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From Insult to Inclusion: Asia-Pacific Report on School Bullying, Violence

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From Insult to Inclusion: Asia-Pacific Report on School Bullying, Violence Asia-Pacific report on school bullying, violence and discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity Published in 2015 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France and UNESCO Bangkok © UNESCO 2015 This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/). By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository (http://www.unesco.org/open-access/terms-use-ccbysa-en). The photographs in this material are used for illustrative purposes only. They do not imply any particular sexual orientation, gender identity, attitudes, behaviours or actions on the part of any person who appears in the photograph. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO and its partners concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this book and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and its partners and do not commit the Organization. Publication of this report was made possible with financial contributions from Ministry of Education, Culture and Science of the Netherlands and UNAIDS United Budget, Accountability and Results Framework (UBRAF) funding for UNESCO. Design/Layout: www.alikecreative.com TH/DOC/HP2/15/042 Asia-Pacific report on school bullying, violence and discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity 4 | Introduction Contents Acronyms 6 Acknowledgements 7 Glossary: Common terms and concepts 8 Executive summary 10 1.0 Overview 15 Why was this report developed? 15 Who is this report for? 16 How was this developed and what are its limitations? 16 What does the report contain and how can it be used? 17 2.0 Understanding the context 18 2.1 Historical context 18 2.2 Legal context 19 2.3 Religious and cultural context 21 2.3 Youth context 23 3.0 Violence in schools in Asia-Pacific 24 3.1 What do we know about school-related gender-based violence in Asia-Pacific? 24 3.2 What do we know about SOGIE-based bullying, violence and discrimination 27 in Asia-Pacific schools? 3.2.1 East Asia 30 3.2.2 South Asia 33 3.2.3 Southeast Asia 34 3.2.4 Pacific 37 3.3 What are the impacts? 39 3.3.1 Health impacts 39 3.3.2 Educational impacts 41 3.3.3 Employment impacts 42 3.3.4 Economic impacts 42 4.0 Education sector response 44 4.1 National laws and policies to protect children in schools 45 4.2 School policies 51 4.3 Curricula and learning materials 54 4.4 Teacher training and support 58 4.5 Support for learners 62 4.5.1 Peer support 63 4.5.2 Counselling and other services 66 4.5.3 Awareness-raising 68 4.5.4 Family involvement 70 4.6 Whole school programmes 72 4.6.1 Whole school programmes that address sex, sexuality and gender diversity 72 4.6.2 Other whole school programmes 73 5.0 Data, reporting and monitoring and evaluation 74 6.0 Conclusions and recommendations 76 Appendix: Links to additional resources 78 Endnotes 82 From Insult to Inclusion | 5 List of figures Figure 1. Proportion of people who say that “homosexuality should be accepted, by age (%) 23 Figure 2. Forms of violence 24 Figure 3. Bullying in schools in Asia-Pacific (%) 26 Figure 4. Levels of school bullying and violence reported by LGBT learners 28 in studies across Asia-Pacific (%) Figure 5. Levels of school bullying and violence reported by LGBT learners, in select countries (%) 29 Figure 6. Levels of school bullying by LGBT learners, by population, in select countries (%) 29 Figure 7. Infographic on Thailand bullying study 34 Figure 8. Creating multi-layered support for learners 44 Figure 9. Relevant policies and laws for education sector responses 48 Figure 10. Examples of SOGIE-inclusive policies, regulations and guidance in Asia-Pacific 50 Figure 11. Recommended elements of school policies 53 Figure 12. Examples of SOGIE-inclusive teacher training and support in Asia-Pacific 61 List of boxes Box 1. Australia undertakes the first nationwide survey of intersex persons 38 Box 2. The Philippines Anti-Bullying Act of 2013 46 Box 3. Australia School Policy Guide on Gender Identity 46 Box 4. Policy entry points for school bullying, violence and discrimination on SOGIE 51 Box 5. Education policy promotes affirmative action for transgender learners in India 53 Box 6. Broad interest among Japanese teachers in training on LGBT issues 59 Box 7. Chetana teacher trainers pool – Nepal 59 Box 8. Breaking Barriers in India 64 Box 9. University alliances in China support sexual health promotion, equity and diversity 65 Box 10. Project Touch reaches LGBT youth and their families in Hong Kong SAR 67 Box 11. PurpleMySchool 70 6 | Introduction Acronyms ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations BGCA Boys’ and Girls’ Clubs Association DHS Demographic and Health Survey GDP Gross Domestic Product GID Gender identity disorder GLCAC Gay and Lesbian Campus Association of China GLBTIQ Gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, intersex and queer GPA Grade Point Average GSA Gay Straight Alliance GSHS Global School-based Student Health Survey HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ICRW International Center for Research on Women ICT Information and communication technologies IDAHOT International Day Against Homophobia, Biphobia and Transphobia IGLHRC International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (now known as OutRight International) KRYSS Knowledge and Rights with Young People through Safer Spaces LGB Lesbian, gay and bisexual LBT Lesbian, bisexual and transgender LGBT Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender LGBTI Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey MSM Men who have sex with men (includes adolescents and young people) NGO Non-governmental organization OHCHR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights PDR People’s Democratic Republic PE Physical education PNG Papua New Guinea QSA Queer Straight Alliance SAR Special Administrative Region SDG Sustainable Development Goal SOGI Sexual orientation and gender identity SOGIE Sexual orientation, gender identity and expression SRGBV School-related gender-based violence SSAGQ Same-sex attracted and gender questioning UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNGEI United Nations Girls’ Education Initiative UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund US United States USAID United States Agency for International Development WHO World Health Organization WPATH World Professional Association for Transgender Health From Insult to Inclusion | 7 Acknowledgements This review was prepared by Karen Humphries- (University of Auckland); Pakistan, Qasim Iqbal (Naz Waa, UNESCO Consultant, in collaboration with Male Health Alliance); Philippines, Dr Sylvia Estrada Justine Sass, Chief of the HIV Prevention and Health Claudio (University of the Philippines), Renee Facelo, Promotion Unit (HP2) at UNESCO Asia-Pacific Rina Fulo, Kelly Ann Rala and Ryan Silverio (Miriam Bureau for Education (UNESCO Bangkok). Kimiko College) and Leah Patricia Magdaleno-Galgo Ebata and Do-Hyeong Myeong, interns in the Unit, (Department of Education); Republic of Korea, Jihye also provided significant additional research support. Kim (Korean Society of Law and Policy on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity); Samoa, Andrew UNESCO would like to thank all individuals who Peteru (UNESCO Apia); Sri Lanka, Himali Jinadasa (Sri contributed data, experience, programme and policy Lanka National Commission of UNESCO Secretariat), examples and reviewed and provided feedback on the and Dr Dayanath Ranatunga (UNAIDS); Thailand, report. This includes from: Australia, Dr Gávi Ansara James Burford (Thammasat University), Pompran (National LGBTI Health Alliance), Morgan Carpenter Netayavichitr (Plan International), Timo Ojanen (Organisation Intersex International Australia Ltd.), and Peter Pawlak (Mahidol University), Prempreeda Bonnie Hart (Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Support Pramoj Na Ayutthaya (UNESCO Bangkok) and Wijit Group Australia Inc.), Dr Tiffany Jones (University of Wongwareethip (Independent researcher); Viet Nam, New England), Dr Debbie Ollis (Deakin University, Bui Thanh Xuan (Vietnam Institute of Educational Australia), Sally Richardson (Safe Schools Coalition Sciences), Dr Hoang Tu Anh and Quach Thi Thu Trang Australia) and Dr Sam Winter (Curtin University, (Center for Creative Initiatives in Health and Population), Australia); Brunei Darussalam, Iswandy Ahmad (Youth Professor Nguyen Thi Hoang Yen (National Institute LEAD); Cambodia, Chhoeurng Rachana (CamASEAN of Education Management) and Tran Khac Tung Youth’s Future) and Nimol Soth (UNESCO Phnom (ICS Center); and from a regional perspective Ging Penh); China, Chen Du (Gay and Lesbian Campus Cristobal (International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Association China), Li Hongyan (UNESCO Beijing), Commission) and Jensen Byrne (UNDP Bangkok Professor Liu Wenli and Wei Chongzheng (Beijing Regional Hub). Technical reviewers from beyond Asia- Normal University), Professor Peng Tao (Harbin Pacific included Dr Joseph Kosciw (GLSEN, USA),
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