Citizenship for Sale: Passports of Convenience from Pacific Island Tax Havens Author Van Fossen, Anthony Published 2007 Journal Title Commonwealth and Comparative Politics DOI https://doi.org/10.1080/14662040701317477 Copyright Statement © 2007 Taylor & Francis. This is the author-manuscript version of the paper. Reproduced in accordance with the copyright policy of the publisher. Please refer to the journal link for access to the definitive, published version. Downloaded from http://hdl.handle.net/10072/18132 Link to published version http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/14662043.asp Griffith Research Online https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au To Appear in Commonwealth and Comparative Politics (2007) Volume 45, Number 2, Pages 138-163. Citizenship For Sale: Passports of Convenience From Pacific Island Tax Havens1 By Anthony van Fossen Griffith University e-mail:
[email protected] Pacific Island tax havens have apparently collected $153,450,000 from (mostly ethnic Chinese) purchasers of passports. This paper considers the evolution of passport sales in Tonga, Samoa, the Marshall Islands, Vanuatu and Nauru and internal and international opposition to them. Tension exists between different conceptions of citizenship within the world-system. Sales reflect classical liberal, individualistic, free market conceptions of citizenship. Opponents invoke both conservative and democratic conceptions of citizenship. The paper favours democratic solutions to many problems sales create. Sales schemes involve secrecy, corruption, and facilitate crime—which attenuates following exposure by media, opposition politicians, watchdogs and crusaders against international terrorism. Pacific Island havens currently have no legal, official passport sales schemes, but the paper demonstrates that they probably continue. 2 Since 1970 people’s desire to migrate to states with favourable conditions has produced a market for passports of convenience (POCs).