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These De Doctorat THESE DE DOCTORAT LE MANS UNIVERSITE COMUE UNIVERSITE BRETAGNE LOIRE ECOLE DOCTORALE N° 602 Sciences pour l'Ingénieur Discipline : 60 Spécialité : Acoustique Julien LENG Controlling flexural waves using subwavelength perfect absorbers: Application to Acoustic Black Holes Manuscrit de soutenance Unité de recherche : Laboratoire d’Acoustique de l’Université du Mans (LAUM, UMR CNRS 6613) Thèse n° : 2019LEMA1027 Soutenance envisagée le 5 novembre 2019 sous réserve de l’autorisation des rapporteurs Rapporteurs : Morvan OUISSE Pr. – Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté (Besançon, France) Olga UMNOVA Reader – University of Salford (Salford, Royaume-Uni) Examinateurs : Philippe ROUX D. R. CNRS – Institut des sciences de la Terre (Grenoble, France) Sergei SOROKIN Pr. – Aalborg University (Aalborg, Danemark) Directeur : François GAUTIER Pr. – Le Mans Université (Le Mans, France) Co-directeur : Ruben PICO Pr. – Universitat Politècnica de València (Gandia, Espagne) Co-encadrant : Vicent ROMERO-GARCIA C. R. CNRS – Le Mans Université (Le Mans, France) Co-encadrant : Adrien PELAT M. C. – Le Mans Université (Le Mans, France) Académie de Nantes Le Mans Université, France École doctorale Sciences Pour l’Ingénieur Doctoral Thesis Controlling flexural waves using subwavelength perfect absorbers: application to Acoustic Black Holes by: Julien Leng A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Acoustics in the Acoustics Laboratory of Le Mans University UMR CNRS 6613 Defended on the 5th November 2019, subject to the authorisation of the reviewers, in front of the examining committee: M. Ouisse Pr. (Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté) Reviewer O. Umnova Reader (University of Salford) Reviewer P. Roux D. R. CNRS (Institut des Sciences de la Terre) Examiner S. Sorokin Pr. (Aalborg University) Examiner F. Gautier Pr. (Le Mans Université) Supervisor R. Pico Pr. (Universitat Politècnica de València) Co-supervisor V. Romero-Garcia C. R. CNRS (Le Mans Université) Co-supervisor A. Pelat M. C. (Le Mans Université) Co-supervisor Abstract The development of vibration control methods adapted to light structures is a scientific and technological challenge over past decades due to increasingly stringent economic and ecological standards. The classical passive solutions for vibration damping usually rely on adding mass into structures, therefore conflicting with the lightweight issues. Meanwhile, recent promising studies in audible acoustics have focused on broadband wave absorption at low frequencies by means of subwavelength perfect absorbers. Their design requires the fulfilment of two conditions: (i) increasing the density of states at low frequencies by using local resonators, and (ii) matching the impedance with the background medium by controlling the ratio between the inherent losses of the resonator and the leakage of energy due to the aperture of the resonator to the propagating medium. Particularly, the impedance matching corresponds to the situation in which the amount of inherent losses in the resonator equals the amount of energy leakage, and is known as the critical coupling condition. Such absorbers have proven effective for the total absorption of the energy of an incident wave by audible acoustic metamaterials, and a generalisation of the method to elastodynamics fields could be of great interest to comply with the conflicting requirements for the vibration control of light structures. This thesis aims at adapting the problem of perfect absorption for flexural waves in 1D and 2D systems with local resonators by using the critical coupling condition. First, 1D systems with simple geometries are studied to prove the efficiency of the method for flexural waves. This first preliminary study aims at opening up new avenues to the design of simple resonators for efficient flexural wave absorption, showing also the limits of absorption induced by the geometry used in the study. The 1D systems are then complexified by considering the study of the critical cou- pling of 1D Acoustic Black Holes resonators. This motivated its interpretation via the concept of critical coupling in order to provide the key features to future optimisation procedures of such a type of termination. Then, the 1D perfect absorbers are extended to 2D, extending the formalism of the critical coupling condition to 2D systems. The perfect absorption of the first axisymmetric mode of a circular resonator embedded in an infinite thin plate is firstly analysed. The multiple scattering of 2D systems is analysed to consider configurations close to practical applications. To that end, an infinite array of penetrable and dissipative circular scatterers, em- bedded in an infinite or semi-infinite 2D thin plate, i.e. a metaplate, is considered. Through this thesis, analytical models, full wave numerical simulations and experiments are used to validate the physical behavior of the presented systems, showing good agreement between them. Keywords: Passive wave control, Flexural waves, Metamaterial, Locally resonant structure, Perfect absorption, Critical coupling, Acoustic Black Hole. 3 Résumé Le développement de méthodes de contrôle des vibrations à basse fréquence adaptées aux structures légères est un défi scientifique et technologique des dernières décennies en raison des contraintes économiques et écologiques de plus en plus strictes. Les solutions passives classiques pour l’amortissement des vibrations reposent généralement sur l’ajout de masse dans les struc- tures, ce qui va à l’encontre des problèmes d’allègements. Parallèlement, de récentes études prometteuses dans le domaine de l’acoustique audible se sont concentrées sur l’absorption large bande des ondes à basse fréquence au moyen d’absorbeurs parfaits sub-longueurs d’onde. Leur conception nécessite de remplir deux conditions générales : (i) augmenter la densité d’état à basse fréquence en utilisant des résonateurs locaux, et (ii) adap- ter l’impédance au milieu de propagation en contrôlant le rapport entre les pertes inhérentes du résonateur et les fuites d’énergie dues à l’ouverture du résonateur vers le milieu de propagation. En particulier, l’adaptation d’impédance correspond à la situation dans laquelle la quantité de perte inhérente dans le résonateur est égale à celle des fuites d’énergie, et est connue sous le nom de condition de couplage critique. Ces absorbeurs ont prouvé leur efficacité pour l’absorption totale de l’énergie d’une onde incidente par des métamatériaux en acoustique audible, et une généralisation de la méthode pour le domaine élastodynamique pourrait être d’un grand intérêt pour répondre aux exigences contradictoires du contrôle des vibrations des structures légères à basse fréquence. Cette thèse vise à adapter le problème d’absorption parfaite des ondes de flexion dans des systèmes 1D et 2D avec des résonateurs locaux en utilisant la condition de couplage critique. Les systèmes étudiés sont complexifiés progressivement pour comprendre pas à pas les principaux mécanismes physiques de l’absorption parfaite de l’énergie des ondes de flexion. Les systèmes 1D à géométries simples sont d’abord étudiés pour prouver l’efficacité de la méthode pour les ondes de flexion. Cette première étude préliminaire vise à ouvrir de nouvelles voies à la conception de résonateurs simples pour une absorption efficace des ondes de flexion, et montre également les limites d’absorption induites par la géométrie utilisée dans ce type d’étude. Les systèmes 1D sont ensuite complexifiés en considérant l’étude du couplage critique de Trou Noir Acoustique (TNA) 1D. Ceci a motivé l’interprétation de l’effet TNA à l’aide du concept de couplage critique afin de présenter des outils clés à de futures procédures d’optimisation pour ce type de terminaisons. Le formalisme de condition de couplage critique est ensuite étendu aux systèmes 2D. L’absorption parfaite du premier mode axisymétrique d’un résonateur circulaire inséré dans une plaque mince infinie est d’abord analysée. La diffusion multiple des systèmes 2D est analysée pour considérer des configurations plus réalistes, proches d’une application industrielle. Pour cela, une infinité de diffuseurs circulaires pénétrables insérés dans une plaque mince 2D infinie ou semi-infinie, 5 appelée métaplaque, est alors considérée. A travers cette thèse, des modèles analytiques, des simulations numériques et des expériences, montrant un bon accord entre eux, sont présentés afin de valider le comportement physique des systèmes présentés. Mots clés: Contrôle passif d’onde, Absorption parfaite, Onde de flexion, Couplage critique, Métamatériau, Trou Noir Acoustique, Structure localement résonante. 6 Remerciements Ces travaux de thèse n’ont pu être possible sans la présence et le soutien d’un grand nombre de personnes que je souhaite vivement remercier dans les paragraphes suivants. Toutes ces per- sonnes font partie intégrante de cette thèse à mes yeux, et ont grandement contribué à la très riche expérience que j’ai vécue et aux rencontres que j’ai pu faire. Je suis tout d’abord honoré d’avoir pu présenter ces travaux de thèse devant le jury présent lors de la soutenance. Je souhaite vivement remercier Olga Umnova et Morvan Ouisse pour l’intérêt qu’ils ont porté à ce travail en acceptant de le rapporter. Je remercie également Sergey Sorokin et Philippe Roux d’avoir assisté à la présentation de ce travail en tant qu’examinateurs. Je remercie particulièrement Philippe Roux d’avoir présidé le jury le jour de la soutenance, mais aussi d’avoir accepté de faire partie de mon Comité de Suivi Individuel
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