Recognition and Alleviation of Distress in Laboratory Animals
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IJSAP Volume 01, Number 04
WellBeing International WBI Studies Repository 7-1980 IJSAP Volume 01, Number 04 Follow this and additional works at: https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/v1_ijsap Recommended Citation "IJSAP Volume 01, Number 04" (1980). IJSAP VOL 1. 4. https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/v1_ijsap/4 This material is brought to you for free and open access by WellBeing International. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of the WBI Studies Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. International for :the Study of Journal An1n1al Problems VOLUME 1 NUMBER 4 JULY/AUGUST 1980 ., ·-·.··---:-7---;-~---------:--;--·- ·.- . -~~·--· -~-- .-.-,. ") International I for the Study of I TABLE OF CONTENTS-VOL. 1(4) 1980 J ournal Animal Problems EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD EDITORIALS EDITORIAL OFFICERS Alternatives and Animal Rights: A Reply to Maurice Visscher D.K. Belyaev, Institute of Cytology Editors-in-Chief A.N. Rowan 210-211 and Genetics, USSR Advocacy, Objectivity and the Draize Test- P. Singer 211-213 Michael W. Fox, Director, !SAP J.M. Cass, Veterans Administration, USA Andrew N. Rowan, Associate Director, ISAP S. Clark, University of Glasgow, UK j.C. Daniel, Bombay Natural History Society, FOCUS 214-217 Editor India C.L. de Cuenca, University of Madrid, Spain Live Animals in Car Crash Studies Nancy A. Heneson I. Ekesbo, Swedish Agricultural University, Sweden NEWS AND REVIEW 218-223 Managing Editor L.C. Faulkner, University of Missouri, USA Abstract: Legal Rights of Animals in the U.S.A. M.F.W. Festing, Medical Research Council Nancie L. Brownley Laboratory Animals Centre, UK Companion Animals A. F. Fraser, University of Saskatchewan, Associate Editors Pharmacology of Succinylcholine Canada Roger Ewbank, Director T.H. -
Substance P: Transmitter O. Nociception (Minireview)
ENDOCRINE REGULATIONS, Vol. 34,195201, 2000 195 SUBSTANCE P: TRANSMITTER O NOCICEPTION (MINIREVIEW) M. ZUBRZYCKA1, A. JANECKA2 1Department of Physiology and 2Department of General Chemistry, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lindleya 3, 90-131 Lodz, Poland E-mail: [email protected] Substance P plays the role of a neurotransmitter immunoreactive fibers has also been detected in lam- and neuromodulator in the central and peripheral ina V of the dorsal horn (LJUNGDAHL et al. 1978), lam- nervous system. The presence of substance P in de- ina X surrounding the central canal (LAMOTTE and myelinated sensory fibres, as well as in the small SHAPIRO 1991), the nucleus dorsalis, interomediolat- and medium-sized neurons of spinal dorsal horn sub- eral cell column, and the ventral horn (PIORO et stantia gelatinosa gives a structural basis for the al.1984). Electric stimulation of the dorsal root, or hypothesis that SP plays an important role of peripheral nerve endings, causes a substantial release a mediator in the processing of nociceptive informa- of SP within the substantia gelatinosa of spinal dor- tion. In this paper recent advances on the effect of sal horns (OTSUKA and KANISHI 1976). SP on conduction and modulation of nociceptive In the dorsal regions of the spinal dorsal horn, impulsation are reviewed. The studies concerning the besides SP also large quantities of gamma-aminobu- role of SP in the prevertebral ganglia and spinal dor- tyric acid (GABA) are present, but reduction of sal horns has been presented, including the distribu- GABA levels has no effect on the SP content, and tion of SP in the spinal cord, as well as its pre- and similarly, reduction of SP levels does not cause any postsynaptic actions on excitatory and inhibitory decrease of GABA concentration in this region of postsynaptic potentials (EPSP and IPSP) and the ef- the spinal cord (TAKAHASHI and OTSUKA 1975). -
For European Biotech? Continued from Page 1 Around the World, Including the French Academies of Science by the Fact That the Complainants Did Not Challenge Them
Competitive Enterprise Institute - Volume 19, Number 2 - March/April 2006 Neeww EEra,ra, oror ‘‘AncienAncien RRégime,’égime,’ fforor EEuropeanuropean BBiotech?iotech? by Gregory Conko he long-awaited World Trade all remain in effect argues in favor of Organization (WTO) decision intervention by the WTO. (Ironically, Ton biotech food is due to be the current WTO Director General is released this spring, but a leaked copy none other than Pascal Lamy.) of the report has already elicited The most important victory for the considerable buzz. Most United States and its partners is the analyses score it a resounding WTO’s judgment that the EU failed to victory for the United States abide by its own regulations by “unduly and its co-complainants, and a delaying” fi nal approval of otherwise stinging defeat for European state complete applications for 25 food biotech protectionism. When it came time for products. The culprit here is the European The reality is that the decision their WTO defense, Commission’s highly politicized, two-stage is only a partial and largely symbolic however, the Europeans approval process: Each application must victory. For not achieving a more complete actually denied that a moratorium had ever fi rst be cleared for marketing by various and meaningful success, the United States, existed. Fortunately, the WTO decision scientifi c panels, and then voted on by Canada, and Argentina, which jointly fi led acknowledges the EU’s illegal practices— elected politicians. the complaint, have their own excessively and the disingenuousness of the EU’s Signifi cantly, the WTO assumed that risk-averse policies to blame. -
Neuropathic Component of Low Back Pain of Low Back Component Neuropathic +2 ) Enters Into Cell
229 NEUROPATHIC Aspects Spine Surgery: Current Minimally Invasive COMPONENT OF LOW BACK PAIN 36 Simin Hepguler MD month study period, it was estimated that direct re- Introduction source cost was 96 million $ for patients with CLBP and neuropathic component of CLBP accounted for ow back pain is a frequent problem of mus- 96% of the total cost. Cost of care is 160% higher for culo-skeletal system. Life-long prevalence is patients with CLBP associated with NP than patient 60-85% and the incidence is 15% (12-30%) in with CLBP not associated with NP. CLBP with NP L26 adults. Although underlying cause is not known component is found in 4% of German adult popula- in most cases, compression fracture was found in tion. Care cost of neuropathic low back pain is 67% 4% of all low back pain cases, while spondylolisthe- higher than care cost of nociceptive pain. Of the to- sis, tumor or metastasis, ankylosing spondylitis and tal care cost of low back pain, 16% is reserved for infection were determined in 3%, 0.07%, 0.3% and neuropathic component.39 0.01%, respectively. It was also found that remain- ing cases were secondary to mechanical spraining of structures forming the lumbar region.26 Definition This is the most common and most expensive Low back pain is felt in a region ranging from in- reason of occupation-related disability in subjects ferior margin of rib cage to waistline; the pain can who are aged <45 years. The estimated direct cost be localized in lumbar region, but it may also radi- of the condition was 1.6 billion £ and the total cost ate to the leg. -
Nociceptors – Characteristics?
Nociceptors – characteristics? • ? • ? • ? • ? • ? • ? Nociceptors - true/false No – pain is an experience NonociceptornotNoNo – –all nociceptors– TRPV1 nociceptorsC fibers somata is areexpressed may alsoin have • Nociceptors are pain fibers typically associated with Typically yes, but therelowsensorynociceptorsinhave manyisor ahigh efferentsemantic gangliadifferent thresholds and functions mayproblemnot cells, all befor • All C fibers are nociceptors nociceptoractivationsmallnociceptorsincluding or large non-neuronalactivation are in Cdiameter fibers tissue • Nociceptors have small diameter somata • All nociceptors express TRPV1 channels • Nociceptors have high thresholds for response • Nociceptors have only afferent (sensory) functions • Nociceptors encode stimuli into the noxious range Nociceptors – outline Why are nociceptors important? What’s a nociceptor? Nociceptor properties – somata, axons, content, etc. Nociceptors in skin, muscle, joints & viscera Mechanically-insensitive nociceptors (sleeping or silent) Microneurography Heterogeneity Why are nociceptors important? • Pain relief when remove afferent drive • Afferent is more accessible • With peripherally restricted intervention, can avoid many of the most deleterious side effects Widespread hyperalgesia in irritable bowel syndrome is dynamically maintained by tonic visceral impulse input …. Price DD, Craggs JG, Zhou Q, Verne GN, et al. Neuroimage 47:995-1001, 2009 IBS IBS rectal rectal placebo lidocaine rectal lidocaine Time (min) Importantly, areas of somatic referral were -
Monitoring the Nociception Level Intraoperatively - an Initial Experiences
Research Article J Anest & Inten Care Med Volume 7 Issue 2 - July 2018 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Pether Jildenstål DOI: 10.19080/JAICM.2018.07.555709 Monitoring the Nociception Level Intraoperatively - An Initial Experiences Pether Jildenstål1,2*, Katarina Hallén2, Katarina Almskog3, Johan Sand3 and Margareta Warren Stomberg1 1Institute of Health and Care Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden 2Department of Anesthesiology, Surgery and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden 3Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive care, Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, Sweden Submission: July 5, 2018; Published: July 25, 2018 *Corresponding author: Pether Jildenstål, Institute of Health and Care Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden, Email: Abstract Background: when vasopressors are used as well. There is an increasing interest during general anesthesia to understand how optimal anesthesia changes by Estimating pain stimuli in the anesthetized patient can be difficult when based solely upon physiological parameters, especially its exact use in routine clinical practice is still not well proven. The aim of this study was to identify relationships between PMD 200 monitoring, Nociceptionthe level of noxious Level (NOL-index) stimulation. and Objectively, monitored noxious known stimulation physiological measurement signs as well monitoring as outcomes techniques during general are gaining anesthesia. interest. Although currently, Method: during the intraoperativeEight patients period. between the ages of 43 and 83 years old and scheduled for major head and neck surgery under general anesthesia were observed in this study. NoL index sensor was placed on one of the patient’s fingers before anesthesia was induced, and values were extracted Results: of the bladder, and with surgical skin incision. -
Reduced Inflammatory Hyperalgesia with Preservation of Acute Thermal Nociception in Mice Lacking Cgmp-Dependent Protein Kinase I
Reduced inflammatory hyperalgesia with preservation of acute thermal nociception in mice lacking cGMP-dependent protein kinase I Irmgard Tegeder*†, Domenico Del Turco‡, Achim Schmidtko*, Matthias Sausbier§, Robert Feil¶, Franz Hofmann¶, Thomas Deller‡, Peter Ruth§, and Gerd Geisslinger* *pharmazentrum frankfurt and ‡Institut fu¨r Klinische Neuroanatomie, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universita¨t, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; §Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Pharmazeutisches Institut, Universita¨t Tu¨ bingen, 72076 Tu¨bingen, Germany; and ¶Institut fu¨r Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Technischen Universita¨t, 80802 Munich, Germany Edited by Joseph A. Beavo, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, and approved December 18, 2003 (received for review July 1, 2003) cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (PKG-I) has been suggested to tion on the PNAS web site.) Hence, the exact role of PKG-I in contribute to the facilitation of nociceptive transmission in the nociception remains elusive. spinal cord presumably by acting as a downstream target of nitric In the present study we used PKG-IϪ/Ϫ mice to clearly assess oxide. However, PKG-I activators caused conflicting effects on the role of PKG-I in nociception. Because these mice have a nociceptive behavior. In the present study we used PKG-I؊/؊ mice defective regulation of smooth muscle contraction with vascular to further assess the role of PKG-I in nociception. PKG-I deficiency and intestinal dysfunctions (17, 18), the overall constitution of Ϫ Ϫ was associated with reduced nociceptive behavior in the formalin homozygous PKG-I / mice deteriorates between 5 and 6 weeks assay and zymosan-induced paw inflammation. However, acute of age (17). -
Wednesday, April 14
Wednesday, April 14 9:00-10:00 AM ET Federal Agency Office Hours: AAALAC International During this time, representatives from AAALAC International will be available to answer attendee questions, engage in dialogue, provide clarification, and/or direct attendees to additional resources in real time via video chat. Attendees are encouraged to come prepared with questions, which will be taken on a first come basis. To participate in this offering, go to the Virtual Exhibit Hall, find AAALAC’s page, and click on Video Chat. You’ll be able to see who is available to speak at this time. 9:00 AM-12:00 PM ET CUSP Project Office Hours During this time, representatives from Compliance Unit Standard Procedure (CUSP) Project will be available to answer attendee questions and engage in dialogue in real time via video chat. Attendees are encouraged to come prepared with questions, which will be taken on a first come basis. To participate in this offering, go to the Virtual Exhibit Hall and find the NIH OLAW Virtual Booth Page (they are hosting this video chat on behalf of CUSP), and click on Video Chat for those representing CUSP during this timeframe. 10:00 AM-2:30 PM ET CPIA Office Hours Whether you are considering certification or are a current CPIA who has questions about recertification, use video chat to speak one-on-one with a CPIA Council member. To talk with our Council members using video chat, visit the CPIA page in the Virtual Exhibit Hall during this timeframe, navigate to the video chat tab, and click “join video chat” with the Council members available. -
Ion Channels of Nociception
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Editorial Ion Channels of Nociception Rashid Giniatullin A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Rashid.Giniatullin@uef.fi; Tel.: +358-403553665 Received: 13 May 2020; Accepted: 15 May 2020; Published: 18 May 2020 Abstract: The special issue “Ion Channels of Nociception” contains 13 articles published by 73 authors from different countries united by the main focusing on the peripheral mechanisms of pain. The content covers the mechanisms of neuropathic, inflammatory, and dental pain as well as pain in migraine and diabetes, nociceptive roles of P2X3, ASIC, Piezo and TRP channels, pain control through GPCRs and pharmacological agents and non-pharmacological treatment with electroacupuncture. Keywords: pain; nociception; sensory neurons; ion channels; P2X3; TRPV1; TRPA1; ASIC; Piezo channels; migraine; tooth pain Sensation of pain is one of the fundamental attributes of most species, including humans. Physiological (acute) pain protects our physical and mental health from harmful stimuli, whereas chronic and pathological pain are debilitating and contribute to the disease state. Despite active studies for decades, molecular mechanisms of pain—especially of pathological pain—remain largely unaddressed, as evidenced by the growing number of patients with chronic forms of pain. There are, however, some very promising advances emerging. A new field of pain treatment via neuromodulation is quickly growing, as well as novel mechanistic explanations unleashing the efficiency of traditional techniques of Chinese medicine. New molecular actors with important roles in pain mechanisms are being characterized, such as the mechanosensitive Piezo ion channels [1]. Pain signals are detected by specialized sensory neurons, emitting nerve impulses encoding pain in response to noxious stimuli. -
Headache and Musculoskeletal Pain in School Children Are Associated with Uncorrected Vision Problems and Need for Glasses
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Headache and musculoskeletal pain in school children are associated with uncorrected vision problems and need for glasses: a case–control study Hanne‑Mari Schiøtz Thorud*, Rakel Aurjord & Helle K. Falkenberg Musculoskeletal pain and headache are leading causes of years lived with disability, and an escalating problem in school children. Children spend increasingly more time reading and using digital screens, and increased near tasks intensify the workload on the precise coordination of the visual and head‑ stabilizing systems. Even minor vision problems can provoke headache and neck‑ and shoulder (pericranial) pain. This study investigated the association between headaches, pericranial tenderness, vision problems, and the need for glasses in children. An eye and physical examination was performed in twenty 10–15 year old children presenting to the school health nurse with headache and pericranial pain (pain group), and twenty age‑and‑gender matched classmates (control group). The results showed that twice as many children in the pain group had uncorrected vision and needed glasses. Most children were hyperopic, and glasses were recommended mainly for near work. Headache and pericranial tenderness were signifcantly correlated to reduced binocular vision, reduced distance vision, and the need for new glasses. That uncorrected vision problems are related to upper body musculoskeletal symptoms and headache, indicate that all children with these symptoms should have a full eye examination to promote health -
Developing Concepts in Allodynic Pain
I CONFERENCE REPORTS Developing concepts in allodynic pain NG Shenker, HC Cohen and DR Blake Allodynia is the perception of pain in response to Phenomena (eg pain) instruct explanatory theories. NG Shenker1 stimuli that are not normally painful. The manage- These theories change the observed expression of the PhD MRCP, ment of patients with chronic pain and allodynia is original phenomena. Pain can be classified in a similar Consultant suboptimal, partly because of social stigmatisation. manner to visual experiences and this will permit a Rheumatologist Patients are made to feel that they are malingering or new understanding of its expression. HC Cohen2,3 looking for secondary gain. Unfortunately, the legal What immediate implication does this framework MRCP, arc Research profession often propagates this myth and the adver- have? Acute pain drives the subject to respond imme- Fellow and sarial nature of the courts contributes negatively to diately to an external object. Chronic pain is associ- Honorary the patient’s situation. Remarkable recent under- ated with cognitive deficits such as short-term Consultant standings of profound brain changes occurring in memory loss and poor concentration. Chronic pain DR Blake2,3 chronic pain patients will challenge the way that such also affects behaviour without the patient’s aware- FRCP, Professor of medicolegal cases are decided. This ground-breaking ness. The pain matrix intimately involves structures Locomotor conference related expertise and experiences from in the brain related to emotions and these are Medicine patients, clinicians and leading scientists in this field intrinsic to the experience. All of these examples 1Addenbrookes and was the fourth conference in an interdisciplinary are of brain reception and perception rather than Hospital, series centred around pain and suffering organised conception (explicit understanding). -
Botulinum Toxin Treatment for Intractable Allodynia in a Patient with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: a Case Report
Neurology Asia 2020; 25(2) : 215 – 219 Botulinum toxin treatment for intractable allodynia in a patient with complex regional pain syndrome: A case report Hyunseok Kwak MD, Dong Jin Koh MD, Kyunghoon Min MD PhD Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea Abstract The right hand of a 58-year-old female was compressed by a compression machine and subsequently began to show pain. She was diagnosed with complex regional pain syndrome type 2 according to the Budapest criteria. Conventional therapy was ineffective for her allodynia. After subcutaneous injection of botulinum toxin, the subject’s allodynia substantially improved. Subcutaneous injection of botulinum toxin could effectively treat patients with complex regional pain syndrome and intractable allodynia. Clinical studies with larger sample sizes are needed to evaluate the efficacy of and selection of patients for botulinum toxin treatment of complex regional pain syndrome. Keywords: Complex regional pain syndrome, botulinum toxin, pain, allodynia INTRODUCTION complex pathogenesis and heterogenous clinical spectrums associated with CRPS. Hyperalgesia Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is and allodynia are key clinical features of CRPS.12 a distressing pain disorder that presents as This report describes a patient for whom BTX disparate changes in sensory, vasomotor, or treatment was effective in relieving severe motor systems, as well as edema.1 Few cases of allodynia associated with CRPS. CRPS resolve within 12 months of onset, while most patients suffer from unremitting pain and CASE REPORT devastating disability.2 Despite varied pain control management strategies, there is no cure and A 58-year-old female was referred for the outcomes remain less optimistic.