62Nd Annual Meeting of the Illinois Archaeological Survey Program

62nd Annual Meeting of the Illinois Archaeological Survey Program

September 15, 2018 Hilton Garden Inn Conference Center

The 62nd Annual Meeting of the Illinois Archaeological Survey convenes on September 15, and it is our State of Illinois Bicentennial year!

Conference, Hilton Garden Inn Conference Center, Sept. 15, 8am to 5:30pm

Paper and poster presentations, and our Annual Business Meeting, convene on Sept. 15 at the Hilton Garden Inn Conference Center (link), 1501 S. Neill St., Champaign. We meet in the combined, main ballrooms at the front of the Conference Center. Presentations include current research and specialized topics in prehistoric and historical archaeology. As the Illinois Archaeology Awareness initiative observes: “People have lived in Illinois for over 10,000 years, but only a portion of that history is known from historic documents. Celebrate some of the significant archaeological discoveries and projects that have aided in reconstructing and preserving the history of Illinois since it became a state in 1818.” Paper presentations are 15 minutes in length. Poster presentations will be displayed throughout the day. Beverages and snacks will be provided by the Conference Center throughout the day. Free parking.

Registration, 7:30am to 8:30am.

Annual Business Meeting, 8am to 9am. Paper and Poster Presentations, 9am to 5:30pm. Lunch break, 12pm to 1:30pm, on your own—a variety of great restaurants are all around you!

Schedule of Presentations

Morning

7:30- Registration You can also renew your IAS membership here 8:00 if you have not already done so.

8:00- IAS Annual 9:00 Business Meeting

Presentations

9:00- Mark J. Wagner A Tale of Two Forts: 2018 SIUC Field School 9:15 Investigations at Ft. Kaskaskia 9:15- Brandon Nakashima Salt and Slavery in Illinois 9:30 9:30- Joseph H. Wheeler III In the Land Before Lincoln 9:45 9:45- Gerald A. McWorter and New Philadelphia: Can America Be America 10:00 Kate Williams-McWorter Again? 10:00- Joseph Galloy and Two Centuries of Freedom: Public Engagement 10:15 Miranda Yancey-Bailey with Brooklyn, Illinois 10:15- Break Beverages and morning snacks provided. 10:30 10:30- Mary R. McCorvie, Who Do You Think Traveled on the 10:45 Heather Carey, Mark J. Underground Railroad? Harriet Tubman, Wagner, and Kayeleigh Fredrick Douglass, and Jackie Robinson! The Sharp Benefits of Public Outreach at Miller Grove 10:45- Rebecca S. Graff and Yearning for an Underground Railroad 11:00 Lauren Zych Archaeology: Recent Archaeological Excavation at the Gray-Cloud House, Chicago, Illinois 11:00- Floyd Mansberger and The Archaeology of Racial Hatred: The 11:15 Christopher Stratton Springfield Race Riot of August 1908 11:15- Emma Verstraete “For Sale By All Druggists”: Patent Medicine 11:30 and National Market Access in Springfield, Illinois 11:30- IAS Awards 12:00

12:00- Lunch break Enjoy the great restaurants of Champaign and 1:30 on your own Urbana.

Afternoon

1:30- G. Logan Miller A Langford House from Noble-Wieting, McLean 1:45 County, Illinois 1:45- Rebecca M. Barzilai, Detecting Short-Term Mississippian Field 2:00 Susan M. Alt, Jeffery D. Houses: Flake Scatters, Sterile Fills, and Rain Kruchten, and Timothy R. Pauketat 2:00- Lenville J. Stelle Midē´wiwin Pictography on Artery Lake of the 2:15 Bloodvein River System, Extreme Northwest Ontario, Canada 2:15- Erin Riggs and Isabel Engaging Students in Archaeology and 2:30 Scarborough Heritage Preservation at the Community College Level: Parkland’s Approach 2:30- B. Jacob Skousen, Wayne Recent Archaeological Investigations at Robert 2:45 R. Meyer, Jasmine Allerton Park, Piatt County, Illinois Holmes, and Rachel V. Lawrence 2:45- Break Beverages and afternoon snacks provided. 3:00 3:00- John E. Kelly, J. Grant The Significance of Mound 109 in Early 3:15 Stauffer, and Joy Cahokia: A Summary of the 2017-18 Mersmann Excavations 3:15- J. Grant Stauffer Cahokia’s Ramey Field in a Bicentennial 3:30 Perspective 3:30- John Kelly Nelson Reed (1926-2018) and His Legacy at 3:45 Cahokia Mounds 3:45- Donald L. Booth and Greater Mitchell: A Sprawling Mississippian 4:00 Robert G. McCullough Complex 4:00- Break Beverages and afternoon snacks provided. 4:15 4:15- Ryan M. Campbell, Justin In Search of the Dispossessed: Efforts to 4:30 Shields, and Mark J. Identify the Jackson County Poor Farm Wagner Cemetery 4:30- Heather B. Carey and In the Shadow of the Furnace: Searching for 4:45 Mary R. McCorvie the Transformation of a Landscape 4:45- Kevin Cupka Head Old Habits, New Rural: Revitalizing Farmstead 5:00 Archaeology

Posters throughout day And some more Q&A and discussion time 5:00-5:30 Justin Shields, Ryan “It Was Just Like Burying Horses:” Archival Campbell, and Mark J. and Remote Sensing Investigations into the Wagner Jackson County Poor Farm Cemetery on the SIU Carbondale Campus 3

Illinois Archaeology The Illinois Bicentennial: 200 Years of Awareness Discovering and Preserving Our History

Conference adjourns Enjoy your weekend in Urbana-Champaign!

Abstracts Morning Session

A Tale of Two Forts: 2018 SIUC Field School Investigations at Ft. Kaskaskia Mark J. Wagner (Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University) [9:00-9:15] Ft. Kaskaskia in Randolph County has long been believed to have been a colonial French fort rebuilt by the US Army in the early 1800s. The 2017 SIUC field school discovered that there actually were two Ft. Kaskaskias, the well- known French fort (11R326) and a previously unknown American fort (11R615)located approximately 100 m north of the French fort. The 2018 field school continued investigation of both sites through further remote sensing survey and hand dug units. Excavation of units inside and outside the mid- 1700s French fort walls recovered artifacts associated with the French occupation as well as recovering architectural information regarding the French barracks. Further remote sensing and hand excavations at the 1803- 1807 American fort site (11R615) visited by the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1803 succeeded in defining the eastern and western limits of the site through the identification of midden and road features associated with the fort. Finally, the recovery of additional military artifacts in 2018 including US Army uniform buttons and musket balls further strengthened the identification of site 11R615 as representing the American Ft. Kaskaskia that played a crucial role in the early stages of the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore the American West.

Salt and Slavery in Illinois Brandon Nakashima (University of Illinois) [9:15-9:30] This research employs historical and archaeological evidence to analyze how the salt industry and its usage of slavery had a cultural impact in Southern Illinois during the first half of the 19th century. As early as American

settlement and even after statehood, conflict over pro-slavery and anti-slavery ideals stood out as a prominent issue that caused contention in Illinois. Enslaved workers were brought into Illinois to labor at the perilous salt works, which contributed heavily to the state’s revenue. Research has been conducted to explain the political impacts of slavery and the salt works in Illinois, but the social and cultural aspects have received less attention. By using the archeological and historical information collected in field work in Southern Illinois this presentation explores how forced African-American laborers lived and what impacts they had on their environments and the people around them.

In the Land Before Lincoln Joseph H. Wheeler III (U.S. Forest Service, Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie) [9:30-9:45] In conjunction with the 2018 Illinois Bicentennial, Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie undertook to answer the question, “What was going on in the local area at the time of statehood?” Despite research at the time of the Centennial (1918), the Sesquicentennial (1968), and an enormous amount of regional and local history and archaeology, there didn’t seem to be a good answer. However the results of that research yielded an interesting portrait of a portion of the state that was on the cusp of transitioning from its long history of human occupation by Native Americans to what would result in a rapidly developed economic and social hub for Euro-Americans. Perhaps most surprising, some small vestiges from that period of transition in 1818 are still present. The presentation will examine the context of Native American inhabitants, French surnamed traders and trappers in the area, and the still visible legacy of the very first land surveys conducted two years after the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis.

New Philadelphia: Can America Be America Again? Gerald A. McWorter and Kate Williams-McWorter (University of Illinois) [9:45-10:00] This presentation comes out at a time in the history of the United States that challenges everyone to rethink the history of the country and the experiment it has posed in its struggle for democracy. New Philadelphia is a small place with a big story, a glimpse of what might happen in this country if the racism and negation of the numerous patterns of unity across all ethnic communities were to be curtailed and eliminated. We have often said if New Philadelphia was possible, then maybe America is possible. We will discuss this community-initiated project, which recruited a wide collaboration of specialists for over ten years of archaeological and historical investigations into New 5

Philadelphia's history, built environment, and material culture. We will also discuss questions of method in writing a new book (New Philadelphia) combining archaeology, community, and family. As Illinois became a state, Frank and Lucy McWorter purchased her freedom and that of her soon-to-be- born child. In time, they purchased freedom for Frank and 14 others out of slavery. The family accomplished this by hard work, good fortune, and their successful founding of New Philadelphia in 1836. The town soon became a multi-ethnic abolitionist village just 20 miles from the slave market of Hannibal.

Two Centuries of Freedom: Public Engagement with Brooklyn, Illinois Joseph M. Galloy and Miranda L. Yancey-Bailey (Illinois State Archaeological Survey) [10:00-10:15] As Illinois celebrates its bicentennial year, one of its African American communities is quickly approaching its own. Brooklyn, Illinois is a small Mississippi River town near East St. Louis. According to oral tradition, fugitive slaves and free people of color began settling there around 1829. In the decades before the Civil War, Brooklyn grew as a biracial town. Afro- Brooklynites kept a watchful eye for fugitive slaves and helped them board the Underground Railroad. In the late nineteenth century, enfranchisement of African American men sparked decades of economic and cultural vitality as Brooklyn transformed into an all-Black town. However, the collapse of the local manufacturing industry shortly after the second world war marked the beginning of a long decline. Since 2007, the Illinois State Archaeological Survey at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign has partnered with Brooklyn’s Historical Society in an ongoing effort to enhance the community’s quality of life. This public engagement program seeks to revitalize Brooklyn using archaeology, history, and shared memories to create a sense of place and make its past relevant to current and future generations. This presentation outlines the results of this program, reflecting on (1) its effects on the community and University partners, (2) lessons learned, and (3) future goals.

Who Do You Think Traveled on the Underground Railroad? Harriet Tubman, Fredrick Douglass, and Jackie Robinson! The Benefits of Public Outreach at Miller Grove Mary R. McCorvie, Heather Carey (Shawnee National Forest), Mark J. Wagner and Kayeleigh Sharp (Southern Illinois University) [10:30-10:45]

The passage of the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom Act of 1998 was a catalyst for research into African-American lifeways. On the Shawnee National Forest, this resulted in the archaeological investigation of number of freed slave African-American households. As significant as this work has been we suggest that there is a a greater value to archaeological research at such sites than simply that of the information we retrieve from the ground. As part of the investigation of the Miller Grove community, for example, this has taken the form of teaching people how archaeologists recover information regarding the past through public participation in the investigation of the remains of the community. Such involvement hopefully has the added bonus of raising awareness of the presence of black pioneers in the Midwest, especially those who decided to settle in southernmost Illinois. Telling the story of individual African-Americans or families—of how they escaped slavery, either through manumission like the people of Miller Grove or through flight like the travelers on the Underground Railroad who passed through Miller Grove on their journey north to freedom —is important in sparking interest in local history and creating a feeling of pride and of belonging for modern day descendants of these communities as well as the broader region of southern Illinois as a whole.

Yearning for an Underground Railroad Archaeology: Recent Archaeological Excavation at the Gray-Cloud House, Chicago, Illinois Rebecca S. Graff (Lake Forest College) and Lauren Zych (University of Chicago) [10:45-11:00] John Gray (1810-1889) and Phoebe Allen Gray (1809-1886) built their Italianate farmhouse in 1856. Originally situated outside Chicago in their “Grayland” subdivision, the Gray-Cloud House is now a private residence and part of Chicago’s Old Irving Park neighborhood. Known for his vocal stand against slavery, John Gray was the first Republican Sheriff of Cook County (1858-1860). In the years after his death, a legend arose designating his former home a station on the Underground Railroad, and Gray as its operator. A brick-lined room next to the house’s porch excited popular imagination, and the neighborhood lore about the property had been ongoing since at least the 1970s. Archaeological survey (2017) and excavation (2018) produced no definitive material signature for Underground Railroad activity—a common finding these purported sites of clandestine and secretive activity. Following recent historical archaeological research on Underground Railroad sites (cf. Delle 2008), this paper introduces the Gray-Cloud House Archaeological Project with a focus on the way that stories of the Underground Railroad—especially in archaeology—are a preferred narrative of uplift and resistance in America today.

The Archaeology of Racial Hatred: Springfield, Illinois Floyd Mansberger and Christopher Stratton (Fever River Research) [11:00-11:15]

On the evening of August 14, 1908, racial tensions in Springfield ignited, in part due to the allegations of a white woman (which were later recanted), that she had been assaulted by a black man. After the man’s arrest, a large, vengeful crowd gathered at the Sangamon County Jail demanding “justice.” Fearing trouble, the sheriff had secretly whisked the prisoner out of the jail and to the safety of a nearby town. Hearing such, the crowd erupted into violence resulting in two days of rioting, which ultimately resulted in the lynching of two black men, the destruction of many downtown businesses and homes, and the death of five white men from injuries sustained during the event. One residential neighborhood in particular—referred to by the contemporary Press as the “Badlands”—was the locale where much of the violence occurred at the hands of the mob. With quick action by the authorities, the State Militia was mobilized, crowds were dispersed, and order was again returned to the streets of Springfield. Soon after this horrific weekend of violence, and incensed by the fact that this event had taken place in the hometown of the Great Emancipator Abraham Lincoln, a prominent group of social reformers came together in February 1909 and formed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Today, little-to-nothing is present on the landscape to indicate the horrific events that transpired that hot August weekend in 1908. Subsequent urban renewal has removed almost every indication of the residential neighborhood which received the brunt of the mob violence that summer. Except for an occasional historical marker, little is present to remind us of the people that lived—and died—in that neighborhood that weekend. Although little physical evidence of this event can be seen first-hand on today’s landscape, archaeological investigations conducted for the City of Springfield ahead of planned rail improvements through downtown Springfield resulted in the discovery of the well-preserved foundations of five mid-nineteenth century houses located in a row along North Tenth Street—all of which had been destroyed by fire during the August 1908 Springfield Race Riot.

“For Sale By All Druggists”: Patent Medicine and National Market Access In Springfield, Illinois Emma Verstraete (University of Illinois) [11:15-11:30]

Examination of available products via newspaper ads and store records combined with data found in the archaeological record provide insight into how

8 individuals and communities kept pace with national and global trends in medicine and advertising. Decades of archaeological investigation in Springfield, Illinois by Fever River Research reveal a rich dataset that provides diverse community insight. Using a commodity access model from Adams et al. 2001, the goal of this case study is to apply the model to the Springfield, Illinois data and examine the accuracy of modern researchers’ ideas about the impact of market access on consumer choice. The combination of archaeological artifacts and archival data form a compelling landscape of a community that took advantage of unprecedented access in medicine and commodities during the rise of America’s Gilded Age. In contrast to the original results of the commodity model, the results of the analysis indicated that the expansion of trade networks and interaction spheres might not have been key factors in consumer choice. Rather, social structures on a local level between neighborhoods, competing stores, and the consumer become more important in areas with diverse product access.

Afternoon Session

A Langford House from Noble-Wieting, McLean County, Illinois G. Logan Miller (Illinois State University) [1:30-1:45] This presentation provides an overview of recent fieldwork at the Noble- Wieting village in McLean County, Illinois. Noble-Wieting is a nearly six acre mound and village site on a terrace north of the Kickapoo Creek, far from the Langford geographic ‘core’ of the upper Illinois River. Geophysical survey by the Illinois State Archaeological Survey revealed the central mound within a circular plaza, ringed by around three dozen structures along with hundreds of pits, largely concentrated along the perimeter of the site. Excavations in the northern portion of the site revealed two partially superimposed wall trench structures. Excavations in 2017 focused on the front half (i.e., closest to the plaza) of the structure, revealing an entry ramp at a gap in the wall trenches and preliminary evidence that the rebuild resulted in a larger house. Excavations in 2018, along the back half of the house, confirmed the structure rebuild sequence, revealed that the rebuild utilized one of the original wall trenches, and shed additional light on unique architectural elements represented in this example of Langford architecture.

Detecting Short-Term Mississippian Field Houses: Flake Scatters, Sterile Fills, and Rain Rebecca M. Barzilai, Susan M. Alt (University of Indiana), Jeffery D. Kruchten, and Timothy R. Pauketat (University of Illinois) [1:45-2:00]

Based on past excavations at upland sites, the authors targeted for excavation in 2016 four flake scatters near the Emerald Acropolis, itself a large, intermittently used, Cahokian “shrine complex.” The results—the delineation of temporary field houses at three of the four—affirm the potential significance of such sites. One was located a few meters from the historic roadway that connected Emerald and Cahokia. As a group, the buildings are compared to other such isolated structures, including several near Knoebel and Grossmann, in order both to establish their interpretive significance and to aid in their future detection.

Midē´wiwin Pictography on Artery Lake of the Bloodvein River System, Extreme Northwest Ontario, Canada Lenville J. Stelle (Parkland College and Illinois State Archaeological Survey) [2:00-2:15] The pictographs on Artery Lake of the Bloodvein River, Ontario (EiKs-1 and EiKs-4) offer an important view of rock art design and purpose during late prehistory. They characterize design themes in an expansive area encircling the Great Lakes and extending north-south from the Ohio River to above Manitoba. Of special significance is that there are, arguably, here found the most complete corpus of iconography that can be assigned to the Algonquian Midē´wiwin or Grand Medicine Society. EiKs-1 comprises six panels which provide graphic illustration for such diverse content as mythic narrative of creation, organizational origin, shamanic power and protocol, Midē´ brandings, and megis. The site seems sanctified by the overarching agency of Nanabushu, the Great Hare. The second site consists of a panel proximate to a tilted and unconformed stratum of iron-oxide rich quartzite. The glyphs seem to correspond to Ojibwe narrative associated with Maymaygweshi, the little folk of the water’s edge that provide the red pigment, and Mishipeshuor, the Underwater Panther. In Illinois, Mishipeshu comes to us, for instance, as the familiar Piasa pictograph, disfigured as it is by folklore. Virtually all images are finger applied and utilize iron-oxide based pigment.

Engaging Students in Archaeology and Heritage Preservation at the Community College Level: Parkland’s Approach Erin Riggs and Isabel Scarborough (Parkland College) [2:15-2:30]

Archaeology courses at community colleges are limited to the introductory level. Because of this, most community colleges won’t invest in the resources and equipment needed to provide students with hands-on learning and research opportunities. Additionally, archaeology curricula are typically focused on non-local sites/case-studies, which can seem daunting and irrelevant. We discuss two activities currently employed at Parkland College to address these concerns. The first one is the organization of a field school that requires minimal tuition and time commitment. This field school is run in collaboration with the Illinois State Archaeological Survey. Our students excavate within their local community while learning about Cultural Resource Management in Illinois. The course structure includes four weeks of evening lab classes and two weeks of full time on-site excavation work, which makes it accessible to part time and working students. The second activity is an ongoing class work in which students contribute to an ESRI online storymap. This map presents information about formally recognized and unrecognized Champaign County historic sites. Both these activities—our field school and our Storymap project—help community college students develop employable skills and introduce them to archaeology and heritage preservation as they pertain to our local community.

Recent Archaeological Investigations at Robert Allerton Park, Piatt County, Illinois B. Jacob Skousen, Wayne R. Meyer, Jasmine Holmes, and Rachel V. Lawrence (Illinois State Archaeological Survey and Parkland College) [2:30-2:45] In 2017, the Illinois State Archaeological Survey and Parkland College began a collaborative, multi-year archaeological project at Robert Allerton Park, a 1,500-acre natural area along the Sangamon River in Piatt County, Illinois. The goal of the project is to investigate the archaeological resources in the park and develop ways to better interpret and preserve these resources. This paper describes the results of the 2017 and 2018 investigations, which were performed by ISAS personnel and students from two Parkland College field schools. Surveys identified a number of previously unidentified sites throughout the park, and excavations at the Samuel’s Mounds site (11PI43), perhaps the only remaining mound group in the upper Sangamon valley, provided important information regarding Late Woodland burial practices in the region. While the amount of data collected is small, it still sheds light on

11 the pre-Columbian history of Late Woodland groups in the valley and provides a foundation for future research.

The Significance of Mound 109 in Early Cahokia: A Summary of the 2017-18 Excavations John E. Kelly, J. Grant Stauffer, and Joy Mersmann (Washington University, St. Louis) [3:00-3:15]

Discovered during the recent Cahokia Palisade Project excavations, Mound 109 is a low-lying platform situated in the north-central part of the Ramey Field, 200 meters east of Monk’s Mound. This presentation summarizes the recent excavations into the mound and discusses its potential significance in assessing the extensive landscape modification taking place at Cahokia in the early tenth century.

Cahokia’s Ramey Field in a Bicentennial Perspective J. Grant Stauffer (Washington University, St. Louis) [3:15-3:30] In commemoration of Illinois’ Bicentennial, this paper explores the background history to identify significant alterations to the site’s material record, due to past collection, excavations, development, and forces of natural weathering. It offers a timeline of significant chapters where such shifts in Cahokia’s material history occurred in order to approach the complicated landscapes contained within this northeastern portion of the site’s central precinct. Beginning with 19th century visits and collecting activities, the timeline proceeds through Moorehead’s early excavations in the 1920s, Institutional excavations since 1960, and into recent field work to outline a growing perspective of the study area.

Nelson Reed (1926-2018) and His Legacy at Cahokia Mounds John E. Kelly (Washington University, St. Louis) [3:30-3:45] The passing of Nelson Reed in July has brought to end a generation of archaeologists, including Chuck Bareis, Mike Fowler, Bob Hall, James Porter, and Warren Wittry that dominated archaeology at Cahokia for in the 1960s and 70s lasting for nearly a half century. Nelson was not a professional archaeologist, however, his contributions especially in helping to expand the extent of Cahokia Mounds State Historic site in the 1960s and 1970s was perhaps his most important contribution. This presentation will honor his

12 efforts at preservations along with his other contributions to our understanding of this important site.

Greater Mitchell: A Sprawling Mississippian Complex Donald L. Booth (SCI Engineering, Inc.) and Robert G. McCullough (Illinois State Archaeological Survey) [3:45-4:00]

First described in the 19th century, the Mitchell Mound center has been impacted by early investigations, the construction of I270, and modern development. Expansion of a lumber yard in 2015 and the proposed expansion and ramp upgrades of I270 have provided opportunities to evaluate the extent and nature of the Mitchell site deposits. The most significant investigation since Porter’s highway salvage work in the early 1960s, was SCI Engineering, Inc’s excavation prior to the construction of two buildings associated with a lumber yard. This investigation identified numerous superimposed Late Stirling/Moorehead structures indicating a greater time depth than suggested by Porter. In conjunction with this work, SCI Engineering was able to reconstruct the locations of Porter’s 1960s and 1975 excavations, as well as all later CRM-funded projects, and overlay these on existing maps. This year, the Illinois State Archaeological Survey conducted reconnaissance and targeted geophysical surveys in the vicinity of the Mitchell site proper. By stepping back, it appears that the Mitchell site, as currently mapped, was only a part of a sprawling site complex encompassing several previously numbered archaeological sites that together is best view as a Greater Mitchell site complex.

In Search of the Dispossessed: Efforts to Identify the Jackson County Poor Farm Cemetery Ryan M. Campbell, Justin Shields, and Mark J. Wagner (Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University) [4:15-4:30] The Jackson County Poor Farm was established in Carbondale Township in 1873 to house the destitute and orphaned citizens of the county. A cemetery associated with the Poor Farm received interments from at least 1877 to 1942, with possibly hundreds of burials occurring during the period. Today, the Poor Farm property is located on the campus of Southern Illinois University Carbondale, but the location of the cemetery has been lost to history. In this paper, we present the results of our efforts to identify the location of the cemetery and present our recommendations for future research at the site. The results include our preliminary survey of the property and a discussion of the ongoing remote sensing at the site, which has provided us with the best evidence to date for the possible location of these burials. While 13 ground-truthing is still necessary to determine if intact burials are located on the property, our research strongly suggests interments remain in situ on the grounds. We hope the continued documentation and preservation of the Jackson County Poor Farm cemetery may provide some level of dignity and respect for individuals who were not afforded such treatment during their lives.

In the Shadow of the Furnace: Searching for the Transformation of a Landscape Heather B. Carey and Mary R. McCorvie (U.S. Forest Service, Shawnee National Forest) [4:30-4:45] The iron industry was one of the earliest commercial interests to develop in mineral rich southeastern Illinois. It was centered on two key sites of production, the Illinois Iron Furnace constructed in 1837, and the Martha’s Blast Furnace constructed in 1848. Based on archival sources and historical accounts, the industry had an enormous impact on both the local population and the nearby landscape. The population and infrastructure needed to support the iron industry brought an influx of people and development to the local area. Additionally, and perhaps more significant, the natural resources necessary to sustain the industry resulted in a massive transformation of the surrounding countryside. In 2012, the US Forest Service-Shawnee National Forest which manages the Illinois Iron Furnace historic site, initiated a volunteer project to attempt to identify and document the magnitude of change that occurred to the landscape as a result of this early industry.

Old Habits, New Rural: Revitalizing Farmstead Archaeology Kevin Cupka Head (University of Illinois) [4:45-5:00] The vernacular cultural landscapes of the rural Midwest are often portrayed either through the lens of postwar nostalgia or as the uninteresting end of an urban-rural dichotomy. Such portrayals legitimate an agrarian narrative that contributes to an apparent sense of apathy and resignation in the archaeology of historic farmsteads and ancillary rural sites. The substantial impacts of development in reshaping a new rural landscape are garnering increased attention, making it more imperative than ever that we reconsider the significance of the historic agricultural landscapes and communities within which the individual farmstead operated and thrived. Drawing on four decades of archaeological investigations in Illinois and Indiana, supplemented by interdisciplinary contributions, this paper explores the implications of the new rural for a revitalization of rural archaeology in the Midwest. An alternative research design is proposed for expanding conventional site-oriented farmstead

14 studies, emphasizing rural social space, agricultural landscapes, and family/community networks.

Posters

“It Was Just Like Burying Horses”: Archival and Remote Sensing Investigations into the Jackson County Poor Farm Cemetery on the SIU Carbondale Campus Justin Shields, Ryan Campbell, and Mark J. Wagner (Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University)

The Jackson County Poor Farm (1873-1960) was a county-operated facility for the poor, mentally ill, elderly, and other residents of Jackson County who could not otherwise support themselves. Poor farm residents included young and old men, women, and children. Farm features included a boarding- house style dormitory for the poor farm residents; supervisor’s home; outbuildings; and cemetery. The poor farm now exists only as an archaeological site on the SIUC campus. We conducted archival and remote sensing investigations into the site in spring, 2018, in an effort to locate the missing poor farm cemetery, which is estimated to contain over 200 inhumations. A ground penetrating radar (GPR) of a section of wooded knoll at the south end of the former poor farm property located a series of anomalies distributed in linear patterns across the top of the hill that potentially represent rows of graves. The data also suggest that soil associated with these anomalies had been disturbed to a depth congruent with historical burial practices. Although we believe these anomalies represent grave features, further systematic GPR survey and possible limited excavations will be required to determine if the anomalies indeed do represent grave sites belonging to the long-lost poor farm cemetery.

The Illinois Bicentennial: 200 Years of Discovering and Preserving Our History Illinois Archaeology Awareness

Significant archaeological projects in Illinois—People have lived in Illinois for over 10,000 years, but only a portion of that history is known from historic documents. Celebrate some of the significant archaeological discoveries and projects that have aided in reconstructing and preserving the history of Illinois since it became a state in 1818. The first descriptions and surveys of the Illinois Country were performed in the 18th and 19th centuries. Archaeological

15 projects of all kinds take place throughout Illinois today. What new discoveries will be uncovered in the future?

This conference is hosted by: Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign (link); Illinois State Archaeological Survey (link); Public Service Archaeology & Architecture Program (link); Anthropology Program, Department of Social Sciences, Parkland College (link); and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (link).

Thank you for joining in our conference and discussions!