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The British Antarctic Expedition, 1910–13

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The British Antarctic Expedition, 1910–13 Scottish Geographical Magazine ISSN: 0036-9225 (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rsgj19 The British Antarctic expedition, 1910–13 Commander E. R. G. R. Evans C.B., R.N. To cite this article: Commander E. R. G. R. Evans C.B., R.N. (1913) The British Antarctic expedition, 1910–13 , Scottish Geographical Magazine, 29:12, 621-637, DOI: 10.1080/00369221308734122 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00369221308734122 Published online: 27 Feb 2008. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 6 View related articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rsgj20 Download by: [University of California, San Diego] Date: 29 June 2016, At: 14:40 THE SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL MAGAZINE. THE BRITISH ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION, 1910-13.1 By Commander E. R. G. R. EVANS, C.B., R.N., Livingstone Medallist of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society. (With Maps.) So much has been published concerning the British Antarctic Expedi- tion, the tragic loss of its gallant leader and his four brave companions, whose names we know so well, that there is no need to preface the story by telling you at length how Captain Scott made his preparations. His organisation was complete, his equipment splendid, and no expedition ever left our shores with a better outfit or a more enthusiastic and deter- mined personnel. Thanks to Captain Scott's fine organisation our expedition remains self-contained even after Ms death. On June 1, 1910, the Terra Nova left London with most of the members of the expedition. She finally left New Zealand on November 29. Captain Scott had with him fifty-nine officers, scientists, and seamen. The Terra Nova left New Zealand a very full ship; besides four hundred tons of coal she carried provisions for three years, two huts, forty sledges, fur sleeping bags, bales of clothing, all kinds of in- struments, and the hundreds of little items of equipment necessary to a Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 14:40 29 June 2016 Polar expedition with an ambitious scientific programme. Besides these things, which filled our ship's holds and the between deck spaces, we carried nineteen Siberian ponies, thirty-four dogs, three motor sledges, 2500 gallons of petrol, and our paraffin on the upper deck. The animals were under the charge of Mr. Cecil Meares, who with Lieut. Bruce had brought them down from Siberia. The ponies after we left New Zealand were taken charge of by Captain Oates, of the Inniskilling Dragoons. The first exciting incident on the southward voyage occurred on 1 An Address delivered before the Society in Edinburgh, Nov. 19, 1913. Reprinted by permission from the Geographical Journal. VOL. XXIX. 2 Z 622 SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL MAGAZINE. December 2, when we encountered a gale which, in the deeply laden condition of the ship, nearly caused the loss of the expedition. First the engine-room choked, and then the hand-pumps. Heavy seas washed over the vessel, and fires had to be extinguished as the engine-room was feet deep in water. While the pump suctions were being cleared the after- guard formed a bucket discharge party, and baled the ship out continu- ously for twenty-four hours. At the end of this time the gale abated, and we proceeded southward, having come through with no loss save two ponies, and one dog which was drowned. Proceeding south on the meridian of 179° W., the first ice was seen in lat. 64°. The ship passed all kinds of icebergs, from huge tabular to little weathered water-worn bergs. The Antarctic pack was reached on December 9, in lat. 65° S., and the ship boldly pushed through for some 200 miles under steam and sail, when her progress was retarded to such an extent that, to save coal, engines were stopped, sail was furled, and the ship lay under banked fires for some days. We spent three weeks in the pack, and emerged on December 30, after pushing through 380 miles of ice. The time was not wasted: magnetic observations, deep- sea soundings, and serial sea-temperatures were obtained. The zoolo- gists and marine biologists secured valuable specimens. Once in open water we proceeded full speed to Cape Crozier, as Dr. Wilson wished to study the embryology of the Emperor penguins during the winter season. Captain Scott was quite prepared to make Cape Crozier our base, if a suitable landing-place was to be found.* As no good place was to be seen, we rounded Cape Bird at midnight, and entered M'Murdo Sound. It was remarkably clear of ice. We passed Shackleton's winter quarters, and noticed his hut at Cape Eoyds looking quite new and fresh. Six miles further south the ship brought up against the fast ice, which extended right across the Sound. On January 4, 1911, thirty-six days out from New Zealand, Captain Scott, Wilson, and myself went across the ice and visited a little cape which looked, and subsequently proved to be, an ideal spot for winter- ing. This place Captain Scott named Cape Evans. Immediately the winter quarters were selected, out came the stores and transport. Lieut. Pennell took charge of the ship, Lieut. Campbell of the transport over the mile and a half of sea-ice; the charge of the base was given to me, while Captain Scott supervised, planned, and improved. Meares' dogs, Oates' ponies, and Day's motors supplemented by man-hauling parties bustled between ship and shore, transporting stores Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 14:40 29 June 2016 over the frozen sea. At the cape, Davis, the carpenter, with his willing crew, put up the tent. In less than a week the main party had their equipment ashore. We will now follow Captain Scott and his companions at the principal base. The weather was so hot when first we landed that the ice melted, and we could wash in fresh water, and even draw our drinking-water from a cascade. We built ice-caves to stow our fresh mutton in, and for magnetic observations. Outside the hut we soon had fine stables. Directly the construction of the base station was assured, away went every available man to lay a dep6t. We said good-bye to the ship, and THE BRITISH ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION, 1910-13. ,623 on January 24, 1911, Captain Scott and eleven companions left with two dog teams and eight ponies to lay out a depdt of foodstuffs before the Antarctic winter set in. Nearly one ton of provisions was taken out to a point 144 miles from our base. This spot was named One Ton Dep6t. The party for the return journey was split up into three detachments. Captain Scott with Meares, Wilson, and Cherry Garrard, came home with the dogs. Scott and Meares had the misfortune to run along the snow bridge of a crevasse. The bridge gave way, and all the dogs but 150 1GO Long'. 17O East jso Lon£\ 170 Vest 100 15O BRITISH ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION . 1910-13. Track of the. Terra. J^ova.' Roittc of Southern. Parly. Osman, the leader, and the two rear animals, disappeared down a yawn- Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 14:40 29 June 2016 ing chasm. With the greatest difficulty the dogs were rescued. Scott and Meares were lowered by Wilson and Cherry Garrard into the crevasse. They found the dogs, twisting round, suspended by the har- ness, fighting, howling, and snapping. One by one they were freed from the trace, and,hauled up on to solid ice; as each animal regained safety he lay down and slept. It was an anxious period for air concerned. Captain Scott spoke most highly of Wilson, Meares, and Cherry Garrard's behaviour and resource on this occasion. : • • ;*. One party, consisting of the second in command and two seamen, returned from the dep6t journey with the three oldest -and weakest 624 SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL MAGAZINE. ponies—Blossom, Blucher, and James Pig. The ponies were in very poor condition, and Oates, their master, expected all three to give out on their return march. They were christened by the seamen " The Baltic Fleet." Two of them died owing to the severe weather conditions that obtained at the end of February, but the third pony, James Pig, was a plucky little animal, and he survived. Lieut. Bowers, in charge of the detachment which built up " One Ton DepQt," returned after the other two parties. He had with him Cherry Garrard and Crean, when, on March 1, he was sent across the sea-ice to reach Hut Point. The ponies were tired and listless after their hard journey and in bad condition, and they had to be frequently rested. As they advanced towards Hut Point cracks in the ice became apparent, and when the party reached a crack which showed the ice to be actually on the move, they turned and hastened back—but the ice was drifting out to sea ! The ponies behaved splendidly, jumping the ever-widening cracks with extraordinary sagacity. Bowers, Cherry Garrard, and Crean launched the sledges back over the cracks in order not to risk the ponies' legs. Eventually they reached what looked like a safe place. Men and ponies were thoroughly exhausted. Camp was pitched, and the weary party soon fell asleep. Bowers soon awoke, hearing a strange noise. He found the party in a dreadful plight—the ice had again commenced to break up, and they were surrounded by water. One of their four ponies had disappeared in the sea.
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