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Modeling and Integrating PV Stations Into IEC 61850 XMPP Intelligent Edge Computing Gateway

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Modeling and Integrating PV Stations Into IEC 61850 XMPP Intelligent Edge Computing Gateway energies Article Modeling and Integrating PV Stations into IEC 61850 XMPP Intelligent Edge Computing Gateway Chun-Hung Liu * and Jyh-Cherng Gu Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology No. 43, Sec. 4, Keelung Rd., Da’an Dist., Taipei City 106, Taiwan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 25 February 2019; Accepted: 9 April 2019; Published: 15 April 2019 Abstract: Distributed energy resources (DERs) are being widely interconnected to electrical power grids. The dispersed and intermittent generational mixes bring technical and economic challenges to the power systems in terms of stability, reliability, and interoperability. In practice, most of the communication technologies in DER are provided by proprietary communication protocols, which are not designed for the prevention of cyber security over a wide area network, and methodology of DER integration is not unified. This has made it technically difficult for power utilities and aggregators to monitor and control the DER systems after they are interconnected with the electrical grids. Moreover, peer to peer communication between DER systems as well as local intelligent computation is required to reduce decision latency and enhance the stability of the smart grid or microgrid. In this paper, the first, novel architecture of IEC 61850 XMPP (extensible messaging and presence protocol) of the edge computing gateway, involving advanced concepts and technologies, was developed and completely studied to counter the abovementioned challenges. The results show that the proposed architecture can enhance the DER system’s effective integration, security in data communication and transparency for interoperability. The novel and advanced concepts involve first modeling the topology of the photovoltaic (PV) station to IEC 61850 information models according to the IEC 61850-7-4 logical nodes and the DER-specific logical nodes defined in IEC 61850-7-420. This guarantees the interoperability between DER and DER, DER and utility and DER and the energy service operator. The second step was to map the information models to IEC 61850-8-2 XMPP for the specific communication protocol in DER applications. XMPP protocol, a publish/subscribe communication mechanism, is recommended in DER applications because of its characteristics of cybersecurity and authenticated encryption. After that we enabled the edge computing capability for data processing and the analytics of the DER side for time-critical missions. The aggregated data was then sent to the control center in the cloud. By applying the edge computing architecture, the system reduced decision latency, improved data privacy and enhanced security. The goal of this paper was to introduce the practical methodologies of these novel concepts to academics and industrial engineers. Keywords: DER; IEC 61850; XMPP; edge computing; gateway; smart grid 1. Introduction Overexploitation of fossil fuel is a critical issue that impacts the Earth’s environment and brings catastrophic disasters to the human race; moreover, the ever-growing demand for energy usage accelerates these situations. Renewable energy is a new type of energy resource that is a clean and environmentally friendly energy generation approach. As of today, the energy source transition from traditional fossil fuels to renewable energy is quickly accelerating. According to the DNV GL (an international accredited registrar and classification society) Energy Transition Outlook 2018, energy development, policy, and investment continue to favor renewable technologies. As of 2050, the energy Energies 2019, 12, 1442; doi:10.3390/en12081442 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies Energies 2019, 12, 1442 2 of 23 mixespopularity are expected and supplying to change more tremendously. than two-thirds Solar PVof andthe windenergy power generation are growing in the in world popularity while and the supplyingtraditional moreenergy than sources two-thirds such as of coal the energyand oil generationare dramatically in the reduced world while [1]. The the development traditional energy of the sourcesenergy suchresource as coal paradigm and oil is are shifting dramatically toward reduced Distributed [1]. The Energy development Resource of(DER), the energy an irrevocable resource paradigmtrend. The is shiftingauthors towardof Reference Distributed [2] Energysummar Resourceized the (DER),globalan DER irrevocable development: trend. TheTotal authors DER ofimplementation Reference [2] summarized will be equal the to globalfossil oil-based DER development: generation Totalworldwide, DER implementation and the high penetration will be equal of toDER fossil brings oil-based unprecedented generation challenges worldwide, to the and power the high systems penetration in terms of grid DER stab bringsility, unprecedented reliability, and challengesefficiency. toAccording the power to systemsthe International in terms ofEnergy grid stability,Agency (EIA), reliability, China, and the effi USA,ciency. Germany, According and to India the Internationalare the major Energyproducers Agency of DER (EIA), generation. China, the Figure USA, 1 Germany,presents the and DER India installations are the major as of producers 2018; Wind of DERpower, generation. solar PV Figure(Photovoltaic),1 presents hydropower the DER installations and bio-power as of 2018; have Wind reached power, 646.9 solar GW, PV 240.9 (Photovoltaic), GW, 111.6 hydropowerGW, and 106 and GW bio-power from China, have the reached USA, Germany, 646.9 GW, and 240.9 India GW, respectively 111.6 GW, and [3]. 106 GW from China, the USA,Due Germany, to the intermittent and India respectively power generation [3]. of DER, especially for solar PV and wind power, which are highlyDue to dependent the intermittent on weather power co generationnditions and of DER, uncontrollable, especially for the solar increasing PV and penetration wind power, of which DERs arein highlythe grid dependent brings technical on weather and conditions operational and uncontrollable,challenges, for the example, increasing voltage penetration instability, of DERs asset in thedegradation, grid brings and technical duck curve and operational related issues challenges, such as the for complexity example, voltage of the instability,reserve margin asset and degradation, spinning andreserves duck in curve base-load related generation issues such plants, as the complexitythe fast ramping of the reserverates of margin the generation and spinning units, reserves and high in base-loadrotationalgeneration inertia and plants, frequency the fast control ramping reserves rates [4-6]. of the DER generation devices units, are dispersed and high rotationaleverywhere inertia in a anddecentralized frequency controlsystem, reserves and the [4– 6].system DER deviceshas variou are disperseds generational everywhere characteristics, in a decentralized multi-vendor system, andequipment the system with has proprietary various generational protocols, characteristics, large amounts multi-vendor of data transmission, equipment with remote proprietary device protocols,management, large cybersecurity, amounts of data and transmission,data security. remoteTherefore, device the management,key challenges cybersecurity, in terms of integrating and data security.DER systems Therefore, are the the standardization key challenges of in the terms communi of integratingcation architecture DER systems and are the the unification standardization of the ofdata the models communication for all types architecture of renewable and energy the unification resources. of Cyber the data and models data security for all types must ofbe renewable taken into energyconsideration resources. as the Cyber data and are data transmitted security over must a be wide taken area into network consideration that is assusceptible the data areto cyber-attack transmitted overif no aproper widearea measure network is applied. that is susceptible to cyber-attack if no proper measure is applied. FigureFigure 1.1. DER-basedDER-based generationgeneration ofof toptop fourfour countriescountries asas ofof 2018.2018. TheThe IECIEC 6185061850 standardstandard waswas developeddeveloped byby thethe InternationalInternational ElectrotechnicalElectrotechnical CommissionCommission (IEC)(IEC) forfor thethe interoperabilityinteroperability andand communicationcommunication ofof powerpower systemsystem applicationsapplications [7[7].]. ThisThis standardstandard waswas initiallyinitially appliedapplied inin substationsubstation automatedautomated communicationcommunication withinwithin aa locallocal areaarea network.network. SomeSome researchresearch hashas beenbeen conductedconducted studyingstudying didifferentfferent levelslevels ofof IECIEC 6185061850 forfor substationsubstation automation,automation, suchsuch asas thethe processprocess level,level, baybay levellevel andand stationstation level.level. However,However, inin recentrecent studies,studies, thethe IECIEC 6185061850 standardstandard waswas extendedextended toto applicationsapplications inin widewide areaarea networksnetworks toto fitfit thethe smartsmart gridgrid relatedrelated applicationsapplications inin whichwhich thethe DER system is included [8]. In recent years, several works have introduced IEC 61850 standards for Page 2 of 23 Energies 2019, 12, 1442 3 of 23 DER system is included [8]. In recent years, several works have introduced IEC 61850 standards for DER integration. For For example, example, in in earlier earlier reference reference
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