Journal of Aquaculture Science Oktober 2020 vol 5(2): 129-136 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31093/joas.v5i2.127 Online pada http://joas.co.id

Botia (Chromobotia macracanthus Bleeker, 1852) Potential Broodstock Rearing With and Without Shelter

Agus Priyadi 1, Asep Permana 1, Nur Wantika 2, Putri Desi Wulansari2 1Depok Ornamental Research Center, Jl. Perikanan no. 13, Pancoran Mas, Depok, West Java. 2Department of Fish Health Management and Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia. *e-mail: [email protected] Submited: 14 October Revised: 22 October Accepted: 25 October

Abstract

Botia also called clown (Chromobotia Macracanthus) growth is relatively slow, taking 4-5 months to reach marketable size (2 inch) and 3 years to achieve initial gonad maturation in female and 1 year in male fish. Environmental degradation and overfishing are factors triggering the production of newly potential broodstock. This study aimed to observe the growth response of potential broodstock through rearing technique with and without shelter. Fish were kept inside the aquaria sized 80x40x30 cm with 20 cm water height on the recirculation system. Fish was used for shelter treatment are: Total length ± 7.7 cm, height ± 2.09 cm, and weight ± 7.33 g; for no shelter treatment were: Total length ± 6.7 cm, height ± 1.88 cm, and weight ± 4.59 g. Fish were stocked 10 fish/aquarium and fed 3 times/day by at satiation method. Parameters were observed are total length, height and weight improvement also water quality. The results was showed that growth and feed efficiency had better value when reared with shelter than without shelter. Keyword: Grow-out, Chromobotia macracanthus, shelter

INTRODUCTION Botia fish (Chromobotia (Permana, 2015). Environmental macracanthus Bleeker, 1852) is native degradation and overfishing are factors fish species in Sumatra and Kalimantan threatening botia sustainability (Kottelat et al. 1995), which is very (Blabber, 2000), therefore triggering popular among ornamental fish culture production. Depok Ornamental hobbyists and major commodity of Fish Culture Research Institute has aquatic exported product in Indonesia managed to domesticate botia, starting (Slembrouck, 2010). The growth of from adaptation, gonad maturation, Botia fish is relatively slow (Baras et al. spawning, mass production, as well as 2012), taking 4-5 months to reach the even technical transfer to various marketable size (2 inches) and 3 years regions, especially botia endemic to obtain firstly matured fish on female regions. Various studies have been fish and one year on male fish conducted including efforts to

JoAS 2020, 5 (2): 128-135. pISSN 2550-0910; eISSN 2579-4817 | Page 129

Journal of Aquaculture Science Oktober 2020 vol 5(2): 129-136 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31093/joas.v5i2.127 Online pada http://joas.co.id accelerate the growth rate of botia stress, whereas well adapted botia will culture either on environmental, optimize the growth level. feeding, or hormonal factor. Environmental factor in the form of One of environmental factors shelter was attempted in the rearing closely related to botia natural habitat is efforts for botia broodstock potential the existence of shelter in the rearing with the aim to observe the growth media, as botia fish are ornamental fish response and survival rate on the rearing living at the water base area (demersal) with and without shelter. (Axelrod and Vordenwinkler, 1986). MATERIAL AND METHOD The preferred habitat for botia fish is Place and Period of Trial small current and clear water (Kamal, This trial study was conducted on 1992) around rocky and sandy areas or January, 2018 in Depok Ornamental Napal (Grzimex, 1968; Kamal 1992). Fish Research Center. Botia actively feeds at night (nocturnal) Rearing media preparation and hides at daytime (Satyani et al. Media used were aquaria sized 2006). 80x40x30 cm with 20 cm water height Based on this information, the and 64 L water volume on recirculation existence of shelter on botia rearing system. Rearing system were performed media becomes very important to by differing among trial media with and comfort the fish and minimize the fish without using shelter

a b

Figure 1. Botia (Chromobotia macracanthus Bleeker, 1852) rearing tank with a shelter (a), and without shelter (b)

JoAS 2020, 5 (2): 128-135. pISSN 2550-0910; eISSN 2579-4817 | Page 130

Journal of Aquaculture Science Oktober 2020 vol 5(2): 129-136 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31093/joas.v5i2.127 Online pada http://joas.co.id

Fish stocking three times a day, namely 08.00, 12.00, Fish used in this study were and 16.00 (GMT +7) with at satiation approximately 7.7 cm total length, 2.09 method. cm height, and 7.33 g weight for shelter Growth and survival rate sampling treatment, while non shelter treatment Growth sampling containing body used approximately 6.7 cm total length, length, weight, and height was 1.88 height, and 4.59 g weight. Fish performed to determine the rearing were stocked 10 fish/aquarium. Fish treatment with and without shelter were stocked into the rearing media response. Growth sampling was using plastic container, after performed once in 10 days on the fish acclimatized for 10 minutes. used, while survival rate was calculated Feeding frequnty from the fish total on initial and final The feed given in this study was rearing. bloodworm. Bloodworm was given

a b

Figure 2. Total length and body height sampling (a), and sampling measurement body weight (b) of botia (Chromobotia macracanthus Bleeker, 1852)

Water quality monitoring Water quality parameter Gonad maturity monitoring was performed to maintain Fish gonad maturity level was the rearing media water quality to be in observed on the final rearing either in the optimum range. Water quality male or female fish. Observation on parameters comprised temperature, male fish was performed using stripping dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and technique, while female fish using ammonia. catheterization.

JoAS 2020, 5 (2): 128-135. pISSN 2550-0910; eISSN 2579-4817 | Page 131

Journal of Aquaculture Science Oktober 2020 vol 5(2): 129-136 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31093/joas.v5i2.127 Online pada http://joas.co.id

Data analysis methods, i.e with or without shelter. Data obtained from the Four week botia rearing resulted fish observational results containing groth data containing total length, body increased total length, body height, height, and weight as presented on weight, and survival rate were analyzed Figure 3. descriptively by comparing between In the prospective expansion of two different treatments, i.e with and botia reared using shelter showed without shelter. increased total length with 0.38 cm, while the total length obtained on RESULT AND DISCUSSION rearing without shelter was 0.26 cm, Growth indicating 0.12 total length growth Growth is described as increased difference. Botia body height increased size or volume higher or greater than 0.09 cm on rearing with shelter and 0.08 before. Botia fish growth showed cm on rearing without shelter, resulting isometric growth (increased length was 0.01 cm body height difference. Botia balanced with increased weight), gained 0.25 g weight on rearing with following the negative allometric shelter and 0.23 g without shelter, growth (length growth was faster than resulting 0.02 g weight difference. weight growth) (Kamal, 1992). Botia Based on these values, botia broodstock fish broodstock potential in this study potential growth in the study trial were stocked into the rearing media showed negative allometric growth with recirculation system on two rearing pattern.

0.4 Shelter Without Shelter 0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15 weight (g) weight 0.1

0.05

Increase of length, height (cm) and(cm) height length, of Increase 0 Total length Body height Body weight

Figure 3. Growth of Botia (Chromobotia macracanthus Bleeker, 1852) reared with or without shelter

JoAS 2020, 5 (2): 128-135. pISSN 2550-0910; eISSN 2579-4817 | Page 132

Journal of Aquaculture Science Oktober 2020 vol 5(2): 129-136 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31093/joas.v5i2.127 Online pada http://joas.co.id

Botia reared with shelter had 2000; Guan and Wiles, 1997), and faster growth than without shelter. This bullhead (Cottus gobio) (Guan and might happen as botia activity Wiles, 1997). influence. Botia fish habit reared with There is a positive relationship shelter often hides in shelter and between the existence of shelter and fish inactively swims, while fish will growth rate (Finstad, 2007; Olsson and actively swim when reared without Nystrom, 2009). The absence of shelter shelter, spending more energy for can have indirect negative impact on swimming. metabolism, growth, performance, and Swimming is the characteristic demographic population level. Mud eel in almost all species of fish to find food, (Monopterus cuchia) showed the best avoid predation, or engage in social growth rate in water when giving interactions, such as territorial defense hyacinth as the shelter (Narejo et al. or reproduction. Swimming requires 2003). The highest body weight gain energy as requiring muscle work, was also found in estuarine grouper especially by large blocks of axial (Epinephelus salmoides) after given car muscles arranged on each side of the tire as a shelter during rearing (Chua body, known as myotom, the dominant and Teng, 1979); Water plants used as anatomical feature in most fish shelters for Penaeus monodon provided (McKenzie, 2011). the highest growth and survival rate This means that active (Ali et al. 1999); And the highest swimming fish will need more energy average larval growth rate of Clarias than passive swimming fish as spending batrachus was obtained from larval more time in the shelter. Therefore, the rearing with floating shelters, such as energy gained from the food is more water weeds (Sahiduzzaman et al. used for growth than movement. Some 2018). studies have succeeded to provide the The interesting thing on this study connection between shelters with was that there were results where botia growth rate, such as Atlantic salmon fish growth at shelter treatment was (Millidine et al. 2006), turbot (Lotalota) faster than without shelter, but the (Fischer, 2000), stone loach amount of feed given was less. This (Nemacheilus barbatulus) (Fischer, suspectively happened as botia in

JoAS 2020, 5 (2): 128-135. pISSN 2550-0910; eISSN 2579-4817 | Page 133

Journal of Aquaculture Science Oktober 2020 vol 5(2): 129-136 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31093/joas.v5i2.127 Online pada http://joas.co.id shelter treatment required less energy no dead fish either on rearing with or for swimming, therefore only spending without shelter. This high survival rate the energy efficiently and vice versa on shows that fish live comfortably on the rearing without shelter. rearing environment, making good This result is certainly very water quality and energy efficient feed beneficial to reduce the feed cost of for body maintenance and growth. feed in botia culture to obtain optimum Moreover, rearing did not occur any growth. Anonymous (2019) stated that disease attacks. fish as aquatic organism requires feed to Water quality provide the energy needed. Energy Water quality measurement coming from the feed will be converted results performed during the study can into chemical energy and stored in body be seen on Table 1. Based on the as adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP). measurement results, all water quality Energy is required to perform parameters were at tolerance range for mechanical (muscle activity), chemical botia. This means the water quality work (body chemical process), value in this study was in good electrical (nerve activity), and osmotic condition and suitable for botia culture. (balance maintenance in the rearing This is certainly related to the high medium of freshwater, brackishwater or survival rate (100%), as the water seawater). This means that there is a quality supports the fish to live correlation where the shelter causes comfortably and unsusceptible to botia fish to dwell and rarely swim to disease. efficiently use the energy gained from Gonad maturity observation feed fro growth. The effectiveness of At the end of rearing period, this energy utilization causes the feed gonad maturity observation on botia efficiency utilization, reducing the broodstock potential was performed on amount of feed required during rearing. the treatments with or without shelter. Survival rate The results showed that fish that firstly Survival rate was observed on the matured was observed on male fish, final rearing day. The survival rate of while female fish was still immature. botia reared with and without shelter Matured gonad fish can be seen on were 100%. This means that there were Figure 3.

JoAS 2020, 5 (2): 128-135. pISSN 2550-0910; eISSN 2579-4817 | Page 134

Journal of Aquaculture Science Oktober 2020 vol 5(2): 129-136 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31093/joas.v5i2.127 Online pada http://joas.co.id

Table 1. Water quality parameters during botia broodstock potential rearing Parameter Value during rearing Tolerance range for botia fish Satyani et al. 2007 DO (mg/l) 5.96 5-8 Temperature °C 29 26-30 Ph 7.5 5.5-7.0 Ammonia (mg/L) 0.02 <1.0

a b c

Figure 4. Gonad maturity observation in botia on the final rearing period; botia fish (a), matured male fish (b), male fish sperm motility under the microscope with 80% motility (c).

The presence of matured male fish with indifferent survival rate. First matured was marked sperm discharge during gonad was found in male fish both on the stripping, indicating that the fish reared had rearing with or without shelter treatment. optimum growth rate, specifically gonadal Acknowledgement growth in male fish. The presence of sperm Authors would like to thank Dr. Idil in male fish indicates that fish is categorized Ardi as Head of the ornamental fish culture as broodstock potential. This is quite natural research center and technicians who have as fish age is one year old as stated by helped carry out research until this article is Permana (2015) that male botia broodstock published. will have firstly matured gonad at one year REFERENCES old. Anonim, 2019. Nutrisi Ikan. CONCLUSION https://www.academia.edu/29817881/Nutr Botia broodstock potential rearing isi_Ikan_Bab_5_.pdf ( Desember 2019). with shelter is better than without shelter Ali MS, Shofiquzzoha AFM, Ahmed SU. 1999. based on the growth rate and feed efficiency Effect of submerged aquatic vegetation on growth and survival of Penaeus monodon

JoAS 2020, 5 (2): 128-135. pISSN 2550-0910; eISSN 2579-4817 | Page 135

Journal of Aquaculture Science Oktober 2020 vol 5(2): 129-136 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31093/joas.v5i2.127 Online pada http://joas.co.id

(Fab.). Bangladesh Journal of Fisheries Millidine KJ, Armstrong JD, Metcalfe NB. Research, 3, 145-149. 2006. Presence of shelter reduces maintenance metabolism of juvenile Axelrod HR, William V. 1986. Encylopedia to salmon. Functional Ecology, 20, 839-845. Tropical . T. F. H. Publications. Narejo NT, Rahmatullah SM, Rashid MM. Inc. USA. 2003. Length-weight relationship and Baras E, Slembrouck J, Priyadi A, Satyani D, relative condition factor (Kn) of Pouyaud L, Legendre M. 2012. Biology freshwater spiny eel, Mastacembelus and culture of the armatus (Lacepede) from Mymensingh, Chromobotia macracanthus Bangladesh. Indian Journal of Fisheries, (, Cobitidae): 3-Ontogeny, 50(1), 81-87. ecological and aquacultural implications. Olsson K, Nystrom P. 2009. Noninteractive Aquat. Living Resour. 25, 119−130. effects of habitat complexity and adult Blaber SJM. 2000. Tropical Estuarine Fishes crayfish on survival and growth of Ecology, Exploitation and Conservation. juvenile crayfish (Pacifastacus Blackwell Science Ltd. Bangor, UK.372p. leniusculus). Freshwater Biology, 54, 35- Chua T-E, Teng S-K. 1979. Relative growth and 46. production of the estuary grouper Permana A. 2015. Evaluasi Kematangan Gonad Epinephelus salmoides under different Awal Ikan Hias Botia (Chromobotia stocking densities in floating net-cages. macracanthus Bleker 1852) Keturunan Marine Biology, 54, 363-372. Pertama (F1) Hasil Budidaya di Balai Finstad AG, Einum S, Forseth T, Ugedal O. Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Budidaya 2007. Shelter availability affects Ikan Hias, Depok .Seminar Nasional behaviour, size-dependent and mean Perikanan Indonesia Sekolah Tinggi growth of juvenile Atlantic salmon. Perikanan, Jakarta, 237-242 November Freshwater Biology, 52, 1710-1718. 2015. Fischer P. 2000. An experimental test of Sahiduzzaman S, Tauhiduzzaman, Rahman SM. metabolic and behavioural responses of 2018. Effects of shelter on growth and benthic fish species to different types of survival of Asian catfish (Clarias substrate. Canadian Journal of Fisheries batrachus). International Journal of and Aquatic Sciences, 57, 2336-2344. Fisheries and Aquatic Research, 3, 60-63. Grizmex B. 1968. Life Encyclopedia. Satyani D, Mundriyanto H, Subandiyah S, Volume 4. Fishes I. Van Nostrand Chumaidi. Sudarto. Taufik P, Slembrouck Reinhold Company. New York. US. J. Legendre M, Pouyaud L. 2006. Guan R-Z, Wiles P. 1997. The home range of Teknologi Pembenihan Ikan Hias Botia signal crayfish in a British lowland river. (Chromobotia macracanthus Bleeker) Freshwater Forum, 8, 45-54. Skala Laboratorium. Badan Riset Kamal MM. 1992. Bioteknologi Ikan Botia Kelautan dan Perikanan. Departemen (Botia macracanthus Bleeker) di sungai Kelautan dan Perikanan. Batang Hari, Provinsi Jambi. [Skripsi]. Satyani, D., Slembrouck, J., Subadiayah, S., & Departemen Manajemen Sumberdaya Legendre, M. 2007. Peningkatan Teknik Perairan. Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Pembenihan Buatan Ikan hias Botia, Kelautan. Institusi Pertanian Bogor. Chromobotia macracanthus Bleeker. J. Kottelat M, Whitten AJ, Kartikasari SN, Ris. Akuakultur, 2(3), 135-142. Wirjoatmodjo S. 1995. Freshwater Fishes Slembrouck J. 2010. Mass Production of of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi. Chromobotia macracanthus. Project Periplusedn. Ltd, Jakarta. FISH-DIVA. Freshwater Fish Diversity in McKenzie DJ. 2011. Energetics of Fish South East Asia. Swimming. Elsevier Inc, Universite´ Montpellier , Montpellier. France.

JoAS 2020, 5 (2): 128-135. pISSN 2550-0910; eISSN 2579-4817 | Page 136