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A Consideration of the Involucre Remains of Coix Lacryma-Jobi L

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A Consideration of the Involucre Remains of Coix Lacryma-Jobi L Journal of Archaeological Science 35 (2008) 1311e1316 http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jas A consideration of the involucre remains of Coix lacryma-jobi L. (Poaceae) in the Sampula Cemetery (2000 years BP), Xinjiang, China Hong-En Jiang a,b, Bo Wang c, Xiao Li b, En-Guo Lu¨ d, Cheng-Sen Li a,e,* a State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China b Academia Turfanica of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Turpan 838000, China c Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum, Urumchi 830006, China d Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumchi 830011, China e Beijing Museum of Natural History, Beijing 100050, China Received 18 May 2007; received in revised form 20 September 2007; accepted 21 September 2007 Abstract Three clusters of necklaces made of involucres of Job’s tears and glazed beads were found in the Sampula Cemetery (nearly 2000 years old) of Xinjiang, northwest China. A package of fruits including Panicum miliaceum, Hordeum vulgare var. nudum, and involucres of Job’s tears have also been unearthed from the same cemetery. These are the most convincing evidence of Job’s tears used as beads in earlier times. Moreover, the necklaces made of Job’s tears are considered to have a connection with the Buddhist culture. There is also the possibility that plants of Job’s tears have been cultivated and utilized by the indigenous people due to their commercial or religious importance. Ó 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Archaeobotany; Botanical jewellery; Coix; Decoration; Palaeoethnobotany 1. Introduction for ornamental purpose, such as for making rosaries, necklaces, bracelets, portieres, and other jewellery items. Coix lacryma-jobi L. is an annual, erect, monoecious herb, C. lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen (adlay), another variety, is gener- which belongs to the tribe Andropogoneae, of the family Poa- ally selected as a minor cereal in modern times (Arora, 1977). ceae. It is considered to be indigenous to southern and eastern Its caryopses are rich in starch, while its leaves, stems, and Asia (van den Bergh and Iamsupasit, 1996). The involucre, roots have medicinal uses in China and the circumjacent also known as the utricle, cupule, pseudocarp or spatheole, countries, such as India, Thailand, Korea, and Japan (Ochiai, is usually interpreted as a modified leaf sheath. Two of its 2002). varieties, namely C. lacryma-jobi var. lacryma-jobi L. and Because of the hardness of the involucres, plant remains of C. lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen (Romanet du Caillaud) Stapf, Coix have been unearthed from several archaeological sites, are the most valuable (Nesbitt, 2005). C. lacryma-jobi var. especially in East Asia and the Indian subcontinent. Some of lacryma-jobi (Job’s tears) is the most widespread one. It has them are considered to be used for ornamental purposes in an- hard, shiny, ovoid involucres, which are mainly used as beads cient India. So far, there is still no evidence of Job’s tears used for such purposes in the archaeological sites of China. In the present study, we report new finds of Job’s tears from the * Corresponding author: State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolution- 2000-year-old Sampula Cemetery. The detailed study of well ary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 20, Nan- xincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China. Tel.: þ86 10 62836436; fax: þ86 preserved involucres of Job’s tears has helped us to trace their 10 62593385. palaeoethnobotanical significance in ancient Sampula, north- E-mail address: [email protected] (C.-S. Li). western China. 0305-4403/$ - see front matter Ó 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2007.09.006 1312 H.-E. Jiang et al. / Journal of Archaeological Science 35 (2008) 1311e1316 Fig. 1. (a) Map showing the location of the Sampula Cemetery, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Northwest China. (b) Enlarged map showing the detailed location of the Sampula Cemetery (the triangle area) (after XUARM and XIA, 2001). 2. Site description The Sampula Cemetery shows a close relationship with the ancient Khotan civilization, which was famous 2000 years ago Luofu Country lies in the Hetian (Khotan) Oasis, which is be- for its developed agriculture and stockbreeding (Wang, 2007). tween the south edge of the Taklimakan Desert and the north The ancient Khotan kingdom was also the first place where piedmont of the Kunlun Mountains. Sampula Cemetery is lo- Buddhism spread from ancient India to ancient China cated at the southwest part of the country seat of Luofu (Wang, 2007). According to the remains of farm implements (Fig. 1a,b). The cemetery lies in the Gobi desert, and the ground and cereals, Sampula Cemetery should be associated with is covered with small stones. Mixed with the stones, there are fine a permanent settlement. Kernel remains such as Prunus sands and some loess. Drought tolerant plants usually grow persica Batsch., Armeniaca vulgaris Lam., and Juglans regia sparsely during the year. However, a blade of grass can never L. suggested horticultural activities; bones of goats, horses, grow anywhere around during the year without rainfall. Vegeta- and cattle indicated animal husbandries; arrows, bows, stone tion tends to be homogenous around the cemetery. It consists of balls and so on indicated that traditional hunting also played drought-adapted arbores, shrubs and thinly distributed grasses. an important role in the daily life of the ancient Sampula Dominant arbores include Populus euphratica Oliv., while dom- people. inant shrubs include Alhagi pseudalhagi (Bieb.) Desv (camel thorn). Other shrubs are Haloxylon ammodendron (C.A. Mey.) 3. Materials and methods Bunge, Hippophae rhamnoides L., Tamarix karelinii Bunge, Elaeagnus angustifolia L. and Sophora alopecuroides L., etc. Plant remains of Job’s tears were excavated mainly in three Based on their locations, Sampula Cemetery was divided rooms of Group No. 1. Four finds of Coix were made: into two groups, namely No. 1 and No. 2. Group No. 1 was excavated during 1983 and 1984 by a work group from the (1) In room number 84LS I M49, a package containing cary- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum (XUARM and opses of Panicum miliaceum (common millet), Hordeum XIA, 2001). With the analysis of the antiques excavated, the vulgare var. nudum (naked barley) and 78 involucres of age of Group No. 1 was considered to be between 100 BC Job’s tears (inventory number 84LS I M49:82). 14 and 400 AD. The C data showed that room 84LS I M01 (2) In the same room, a necklace (inventory number 84LS I (Group No. 1) was 2105 Æ 65 years in age, while that of M49:39) made of 28 involucres of Job’s tears (Fig. 2). 84LS I M49 (Group No. 1) was 2040 Æ 59 to 2089 Æ 74 years The necklace was still on the neck of the mummy. in age (Table 1). The data from different samples are similar, (3) In room number 84LS I M23 there was an incomplete and are able to reflect the real age of the relative tombs. necklace (inventory number 84LS I M23:2) made of 22 Table 1 Radiocarbon data of the plant remains in the relative tombs Provenience Plant sample 14C years BP Cal. years BP Analytic lab number Laboratory 84LS I M01 Phragmites australis 2105 Æ 65 2085 Æ 80 WB84-14 CGCS 84LS I M49 Typha sp. 2040 Æ 59 1986e1868 XZ-422 XIDPR 84LS I M49 Wood (unidentified) 2089 Æ 74 2055e1822 XZ-423 XIDPR CCGS, China Culture Graduate School; XIDPR, Xinjiang Institute of Disaster Prevention and Relief. H.-E. Jiang et al. / Journal of Archaeological Science 35 (2008) 1311e1316 1313 Fig. 4. The necklace made up of 21 involucres of Job’s tears and 1 glazed bead (arrow) (inventory number 84LS I M01:C107) (completely rearranged because of the decayed thread). Scale bar ¼ 2 cm. Plant nomenclature of Coix follows the revised Flora of China (Chen and Phillips, 2006). The botanical terms used in the de- scription of Coix are from the following references: Winton and Winton, 1950; van den Bergh and Iamsupasit, 1996; Chen and Phillips, 2006; Clayton et al., 2007. Fig. 2. The necklace made of 28 involucres of Job’s tears (inventory number 4. Results 84LS I M49:39) (completely rearranged because of the decayed thread). Scale bar ¼ 2 cm. 4.1. Description involucres of Job’s tears and 10 brown-colored glazed All the specimens are well preserved, without distortion or beads (Fig. 3). carbonization. Enclosed involucres are bony and hard, uniform (4) The third necklace (inventory number 84LS I M01:C107) in appearance, ovoid, plump on one side and flattened on the was unearthed in the room numbered 84LS I M01, and other side (Fig. 5a). Involucres are 7.0e9.4 mm long (x ¼ was also made of 21 involucres of Job’s tears. There is 7:9mm, N ¼ 30) and 5.9e7.6 mm thick in the middle (x ¼ a glazed bead in the middle of the necklace (Fig. 4). 6:6mm, N ¼ 30). The outer surface is lustrous, porcelain- like, light brown or grey in color but marked with inconspic- All the specimens are deposited in the Xinjiang Uygur uous black streaks. The attachment scar is a disk-like annulus, Autonomous Region Museum. A transverse section of the in- leaving a hole in the middle (Fig. 5b). Another hole exists on volucre was cut by a vice. Morphological and anatomical the tip of the involucre, through which the pedicel of the male characters of the Job’s tears were observed under a stereo- raceme exserts. microscope. For comparative studies, different types of C. la- The cross section of the involucre shows smaller and larger cryma-jobi were obtained and photographed from the PE spots.
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