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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03331-3 - Greek Comedy and the Discourse of Genres Edited by E. Bakola, L. Prauscello and M. Telò Frontmatter More information

GREEK COMEDY AND THE DISCOURSE OF GENRES

Recent scholarship has acknowledged that the intertextual discourse of ancient comedy with previous and contemporary literary traditions is not limited to tragedy. This book is a timely response to the more sophisticated and theory-grounded way of viewing comedy’s interactions with its cultural and intellectual context. It shows that in the process of its self-definition, comedy emerges as voracious and multifarious with a wide spectrum of literary, sub- literary and paraliterary traditions, the engagement with which emerges as central to its projected literary identity and, subsequently, to the reception of the genre itself. Comedy’s self-definition through generic discourse far transcends the (narrowly conceived) ‘high–low’ division of genres. This book explores ancient comedy’s interactions with Homeric and Hesiodic epic, iambos, lyric, tragedy, the fable tradition, the ritual performances of the Greek polis, and its reception in Platonic writings and Alexandrian scholarship, within a unified interpretative framework.

emmanuela bakola is Leverhulme EC Fellow at King’s College London. She has published a monograph on Cratinus (Cratinus and the Art of Comedy, 2010) and several articles which explore the relationship of comedy to other genres. Her current project, entitled Aeschylean Tragedy and Early Environ- mental Discourse, arises from her study of ﬁfth-century comedy as reception of tragedy. Using a cultural-anthropological framework, this project rereads the tragedies of Aeschylus, arguing that their dramaturgy, imagery, stage action, and engagement with cult and ritual show that Aeschylean tragedy is profoundly preoccupied with the human relationship to the Earth and its resources. lucia prauscello is Senior Lecturer in Classics at the University of Cambridge and Fellow of TrinityHall. She is the author of Singing Alexandria: Music between Practice and Textual Transmission (2006) and has variously published on Greek archaic and Hellenistic poetry, drama, Greek religion and ancient music. mario telo` is Assistant Professor of Classics at the University of California, Los Angeles. His research interests mainly focus on Attic drama, and especially on Old Comedy, but he has also published in other areas of Greek literature (the Greek novel, ecphrastic literature, Roman tragedy and comedy). In 2007 he published a commentary on Eupolis’ Demoi, the best-preserved fragmentary play of Old Comedy. He has now completed a book entitled Aristophanes’ Wasps and the Generation of Greek Comedy.

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GREEK COMEDY AND THE DISCOURSE OF GENRES

edited by E. BAKOLA, L. PRAUSCELLO AND M. TELO`

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Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Greek comedy and the discourse of genres / edited by E. Bakola, L. Prauscello and M. Telo.` pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-1-107-03331-3 (hardback) 1. Greek drama (Comedy) – History and criticism. 2. Greek drama (Comedy) – Inﬂuence. 3. Intertextuality. I. Bakola, Emmanuela. pa3161.g74 2013 882 .0109 –dc23 2012042716

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Contents

List of ﬁgures page vii Notes on contributors viii Acknowledgements xii Note to the reader xiii List of abbreviations xiv

Introduction: Greek comedy as a fabric of generic discourse 1 Emmanuela Bakola, Lucia Prauscello and Mario Telo`

part i: comedy and genre: self-definition and development 1 The Greek dramatic genres: theoretical perspectives 15 Michael Silk 2 Comedy and the Pompe: Dionysian genre-crossing 40 Eric Csapo 3 Iambos, comedy and the question of generic afﬁliation 81 Ralph Rosen

part ii: comedy and genres in dialogue comedy and epic 4 Paraepic comedy: point(s) and practices 101 Martin Revermann 5 Epic, nostos and generic genealogy in Aristophanes’ Peace 129 Mario Telo`

vi Contents comedy and lyric 6 Comedy and the civic chorus 155 Chris Carey 7 Aristophanes’ Simonides: lyric models for praise and blame 175 Richard Rawles

comedy and tragedy 8 Comedy versus tragedy in Wasps 205 Matthew Wright 9 Crime and punishment: Cratinus, Aeschylus’ Oresteia, and the metaphysics and politics of wealth 226 Emmanuela Bakola 10 From Achilles’ horses to a cheese-seller’s shop: on the history of the guessing game in Greek drama 256 Marco Fantuzzi and David Konstan

comedy, the fable and the ethnographic tradition 11 The Aesopic in Aristophanes 277 Edith Hall 12 The mirror of Aristophanes: the winged ethnographers of Birds (1470–93, 1553–64, 1694–1705) 298 Jeffrey Rusten

part iii: the reception of comedy and comic discourse 13 Comedy and comic discourse in Plato’s Laws 319 Lucia Prauscello 14 Comedy and the Pleiad: Alexandrian tragedians and the birth of comic scholarship 343 Nick Lowe

References 357 Index locorum 392 General index 400

Figures

2.1 Attic red-figure fragments by the Berlin Painter, c. 480 bc; Athens, National Archaeological Museum, Akr.702. Courtesy of the National Archaeological Museum. Photo: M. C. Miller page 42 2.2 Attic red-figure cup fragments, Antiphon Group, 490–470 bc; Paris, Louvre C11375.Photo:F.Lissarrague 45 2.3a Attic red-figure cup, Pistoxenos Painter, c. 470 bc; Orvieto. and b Faina 45. Drawing: Hartwig 1893,pl.38a,b 46 2.4a Attic red-figure cup, Sabouroff Painter, c. 460 bc;Malibu, and b J. P. Getty Museum 86.AE.296.CourtesyofJ.P.Getty Museum 47 2.5 Attic red-figure lekythos, c. 440 bc; Athens. G´ Ephoria, inv. no. A5801. Photo: E. Csapo, with permission 49 2.6 Attic red-figure chous, c. 400 bc; Hermitage 1869.47 Fa. Courtesy of the State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg 72 2.7 Attic red-figure bell krater, Hare-Hunt Painter, c. 380–370 bc; S. Agata de’ Goti. Drawing from Gerhard 1828a, pl. 72 73 2.8 Attic red-figure bell krater, 390–380 bc; Naples, Private collection. Photo: courtesy, K. Schauenburg 75 2.9 Fragments of an Attic red-figure bell krater, 380–370 bc; Castulo, (Linares, Jaen)´ 1309.A.J.Dom´ınguez and C. Sanchez´ 2001,fig.168, with permission 78

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Notes on contributors

emmanuela bakola is Leverhulme EC Fellow at King’s College London. She has published a monograph on Cratinus (Cratinus and the Art of Comedy, 2010) and several articles which explore the relationship of comedy to other genres. Her current project, entitled Aeschylean Tragedy and Early Environmental Discourse, arises from her study of ﬁfth- century comedy as reception of tragedy. Using a cultural-anthropological framework, this project rereads the tragedies of Aeschylus, arguing that their dramaturgy, imagery, stage action, and engagement with cult and ritual show that Aeschylean tragedy is profoundly preoccupied with the human relationship to the Earth and its resources. chris carey is Professor of Greek at University College London. He has published extensively on Pindar and early lyric, Homer, drama, Greek law and politics, and the Attic Orators. His most recent work includes a new OCT edition of Lysias. He is currently writing a commentary to Book 7 of Herodotus for Cambridge University Press, Athenian Law and a book of essays on Pindar’s Olympian Odes. eric csapo is Professor of Classics at the University of Sydney. He has a special interest in ancient drama and theatre history and is author of Actors and Icons of the Ancient Theater (2010), Theories of Mythol- ogy (2005), and co-author with William Slater of Context of Ancient Drama (1995). In collaboration with Peter Wilson, he is preparing a multi-volume history of the Classical Greek theatre to be published by Cambridge University Press. marco fantuzzi is Professor of Greek Literature at Columbia University, New York, and at the University of Macerata (Italy). He is the author of Bionis Smyrnaei Adonidis epitaphium (1985); Ricerche su Apollonio Rodio (1988); Tradition and Innovation in Hellenistic Poetry (co-authored with R. Hunter, Cambridge 2004); Achilles in Love (2012). He co-edited

viii

Notes on contributors ix (with R. Pretagostini) Struttura e storia dell’esametro greco (1995–6)and (with T. Papanghelis) Brill’s Companion to Greek and Latin Pastoral (2006). He is now co-editing for Cambridge University Press (with C. Tsagalis) A Companion to the Epic Cycle, and completing (under contract for the ‘Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries’) a full- scale commentary on the Rhesus ascribed to Euripides. edith hall, after holding posts at the Universities of Cambridge, Read- ing, Oxford, Durham and Royal Holloway (2006–12), where she also directed the Centre for the Reception of Greece and Rome, is now Research Professor at King’s College London. She is also Co-Founder and Consultant Director of the Archive of Performances of Greek and Roman Drama in Oxford. Her research focuses on representations of ethnicity, the role played by theatre (especially Greek tragedy) in both the ancient and modern worlds and the uses made by classical culture in European education, identity and political theory. Her books include Inventing the Barbarian (1989); a commentary on Aeschylus’ Persians (1996); Greek Tragedy and the British Theatre (2005, with Fiona Mac- intosh); The Theatrical Cast of Athens (2006); The Return of Ulysses: a Cultural History of Homer’s Odyssey (2008); Greek Tragedy: Suffering under the Sun (2010). david konstan is Professor of Classics at New York University, and Professor Emeritus at Brown University. He is the author of Roman Comedy (1983); Sexual Symmetry: Love in the Ancient Novel and Related Genres (1994); Greek Comedy and Ideology (1995); Friendship in the Clas- sical World (1997); Pity Transformed (2001); The Emotions of the Ancient Greeks: Studies in Aristotle and Classical Literature (2006); Terms for Eternity: Aioniosˆ and a¨ıdios in Classical and Christian Texts (with Ilaria Ramelli, 2007); ‘A Life Worthy of the Gods’: The Materialist Pyschology of Epicurus (2008); and Before Forgiveness: the Origins of a Moral Idea (2010). He is currently working on a verse translation of Seneca’s Her- cules on Mount Oeta and Hercules Furens, and a book on the ancient Greek conception of beauty. nick lowe is Senior Lecturer in Classics at Royal Holloway, University of London, and author of The Classical Plot and the Invention of Western Narrative (Cambridge 2000). His research interests include Greek and Roman comedy, formalist literary theory, and the reception of anti- quity in the nineteenth century. He is currently writing a book on the construction of ancient Greece in modern ﬁction.

x Notes on contributors lucia prauscello is Senior Lecturer in Classics at the University of Cambridge and Fellow of Trinity Hall. She is the author of Singing Alexandria: Music between Practice and Textual Transmission (2006)and has variously published on Greek archaic and Hellenistic poetry, drama, Greek religion and ancient music. richard rawles has taught at the University of St Andrews, University College London and the University of Edinburgh, and is now at the University of Nottingham. He is the author of a number of articles on Greek poetry and of a forthcoming book about Simonides and his ancient reception. With Peter Agocs´ and Chris Carey, he is the editor of Reading the Victory Ode (Cambridge 2012)andReceiving the Komos (2012). martin revermann is Associate Professor in Classics and Theatre Studies at the University of Toronto. His research interests lie in the areas of Greek drama (especially its performance analysis, iconography and cultural history), Brecht, theatre sociology and theatre theory. He is the author of Comic Business: Theatricality, Dramatic Technique and Performance Contexts of Aristophanic Comedy (2006). In addition to various articles he is the co-editor (with P. Wilson) of Performance, Iconography, Reception: Studies in Honour of Oliver Taplin (2008)and co-editor (with I. Gildenhard) of Beyond the Fifth Century: Interactions with Greek Tragedy from the 4th Century BCE to the Middle Ages (2010), as well as the editor of the forthcoming Cambridge Companion to Greek Comedy. ralph rosen is Rose Family Endowed Term Professor of Classical Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. He has published widely on ancient Greek literature (especially comic genres), philosophy and ancient medicine. His most recent book is Making Mockery: the Poetics of Ancient Satire (2007). He is also co-founder (with Ineke Sluiter, of Leiden University, NL) of the Penn–Leiden Colloquia on Ancient Values. jeffrey rusten is Professor of Classics at Cornell University. He has published widely in the ﬁeld of Greek literature, including Hellenistic mythography, historiography, tragedy and comedy. With J. Henderson, D. Konstan, R. Rosen and N. Slater, he has co-edited The Birth of Comedy: Texts, Documents, and Art from Athenian Comic Competitions, 486–280 (2011). He is now working on a Loeb edition of Philostratus’ Heroicus and Gymnasticus and completing a commentary on Thucy- dides, Book 1.

Notes on contributors xi michael silk is Professor of Classical and Comparative Literature, and from 1991 to 2006 was Professor of Greek Language and Literature, at King’s College London. He is also Adjunct Professor in the Depart- ment of English and Comparative Literature at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He has published on a wide range of top- ics, from Aristotle to Nietzsche, and Homer to Ted Hughes. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 2009. His current project is a co-authored book (with Ingo Gildenhard and Rosemary Barrow): The Classical Tradition: Art, Literature, Thought. mario telo` is Assistant Professor of Classics at the University of California, Los Angeles. His research interests mainly focus on Attic drama, and especially on Old Comedy, but he has also published in other areas of Greek literature (the Greek novel, ecphrastic literature, Roman tragedy and comedy). In 2007 he published a commentary on Eupolis’ Demoi, the best-preserved fragmentary play of Old Comedy. He has now completed a book entitled Aristophanes’ Wasps and the Generation of Greek Comedy. matthew wright is Senior Lecturer in Greek and Latin at the University of Exeter and Blegen Research Fellow at Vassar College. He has worked extensively on ancient and modern ideas of genre, and his publications include Euripides’ Escape-Tragedies (2005)andThe Comedian as Critic: Greek Old Comedy and Poetics (2012).

Acknowledgements

Most of the chapters in this volume are based on papers presented at a conference entitled ‘Comic Interactions: Comedy across Genres and Genres in Comedy’, held at University College London in July 2009. The conference was organized under the joint auspices of the Institute of Classical Studies and the Department of Greek and Latin, UCL; it was generously sponsored by the Institute of Classical Studies, the British Academy, the Classical Association, the UCL Graduate School and the Department of Greek and Latin. It is our pleasure to thank all of these institutions and organizations for their support. Our thanks also go to the then Head of Department, Chris Carey, for his encouragement and helpful advice during the organization of the conference and the preparation of this volume. Above all, we are deeply indebted to all the scholars who contributed to this event by presenting material or discussing it, thus helping us immensely in forming the outlook of this volume; these include Chris Carey, Eric Csapo (keynote speaker), Giambattista D’Alessio, Pat Easterling, Edith Hall, Stephen Halliwell, Simon Hornblower, Nick Lowe, Regine May, Richard Rawles, Martin Revermann, Ralph Rosen (keynote speaker), Michael Silk, Alan Sommerstein, Oliver Taplin, and a very lively and knowledgeable audience from over fifteen countries. The volume has benefited from the patient and efficient work of Michael Sharp, the Senior Editor at Cambridge University Press. We would also like to thank the anonymous readers of the Press for their constructive correc- tions and comments, and for the time they patiently dedicated to reading the typescript. We are most grateful to the following for supplying pho- tographs and for permission to reproduce them: the J. P.Getty Museum; the Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Archaeological Receipts Fund and G´ Ephoria; the Louvre Museum; the State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg; Natalia Antonova; Eric Csapo; François Lissarrague; Margaret Miller; Inna Regentova; Carmen Sanchez;´ Konrad Schauenburg. xii

Note to the reader

Editions of principal texts: the fragments of the comic poets are cited after Kassel and Austin (K–A). The extant Aristophanic plays follow Wilson, OCT. Aristophanic scholia are quoted from the general editorship of W.J. W.Koster and D. Holwerda. Extant Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripi- des are cited from Page, Lloyd-Jones and Wilson, and Diggle, OCT respec- tively. All the tragic fragments refer to Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta. Translations of ancient passages, when not otherwise indicated, are the contributors’ own rendition.

xiii

Abbreviations

The abbreviations of the names of ancient authors and their works follow those in the Oxford Classical Dictionary (3rd edn) when available, otherwise those of Liddle, Scott and Jones, A Greek–English Lexicon (9th edn). Abbreviations of journals are cited after L’Ann´ee philologique.

Addend.2 T. H. Carpenter, Beazley Addenda: Additional Refer- ences to ABV, ARV 2 & Paralipomena, 2nd edn. Oxford 1989. Arnott W. G. Arnott, Menander, vols. i–iii. Cambridge, MA and London 1979–2000. ARV 2 J. D. Beazley, Attic Red-Figure Vase-Painters, 2nd edn. Oxford 1963. Bergk Th. Bergk, Poetae lyrici Graeci, 4th edn., vols. i–iii. Leipzig 1878–82. Bernabe´ A. Bernabe,´ Poetae epici Graeci. Testimonia et fragmenta, pars I, 2nd edn. Stuttgart and Leipzig 1996. Bolton, Aristeas J. D. P. Bolton, Aristeas of Proconnesus. Oxford 1962. Campbell D. A. Campbell, Greek Lyric, vols. i–v. Cambridge, MA and London 1982–1993. Davies, APF J. K. Davies, Athenian Propertied Families 600–300BC. Oxford 1971. Diggle, OCT J. Diggle, Euripidis fabulae, vols. i–iii. Oxford 1981– 94. D–K H. Diels, and W. Kranz, Die Fragmente der Vor- sokratiker, vols. i–iii. Berlin 1974. FGE D. L. Page, Further Greek Epigrams,rev.R.D.Dawe and J. Diggle. Cambridge 1981. FGrH F. Ja c o b y, Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker. Leiden 1923–. xiv

List of abbreviations xv G–P B. Gentili and C. Prato, Poetae elegiaci: testimonia et fragmenta. Pars altera, 2nd edn. Munich and Leipzig 2002. Hausrath A. Hausrath, Corpus fabularum Aesopicarum, vols. i– ii, vol. prius, rev. H. Hunger. Leipzig 1970. Henderson Jeffrey Henderson, Aristophanes, vols. i–iv.Cam- bridge, MA and London 1998–2002. IG Inscriptiones Graecae. Berlin 1893–. K–A R. Kassel and C. Austin, Poetae comici Graeci. Berlin and New York 1983–. Koster W. J. W Koster, Scholia in Aristophanem, pars i:fasc. iA. Prolegomena de comoedia. Groningen 1975. LGPN Lexicon of Greek Personal Names. Oxford 1997–. LIMC Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae, vols. i– viii. Zurich and Munich 1981–97. LSJ H. G. Liddell and R. Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon, 9th edn, rev. H. S. Jones and R. MacKenzie, and suppl. P. G. W. Glare. Oxford 1996. MH.Maehler,Pindarus. Pars II. Fragmenta. Stuttgart and Leipzig 2001. MMC 3 T.B. L. Webster, Monuments Illustrating Old and Mid- dle Comedy, 3rd edn, rev. J. R. Green. London 1978. MNC 3 T.B. L. Webster, Monuments Illustrating New Comedy, 3rd edn, rev. J. R. Green and A. Seeberg, vols. i–ii. London 1995. MPG J. P. Migne, Patrologiae cursus, series Graeca. MTS2 T. B. L. Webster, Monuments Illustrating Tragedy and Satyr Play, 2nd edn. London 1967. M–W R.Merkelbach,R.andM.L.West,Fragmenta Hes- iodea. Oxford 1967. OCD3 S. Hornblower and A. Spawforth, The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd edn. Oxford 2003. PMG D. L. Page, Poetae melici Graeci. Oxford 1962. PMGF M. Davies, Poetarum melicorum Graecorum fragmenta, vol. i: Alcman–Stesichorus–Ibycus. Oxford 1991. POxy. The Oxyrhynchus Papyri. London 1898–. Rose V. Rose, Aristotelis qui ferebantur librorum fragmenta. Leipzig 1886 (repr. Stuttgart 1967). Rutherford I. C. Rutherford, Pindar’s Paeans: a Reading of the Fragments with a Survey of the Genre. Oxford 2001.

xvi List of abbreviations SEG Supplementum epigraphicum Graecum.Leiden1924–. S–M B. Snell and H. Maehler, Pindarus. Pars I. Epinicia. Stuttgart and Leipzig 1987 (repr. 1997). TrGF R. Kannicht, S. Radt and B. Snell, Tragicorum Graeco- rum fragmenta, vols. i–v (vol. ii, 2nd edn). Gottingen¨ 1971–2004. Voigt E.-M. Voigt, Sappho et Alcaeus. Fragmenta. Amster- dam 1971. W2 M. L. West, Iambi et elegi Graeci ante Alexandrum cantati, vols. i–ii, 2nd edn. Oxford 1989–92. Wehrli F. Wehrli, Die Schule des Aristoteles, vols. i–x.Basel 1944–59. Wilson, OCT N. G. Wilson, Aristophanis fabulae, vols. i–ii. Oxford 2007.