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A Vermont Landfill Is Contaminating a Canadian Lake with PFAS

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A Vermont Landfill Is Contaminating a Canadian Lake with PFAS A Vermont Landfill is Contaminating a Canadian Lake with PFAS I’ll examine this international controversy and the threat to public health caused by PFAS from a landfill’s leachate. I’ll look at drinking water contamination and how PFAS bio-accumulates in fish. Finally, I’ll interview Henry Coe, a Vermont environmentalist who understands the history of this tragedy and the dangers inherent in disposing of PFAS into surface waters. Pat Elder March 1, 2021 Radio Canada reported in mid- February, 2021 that PFAS chemicals had been discovered at the city of Sherbrooke’s drinking water intake area which is connected to Lake Memphremagog. Sherbrooke is located about 45 miles north of the Coventry Landfill in Vermont which has dumped millions of gallons of PFAS-laden leachate into the waters feeding the lake. The landfill, operated by Casella Waste Systems, is the only landfill in Vermont. It handles the waste of all 625,000 Vermonters. The landfill is situated adjacent to wetlands and surface waters that drain into the lake. In this region, rivers and surface waters flow north into Canada. (The red x shows the site of the landfill. Sherbrooke is shown in the north.) In the fall of 2019, environmentalists won a four-year moratorium on the treatment of landfill leachate anywhere in the Memphremagog watershed. At the same time, Vermont’s Department of Environmental Conservation reported nearly 16,000 parts per trillion (ppt) of 12 varieties of PFAS in the leachate being dumped into the Clyde River which feeds into the lake. The poisonous liquid is now trucked down state to wastewater treatment facilities along the Winooski River - until the moratorium expires. The testing was carried out by Quebec’s Ministry of the Environment in late 2020. Although PFAS were detected at 13 ppt in the drinking water, Karine Godbout, president of the environment committee of the City of Sherbrooke, told residents there is nothing to be alarmed about. She echoed statements by Jean-Pierre Fortier, division head, water management and construction at the City of Sherbrooke. Fortier said the PFAS levels did not pose a threat to drinking water, although there may be concerns about the quality of the water in the long term. Vermont has not tested the waters of the lake. In 2018, Health Canada published ridiculously high guidelines for Canadian drinking water quality for both PFOA and PFOS. The Canadian government's maximum acceptable concentration for PFOS in drinking water is 600 parts per trillion and for PFOA it is 200 ppt. Vermont, meanwhile, limits PFOS, PFOA and three other types of PFAS to 20 ppt in drinking water. The US EPA has set a non- enforceable advisory of 70 ppt. The EPA doesn't play much of a role in regulating PFAS in the US. We don’t know the details of the testing performed by the Canadian authorities, although PFOS is known to travel extraordinarily long distances in water. The Canadian authorities were careful not to point to the American landfill as a source of the contamination, although Fortier did say PFAS is known to be present in the leachate that comes out of landfills. It’s the fish we need to be worried about. Coincidentally, Maryland’s Department of the Environment also found 13 ppt of PFAS in the St. Mary’s River, close to the Chesapeake Bay. The state dismissed the result, saying the “public health risk evaluation for recreational surface water exposure and oyster consumption were very (Cancerous tumors are shown on a low.” Bullhead's fin and mouth.) Oysters from those waters were found with PFAS at 2,070 ppt, crabs had 6,650 ppt, and sea bass contained 23,100 ppt, while Maryland authorities are OK with these findings. Don't worry, be happy is their mantra, and it's the same in Vermont. The data released by Maryland and the authorities in Quebec showing 13 ppt of PFAS are most disturbing because they portend massive contamination of all aquatic life in the watershed. The maximum permissible level for PFAS in the European Union is .13 ppt in seawater. (point 13) The levels in Quebec and Maryland are 100 times that level. Many varieties of PFAS are linked to a host of cancers, fetal abnormalities, and childhood diseases. PFOS, for instance, is bio-accumulative in fish and other seafood. Just one or two parts per trillion in the lake is enough to trigger a bio- accumulative process in seafood that can result in tens of thousands of parts per trillion of PFAS in fish, endangering human health. In Lake Monoma, Wisconsin, near Truax Field Air National Guard Base, water is contaminated with 15 ng/l of PFAS. Authorities limit eating carp, pike, bass, and perch to one meal a month, although many health officials say allowing any consumption is irresponsible. In the South Bay area of the San Francisco Bay, seawater contained a total of 10.87 ppt of PFAS chemicals. (lower than Lake Memphemagog) See Table 2a. Bivalves were found at 5,250 ppt. A Pacific Staghorn Sculpin was found in the same vicinity with 241,000 ppt of PFAS. Similarly, at Eden Landing in the San Francisco Bay, water was found to contain 25.99 ng/l, while one bivalve had 76,300 ppt of the toxins. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) says that “fish and other seafood” account for up to 86% of dietary PFAS exposure in adults. Raised black lesions observed in 30 percent of the Brown Bullhead collected from two sites in Lake Memphremagog from 2014 through 2017 have been identified as malignant melanoma. - Newport Dispatch A meal of pan-fried Bullhead may weigh 8 ounces or 227 grams. If the filet of the fish contains 23,100 ppt of PFAS chemicals, that’s 23.1 parts per billion, which is the same as 23.1 nanograms per gram. So, 23.1 ng/g x 227 g = 5,244 ng of PFAS chemicals. The European Food Safety Authority has set a Tolerable Weekly Intake (TWI) at 4.4 nanograms per kilogram of body weight for 4 PFAS chemicals in food. So, according to this guideline, a 7-year-old weighing 50 pounds (22.6 kilos) can “safely” consume 100 nanograms per week of PFAS chemicals. One meal of Lake Memphremagog Bullhead containing 5,244 ng of PFAS is more than 50 times greater than the European weekly limit for our child. If we abide by the more responsible 1 ppt daily limit championed by many public health experts, our little boy would be limited to ingesting one serving every 42 years. Vermont must test the water and the fish. =========== Henry Coe is a community-minded volunteer and lifelong environmentalist. Henry is a founding member of DUMP, a small but influential group of passionate environmentalists based in Newport, Vermont, along the Canadian border. DUMP is an acronym for Don't Undermine Memphremagog's Purity. Henry doesn’t seek the spotlight, however, his story and the lessons here must be learned to prevent immeasurable suffering and human misery. Henry Coe describes it this way, "The Coventry Landfill is a Vermont outhouse, perched above a Canadian drinking water supply, - un-neighborly, irresponsible, immoral." DUMP, together with Canadian neighbors, organized citizen opposition to the shipment of millions of gallons of toxic leachate from the Coventry landfill to the nearby town of Newport’s wastewater treatment plant. They were concerned that high levels of per-and poly fluoroalkyl substances, (PFAS) were being pumped into the pristine lake. When Vermont's Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) issued a permit for a 51-acre landfill expansion of the Coventry landfill, DUMP activists appealed the decision to stop the expansion. The appeal went to formal mediation in the Fall of 2019 resulting in a four-year moratorium on the treatment of landfill leachate anywhere in the Memphremagog watershed, in exchange for giving up DUMP's appeal to the expansion. The clock is ticking before the substances are again allowed into the lake. Meanwhile, the leachate is being trucked downstate to wastewater treatment plants that pollute other communities. Coe explains, “The state has no long-term plan to deal with this waste. The Coventry landfill is located in the beautiful Northeast Kingdom, situated in wetlands and abutting the Black River, which flows into Lake Memphremagog. Monster trash-carrying trucks drive over the lovely roadways every day to deposit their loads on the ever-growing mountain of trash in Coventry. The offensive odors from this landfill spread with the wind. To make matters worse, a leak in an unlined area of the landfill was recently discovered and the water in a testing well contains toxic PFAS chemicals that are way above the “safe” levels. This is not just a Northeast Kingdom problem; the landfill impact is statewide. The leachate from this landfill, containing almost six times the safety standard of PFAS toxins, is going to Montpelier, Barre, Essex, Concord, NH and Plattsburgh, NY. After being treated in wastewater treatment plants, which DO NOT remove the PFAS, it is dumped into local waterways still containing the PFAS. Lake Champlain is being polluted by this landfill’s leachate.” This same scenario is being repeated in communities across the country that are slowly discovering that all leachate contains PFAS chemicals that do not break down, and bioaccumulate in aquatic life and the human body. Also, there are no “safe levels” of PFAS while “safety standards” fail to protect public health. Coe describes the history: “Even though DUMP, together with our Quebec allies, has achieved a temporary victory in getting a 4-year moratorium on the treatment: of landfill leachate at the Newport WWTF -or anywhere within the Memphremagog watershed, we are first to admit that where we have squeezed this toxic balloon in our area, it has bulged out in other directions.
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