ Two elected representatives of local Jirga (council of elders)

AD (Resettlement) will act as Secretary of the Committee. The Committee will meet at least twice a month and provide decision to resolve the issues at the end of the meeting. The non–official members will provide logistics for the committee meetings. The committee may request the complainant to attend and present his case. However, any aggrieved person will have the right to register her/his case for resolution by the court, in case s/he is not satisfied with the decision of GRC.

8.2 COMPLAINTS MANAGEMENT REGISTER (CMR) The Assistant Director (Resettlement) will maintain a CMR to record grievances brought forward by affected persons and communities and ensure that these are appropriately addressed. The complaint register will provide for: the date and particulars of the complaint; description of the grievance; follow–up action required; name of person responsible for implementing the action; a target date for redressal and up-dated status/final action with date. The AD will be supported by the Resettlement Specialist of the Construction Supervision Consultant for this purpose. The actual measures taken to mitigate the concerns will also be recorded in the register. The complainant's views on the remedial action taken will also be documented in the Register. All complaints received verbally or in writing will be properly documented and recorded/written in the CMR.

8.3 CONFLICT RESOLUTION PROCEDURE The AD (Resettlement will be the initiating authority to address the issues. He will be bound to forward the compliant to the DD (Environment) within 3 days. The DD (Environment) will take a decision on the compliant within 3 days on receipt of compliant to him and will inform the complainant through AD (Resettlement). If complainant is not satisfied with his decision / action, the DD (Environment) will refer the case to GRC. The Committee will review the matter keeping in view its nature and suggest a remedial action within 4 days. If considered necessary, the Committee will consult the complainant as well. Once the Committee decides the remedial action, the AD (Resettlement) with the support of Resettlement Specialist will implement it within a week.

In case some response on the complaint is not received within 15 days of the lodging of the complaint, the complainant may also send a reminder to the GRC with 07 days notice to take legal remedial measures.

In case of complainant’s disagreement with the decision of the GRC, the DD (Resettlement), as Chair of the Committee, will send the case to the PD, PkHA. The PD will respond within 07 days. The PD can involve the local Jirga, keeping in view the nature and severity of the matter. If the complainant is not satisfied, the complaint will have the option to go to the court of law. In case of such eventualities,

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all affected persons will be exempted from legal and administrative fees made / paid / incurred pursuant to the grievance redressal procedures. The conflict resolution process at project level is provided in Table - 8.1.

Table - 8.1: Conflict Resolution Process at Project Level

Complaint Resolution Stage Action Location Responsible Body Period

DD Complaint is 03 days from the date of (Environment) AD 1. received and registration (if not settled Office / Project (Resettlement) registered then Stage–2) Site Office

Passed on to Grievance Within 4 days (if not settled 2. At project site GRC Redressal then Stage–3) Committee

07 days from the date of Referred to PD, PD through DD 3. PD Office receipt of complaint in PD’s PkHA by the DD (Environment) office

If not acceptable to 4 Court of law the PAP

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9. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Primary and secondary data were used to assess the environmental impacts of the project road, which were assessed in a comprehensive manner. The report provided a picture of all potential environmental impacts associated with the Project, and makes suitable recommendations for mitigation measures.

The roadway is mostly following the existing alignments, being the best option from the environmental, legal, engineering and socioeconomic points of view. Environmental impacts associated with the Project need to be properly mitigated through the existing institutional arrangements, which need to be augmented for optimum utilization of available resources.

Bulk of environmental impacts will take place during construction phase.

Implementation of mitigation measures during this period will be assigned to the contractors. However, traditionally contractors have little perception and understanding of environmental problems. Hence, the required environmental mitigation must be clearly described in the contract documents, and an environmental supervising consultant must monitor implementation mechanism.

This report, including the EMP, should be used as a basis for an environmental compliance program.

Most of the roadway passes through the urban and agricultural area with no cultivation, having a uniform ecological profile, topographic layout and geological strata. Implementation of proposed mitigation measures will not only reduce the negative impacts, rather the road environments will get significantly improved. Through institutional development, by building a better environmental perception and understanding, capacities of PkHA will get enhanced for future environmental management and monitoring. The suggested training initiatives at different tiers will further reinforce PkHA and other related agencies.

Additional cost for environmental adjustments in design, specifications, tender and contract documents will be taken care of by the engineering consultants. Similarly, it is expected that the potential contractor who will include it in his bid document will address the costs for mitigation measures during/after construction.

The ecological resources of the area will not only be conserved, but also developed for the benefits of all the stakeholders. Besides an on-going development process of roadway communication links, archeological, historical, cultural heritage assets and an exceptionally biodiversity of the area will also be preserved.

Each subsequent road will be treated as a sub-Project of the same umbrella. Besides environmental considerations, the sub-Project will also be addressing other related

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issues of poverty alleviation and resettlement. In this way the growing communication needs of rural populace will be addressed in an organized and structured manner.

The lEE report has thoroughly assessed all the potential environmental impacts associated with the Project. The environmental impacts identified by the study are manageable, which will be mitigated by PKHA at various stages, as suggested in the report.

Therefore, No further EIA is needed for the Project, in accordance to ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 and GoP’s EPA Act 1997 and lEE and EIA Gazette Notification, 2000.

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ANNEXURE – A

RAPID ASSESSMENT CHECKLIST

Annexure - A Page 1 of 1 Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

ROADS AND Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist HIGHWAYS

Instructions:

 This checklist is to be prepared to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form that is to be prepared and submitted to the Chief Compliance Officer of the Regional and Sustainable Development Department.

 This checklist is to be completed with the assistance of an Environment Specialist in a Regional Department.

 This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to ADB checklists and handbooks on (i) involuntary resettlement, (ii) indigenous peoples planning, (iii) poverty reduction, (iv) participation, and (v) gender and development.

 Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Country/Project Title: PROVINCIAL ROADS REHABILITATION PROJECT Dualization of Mardan– Swabi Road

Sector Division: Road ......

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS A. Project Siting

Is the Project area adjacent to or within any of the following environmentally sensitive areas?

• Cultural heritage site Project road doesn’t pass through or near Cultural heritage site • Protected Area Project road doesn’t pass through or near Protected Area • Wetland Project road doesn’t pass through or near Wetland • Mangrove Not Applicable

• Estuarine Not Applicable

• Buffer zone of protected area Project road doesn’t pass through or near Buffer zone of protected area • Special area for protecting biodiversity Project road doesn’t pass through or near Special area for protecting biodiversity • Bay Not Applicable

B. Potential Environmental Impacts

. Will the Project cause…

Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS encroachment on historical/cultural areas; No encroachment of historical places. disfiguration of landscape by road embankments, However, some places of religious cuts, fills, and quarries? importance existing along the project road may get partially impacted. Disfiguration of landscape is not foreseen since it is dualization of the existing road. Quarry material will be procured from existing licensed quarries. . encroachment on precious ecology (e.g. sensitive No National Parks, wildlife sanctuaries or protected areas)? or similar eco-sensitive areas exist along the project road . alteration of surface water hydrology of waterways Project area is drained by a No. of crossed by roads, resulting in increased sediment rivers/Nallah and also intersecting the in streams affected by increased soil erosion at project road. construction site? Bridge construction on perennial rivers will be done during lean flow period. In some cases minor channels may be diverted for a very short period and will be bring back to its original course immediately after construction. . deterioration of surface water quality due to silt Proper drainage and sewerage facilities runoff and sanitary wastes from worker-based in the workers camps will help to avoid camps and chemicals used in construction? this prospect. As the construction activity in this project will not contain any harmful ingredients, no impact on surface water quality is anticipated. . increased local air pollution due to rock crushing, Air pollution level is likely to be cutting and filling works, and chemicals from increased for short duration during asphalt processing? construction period. Appropriate distance from settlement area and wind direction may be taken into account to locate air polluting facility like stone crushing unit etc. Use of environment friendly equipment / machineries will help reduce air pollution. . noise and vibration due to blasting and other civil Blasting is not involved. works? Ambient noise level is expected to increase due to various construction activities. Although the level of noise may exceed national standards, their occurrence will only be during the project construction. All stationary noise making equipment will be installed with acoustic enclosures. Timings of noise construction activities will be regulated near sensitive receptors. . dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people Extent of impact being assessed in a separate report.

. other social concerns relating to inconveniences in Deterioration in ambient air quality will living conditions in the project areas that may be localized and temporarily during

trigger cases of upper respiratory problems and construction activity. The project area is stress? located in open areas. Extensive plantation along the highway and improved road conditions will improve the air quality of the area.

Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS . hazardous driving conditions where construction Proper traffic management plan will be interferes with pre-existing roads? implemented by the contractor to prevent any such condition. . poor sanitation and solid waste disposal in Contractor will be bound contractually to construction camps and work sites, and possible provide sanitation, health care and solid

transmission of communicable diseases from waste disposal facilities workers to local populations? Workers will be made aware about communicable diseases . creation of temporary breeding habitats for No such condition is foreseen. mosquito vectors of disease?

. dislocation and compulsory resettlement of people Extent of impact being assessed in a living in right-of-way? separate report.

. accident risks associated with increased vehicular Dualization of project road will help in traffic, leading to accidental spills of toxic materials reducing the number of accidents. and loss of life? However, adequate safety measures will be adopted to avoid such conditions. . increased noise and air pollution resulting from Increase in noise and air pollution traffic volume? expected during construction phase will

be minimized by adoption of adequate mitigation measures. During operation phase, the main source of noise and air will be traffic. Road dualization and extensive plantation will help reduce the noise and air impact. As the alignment mostly passes through open agricultural land which will provide adequate dispersion of gaseous emission. If measures suggested for noise sensitive receptors prove inadequate, solid noise barrier will be placed. . increased risk of water pollution from oil, grease This is expected from accidental and fuel spills, and other materials from vehicles spillage. With provision of adequate using the road? safety measures such situations can be avoided.

Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

ANNEXURE – B

MONITORING OF NOISE, AIR AND DRINKING, WASTE & SURFACE WATER

Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

Section - 1 Ambient Air Monitoring for Particulate Matter

1.1 General This section deals with the ambient particulate matter monitoring that was carried out for assessment of PM10, Carbon Monoxide (CO), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) concentration at various point of road under consideration of present environmental assessment. The monitoring was carried out from ambient condition of the area during the normalized ambient conditions. 1.2 Methodology for Particulate Matter Casella, Serial # 1310, Gravimetric Dust Sampler Type 113 A, BS 1259-1958 was used for the monitoring of ambient particulate matter monitoring. Special filter media, having mesh size <10 µ was used as the surface on which PM10 was retained quantitatively during a definite interval of time. The filter media was placed in the special port with leak proof assembly. This prevented escaping of fugitive particulate matter being monitored. 1.3 Methodology

Mid-get impingers/absorption columns assembly was used for the monitoring of NOx and SO2 in the ambient air. The air was drawn through pump into the glass impingers and absorbed in the solution contained inside the absorption towers. The instrument sucked ambient air at rate monitored by a calibrated volume measuring standard gauge. The volume of air drawn was indicated on the scale calibrated in liters and fractions thereof. One hundred milliliters of absorbents were poured in each of the impingers. The fourth impinger was filled with two hundred grams silica. Standard procedures were used separately for the sampling of both NOx and SO2. Sample solutions were preserved and then transferred to the Laboratory for analysis. The Gries-Saltmann Reaction was carried for the analysis of NO2 and Pararosaniline method was used for SO2 testing. Monitoring results were presented after data generation in micro gram per cubic meter (µg/m3). Drager Miniwarn, the monitoring equipment, was used for CO measurements.

Annexure - C Page 1 of 40 Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

AMBIENT AIR MONITORING REPORT Client Name: Creative Engineering Consultants Address: Creative Engineering Pvt, Ltd, Hayatabad, Phase-I Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Peshawar Monitoring Date: 02-12-2017 Reporting Date: 20-12-2017 Source: Ambient of Various Locations Monitoring Iso-Kinetic Casella & ASTM Standard Methods Instrument: Carbon Monoxide Nitrogen Dioxide Sulfur Dioxide Particulate Matter Parameter (CO) (NO2) (SO2) (PM10) Unit mg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 Duration 08 Hours 24 Hours 24 Hours 24 Hours Lowest Detection Limit 0.01 5 5 2 National Environmental Quality 5 80 120 150 Standards Near Jawad Chowk 1.01 3.9 4.9 68.94 Average Flyover Obtained Bala Garhi 1.23 6.3 7.1 56.41 Conc. Near Ismailia 1.37 8.1 8.6 69.33 Aman Chowk 0.98 9.1 8.7 68.72 NEQS: National Environmental Quality Standards for Air Note: • Selected measurement units were dB(A) otherwise stated. • Quality was assured through self calibration of the instrument. • The values were representing of monitoring conditions prevailing during the monitoring hours. • The measurements were carried out on client request. The client is responsible lawful usage of reported data in future. • The report is not valid for court.

Annexure - C Page 2 of 40 Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

SECTION-2 NOISE LEVELS MONITORING

2.1 General This section deals with the measurements of noise levels at main passing road of the proposed project. The measurements were carried out during the full operational conditions of the facility. 2.2 Methodology Digital Sound level meter with the following specifications was employed during the noise levels measurements. HME® 9011 Sound Levels Meter IEC651 Type 2 & ANISI.4TYPE2 Japan. 2.3 Features • Accuracy: ± 1.5 dB (under reference condition) • Frequency range: 31.5 Hz to 8.5K Hz • Linearity range: 50 dB • Measuring level: 30 – 130 dB(A), 35 – 130 dB(C) • Digital display: 4 digits • Resolution: 0.1 dB • Display: 0.5 secretary • Bar graph: 50 dB scale at 1 dB step for monitoring current sound pressure level display period: 50 mS. 2.4 Calibration Instrument has an inbuilt calibration mechanism. Before each round calibration was made and also checked during measurement period.

Annexure - C Page 3 of 40 Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

NOISE LEVELS MONITORING REPORT

Client Name: Creative Engineering Consultants Address: Creative Engineering Pvt, Ltd, Hayatabad, Phase-I Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Peshawar Monitoring Date: 02-12-2017 Reporting Date: 20-12-2017 Source: Ambient Conditions of Various Monitoring Noise Meter-IEC651- Locations Instrument: Type-2 Sr. No. Location Units Minimum Maximum Leq 1 Near Jawad Chowk Flyover 72 88 80.0 2 Bala Garhi 49 76 62.5.0 dB(A) 3 Near Ismailia 78 90 84.0 4 Near Aman Chowk 59 78 68.5 NEQS: National Environmental Quality Standards for Noise Note: • Selected measurement units were dB(A) otherwise stated. • Quality was assured through self calibration of the instrument. • The values were representing of monitoring conditions prevailing during the monitoring hours. • The measurements were carried out on client request. The client is responsible lawful usage of reported data in future. • The report is not valid for court. Day Time Night Time a) Residential Area 55 45 b) Commercial Area 65 55 c) Industrial Area 75 65

Signature In charge Environmental Monitoring

Annexure - C Page 4 of 40 Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

SECTION - 3 WATER & WASTE WATER ANALYSIS

3. General This section deals with the sampling and analysis of the Drinking and Waste water sample from the expressway sites. 3.1 Sampling and Analysis Methodology Drinking and waste water, samples were collected from the various locations as attached. Drinking water samples were collected from the main drinking water source of the sites while the waste water sample was collected from the final discharge point of the unit. High density sterilized polyethylene bottles were collected for the sampling. The collected samples were preserved, sealed and chilled at 4°C as recommended. APHA standard methods used for the sampling and preservation of water and waste water. The following standards methods were used for analysis. - American Water Works Association (AWWA) and - American Public Health Association (APHA)

Annexure - C Page 5 of 40 Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

DRINKING WATER ANALYSIS REPORT

Client Name: Creative Engineering Address: Creative Engineering Pvt, Ltd, Consultants Hayatabad, Phase-I Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Peshawar Monitoring 02-12-2017 Reporting 20-12-2017 Date: Date: Source: Main Drinking Water Monitoring APHA/USEPA Standard Location: Near Jawad Chowk Instrument: Methods

Sr. Parameters Units NDWQS Results No. 1 pH -- 6.5-8.5 7.8 2 Taste & Odor -- Non Objectionable Non Objectionable 3 Color TCU <15 9 4 Turbidity NTU <5 3 5 Total Coliform Number/100 mL 0 Number/100 mL 60 6 E-Coli Number/100 mL 0 Number/100 mL 0 7 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/L <1000 220 8 Total Hardness mg/L <500 21 9 Chromium mg/L ≤0.05 N.D. 10 Selenium mg/L ≤0.5 N.D. 11 Zinc mg/L 5 0.001 12 Boron mg/L 0.7 N.D. 13 Mercury mg/L 0.001 N.D. 14 Iodine mg/L --- 0.01 15 Aluminum mg/L ≤0.2 N.D. 16 Manganese mg/L ≤0.5 N.D. 17 Chloride mg/L 250 32 18 Fluoride mg/L <1.5 0.07 19 Antimony mg/L <0.005 N.D. 20 Barium mg/L 0.7 N.D. 21 Ammonia mg/L --- 0.001 22 Arsenic mg/L <0.05 N.D. 23 Nitrate mg/L ≤50 1.01 24 Nitrite mg/L ≤3 0.001 25 Cadmium mg/L 0.01 N.D

Annexure - C Page 6 of 40 Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

Sr. Parameters Units NDWQS Results No. 26 Copper mg/L 2 N.D 27 Cyanide mg/L ≤ 0.05 N.D 28 Lead mg/L ≤ 0.05 N.D 29 Nickel mg/L ≤ 0.02 N.D 31 Pesticides mg/L ----- N.D 32 Phenolic Compounds mg/L ----- N.D 33 Alpha Emitters bq/L 0.1 N.D 34 Beta Emitters bq/L 1 N.D Polynuclear aromatic g/L 35 ------N.D hydrocarbons

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standards N.D = Not Detected : Source = Tab Water

Note: • Selected measurement units were mg/L otherwise stated. • Quality was assured through self calibration of the instrument. • The values were representing of monitoring conditions prevailing during the monitoring hours. • The measurements were carried out on client request. • The client is responsible lawful usage of reported data in future. • The report is not valid for court.

Signature In charge Environmental Monitoring

Annexure - C Page 7 of 40 Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

DRINKING WATER ANALYSIS REPORT

Client Name: Creative Engineering Address: Creative Engineering Pvt, Ltd, Consultants Hayatabad, Phase-I Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Peshawar Monitoring Date: 02-12-2017 Reporting 20-12-2017 Date: Source: Drinking Water Monitoring APHA/USEPA Standard Location: Bala Garhi Instrument: Methods Sr. Parameters Units NDWQS Results No. 1 pH -- 6.5-8.5 7.3 2 Taste & Odor -- Non Objectionable Non Objectionable 3 Color TCU <15 9 4 Turbidity NTU <5 1 5 Total Coliform Number/100 mL 0 Number/100 mL 20 6 E-Coli Number/100 mL 0 Number/100 mL 0 Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 7 <1000 170 (TDS) 8 Total Hardness mg/L <500 09 9 Chromium mg/L ≤0.05 N.D. 10 Selenium mg/L ≤0.5 N.D. 11 Zinc mg/L 5 0.003 12 Boron mg/L 0.7 N.D. 13 Mercury mg/L 0.001 N.D. 14 Iodine mg/L --- 0.005 15 Aluminum mg/L ≤0.2 N.D. 16 Manganese mg/L ≤0.5 N.D. 17 Chloride mg/L 250 1.03 18 Fluoride mg/L <1.5 0.01 19 Antimony mg/L <0.005 N.D. 20 Barium mg/L 0.7 N.D. 21 Ammonia mg/L --- 0.02 22 Arsenic mg/L <0.05 0.001 23 Nitrate mg/L ≤50 1.02 24 Nitrite mg/L ≤3 0.03 25 Cadmium mg/L 0.01 N.D

Annexure - C Page 8 of 40 Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

Sr. Parameters Units NDWQS Results No. 26 Copper mg/L 2 N.D 27 Cyanide mg/L ≤ 0.05 N.D 28 Lead mg/L ≤ 0.05 N.D 29 Nickel mg/L ≤ 0.02 N.D 31 Pesticides mg/L ----- N.D 32 Phenolic Compounds mg/L ----- N.D 33 Alpha Emitters bq/L 0.1 N.D 34 Beta Emitters bq/L 1 N.D Polynuclear aromatic g/L 35 ------N.D hydrocarbons

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standards N.D = Not Detected : Source = Hand Pump Water

Note: • Selected measurement units were mg/L otherwise stated. • Quality was assured through self calibration of the instrument. • The values were representing of monitoring conditions prevailing during the monitoring hours. • The measurements were carried out on client request. • The client is responsible lawful usage of reported data in future. • The report is not valid for court.

Signature In charge Environmental Monitoring

Annexure - C Page 9 of 40 Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

DRINKING WATER ANALYSIS REPORT

Client Name: Creative Engineering Address: Creative Engineering Pvt, Ltd, Consultants Hayatabad, Phase-I Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Peshawar Monitoring Date: 02-12-2017 Reporting 20-12-2017 Date: Source: Drinking Water Monitoring APHA/USEPA Standard Location: Near Ismailia Instrument: Methods Sr. Parameters Units NDWQS Results No. 1 pH -- 6.5-8.5 7.4 2 Taste & Odor -- Non Objectionable Non Objectionable 3 Color TCU <15 10 4 Turbidity NTU <5 4 5 Total Coliform Number/100 mL 0 Number/100 mL 90 6 E-Coli Number/100 mL 0 Number/100 mL 0 Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 7 <1000 290 (TDS) 8 Total Hardness mg/L <500 14 9 Chromium mg/L ≤0.05 N.D. 10 Selenium mg/L ≤0.5 N.D. 11 Zinc mg/L 5 0.02 12 Boron mg/L 0.7 N.D. 13 Mercury mg/L 0.001 N.D. 14 Iodine mg/L --- 0.001 15 Aluminum mg/L ≤0.2 N.D. 16 Manganese mg/L ≤0.5 N.D. 17 Chloride mg/L 250 0.02 18 Fluoride mg/L <1.5 0.4 19 Antimony mg/L <0.005 N.D. 20 Barium mg/L 0.7 N.D. 21 Ammonia mg/L --- 0.004 22 Arsenic mg/L <0.05 0.003 23 Nitrate mg/L ≤50 1.1 24 Nitrite mg/L ≤3 0.006 25 Cadmium mg/L 0.01 N.D

Annexure - C Page 10 of 40 Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

Sr. Parameters Units NDWQS Results No. 26 Copper mg/L 2 N.D 27 Cyanide mg/L ≤ 0.05 N.D 28 Lead mg/L ≤ 0.05 N.D 29 Nickel mg/L ≤ 0.02 N.D 31 Pesticides mg/L ----- N.D 32 Phenolic Compounds mg/L ----- N.D 33 Alpha Emitters bq/L 0.1 N.D 34 Beta Emitters bq/L 1 N.D Polynuclear aromatic g/L 35 ------N.D hydrocarbons

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standards N.D = Not Detected

Note: • Selected measurement units were mg/L otherwise stated. • Quality was assured through self calibration of the instrument. • The values were representing of monitoring conditions prevailing during the monitoring hours. • The measurements were carried out on client request. • The client is responsible lawful usage of reported data in future. • The report is not valid for court.

Signature In charge Environmental Monitoring

Annexure - C Page 11 of 40 Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

DRINKING WATER ANALYSIS REPORT

Client Name: Creative Engineering Address: Creative Engineering Pvt, Ltd, Consultants Hayatabad, Phase-I Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Peshawar Monitoring Date: 02-12-2017 Reporting 20-12-2017 Date: Source: Drinking Water Monitoring APHA/USEPA Standard Location: Aman Chowk Instrument: Methods Sr. Parameters Units NDWQS Results No. 1 pH -- 6.5-8.5 7.3 2 Taste & Odor -- Non Objectionable Non Objectionable 3 Color TCU <15 8 4 Turbidity NTU <5 6 5 Total Coliform Number/100 mL 0 Number/100 mL 30 6 E-Coli Number/100 mL 0 Number/100 mL 0 Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 7 <1000 140 (TDS) 8 Total Hardness mg/L <500 47 9 Chromium mg/L ≤0.05 N.D. 10 Selenium mg/L ≤0.5 N.D. 11 Zinc mg/L 5 0.13 12 Boron mg/L 0.7 N.D. 13 Mercury mg/L 0.001 N.D. 14 Iodine mg/L --- 0.05 15 Aluminum mg/L ≤0.2 N.D. 16 Manganese mg/L ≤0.5 N.D. 17 Chloride mg/L 250 0.2 18 Fluoride mg/L <1.5 0.001 19 Antimony mg/L <0.005 N.D. 20 Barium mg/L 0.7 N.D. 21 Ammonia mg/L --- 0.001 22 Arsenic mg/L <0.05 0.003 23 Nitrate mg/L ≤50 1.02 24 Nitrite mg/L ≤3 0.002 25 Cadmium mg/L 0.01 N.D

Annexure - C Page 12 of 40 Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

Sr. Parameters Units NDWQS Results No. 26 Copper mg/L 2 N.D 27 Cyanide mg/L ≤ 0.05 N.D 28 Lead mg/L ≤ 0.05 N.D 29 Nickel mg/L ≤ 0.02 N.D 31 Pesticides mg/L ----- N.D 32 Phenolic Compounds mg/L ----- N.D 33 Alpha Emitters bq/L 0.1 N.D 34 Beta Emitters bq/L 1 N.D Polynuclear aromatic g/L 35 ------N.D hydrocarbons

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standards N.D = Not Detected ; Source = Pipe Water

Note: • Selected measurement units were mg/L otherwise stated. • Quality was assured through self calibration of the instrument. • The values were representing of monitoring conditions prevailing during the monitoring hours. • The measurements were carried out on client request. • The client is responsible lawful usage of reported data in future. • The report is not valid for court.

Signature In charge Environmental Monitoring

Annexure - C Page 13 of 40 Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

WASTE WATER ANALYSIS REPORT

Client Name: Creative Engineering Address: Creative Engineering Pvt, Ltd, Consultants Hayatabad, Phase-I Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Peshawar Monitoring Date: 02-12-2017 Reporting 20-12-2017 Date: Source: Waste Water Monitoring APHA/USEPA Standard Location: Near Jawad Chowk Instrument: Methods Flyover

Sr. Parameters Units NEQS Results No. 1 pH --- 6-9 8.32 2 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/L 3500 890 3 Total Hardness mg/L -- 126 4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/L 150 235 0 5 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) at 20 C mg/L 80 159.4 6 Phenolic Compounds as Phenols mg/L 0.01 0.001 7 Chloride (Cl-) mg/L 1000 80 8 Copper (Cu+) mg/L 1.0 0.01 9 Total Iron (Fe+) mg/L 8.0 0.22 10 Lead (Pb+) mg/L 1.0 N.D. 11 Magnesium (Mg+) mg/L -- 0.02 12 Sodium (Na+) mg/L -- N.D.

13 Sulfate (SO4) mg/L 600 62 14 Zinc (Zn) mg/L 5.0 0.01 NEQS: National Environment Quality Standards for Effluents N.D = Not Detected

Note: • Selected measurement units were mg/L otherwise stated. • Quality was assured through self calibration of the instrument. • The values were representing of monitoring conditions prevailing during the monitoring hours. • The measurements were carried out on client request. • The client is responsible lawful usage of reported data in future. • The report is not valid for court.

Signature In charge Environmental Monitoring

Annexure - C Page 14 of 40 Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

WASTE WATER ANALYSIS REPORT

Client Name: Creative Engineering Address: Creative Engineering Pvt, Ltd, Consultants Hayatabad, Phase-I Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Peshawar Monitoring Date: 02-12-2017 Reporting 20-12-2017 Date: Source: Waste Water Monitoring APHA/USEPA Standard Location: Bala Garhi Instrument: Methods

Sr. No Parameters Units NEQS Results . 1 pH --- 6-9 7.7 2 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/L 3500 698 3 Total Hardness mg/L -- 39 4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/L 150 99 0 5 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) at 20 C mg/L 80 70 6 Phenolic Compounds as Phenols mg/L 0.01 0.001 7 Chloride (Cl-) mg/L 1000 61 8 Copper (Cu+) mg/L 1.0 0.01 9 Total Iron (Fe+) mg/L 8.0 0.11 10 Lead (Pb+) mg/L 1.0 N.D. 11 Magnesium (Mg+) mg/L -- 0.001 12 Sodium (Na+) mg/L -- N.D.

13 Sulfate (SO4) mg/L 600 52 14 Zinc (Zn) mg/L 5.0 0.01 NEQS: National Environment Quality Standards for Effluents N.D = Not Detected

Note: • Selected measurement units were mg/L otherwise stated. • Quality was assured through self calibration of the instrument. • The values were representing of monitoring conditions prevailing during the monitoring hours. • The measurements were carried out on client request. • The client is responsible lawful usage of reported data in future. • The report is not valid for court.

Signature In charge Environmental Monitoring

Annexure - C Page 15 of 40 Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

WASTE WATER ANALYSIS REPORT

Client Name: Creative Engineering Address: Creative Engineering Pvt, Ltd, Consultants Hayatabad, Phase-I Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Peshawar Monitoring Date: 02-12-2017 Reporting 20-12-2017 Date: Source: Waste Water Monitoring APHA/USEPA Standard Location: Ismailia Instrument: Methods

Sr. Parameters Units NEQS Results No. 1 pH --- 6-9 8.4 2 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/L 3500 1060 3 Total Hardness mg/L -- 133 4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/L 150 393 0 5 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) at 20 C mg/L 80 295 6 Phenolic Compounds as Phenols mg/L 0.01 0.001 7 Chloride (Cl-) mg/L 1000 82 8 Copper (Cu+) mg/L 1.0 0.001 9 Total Iron (Fe+) mg/L 8.0 0.11 10 Lead (Pb+) mg/L 1.0 N.D. 11 Magnesium (Mg+) mg/L -- 0.001 12 Sodium (Na+) mg/L -- N.D.

13 Sulfate (SO4) mg/L 600 44 14 Zinc (Zn) mg/L 5.0 0.01 NEQS: National Environment Quality Standards for Effluents N.D = Not Detected

Note: • Selected measurement units were mg/L otherwise stated. • Quality was assured through self calibration of the instrument. • The values were representing of monitoring conditions prevailing during the monitoring hours. • The measurements were carried out on client request. • The client is responsible lawful usage of reported data in future. • The report is not valid for court.

Signature In charge Environmental Monitoring

Annexure - C Page 16 of 40 Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

WASTE WATER ANALYSIS REPORT

Client Name: Creative Engineering Address: Creative Engineering Pvt, Ltd, Consultants Hayatabad, Phase-I Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Peshawar Monitoring Date: 02-12-2017 Reporting 20-12-2017 Date: Source: Waste Water Monitoring APHA/USEPA Standard Location: Aman Chowk Instrument: Methods

Sr. Parameters Units NEQS Results No. 1 pH --- 6-9 7.3 2 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/L 3500 963 3 Total Hardness mg/L -- 61 4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/L 150 121 0 5 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) at 20 C mg/L 80 92 6 Phenolic Compounds as Phenols mg/L 0.01 0.001 7 Chloride (Cl-) mg/L 1000 89 8 Copper (Cu+) mg/L 1.0 0.001 9 Total Iron (Fe+) mg/L 8.0 0.12 10 Lead (Pb+) mg/L 1.0 N.D. 11 Magnesium (Mg+) mg/L -- 0.001 12 Sodium (Na+) mg/L -- N.D. 13 Sulfate (SO4) mg/L 600 62 14 Zinc (Zn) mg/L 5.0 0.02 NEQS: National Environment Quality Standards for Effluents N.D = Not Detected

Note: • Selected measurement units were mg/L otherwise stated. • Quality was assured through self calibration of the instrument. • The values were representing of monitoring conditions prevailing during the monitoring hours. • The measurements were carried out on client request. • The client is responsible lawful usage of reported data in future. • The report is not valid for court.

Signature In charge Environmental Monitoring

Annexure - C Page 17 of 40 Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

Figure Showing Views During the Baseline Noise and Water Sampling

Annexure - C Page 18 of 40 Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

Figure Showing Views During the Baseline Effluent and Air Sampling

Annexure - C Page 19 of 40 Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

ANNEXURE – C

ROW MAPS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT

Annexure - C Page 20 of 40 Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

ANNEXURE – D

ADDITIONAL MONITORING OF NOISE, AIR AND DRINKING, WASTE & SURFACE WATER

Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

Section - 1 Ambient Air Monitoring for Particulate Matter

1.4 General This section deals with the ambient particulate matter monitoring that was carried out for assessment of PM10, Carbon Monoxide (CO), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) concentration at two additional point of road under consideration of present environmental assessment. The monitoring was carried out from ambient condition of the area during the normalized ambient conditions. 1.5 Methodology for Particulate Matter Casella, Serial # 1310, Gravimetric Dust Sampler Type 113 A, BS 1259-1958 was used for the monitoring of ambient particulate matter monitoring. Special filter media, having mesh size <10 µ was used as the surface on which PM10 was retained quantitatively during a definite interval of time. The filter media was placed in the special port with leak proof assembly. This prevented escaping of fugitive particulate matter being monitored. 1.6 Methodology

Mid-get impingers/absorption columns assembly was used for the monitoring of NOx and SO2 in the ambient air. The air was drawn through pump into the glass impingers and absorbed in the solution contained inside the absorption towers. The instrument sucked ambient air at rate monitored by a calibrated volume measuring standard gauge. The volume of air drawn was indicated on the scale calibrated in liters and fractions thereof. One hundred milliliters of absorbents were poured in each of the impingers. The fourth impinger was filled with two hundred grams silica. Standard procedures were used separately for the sampling of both NOx and SO2. Sample solutions were preserved and then transferred to the Laboratory for analysis. The Gries-Saltmann Reaction was carried for the analysis of NO2 and Pararosaniline method was used for SO2 testing. Monitoring results were presented after data generation in micro gram per cubic meter (µg/m3). Drager Miniwarn, the monitoring equipment, was used for CO measurements.

Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

AMBIENT AIR MONITORING REPORT

Client Name: Creative Engineering Consultants Address: Creative Engineering Pvt, Ltd, Hayatabad, Phase-I Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Peshawar Monitoring Date: 05-2-2018 Reporting Date: 15-2-2018 Source: Ambient of Various Locations Monitoring Iso-Kinetic Casella & ASTM Standard Methods Instrument: Carbon Monoxide Nitrogen Dioxide Sulfur Dioxide Particulate Matter Parameter (CO) (NO2) (SO2) (PM10) Unit mg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 Duration 08 Hours 24 Hours 24 Hours 24 Hours Lowest Detection Limit 0.01 5 5 2 National Environmental Quality 5 80 120 150 Standards Average Shahbaz Garhi 1.14 24.4 34.2 81.41 Obtained Conc. Swabi Bazaar 1.53 26.3 37.1 59.43 NEQS: National Environmental Quality Standards for Air Note: • Selected measurement units were dB(A) otherwise stated. • Quality was assured through self calibration of the instrument. • The values were representing of monitoring conditions prevailing during the monitoring hours. • The measurements were carried out on client request. The client is responsible lawful usage of reported data in future. • The report is not valid for court.

Signature In charge Environmental Monitoring

Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

SECTION-2 NOISE LEVELS MONITORING

2.5 General This section deals with the measurements of noise levels at main passing road of the proposed project. The measurements were carried out during the full operational conditions of the facility. 2.6 Methodology Digital Sound level meter with the following specifications was employed during the noise levels measurements. HME® 9011 Sound Levels Meter IEC651 Type 2 & ANISI.4TYPE2 Japan. 2.7 Features • Accuracy: ± 1.5 dB (under reference condition) • Frequency range: 31.5 Hz to 8.5K Hz • Linearity range: 50 dB • Measuring level: 30 – 130 dB(A), 35 – 130 dB(C) • Digital display: 4 digits • Resolution: 0.1 dB • Display: 0.5 secretary • Bar graph: 50 dB scale at 1 dB step for monitoring current sound pressure level display period: 50 mS. 2.8 Calibration Instrument has an inbuilt calibration mechanism. Before each round calibration was made and also checked during measurement period.

Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

NOISE LEVELS MONITORING REPORT

Client Name: Creative Engineering Consultants Address: Creative Engineering Pvt, Ltd, Hayatabad, Phase-I Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Peshawar Monitoring Date: 05-2-2018 Reporting Date: 15-2-2018 Source: Ambient Conditions of Various Monitoring Noise Meter-IEC651- Locations Instrument: Type-2 Sr. No. Location Units Minimum Maximum

1 Shahbaz Garhi 79 91 dB(A) 2 Swabi Bazaar 74 85

NEQS: National Environmental Quality Standards for Noise Note: • Selected measurement units were dB(A) otherwise stated. • Quality was assured through self calibration of the instrument. • The values were representing of monitoring conditions prevailing during the monitoring hours. • The measurements were carried out on client request. The client is responsible lawful usage of reported data in future. • The report is not valid for court. Day Time Night Time d) Residential Area 55 45 e) Commercial Area 65 55 f) Industrial Area 75 65

Signature In charge Environmental Monitoring

Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

SECTION - 3 WATER & WASTE WATER ANALYSIS

4. General This section deals with the sampling and analysis of the Drinking and Waste water sample from the expressway sites. 4.1 Sampling and Analysis Methodology Drinking and waste water, samples were collected from the various locations as attached. Drinking water samples were collected from the main drinking water source of the sites while the waste water sample was collected from the final discharge point of the unit. High density sterilized polyethylene bottles were collected for the sampling. The collected samples were preserved, sealed and chilled at 4°C as recommended. APHA standard methods used for the sampling and preservation of water and waste water. The following standards methods were used for analysis. - American Water Works Association (AWWA) and - American Public Health Association (APHA)

Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

DRINKING WATER ANALYSIS REPORT

Client Name: Creative Engineering Address: Creative Engineering Pvt, Ltd, Consultants Hayatabad, Phase-I Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Peshawar Monitoring 05-2-2018 Reporting 15-2-2018 Date: Date: Source: Main Drinking Water Monitoring APHA/USEPA Standard Location: Swabi Bazaar Instrument: Methods

Sr. Parameters Units NDWQS Results No. 1 pH -- 6.5-8.5 7.5 2 Taste & Odor -- Non Objectionable Non Objectionable 3 Color TCU <15 8 4 Turbidity NTU <5 6 5 Total Coliform Number/100 mL 0 Number/100 mL 78 6 E-Coli Number/100 mL 0 Number/100 mL 20 7 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/L <1000 310 8 Total Hardness mg/L <500 21 9 Chromium mg/L ≤0.05 N.D. 10 Selenium mg/L ≤0.5 N.D. 11 Zinc mg/L 5 0.001 12 Boron mg/L 0.7 N.D. 13 Mercury mg/L 0.001 N.D. 14 Iodine mg/L --- 0.01 15 Aluminum mg/L ≤0.2 N.D. 16 Manganese mg/L ≤0.5 N.D. 17 Chloride mg/L 250 37 18 Fluoride mg/L <1.5 0.07 19 Antimony mg/L <0.005 N.D. 20 Barium mg/L 0.7 N.D. 21 Ammonia mg/L --- 0.001 22 Arsenic mg/L <0.05 N.D. 23 Nitrate mg/L ≤50 1.01 24 Nitrite mg/L ≤3 0.001 25 Cadmium mg/L 0.01 N.D

Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

Sr. Parameters Units NDWQS Results No. 26 Copper mg/L 2 N.D 27 Cyanide mg/L ≤ 0.05 N.D 28 Lead mg/L ≤ 0.05 N.D 29 Nickel mg/L ≤ 0.02 N.D 31 Pesticides mg/L ----- N.D 32 Phenolic Compounds mg/L ----- N.D 33 Alpha Emitters bq/L 0.1 N.D 34 Beta Emitters bq/L 1 N.D Polynuclear aromatic g/L 35 ------N.D hydrocarbons

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standards N.D = Not Detected : Source = Tab Water

Note: • Selected measurement units were mg/L otherwise stated. • Quality was assured through self calibration of the instrument. • The values were representing of monitoring conditions prevailing during the monitoring hours. • The measurements were carried out on client request. • The client is responsible lawful usage of reported data in future. • The report is not valid for court.

Signature In charge Environmental Monitoring

Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

DRINKING WATER ANALYSIS REPORT

Client Name: Creative Engineering Address: Creative Engineering Pvt, Ltd, Consultants Hayatabad, Phase-I Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Peshawar Monitoring Date: 05-2-2018 Reporting 15-2-2018 Date: Source: Drinking Water Monitoring APHA/USEPA Standard Location: Shahbaz Garhi Instrument: Methods Sr. Parameters Units NDWQS Results No. 1 pH -- 6.5-8.5 7.1 2 Taste & Odor -- Non Objectionable Non Objectionable 3 Color TCU <15 43 4 Turbidity NTU <5 6 5 Total Coliform Number/100 mL 0 Number/100 mL 120 6 E-Coli Number/100 mL 0 Number/100 mL 0 7 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/L <1000 170 8 Total Hardness mg/L <500 09 9 Chromium mg/L ≤0.05 N.D. 10 Selenium mg/L ≤0.5 N.D. 11 Zinc mg/L 5 0.004 12 Boron mg/L 0.7 N.D. 13 Mercury mg/L 0.001 N.D. 14 Iodine mg/L --- 0.004 15 Aluminum mg/L ≤0.2 N.D. 16 Manganese mg/L ≤0.5 N.D. 17 Chloride mg/L 250 1.03 18 Fluoride mg/L <1.5 0.01 19 Antimony mg/L <0.005 N.D. 20 Barium mg/L 0.7 N.D. 21 Ammonia mg/L --- 0.04 22 Arsenic mg/L <0.05 0.001 23 Nitrate mg/L ≤50 1.04 24 Nitrite mg/L ≤3 0.02 25 Cadmium mg/L 0.01 N.D 26 Copper mg/L 2 N.D 27 Cyanide mg/L ≤ 0.05 N.D

Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

Sr. Parameters Units NDWQS Results No. 28 Lead mg/L ≤ 0.05 N.D 29 Nickel mg/L ≤ 0.02 N.D 31 Pesticides mg/L ----- N.D 32 Phenolic Compounds mg/L ----- N.D 33 Alpha Emitters bq/L 0.1 N.D 34 Beta Emitters bq/L 1 N.D Polynuclear aromatic g/L 35 ------N.D hydrocarbons

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standards N.D = Not Detected : Source = Hand Pump Water

Note: • Selected measurement units were mg/L otherwise stated. • Quality was assured through self calibration of the instrument. • The values were representing of monitoring conditions prevailing during the monitoring hours. • The measurements were carried out on client request. • The client is responsible lawful usage of reported data in future. • The report is not valid for court.

Signature In charge Environmental Monitoring

Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

WASTE WATER ANALYSIS REPORT

Client Name: Creative Engineering Address: Creative Engineering Pvt, Ltd, Consultants Hayatabad, Phase-I Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Peshawar Monitoring Date: 05-2-2018 Reporting 15-2-2018 Date: Source: Waste Water Monitoring APHA/USEPA Standard Location: Swabi Bazaar Instrument: Methods

Sr. Parameters Units NEQS Results No. 1 pH --- 6-9 8.44 2 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/L 3500 980 3 Total Hardness mg/L -- 128 4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/L 150 238 0 5 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) at 20 C mg/L 80 163.6 6 Phenolic Compounds as Phenols mg/L 0.01 0.001 7 Chloride (Cl-) mg/L 1000 85 8 Copper (Cu+) mg/L 1.0 0.01 9 Total Iron (Fe+) mg/L 8.0 0.22 10 Lead (Pb+) mg/L 1.0 N.D. 11 Magnesium (Mg+) mg/L -- 0.02 12 Sodium (Na+) mg/L -- N.D.

13 Sulfate (SO4) mg/L 600 66 14 Zinc (Zn) mg/L 5.0 0.03 NEQS: National Environment Quality Standards for Effluents N.D = Not Detected

Note: • Selected measurement units were mg/L otherwise stated. • Quality was assured through self calibration of the instrument. • The values were representing of monitoring conditions prevailing during the monitoring hours. • The measurements were carried out on client request. • The client is responsible lawful usage of reported data in future. • The report is not valid for court.

Signature In charge Environmental Monitoring

Provincial Roads Rehabilitation Project INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

WASTE WATER ANALYSIS REPORT

Client Name: Creative Engineering Address: Creative Engineering Pvt, Ltd, Consultants Hayatabad, Phase-I Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Peshawar Monitoring Date: 5-2-2018 Reporting 15-2-2018 Date: Source: Waste Water Monitoring APHA/USEPA Standard Location: Shahbaz Garhi Instrument: Methods

Sr. No Parameters Units NEQS Results . 1 pH --- 6-9 8.7 2 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/L 3500 769 3 Total Hardness mg/L -- 45 4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/L 150 109 0 5 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) at 20 C mg/L 80 89 6 Phenolic Compounds as Phenols mg/L 0.01 0.011 7 Chloride (Cl-) mg/L 1000 62 8 Copper (Cu+) mg/L 1.0 0.01 9 Total Iron (Fe+) mg/L 8.0 0.12 10 Lead (Pb+) mg/L 1.0 N.D. 11 Magnesium (Mg+) mg/L -- 0.001 12 Sodium (Na+) mg/L -- N.D.

13 Sulfate (SO4) mg/L 600 54 14 Zinc (Zn) mg/L 5.0 0.01 NEQS: National Environment Quality Standards for Effluents N.D = Not Detected

Note: • Selected measurement units were mg/L otherwise stated. • Quality was assured through self calibration of the instrument. • The values were representing of monitoring conditions prevailing during the monitoring hours. • The measurements were carried out on client request. • The client is responsible lawful usage of reported data in future. • The report is not valid for court.

Signature In charge Environmental Monitoring