DOCSLIB.ORG

The Preservation of Religious Values Through Buddha Images at World Heritage Sites in Thailand

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Preservation of Religious Values Through Buddha Images at World Heritage Sites in Thailand SPIRIT AND PLACE: THE PRESERVATION OF RELIGIOUS VALUES THROUGH BUDDHA IMAGES AT WORLD HERITAGE SITES IN THAILAND By Poramet Boonnumsirikij A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism (International Program) Graduate School SILPAKORN UNIVERSITY 2011 SPIRIT AND PLACE: THE PRESERVATION OF RELIGIOUS VALUES THROUGH BUDDHA IMAGES AT WORLD HERITAGE SITES IN THAILAND By Poramet Boonnumsirikij A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism (International Program) Graduate School SILPAKORN UNIVERSITY 2011 The Graduate school, Silpakorn University has approved and accredited the Thesis title of “Spirit and Place: The Preservation of Religious Values through Buddha Images at World Heritage Sites in Thailand” submitted by Mr. Poramet Boonnumsirikij as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism. ………………………………………. (Assistant Professor Panjai Tantatsanawong, Ph.D.) Dean of Graduate School ……../………….../……….. The Thesis Advisor Professor William Chapman, Ph.D. The Thesis Examination Committee ………………………………………Chairman (Professor Emeritus Trungjai Buranasomphob, Ph.D.) ………/……………....../………. ………………………………………Member (Assistant Professor Pibul Jinawat, Ph.D.) ………/……………....../………. ………………………………………Member (Professor William Chapman, Ph.D.) ………/……………....../………. 50056955 : MAJOR : ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT AND TOURISM KEY WORD: PRESERVATION/INTANGIBLE HERITAGE PORAMET BOONNUMSIRIKIJ : SPIRIT AND PLACE : THE PRESERVATION OF RELIGIOUS VALUES THROUGH BUDDHA IMAGES AT WORLD HERITAGE SITES IN THAILAND. THESIS ADVISOR : PROF. WILLIAM CHAPMAN, Ph.D., 179 pp. In Thailand many of the most significant images of Buddha can be found at World Heritage Sites such as Sukhothai and Ayutthaya Historical Park. The values of the Buddhist image are not only artifacts or antiques but also the symbols of Buddhists’ worship to Buddhism. The process of creating and upholding Buddha’s image involves many steps, for example the utilization of craft arts and consecration ceremonies in order to produce a beautiful statue or monument that is highly respected for many centuries. Therefore, the history of Buddha image art was reviewed. The deterioration of the Buddha image like other artifacts can occur for many reasons and restoration work has to be done. Meanwhile the preservation bodies of international organizations such as UNESCO and state parties like the Fine Arts Department of the Royal Thai Government have been issued and developed regulation. There are charters to follow, specifically the preservation of World Heritage sites. Most of them mention only the exterior values, while the spiritual value of the heritage is forgotten. From the re-examination of these criteria, they are totally separated to the tangible heritage which mostly cannot fit to the Asian context, including the Buddha image. This dissertation recommends the need to preserve the spirit value or intangible values inside the tangible heritage monuments and sites, and that the draft of the Thai Charter should be adopted and explored by the international bodies of preservation. Moreover, the restoration and preservation of these icons currently uses the ‘Cultural Process’ from the Fine Art Department in Thailand. The process mainly starts with research from archeologists and arts historians. However, the knowledge management process is more effective and can reduce the steps in the ‘Cultural Process’. It can utilize the international organizations’ knowledge and use the local community to collaborate and figure out the proper management plan and process of restoration for the image of Buddha. The study’s final goal is to create a new vision of ‘Cultural Process’ that will provide a better solution for the future preservation management of the Buddhist icon. Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism Graduate School, Silpakorn University Academic Year 2011 Student’s signature ………………………… Thesis Advisor’s signature ……………………….. c Acknowledgements I would like to thank all the contribution from the following individual from their support, advice, and help to complete this dissertation. First of all I would like to dedicate my father to the role model of being architect, my mother for instilling me to read and my younger sister to push me to learn since I was young. All of the family members have been supported and inspired me for everything without limitation. The most important to complete my dissertation have to appreciated to my supervisor, Professor Dr. William Chapman, for all his suggest many of text books to read, key persons to meet, valuable comments from all chapters from day one to the finishing date with his kindness and professional. Another person that have been supported and advised since I was entering this program, Professor Emeritus Dr. Trngjai Buranasomphob who is also the chairman of examiner and Ms. Thienrat Sakasuparerk, the program coordinator in order to remind me in every progresses. And thanks all classmates to give good advice. The unforgettable thank for financial supporting me to study in this program to Dr Vollop Suwandee, the president of Kasem Bundit University, Dr. Senee Suwandee, vice president of Kasem Bundit University, Dr. Jesada Angabsri, the director of Human Resources, Assistant Professor Dr. Amnuay Suwannakitborihan, dean of Liberal Arts. Thank all my colleagues and friends for the moral support and special thank to Dr.Napasanan Vinijworakijkul, Dr. Chaleamkert Fuengkeaw, and Dr. Sutsan Sutipisan for the good suggestion and valuable advice. d Table of Contents Page Abstract ........................................................................................................................ c Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... d List of Figure ................................................................................................................ h Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 The context................................................................................................. 1 Rationale of the Study ................................................................................ 2 Objective of the Study ................................................................................ 11 Scope of the Study ...................................................................................... 12 Research Methodology ............................................................................... 12 2 Review Buddha Images and Art History ......................................................... 14 Concept of construction of Buddha image .................................................. 14 Sculpture definition and process ................................................................. 15 Anatomical of Buddha image ..................................................................... 16 The Process of Molding and Casting Buddha Image ................................... 17 First Buddha image of the world ................................................................. 19 Characteristics and postures of the Buddha image....................................... 20 Historical period and art style of Buddha image in Thailand ....................... 28 Dvaravati style ........................................................................................... 28 Srivijaya Style ............................................................................................ 30 Lopburi or Khmer style .............................................................................. 32 Chiang Saen of Lanna Style ........................................................................ 34 Sukhothai style ........................................................................................... 37 U-Thong style ............................................................................................ 40 Ayutthaya ................................................................................................... 41 Rattanakosin Style ...................................................................................... 49 Summary .................................................................................................... 52 e Page 3 Review the Conceptual of Preservation ........................................................... 53 Preface ....................................................................................................... 53 Conceptual of the preservation for the Heritage Monument and Sites ......... 54 The UNESCO World Heritage ................................................................... 55 Reviewing Other Preservation or Conservation Charters and Principles as National and Regional Levels ............................................................ 59 Principle of preservation in cultural heritage in Thailand ............................ 65 The preservation of the Intangible Heritage ................................................ 67 Authenticity with spiritual value ................................................................. 68 Summary ...................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Conference Attendees
    US/Thai Consortium May 28-30, 2014 Baltimore, Maryland Conference Attendees Given Name Surname Affiliation University of Maryland, Baltimore/ Uraiwan Akanit Ubon Ratchathani University Robert Beardsley University of Maryland, Baltimore Robert Brueggemeier The Ohio State University Malissa Carroll University of Maryland, Baltimore Rebecca Ceraul University of Maryland, Baltimore Weerachai Chaijamorn Siam University Usa Chaikledkaew Mahidol University Chanadda Chinthammit University of Arizona/ Chulalongkorn University Ittiporn Chuatrisorn University of Maryland Medical Center Heather Congdon University of Maryland, Baltimore Andrew Coop University of Maryland, Baltimore University of Maryland, Baltimore/ Wannisa Dongtai Ubon Ratchathani University Natalie Eddington University of Maryland, Baltimore Jan Engle University of Illinois at Chicago Lee Evans Auburn University Anjana Fuangchan Naresuan University Andrew Gillespie Auburn University Kristen Helms Auburn University Kampanart Huanbutta Burapha University Suppachai Insuk University of Wisconsin-Madison/ Naresuan University Chris Ireland University of Utah Bruce Jarrell University of Maryland, Baltimore Lauren Jonkman University of Pittsburgh Julie Johnson University of Minnesota Dana Joyce University of Maryland, Baltimore Paul Jungnickel Auburn University Paiboon Jungsuwadee Roosevelt University Juntip Kanjanasilp Mahasarakham University Michael Katz University of Arizona Sindhchai Keokitichai Burapha University Roongpetch Keowkase Srinakharinwirot University Chris Klimas University
    [Show full text]
  • The King's Nation: a Study of the Emergence and Development of Nation and Nationalism in Thailand
    THE KING’S NATION: A STUDY OF THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATION AND NATIONALISM IN THAILAND Andreas Sturm Presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London (London School of Economics and Political Science) 2006 UMI Number: U215429 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U215429 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 I Declaration I hereby declare that the thesis, submitted in partial fulfillment o f the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and entitled ‘The King’s Nation: A Study of the Emergence and Development of Nation and Nationalism in Thailand’, represents my own work and has not been previously submitted to this or any other institution for any degree, diploma or other qualification. Andreas Sturm 2 VV Abstract This thesis presents an overview over the history of the concepts ofnation and nationalism in Thailand. Based on the ethno-symbolist approach to the study of nationalism, this thesis proposes to see the Thai nation as a result of a long process, reflecting the three-phases-model (ethnie , pre-modem and modem nation) for the potential development of a nation as outlined by Anthony Smith.
    [Show full text]
  • “White Elephant” the King's Auspicious Animal
    แนวทางการบริหารการจัดการเรียนรู้ภาษาจีนส าหรับโรงเรียนสองภาษา (ไทย-จีน) สังกัดกรุงเทพมหานคร ประกอบด้วยองค์ประกอบหลักที่ส าคัญ 4 องค์ประกอบ ได้แก่ 1) เป้าหมายและ หลักการ 2) หลักสูตรและสื่อการสอน 3) เทคนิคและวิธีการสอน และ 4) การพัฒนาผู้สอนและผู้เรียน ค าส าคัญ: แนวทาง, การบริหารการจัดการเรียนรู้ภาษาจีน, โรงเรียนสองภาษา (ไทย-จีน) Abstract This study aimed to develop a guidelines on managing Chinese language learning for Bilingual Schools (Thai – Chinese) under the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. The study was divided into 2 phases. Phase 1 was to investigate the present state and needs on managing Chinese language learning for Bilingual Schools (Thai – Chinese) under the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration from the perspectives of the involved personnel in Bilingual Schools (Thai – Chinese) under the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Phase 2 was to create guidelines on managing Chinese language learning for Bilingual Schools (Thai – Chinese) under the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration and to verify the accuracy and suitability of the guidelines by interviewing experts on teaching Chinese language and school management. A questionnaire, a semi-structured interview form, and an evaluation form were used as tools for collecting data. Percentage, mean, and Standard Deviation were employed for analyzing quantitative data. Modified Priority Needs Index (PNImodified) and content analysis were used for needs assessment and analyzing qualitative data, respectively. The results of this research found that the actual state of the Chinese language learning management for Bilingual Schools (Thai – Chinese) in all aspects was at a high level ( x =4.00) and the expected state of the Chinese language learning management for Bilingual Schools (Thai – Chinese) in the overall was at the highest level ( x =4.62). The difference between the actual state and the expected state were significant different at .01 level.
    [Show full text]
  • Cormorant DW Formats
    Review article on Jeremias van Vliet, The Short History of the Kings of Siam, JSS LXIV, 2 (July 1976), pp. 207-236. Jeremias van Vliet, The Short History of the Kings of Siam, translated by Leonard Andaya from a transcription by Miriam J Verkuijl-van den Berg, edited by David K Wyatt, Bangkok, The Siam Society, 1975 iv, 97 pp. For a number of years historians concerned with early Ayutthaya have been aware that a chronicle version older than anything else extant had been compiled in Dutch by the early 17th-century VOC representative in Ayutthaya, Jeremias van Vliet, and its publication has been eagerly awaited for light it might shed on points which remain obscure in other texts. Now The Siam Society has provided in very attractive format a transcription of van Vliet’s original text with an English translation and a certain number of notes on the historiographic problems of the text and its relationship to other sources1. Van Vliet’s chronicle begins with a very interesting version of the history of the peninsula and lower Menam basin before the founding of Ayutthaya. Here van Vliet relates several stories which were current concerning the first king of Siam in ancient times - that he was a son of a Chinese emperor and had come to the peninsula abut 2000 years before, that he was a brahman named Phrommathep, and that Siam was founded by the Buddha himself. A long time later, about 300 years before van Vliet’s day, another son of a Chinese ruler, Chao Ui, arrived on the peninsula and became the Thao U Thong who founded Ayutthaya.
    [Show full text]
  • Sports in Pre-Modern and Early Modern Siam: Aggressive and Civilised Masculinities
    Sports in Pre-Modern and Early Modern Siam: Aggressive and Civilised Masculinities Charn Panarut A thesis submitted in fulfilment of The requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Sociology and Social Policy Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences The University of Sydney 2018 Statement of Authorship This dissertation is the copyrighted work of the author, Charn Panarut, and the University of Sydney. This thesis has not been previously submitted for any degree or other objectives. I certify that this thesis contains no documents previously written or published by anyone except where due reference is referenced in the dissertation itself. i Abstract This thesis is a contribution to two bodies of scholarship: first, the historical understanding of the modernisation process in Siam, and in particular the role of sport in the gradual pacification of violent forms of behaviour; second, one of the central bodies of scholarship used to analyse sport sociologically, the work of Norbert Elias and Eric Dunning on sport and the civilising process. Previous studies of the emergence of a more civilised form of behaviour in modern Siam highlight the imitation of Western civilised conducts in political and sporting contexts, largely overlooking the continued role of violence in this change in Siamese behaviour from the pre- modern to modern periods. This thesis examines the historical evidence which shows that, from around the 1900s, Siamese elites engaged in deliberate projects to civilise prevalent non-elites’ aggressive conducts. This in turn has implications for the Eliasian understanding of sports and civilising process, which emphasises their unplanned development alongside political and economic changes in Europe, at the expense of grasping the deliberate interventions of the Siamese elites.
    [Show full text]
  • Pronominal Reference in Thai, Burmese, and Vietnamese
    Pronominal Reference in Thai, Burmese, and Vietnamese By Joseph Robinson Cooke B.Th. (Biola College, Los Angeles) 19^9 A.B. (Biola College, Los Angeles) 1952 A.B. (University of California) 1961 DISSERTATION Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Linguistics in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Approved: "> Committee in Charge Degree conferred Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study has been prepared as a doctoral dissertation in Linguistics, for presentation to the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley, in 1965* Ik is the result of some eighteen months of research undertaken between November, 1963 and May, 1965i and it has been made possible largely by the financial aid of the American Council of Learned Societies. This aid has enabled me to devote full time to my studies and to complete the task more quickly and easily than would otherwise have been possible. I cannot sufficiently express my appreciation for the help and advice of those who have directed my research. Foremost among these is Professor Mary R. Haas, whose constant interest, encouragement, suggestions, and careful attention to detail have contributed immeasurably to any merits that the present study may possess. I have also profited materially from the help and encouragement of Professors Murray B. Emeneau and Kun Chang, who have shared responsibility for directing my work. I am in debt, too, to a rather large number of Thai, Burmese and Vietnamese informants. These have given in­ valuable assistance in my work,with their helpfulness, con­ sideration, interest, and cooperation.
    [Show full text]
  • Ayutthaya Wat Phra Si Sanphet Saraburi • Ang Thong • Suphan Buri Pathum Thani • Nonthaburi Contents Ayutthaya 8 Pathum Thani 44
    Ayutthaya Wat Phra Si Sanphet Saraburi • Ang Thong • Suphan Buri Pathum Thani • Nonthaburi Contents Ayutthaya 8 Pathum Thani 44 Saraburi 24 Nonthaburi 50 Ang Thong 32 Suphan Buri 38 8 Wat Mahathat Ayutthaya The ancient city of Ayutthaya, formally designated Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya was the Thai capital for 417 years, and is one of Thailand’s major tourist attractions. 8 9 Ayutthaya province is relatively small at 2,557 sq. km. and is easily accessible due to good road, rail and river connections and its proximity to Bangkok. Straddling the Chao Phraya River, the nation’s principal waterway, the province is extremely important, as it was the Siamese capital for four centuries. The city of Ayutthaya is 76 km. north of Bangkok and boasts numerous magnificent ruins from its days as the capital. Just to the south, in perfect condition, stands the royal palace of Bang Pa-in set in splendid gardens. The province is also noted for H.M. the Queen’s Bang Sai Arts and Crafts Centre. The ancient city of Ayutthaya, formally designated Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya was the Thai capital for 417 years, and is one of Thailand’s major tourist attractions. Many ancient ruins and art works can be seen in a city that was founded in 1350 by King U-Thong when the Thais were forced southwards by northern neighbours. During the period when Ayutthaya was capital, 33 kings and several dynasties ruled the kingdom, until the glittering city was sacked by the Burmese in 1767, ruined and abandoned. The extensive ruins and the historical records demonstrate that Ayutthaya was one of Southeast Asia’s most prosperous cities.
    [Show full text]
  • Adobe Photoshop
    The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand Volume IV - 2012 Translations of National Literature: Existing Translation Works as Means to Promote Better Understanding among Nations Malithat Promathatavedi1 Abstract This paper traces the history of translation from ancient time to the present, especially the translation of literature. The translation of literary works in Thailand also has a long history going back to the Sukhothai Period. Through trade and cultural connection with countries in Asia and the intrusion of Western ideology and technology, there have been broader scopes of translation. In the fi rst stages translation was of a religious nature. During the turbulent times in history when Thailand was still waging wars with neighboring countries there were many literary works in reference to the wars, most of them glorifying the heroic deeds of various Thai kings who had fought to maintain peace and sovereignty of the country. In the country-building periods it was time to concentrate on the intellectual side. Eminent writers and poets vied to present their works to the court and artists in all fi elds produced their works of art. There were poems praising the splendor of the architecture of palaces and temples, the royal barge procession, and even the exquisite cuisine and fl oral arrangement. After World War II regional cooperation among countries in Southeast Asia has resulted in the launching of several bi-lingual volumes of the Anthology of ASEAN Literatures and the S.E.A. Write Award-Winning Stories in English translations as an attempt to make the 1Associate Fellow of the Royal Institute, Academy of Arts Translations of National Literature: Existing Translation Works as Means to Promote Better Understanding among Nations 124 The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand Volume IV - 2012 literatures and cultures of ASEAN known to the world.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Contexto Histórico: El Reino De Ayutthaya
    1. Contexto histórico: el reino de Ayutthaya. Según las crónicas, la ciudad de Ayutthaya fue fundada por U-Thong el día 4 de marzo de 1350. El emplazamiento no fue casual, era una gran isla circular en medio de un gran río, él rey ordenó a sus tropas establecerse allí. Realmente no era una isla sino un gigantesco meandro donde confluían tres grandes ríos, por tierra era accesible solamente por el oeste. Para los antiguos el agua que rodeaba la ciudad Principales complejos de la ciudad de Ayutthaya. representaba el Gran Océano de la mitología hindú y la propia urbe el monte Meru o lugar de residencia de los dioses de esa religión. Posteriores obras hidráulicas convirtieron realmente a Ayutthaya en una isla y la llenaron de canales tanto que algunos visitantes occidentales la comparaban con Venecia. Además del agua la ciudad estaba circundada por una gran muralla defendida por dieciséis fuertes. En el interior un gran número de monasterios budistas y de palacios diseminados hoy por varias zonas de la ciudad moderna hablan de su pasado esplendor. La segunda mitad del siglo XIV fue la etapa de formación y expansión, la ciudad se convirtió en el centro de un gran imperio que en el año 1431 llegó a derrotar y a someter a la 1 anteriormente todopoderosa Angkor. Las bases de ese poder se basan en una rica agricultura y un próspero comercio que atrae mercaderes de Oriente y Occidente. Para hacernos una idea de Página sus dimensiones podemos señalar que en el año 1600 contaba con unos 3000.000 habitantes, ninguna ciudad europea la alcanzaba, en 1700 se calcula que la población podía ascender al millón de almas.
    [Show full text]
  • Thai Kingship During the Ayutthaya Period : a Note on Its Divine Aspects Concerning Indra*
    Thai Kingship during the Ayutthaya Period : A Note on Its Divine Aspects Concerning Indra* Woraporn Poopongpan Abstract This article is an initial attempt to highlight the divine aspects of Thai kingship during the Ayutthaya period, the interesting characteristic of which was an association of the king’s divinity with the Buddhist and Brahman god, Indra. Thai concept of the king’s divinity was identified closely with many Brahman gods such as Narayana, Rama or Siva (Isuan) but the divine aspects concerning Indra had a special place in Thai intellectual thinking as attested by ceremonies associated with the kingship recorded in Palatine Law and other sources. Thai kingship associated with Indra was reflected in the following elements: 1. The Royal ceremonies 2. The names of Indra’s residences 3. The number of the king’s consorts The article concludes that the emphasis on the king’s divine being as Indra derived not only from the influence of Brahmanism on the Thai society but more importantly from the high status of Indra in Buddhist belief. This can be easily understood since Buddhism is the main religion of Thai society. While some aspects * This article is based on the PhD dissertation “The Palatine Law as a source for Thai History from Ayutthaya period to 1805”, Submitted to the Department of History, Chulalongkorn University. It would not have been possible without considerable helps and valuable guidance from Dr. Dhiravat na Pombejra, my advisor, and all kind helps from Miss Apinya Odthon, my close friend. Silpakorn University International Journal Vol.7 : 143-171, 2007 Ayutthaya Thai Kingship Concerning Indra Silpakorn University International Journal Vol.7, 2007 of kingship are derived from Brahmanic Indra because Thailand adopted several conceptions of state and kingship from India, it was the Thai Buddhist understanding of Indra as a supporter of the Buddha that had a more significant impact.
    [Show full text]
  • About History
    Kings and Queens 1555 – 1605 Naresuan the Great A national hero in his native Thailand, Naresuan the Great single-handedly conquered Southeast Asia in the 16th Century t says something that the 2007 film The Legend formidable Burmese attack, but the Burmese King Of King Naresuan is the most expensive film in Bayinnaung returned with an even larger force the history of Thailand. The action-packed, five- — including hundreds of Portuguese mercenaries — Ipart historical epic, which celebrates the larger- and Ayutthaya surrendered. than-life conquests of Somdet Phra Naresuan The Thai kingdom was now under Burmese Maharat — otherwise known as Naresuan the control. King Bayinnaung allowed Naresuan’s Great — cost £13.2 million ($21.7 million) to produce. father to remain on the throne as a puppet vassal With financial backing from the Thai royal family, to Burma. As a pledge of his allegiance, the Thai the film chronicled how Naresuan, a 16th Century leader was forced to send his two sons — Naresuan, warrior king, threw off the shackles of Burmese rule age nine, and his younger brother, Ekathotsarot — and established the Thai kingdom of Ayutthaya to be raised in the Burmese capital of Pegu. as political and military force in Southeast For seven years, Naresuan and his brother Asia. Imagine George Washington if the lived in the Burmese court while his American general ditched his horse Much father reigned over a neutered state. for a battle elephant. like the vast Because the Burmese restricted To understand the importance the Thai kingdom to a small of Naresuan to Thai history, majority of ancient military force, Ayutthaya fell you first need to understand and modern Thai victim to a string of crippling the political dynamics of 16th people, Naresuan attacks from the Khmer in Century Southeast Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Journal of the Walters Art Museum
    THE JOURNAL OF THE WALTERS ART MUSEUM VOL. 73, 2018 THE JOURNAL OF THE WALTERS ART MUSEUM VOL. 73, 2018 EDITORIAL BOARD FORM OF MANUSCRIPT Eleanor Hughes, Executive Editor All manuscripts must be typed and double-spaced (including quotations and Charles Dibble, Associate Editor endnotes). Contributors are encouraged to send manuscripts electronically; Amanda Kodeck please check with the editor/manager of curatorial publications as to compat- Amy Landau ibility of systems and fonts if you are using non-Western characters. Include on Julie Lauffenburger a separate sheet your name, home and business addresses, telephone, and email. All manuscripts should include a brief abstract (not to exceed 100 words). Manuscripts should also include a list of captions for all illustrations and a separate list of photo credits. VOLUME EDITOR Amy Landau FORM OF CITATION Monographs: Initial(s) and last name of author, followed by comma; italicized or DESIGNER underscored title of monograph; title of series (if needed, not italicized); volume Jennifer Corr Paulson numbers in arabic numerals (omitting “vol.”); place and date of publication enclosed in parentheses, followed by comma; page numbers (inclusive, not f. or ff.), without p. or pp. © 2018 Trustees of the Walters Art Gallery, 600 North Charles Street, Baltimore, L. H. Corcoran, Portrait Mummies from Roman Egypt (I–IV Centuries), Maryland 21201 Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 56 (Chicago, 1995), 97–99. Periodicals: Initial(s) and last name of author, followed by comma; title in All Rights Reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced without the written double quotation marks, followed by comma, full title of periodical italicized permission of the Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, Maryland.
    [Show full text]