Macrofungi of the Zasavica Special Nature Reserve

Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke / Proc. Nat. Sci, Matica Srpska Novi Sad, ¥ 116, 235—243, 2009

UDC 582.28(497.11-17 Zasavica) DOI:10.2298/ZMSPN0916235C

Marko S. Cviyanovicy1 , Mihaylo N. Stankovicy1 , Milan N. Matavuly2 , Svyetlana B. Lolicy3 , Branko M. Pyanicy3

1 Zasavica Special Nature Reserve, Svetog Save 19, Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Serbia 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska

MACROFUNGI OF THE ZASAVICA SPECIAL NATURE RESERVE

ABSTRACT: In the frame of biodiversity investigation of the Republic of Serbia, the investigation of the presence and the diversity of macrofungi of the Zasavica Special Nature Reserve (North Serbia) has been undertaken. Relatively poor generic diversity of macrofungi was recorded with domination of ecological group of wood-decaying species. Even though being preliminary, our results point to the necessity of conservation and protection of recent fungal diversity but, in our opinion, not by making a so-called “Red list of endangered species", which, due to the lack of information and very poor evidence on this group of organisms in our country, are extremely unreliable and therefore disputable, but rather through the very short list of a few not endangered species, conditionally called “White list of not endangered fungal species", if such species recently exist et all. KEY WORDS: Macrofungi, Zasavica Special Nature Reserve, Serbia.

INTRODUCTION

The investigations of the generic composition of mushrooms, macro- scopic fungi, in Special Nature Reserve Zasavica, has been done sporadically. The obtained results have not been systematized so far, however, these are two completed publications representing mushrooms of Zasavica: a report publi- shed in the Monograph on Zasavica (2001) and a chapter in the book “Guide through the nature of SNR Zasavica", Chapter “Fungi". Only 30 dominant species of macrofungi have been described in the mentioned publications. Du- ring the course of the research camps in 2006 around 100 new species of mushrooms have been recorded in the Zasavica Special Nature Reserve Region. It should be emphasized that this paper represents only a part of permanent mo- nitoring of mushrooms composition, taking place in SNR Zasavica. 150 species of macrofungi have been determined so far in the reserve.

235 236 Tab. 1 — Generic composition of the lignicolous macrofungi of the Zasavica River bank zone

Species Familia Substrate Locality Fomes fomentarius Polyporaceae on old trunk of Populus nigra; on living Batar, Yovacha, Prekopac, Palyevine, (L.: Fr.) Fr. Salix alba tree; Prekoyovacha, Treblyevine on dry fallen trunk of Acer campestre Polyporus squamosus Polyporaceae on Salix alba stumps and fallen trunks; Batar, Skelice, Vrbovac, Prekopac (Hudson): Fr. on fallen branch of Acer campestre Meripilus giganteus Polyporaceae on dead Salix alba trunk Batar, Vrbovac (Pers.: Fr.) Karst. Trametes versicolor Polyporaceae on Salix alba stumps Banovo Polye, Vrbovac (L.: Fr.) Pilat Trametes hirsuta Polyporaceae on Salix alba stumps Shumareva cyupriya (Wulfen: Fr.) Pilat Lenzites betulina Polyporaceae on Salix alba stump Ravanyska cyupriya (L.: Fr.) Fr. Laetiporus sulphureus Polyporaceae on living tree of Salix alba Vrbovac, Treblyevine, Shiroka bara, (Bull.: Fr.) Murrill Bara Ribnyacha Daedaleopsis confragosa Polyporaceae on strait standing dead Salix alba trunk Vrbovac, Treblyevine, Banovo polye (Bol.: Fr.) J. Schroeter Pleurotus ostreatus Tricholomataceae on living Salix alba trunk Vrbovac, Batar (Jack.: Fr.) Kummer Panus tigrinus Tricholomataceae on fallen Salix alba trunks and in the Kanal Bogar, Valyevac, Vrbovac (Bull.: Fr.) Sing. basis of willow stumps Flammulina velutipes Tricholomataceae in the basis of Salix alba living tree Batar, Polyansko, Treblyevine, (Curt: Fr.) Vrbovac Panellus stipticus Tricholomataceae on old Salix alba stump Valyevac, Vrbovac (Bull.: Fr.) Karsten Ganoderma applanatum Ganodermataceae on fallen trunk of Salix alba Vrbovac, Batar (Pers.) Pat. Ganoderma lucidum Ganodermataceae in the basis of old stump and on fallen Batar, Treblyevine, Vrbovac, Prekopac, (Curtis: Fr.) Karsten trunk of Salix alba Yovacha, Prekoyovacha, Palyevine, Skelice Stereum hirsutum Stereaceae on the stump of Morus alba Ravnye, Prekopac (Wild.: FR) S. F. Gray Stereum rugosum Stereaceae on the stump of Robinia pseudoacacia Banovo polye, Vrbovac (Pets.: Fr.) Fr. Coprinus micaceus Coprinaceae on Salix alba stumps and fallen branches Vrbovac, Batar (Bull.: Fr.) Fr. Coprinus disseminatus Coprinaceae in the basis of stump of Populus nigra Vrbovac, Skelice (Pers.: Fr.) Fr. Nectria cinnabarina Hypocreaceae on dry fallen branch of Acer campestre Ravnye, Kanal Bogar, Vrbovac, (Tode: Fr.) Fr. Valyevac Hirneola auricula-judae Auriculariaceae on fallen branch of Robinia pseudoacacia; Vrbovac, Batar, Prekopac, Yovacha (Bull.: St.-Am) Berk. on fallen branch of Acer campestre (Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.: St.-Am)) Schizophyllum commune Schizophyllaceae on fallen Salix alba trunk; Batar, Vrbovac, Prekopac, Skelice, Fr.: Fr. on dry fallen branch of Acer campestre Preseka, Treblyevine, Yovacha, Pollyansko, Palyevine Pholiota cerifera Strophariaceae on living Populus nigra tree Banovo polye, Shumareva cyupriya (Karst.) Karst. Phellinus igniarius Hymenochaetaceae on living Salix alba trees Vrbovac, Yovacha (L.: Fr.) Quel. Tremella mesenterica Tremellaceae on fallen branch of Robinia pseudoacacia Vrbovac, Batar Retz.: Hooker Peziza aurantia (Pers.) Aleuriaceae on fallen Salix alba trunk; Vrbovac, Preseka, Treblyevine, Batar, (Aleuria aurantia (Sarcoscyphaceae) on fallen branch of Robinia pseudoacacia; Prekoyovacha Shumareva cyupriya (Pers.) Fuck.) on dry fallen branch of Acer campestre 237 Data considering the qualitative and quantitative composition of these important reducers of organic matter are lacking, as well as data about their significant role in the entire chain of the nutrition in natural environments. The fungi in general and especially lignicolous macrofungi, become recently a group of organisms of great biotechnological interest as potential producers of various biologically active agents (M a t a v u l y, 1993, 1996a). In our country the investigations of biodiversity (S t e v a novicy etal., 1995) are in progress. The aim of this research was collecting necessary informations regarding this field in order to form a basis for the conservation and improvement of existing conditions in natural environments. Fungi are pointed as especially endangered group of organisms in Europe (A r n o l d and de V r i e s, 1993); I n g, 1993; I v a n å e v i ã, 1995). Since data on macrofungi originating in the Zasavica speciae nature reserve are scarce (M a t a v u l y et al., 2001), and the region has been classifical as protected area, it was found worthy and interesting to start with the evidence of fungal species as the be- ginning of more systematic and more detailed investigations of the presence, biology, ecology and conservation of these endangered organisms as a whole.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Sporadic mycological investigations of the Zasavica region were done during the nine-year period, from 1997 to 2006. Seventeen localities within the investigated sector were chosen for the collection of samples of lignicolous macrofungi (Batar, Treblyevine, Vrbovac, Prekopac, Yovacha, Prekoyovacha, Palyevine, Skelice, Shiroka bara, Bara Ribnyacha, Sajak, Polyansko, Preseka), and other six sites were chosen for sampling macrofungi during 2006 (Va- lyevac Livade, Valyevac Shume, Lug, Pachya Bara; Turske Livade, Shiroka Bara). The samples have been collected, prepared, and photo-documented by members of NGO “Pokret Gorana Sremska Mitrovica" preserved and stored in the Nature Reserve is natural collection. Fungi were identified on the basis of both morphological and anatomical properties of fruit bodies and according to specific chemical reactions using modern keys (A i n s w o r t h et al., 1973; B o n, 1988; B o ÿ a c, 1989; C e t t o, 1979; E llis and Ellis, 1991; F o c h t, 1979; H e r m a n n, 1990; M o s e r, 1978; P h illips, 1983).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results of recording of fungal species in the Zasavica special nature reserve are displayed in Table 1 containing the list of noted macrofungi. Most of them can be found during the whole year, regardless of the season, except Flammulina velutipes which appears usually during the late winter and early spring seasons, Coprinus micaceus and Coprinus disseminatus, which do not grow only during the winter, and Pholliota cerifera, which belong to the group appearing during summer and autumn seasons.

238 Tab. 2 — Preliminary list of fungal species recorded on other six localities belonging to the wider zone of the Zasavica Special Nature Reserve

Sampling Valyevac Valyevac Pachiya Turske Shiroka Lug site Livade Shume Bara Livade Bara Species Auricularia Ganoderma Auricularia Corilopsis Agaricus Coprinus mesenterica applanatum auricula judae trogi silvaticus callinus

Coprinus Ganoderma Colticia Daedaleopsis Clitocyba Coprinus auricomus australe perennis confragosa vibecina domesticus

Coprinus Marasmiellus Datronia Exidia Coprinus Derocybe flocculosus ramealis mollis recisa sp. sp.

Lenzites Panaelous Ganoderma Enteloma Marasmius Entoloma betulinus sphinctrinus lucidum incanatum androsaceus incarnatum

Fomes Phellinus Hygrocibe Hapalopilus Marasmius Enteloma fomentarius trivialis unginosa rutilans bulliardi sp.

Macrolepiota Polyporus Lentinus Heterobasidium Marasmiellus Hebeloma procera squamosus tigrinus anosum vaillanti mesophaceum

Peroneutypa Trametes Mycena Hemimycena Mycena pura Panaelopulus heteracantha versicolor galopus candida var. lutea sp.

Agaricus Trametes Shizophyllum Inotus Oligoporus Psathyrella silvicola hirsuta commune hispidus stipticus condelleana

Ganoderma Xylaria Fomes Marasmius Pluteus Psathyrella lucidum longipes fomentarius rotula cinereofuskus conopileus

Marasmius Auricularia Ganoderma Monilina Pluteus Pseudocraterellus androsaceus mesenterica australe jansoni cervinus untulatus

Marasmius Shizophyllum Polyporus Mycena pura Scleroderma Sarcoscypha bulliardi commune squamosus v. pura citrinum austriaca

Marasmiellus Mycena Polyporus Auricularia vaillanti galopus adustus auricula judae

Shizophyllum Mycena Auricularia Marasmiellus commune polygrama mesenterica vaillanti

Peniophora Ganoderma Panus rufomarginata lucidum tigrinus

Phellinus Macrolepiota Shizophyllum igniarius procera commune

Psathyrella Xylaria obtusata longipes

Poculum Auricularia firmum mesenterica

Lentinus Shizophyllum tigrinus commune

Peroneutypa heteracantha

239 Out of 25 recorded lignicolous macrofungi, 8 species belonged to the Polyporaceae followed by 4 members of fam. Tricholomatacea; two of them belonged to families Ganodermataceae, Stereaceae, and Coprinaceae, and by one species to families: Hypocreaceae, Auriculariaceae, Schizophyllaceae, Strophariaceae, Hymenochaetaceae, Aleuriaceae and Tremellaceae. Recording of fungal species in the wider zone of the Zasavica Special Nature Reserve during the 2006 (Table 2), another 60 species of macromycetes have been noted, most of them for the first time in the Zasavica region. Howewer, most of them belonged to the ecological group of wod-decaying fungi, which confirmed our earlier findings (M a t a v u l y et al., 2001). Ligni- colous species were numerous in Lug and Valyevac Shume localities as ex- pected since these two localities have been the most densely forested with the richest diversity of tree and shruby plant species. Since fungi are one of the most important group of organisms playing ir- replaceable role in the organic matter reduction and mineralization in the natural environments, it is necessary to undertake measures for conservation of existing fungal genofond. For the conservation and improvement of the existing fungal genofond it is necessary to conserve and if it is possible to recon- struct and improve the autochthonous, even rudimentary plant associations, in order to provide substrates and ecological niches for fungal appearance. We also find the promotion of so-called “red lists of endangered fungal species" (I v a n c h e v i c y, 1995, 1996) in similar natural environments, dras- tically devastated by anthropogenic monoculture introduction, not justified, due to very limited knowledge regarding this group of organisms and due to the distinct lack of informations about both former and recent presence or absence of fungal species at this territory and for one longer period of time. Being a group of organisms most sensitive to the anthropogenic natural changes (pollu- tion, decrease of ecological niches diversity, excessive exploitation, the eradi- cation by fungicides, etc.), fungi are the most endangered organisms. From this reason, in our opinion, at this stage of our, more convenient and more justified would be to establish a (very) short “white list of not endangered" fungal species which would, we are convinced, much more adequately serve for the protection and conservation of this extremely important link in the matter cycle and energy flow, first of all in terrestrial ecosystems (M a t a v u l y et al., 1998).

CONCLUSION

During the 1997—2006 period, the presence and diversity of macrofungi species in the special nature reserve Zasavica have been surveyed. Mostly lignicolous species were recorded. Relatively poor generic composition can be explained by drastic anthropogenic devastation of autochthonous plant associations, and by reducing the vegetation along the Zasavica bank to the relatively small number of plant species, consequently causing the reduction of the diversity of ecological niches for growth of fungi, as a rule highly specified for dead or living plant substrate or for the plant symbiont. Higher number of

240 fungal species was recorded within the wider region of the Zasavica Special Nature Reserve. Since in natural environments fungi have an important role as one of the most important group of mineralizators of organic matter, which is an important link in the matter cycle and energy flow through the ecosystem, it is necessary to prevent further devastation of fungal species diversity and to undertake measures for conservation of existing fungal genofond and for its diversity improvement by protection of autochthonous plant associations what would cause the protection of ecological niches diversity and consequently to that preservation of fungal species diversity. From mycological point of view, the Special nature reserve Zasavica is not terra incognita any more, but for more reliable data, further systematic and more detailed investigations of the whole Zasavica region should be undertaken.

REFERENCES

A i n s w o r t h, G. C., S p a r r o w, F. K. and S u s s m a n, A. S. (1973): The Fungi — An Advanced Treatise, Volume IVa and IVb, Academic Press, New York, San Francisco, London. A r n o l d, E., and de V r i e s, B. (1993): Conservation of Fungi in Europe. In: “Fungi of Europe: investigation, recording and conservation", Pegler, D. N., general editor, The Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, England, pp: 211—230. B o n, M. (1988): Pareys Buch der Pilze. Hamburg, Berlin, Paris. B o ÿ a c, R. (1989): Gljive naših krajeva, Mladost, Zagreb. C e t t o, B. (1979): Der grosse Pilzführer. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Bern, Wien. Ellis,M.B., Ellis,J.P. (1991): Fungi without gills (Hymenomycetes and Gastero- mycetes) — an identification handbook, Chapman and Hall, London. F o c h t, I. (1979): Glyive Yugoslaviye. Nolit, Beograd. H e r m a n n, J. (1990): Pilze an Baumen. Patzer, Berlin, Hannover. I n g, B. (1993): Towards a red list of endangered European macrofungi. In: “Fungi of Europe: investigation, recording and conservation", Pegler, D. N. general editor; The Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, England, pp: 231—237. I v a n å e v i ã, B. (1995): The globally significant macromycetes of Yugoslavia,Anin- terim report, Natural History Museum Belgrade, Belgrade. I v a n c h e v i c y, B. (1996): Mycological researches of the mountain of Kopaonik. Ekologija, 31 (1): 43—53. L a z i c s, G. (1833): Index vegetabilium sua sponte circa Carlovitium crescentium, Typis regiae universitatis Hungaricae, Budae, Centuria prima: 1—8. L i s i e w s k a, M. and Y e l i c y, M. B. (1971): Mycological investigations in the beech forests of some reservations in Serbia (Yugoslavia), Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica, XVII, 1: 147—161. M a t a v u l y, M. (1995): Lignicolous macrofungi of some plant associations of the Vrshachke planine mountains, Proc. for Natural Sciences, Matica Srpska, Novi Sad, 88: 59—64.

241 M a t a v u l y, M. (1996a): Antitumorski agensi glyiva (Antitumor agents from fungi, in Serbian), Vrelo, 13: 21—22. M a t a v u l y, M. (1996b): Gljive — peåurke. Enciklopedijska åestica o gljivama Fruške Gore u: “Enciklopedija Novog Sada", Novosadski klub “Prometej", Sveska 6: 121—125. Matavuly,M.and Bokorov,M. (1990): Evidence of macromycetes in various plant associations of Vrshachke planine (Yugoslavia). Proceedings of Fourth Inter- national Mycological Congress — IMC 4, Regensburg (Germany), 28. 08—03. 09. 1990, p.: IIC-138/3. Matavuly,M., Bokorov,M. i Stojshicy,V. (1989): Skening elektronska mikroskopiya spora nekih makroglyiva, Zbornik radova 6. Jugoslovenskog simpozijuma za elektronsku mikroskopiju, Sarajevo — Igman, 29 maja — 1. juna 1989, pp: 78—79. Matavuly,M., Radnovicy,D., Bokorov,M. (1993): Etnomikologija, znaåaj i stanje u svetu i kod nas, Zbornik abstrakata III Simpozijuma o flori jugoistoåne Srbije, Pirot, juna 1993. Matavuly,M., Radnovicy,D., Bokorov,M. (1993): Potencijali gljiva u le- åenju virusnih obolenja, Zbornik abstrakata III Simpoz. o flori jugoistoåne Srbije, Pirot, juna 1993. Matavuly,M., Bokorov,M., Stojshicy,V. (1993—94): Prilog prouåavanju lignikolnih makromiceta Vršaåkih planina, Zaštita prirode, 46—47: 173—176. Matavuly,M., Karaman,M., Bokorov,M. (1998): Lignicolous macrofungi of the Vrbas — Zrenjanin section of the Major canal bank zone of the Danube- -Theiss-Danube canal system, Proc. 3rd International Symposium Interdisciplinary Regional Research, Novi Sad, 24—25 sept. 1998, pp: 903—907. Matavuly M., Stankovicy,M., Karaman,M., Radnovicy,D. (2001): Lignicolous macrofungi of the Zasavica Special Nature Reserve. Monografija “Zasavica" 2001", Institut za biologiju, Prirodno-matematiåki fakultet Univerzi- teta u Novom Sadu i Goransko-ekološki pokret Sremska Mitrovica, 2001; str.: 28—34. M o s e r, M. (1978): Agarisc and Boleti, Gustav Fisher, Stuttgart. Phillips,R. (1981): Mushrooms and other fungi of Great Britain and Europe, Pan, London. Stevanovicy,V., Jovanovicy,S., Lakushicy,D. (1995): Diverzitet vege- tacije Jugoslavije. In book: “Biodiverzitet Jugoslavije sa pregledom vrsta od me- ðunarodnog znaåaja", Stevanovicy, V. and Vasicy, V., eds., Bioloshki fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu i Ecolibri, Beograd. Yaricy,M., Matavuly,M., Bokorov,M., Kuyundhicy,K. (1998): Ma- crofungi of the river Tamish region, Proc. Int. Symp. “Cercetarea Interdisciplinara Zonala" — “Zonal Interdisciplinary Research", Timisoara, Romania, 11—12. 10. 1997, pp: 304—309). Y e l i c y, M. B. (1964): Contribution a la connaissance de la mycoflore des sables de Deliblato (Deliblatska Peshchara — Banat, SR Serbie). Glasnik Botanichkog zavoda i Bashte Univerziteta u Beogradu, I (3): (1961) 253—257. Y e l i c y, M. B. (1969): A new finding place of the gasteromycete Myriostoma coli- forme (Dicks. ex Pers.) Corda in Yugoslavia. Glasnik Botanichkog zavoda i Bashte Univerziteta u Beogradu, IV (1—4) (1967—1968): 89—92.

242 MAKROGQIVE SPECIJALNOG REZERVATA PRIRODE ZASAVICA

Marko S. Cvijanoviã1, Mihajlo N. Stankoviã2, Milan N. Matavuq2, Svjetlana B. Loliã3, Branko M. Pjaniã3

1 Specijalni rezervat prirode Zasavica, Svetog Save 19, Sremska Mitrovica, Srbija 2 Departman za biologiju Prirodno-matematiåkog fakulteta u Novom Sadu, Trg D. Obradoviãa 2, N. Sad, Srbija 3 Departman za biologiju Prirodno-matematiåkog fakulteta u Bawoj Luci, Republika Srpska

Rezime

U okviru istraÿivawa biodiverziteta Republike Srbije zapoåeta su is- traÿivawa prisustva i raznovrsnosti makrogqiva u Specijalnom rezervatu prirode Zasavica (Severna Srbija, delom Administrativna teritorija AP Vojvo- dine). Ustanovqen je relativno siromašan generiåki sastav makrogqiva sa do- minacijom lignikolnih vrsta. Iako preliminarni, naši rezultati ukazuju na neophodnost konzervacije i zaštite recentnog diverziteta makrogqiva ali, po našem mišqewu, ne usta- novqavajuãi takozvane “Crvene liste ugroÿenih vrsta", koje su, zahvaqujuãi ne- dostatku informacija i vrlo siromašnoj evidenciji ovih organizama u našoj zemqi, vrlo nepouzdane, a time i diskutabilne, nego pre ustanovqavajuãi vrlo kratke liste od po nekoliko neugroÿenih vrsta, uslovno zvanih “Bele liste ne- ugroÿenih vrsta gqiva", ukoliko takve vrste danas uopšte postoje.

243