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Abstracts from the 2011 Evdi Annual Meeting ABSTRACTS FROM THE 2011 EVDI ANNUAL MEETING London, England August 30–September 3, 2011 Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, Vol. 52, No. 6, 2011, pp 674–705. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE CANINE SALIVARY GLAND Discussion: APPARATUS To our knowledge, only two studies have been published on the normal radiographic appear- ance of salivary glands and ducts in the dog1,2. CT sialography has not been documented in veterinary medicine. Diameter of the lacrimal cannula (∼1.4 mm) may have been too large T. Liuti, A.I. de Castro Marques, T. Schwarz. Hospital for Small Animals, The Royal (Dick) to cannulate the major sublingual duct. Alternatively, the mixture of methylcellulose (MC) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK and water may have been too viscous to enter smaller ducts. In humans, bitter substances increase salivation and ease retrograde cannulation. This technique could be of help in living Introduction/Purposes: dogs as well. Compared with other invasive techniques, sialography is relatively simple and Salivary gland pathology is rarely reported in the veterinary literature. Contrast radiography could provide valuable information, especially when imaged with CT. Additionally, it would has been traditionally used to characterize the salivary gland apparatus and aid diagno- preserve salivary duct integrity and continuation when sialoliths or salivary duct ruptures sis. Computed tomography (CT) eliminates organ superimposition maximizing visibility of and other problems are suspected. soft tissue and bone structures. The aim of this study was to characterize the anatomical References: appearance of nondiseased canine salivary gland apparatus using contrast-enhanced CT 1. Harvey CE, O’Brien JA, Rossman LE. Oral, dental, pharyngeal and salivary gland disor- sialography. ders. In: Ettinger S. J. (ed.) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Vol. II. Diseases of the Materials and Methods: Dog and Cat, 2nd edn. Philadelphia: Saunders. 1983; pp. 1177–1187. Five dogs, euthanized on humane grounds, for reasons unrelated to diseases of the head, 2. Tadjalli M, Dehghani SN, Basiri M. Sialography in dog: normal appearance. Vet Arh were used for anatomical and CT evaluation. In the first part of the study, ethylene blue was 2004;74:225–233. injected in the mandibular, sublingual, parotid, and zygomatic salivary ducts of two dogs. Surgical dissection was performed and the anatomical location, appearance, and orientation of the salivary gland apparatus were photographed. In the second part of the study, 2- mm thick, sequential CT images of three dogs were acquired before and after injection of iodine-based, ionic, contrast medium (iothalamate meglumine, Conray 250R ). Bone and soft-tissue reconstructions were available for evaluation. Duct cannulation was achieved EFFECT OF SKULL CONFORMATION ON PARAMETERS OF THE BONY by a staff surgeon using a 26-g, 19-mm intravenous catheter (Anicath IV CannulaR ): the NASOPHARYNX IN DOGS salivary papilla was first identified and the catheter sleeve was slowly advanced. Five to ten millilitres of contrast agent was injected into each cannulated duct. Results: A.K. Hussein, J. Penderis, M. Sullivan. School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Mandibular, sublingual, parotid, and zygomatic glands and respective ducts were easily UK recognized and followed on CT images after injection of contrast medium. Orientation, size, and anatomic appearance of the salivary apparatus on CT images were consistent with Introduction: the anatomical dissection findings. The salivary glands were all identified as lobulated and Apnoea, hypopnoea, oxygen desaturation, otitis media, snoring, and obstruction sleep ap- highly contrast enhancing. noea syndrome (OSAS) have been associated with narrowing of the bony nasopharynx, Discussion/Conclusion: oropharynx, and soft palate in men and animals. A protrusion of the nasoturbinates into The results of this study show that contrast CT is an effective method of outlining nondis- the pharynx may also lead to obstruction in the caudal choanal area. This study aimed eased salivary gland apparatus. The salivary duct was easily identified in all cases and to determine if there was a correlation between the shape of the bony nasopharynx (at a these images may facilitate future diagnosis of salivary gland pathology. A prospective clin- specific level) and different skull conformations. ical study is currently being undertaken at the same institution. Methods: Thirty-two dogs (12 Cavalier King Charles spaniels, 3 boxers, 3 shih-tzus, 2 chihuahuas, 2 Labradors, 2 West Highland white terriers, and 1 deerhound, English springer spaniel, giant schnauzer, mastiff, miniature schnauzer, pointer, pug, Staffordshire bull terrier) with no clinical signs or pathology of either cranial or nasopharyngeal cavities were recruited to this study. Using a 1.5-T magnet, the following measurements were made on T1w/T2w images: (1) Evans and Stockard skull indices; (2) area and shape of the bony nasopharynx CT SIALOGRAPHY IN THE DOG—A CADAVER STUDY (transverse plane) at the level of caudal nasal spine of the hard palate; (3) height of the nasopharynx (mid-sagittal plane) calculated by drawing a line through the midline point of the olfactory bulb area to intersect with a base line at a right angle (a line passing through S. Weidner, N. Pfammatter, A. Probst, S. Kneissl. Department of Small Animals and Horses, the intercondylar notch caudally and hard palate rostrally); (4) olfactory bulb angulation and Division of Diagnostic Imaging and The Department of Pathobiology, Anatomy and Histology, orientation (midline sagittal plane) in relation to the base. University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria Results: The findings revealed (1) a significant relationship between the area of the nasopharynx Introduction/Purpose: in the transverse plane and both body weight and skull phenotype [Evans’ index (P < To document computed tomography (CT) topography of salivary glands and their ducts in 0.0001), Stockard’s index (P < 0.0001), and olfactory bulb angulation (P < 0.0001)], (2) dogs, a retrograde filling with methylcellulose and iodinated contrast medium was performed the height of the nasopharynx correlated with the skull phenotype (P < 0.0001) but not the in three cadavers. body weight (P = 0.1355) measured in the mid-sagittal plane. Three main shapes were Methods: identified at transverse section: apart from oval shape, peanut shell, and mouth/inverted After plain multislice CT of three canine cadaver heads, the orifices of the salivary ducts were mouth-like shapes. When the area, height, and shape were compared to the orientation of cannulated with a lacrimal cannula. The device was fixed with submucosal sutures, and an the olfactory bulb, a more ventral olfactory bulb orientation was associated with (1) smaller extension set was mounted on it. A mixture of methylcellulose and iodinated contrast medium area, (2) a peanut-shell-like shape (which sometimes included nasoturbinates) to oval in a was injected with force. Subsequently, contrast CT was performed. Technical settings were more rostrally orientated olfactory bulb. The area (corrected for body weight) was 4.1 ± 0.6, 130 kV and 96 mA, and the estimated slice thickness was 0.8 mm. Data were archived 3.7 ± 0.4, 3.1 ± 0.5 for oval, mouth/inverted mouth and peanut shell shapes, respectively. in a picture archiving and communication system. Multiplanar reconstructions and surface It was noticed that the irregular shape of the bony part of the nasopharynx on transverse models were calculated using a syngo MultiModality Workplace. section largely occurred in dogs with a high cephalic index (i.e., more brachycephalic) due Results: to a bent hard palate and nasopharyngeal roof (which is formed by either the vomer or Demarcation of the parotid, mandibular, and zygomatic glands was achieved. Surround- presphenoid bones associating with the caudal point of nasal spine of hard palate ventrally), ing structures were imaged without beam hardening artifacts. Landmarks for the parotid, sometimes with nasoturbinates present in the cavity. mandibular, and zygomatic glands were the external acoustic canal, the mandibular angle, Conclusion: and the pterygopalatine fossa, respectively. Sialograms of the parotid, mandibular, and zy- More brachycephalic breeds have not only a smaller nasopharyngeal area, but also a gomatic ducts were achieved, whereas contrast enhancement of the sublingual glands and different shape to other skull types. Selective breeding may contribute to normalizing (or their ducts was not possible. exacerbating) these features and result in a reduction in respiratory disorders. 674 VOL. 52, NO.6 675 THE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF NORMAL CANINE AND FELINE OPTIMIZED CANINE DENTAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC PROTOCOL NASAL TURBINATES M.C. Esmans1,J.W.Soukup2,T.Schwarz1. 1The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, R. Uosyte, D.A. Gunn-Moore, E. Fraga Manteiga, D. W. Shaw, T. Schwarz. The Royal (Dick) Roslin, UK, 2The University of Wisconsin-Madison, MA School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Roslin, UK Introduction: Introduction: Computed tomography (CT) is a frequently used diagnostic tool for the oral cavity in dogs, Visibility of nasal turbinates in computed tomography (CT) is used for the diagnosis of including the dental apparatus. Very high anatomic detail is necessary for dental diagnostics. canine and feline nasal disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence Optimized
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