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An Oscilloscope Correction Method for Vector-Corrected RF Measurements
This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT 1 An Oscilloscope Correction Method for Vector-Corrected RF Measurements Sebastian Gustafsson, Student Member, IEEE, Mattias Thorsell, Member, IEEE, Jörgen Stenarson, Member, IEEE, and Christian Fager, Member, IEEE Abstract— The transfer characteristics of the RF front-end circuit components. As these errors must be compensated for circuitry of a real-time oscilloscope (RTO) are not only frequency to achieve accurate signal sampling [4], several correction dependent and nonlinear with signal amplitude but also depen- techniques have been introduced [5], [6]. Other correction dent on the voltage range setting of the oscilloscope. A correction table in the frequency domain is proposed to account for the techniques have also been introduced [7]–[12], but they are additional gain and delay introduced when switching between only valid for sampling oscilloscopes. Previous research different voltage ranges. The table was extracted from the has focused on correction techniques for a certain set of measured data in which a continuous-wave signal source was instrument settings, e.g., a particular voltage range. Hence, connected to the oscilloscope ports, whereas the input power, the changing the settings would make the correction invalid. frequency, and voltage ranges were varied. The importance of the corrections is demonstrated by its use in an RTO-based two-port However, changing the range is desirable in some applications, vector-corrected measurement system. Measurements from the to fully utilize the voltage range of the ADC. -
Future of Vector Network Analysis Dylan Williams and Nate Orloff Integrated Circuits Drive Wireless Communications
Future of Vector Network Analysis Dylan Williams and Nate Orloff Integrated Circuits Drive Wireless Communications Application Frequency (GHz) 10 30 100 300 1000 100 10 Transit Frequency (GHz) Frequency Transit 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Year We Cannot Take the Integrated Circuit for Granted at mmWaves 2 Next 15 Years of Wireless Manufacturing by Country The United States still dominates mmWave manufacturing Enables $12.3T in Total Economic Growth (2020-2035) Communication Providers Want Speed of Fiber on Your Phone Millimeter-Waves are the Next Wireless Frontier Measurements and Calibrations Matter at mmWaves Before Calibration 64 QAM at 44 GHz After Calibration mmWave Measurement Challenge of our Era Not a Single RF Connector! On-Wafer IC and System-Level Test OTA System-Level Test Transistor models IC Test System-Level Test End-to-End Verification On-Wafer Connectorized Free-Space Goals for Vector Network Analysis in CTL Project Calibration Reference Planes On-Wafer and to OTA Test On-Wafer Measurements • Innovations in Calibration • Support Device Models to System-Level Test • State-Of-The-Art Instruments for US mmWave NR Manufacturers Vector Network Analysis • Platform for Traceable System-Level Tests Across CTL • Close the Connector-Less Gap mmWave Design Extremely Complex Accurate measurements are a must 80 80 GHz GHz 160 ~ GHz 240 GHz • Highly nonlinear operating states required for efficiency • Characterize, capture, control and reuse harmonics • Must maintain linearity On-Wafer Measurement the Only Way to Test ICs Yesterday -
P50xxa Streamline Series Vector Network Analyzer 2/4-Port up to 53 Ghz
P50xxA Streamline Series Vector Network Analyzer 2/4-port Up to 53 GHz. 2/4/6-port Up to 20 GHz Compact Form. Zero Compromise. P5000A/P5020A 9 kHz to 4.5 GHz P5001A/P5021A 9 kHz to 6.5 GHz P5002A/P5022A 9 kHz to 9 GHz P5003A/P5023A 9 kHz to 14 GHz P5004A/P5024A 9 kHz to 20 GHz P5005A/P5025A 100 kHz to 26.5 GHz P5006A/P5026A 100 kHz to 32 GHz P5007A/P5027A 100 kHz to 44 GHz P5008A/P5028A 100 kHz to 53 GHz Find us at www.keysight.com Page 1 Keysight P500xA and P502xA Streamline Series VNA The freedom of portable network analysis doesn’t have to mean a compromise in performance. The P50xxA Series brings high-end performance and flexibility to the portable Keysight Streamline Series. Gain confidence in your measurements with best-in-class performance offering fast, reliable, and repeatable results. Explore the complete characterization of your devices with a rich portfolio of software applications that transform the compact network analyzer into a complete RF measurement solution. The P50xxA Series, a member of Keysight’s Streamline Series offers the performance required for testing passive components, amplifiers, mixers or frequency converters. The vector network analyzer (VNA) provides best-in-class key specifications such as dynamic range, measurement speed, trace noise and temperature stability. Choose from 2- or 4-port models up to 53 GHz, or 2-, 4- or 6-port models up to 20 GHz. The VNA is packaged in a compact chassis and controlled by an external computer with powerful data processing capabilities and functionalities. -
10 Factors in Choosing a Basic Oscilloscope 10 Factors in Choosing a Basic Oscilloscope Contents Intro 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Contact 2
10 FACTORS IN CHOOSING A BASIC OSCILLOSCOPE 10 FACTORS IN CHOOSING A BASIC OSCILLOSCOPE CONTENTS INTRO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 CONTACT 2 10 Factors in Choosing a Basic Oscilloscope There are several ways to navigate this interactive PDF document: Click on the table of contents (page 3) Basic oscilloscopes are used as windows into signals for troubleshooting Use the navigation at the top of each page to jump circuits or checking signal quality. They generally come with bandwidths to sections or use the page forward/back arrows from around 50 MHz to 200 MHz and are found in almost every design lab, Use the arrow keys on your keyboard education lab, service center and manufacturing cell. Use the scroll wheel on your mouse Whether you buy a new scope every month or every five years, this guide will Left click to move to the next page, right click to move to the previous page (in full-screen mode only) give you a quick overview of the key factors that determine the suitability of a Click on the icon ß to enlarge the image. basic oscilloscope to the job at hand. The digital storage oscilloscope Oscilloscopes are the basic tool for anyone designing, manufacturing or repairing electronic equipment. A digital storage oscilloscope (DSO, on which this guide concentrates) acquires and stores waveforms. The waveforms show a signal’s voltage and frequency, whether the signal is distorted, timing between signals, how much of a signal is noise, and much, much more. 10 FACTORS IN CHOOSING A BASIC OSCILLOSCOPE CONTENTS INTRO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 -
Oscilloscope & Multimeter
INSTRUCTION OVERVIEW FOR Oscilloscope & Multimeter Stock No.64573 Part No.O20M/3C IMPORTANT: PLEASE READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY TO ENSURE THE SAFE AND EFFECTIVE USE OF THIS PRODUCT. GENERAL INFORMATION These instructions accompanying the product are the original instructions. This document is part of the product, keep it for the life of the product passing it on to any subsequent holder of the product. Read all these instructions before assembling, operating or maintaining this product. This manual has been compiled by Draper Tools describing the purpose for which the product has been designed, and contains all the necessary information to ensure its correct and safe use. By following all the general safety instructions contained in this manual, it will ensure both product and operator safety, together with longer life of the product itself. AlI photographs and drawings in this manual are supplied by Draper Tools to help illustrate the operation of the product. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of information contained in this manual, the Draper Tools policy of continuous improvement determines the right to make modifications without prior warning. 1. TITLE PAGE 1.1 INTRODUCTION: USER MANUAL FOR: OSCILLOSCOPE & MULTIMETER Stock no. 64573 Part no. O20M/3C 1.2 REVISIONS: Date first published March 2015 As our user manuals are continually updated, users should make sure that they use the very latest version. Downloads are available from: http://www.drapertools.com/b2c/b2cmanuals.pgm DRAPER TOOLS LIMITED WEBSITE: drapertools.com HURSLEY ROAD PRODUCT HELPLINE: +44 (0) 23 8049 4344 CHANDLER’S FORD GENERAL FAX: +44 (0) 23 8026 0784 EASTLEIGH HAMPSHIRE SO53 1YF UK 1.3 UNDERSTANDING THIS MANUALS SAFETY CONTENT: WARNING! Information that draws attention to the risk of injury or death. -
Voltage and Power Measurements Fundamentals, Definitions, Products 60 Years of Competence in Voltage and Power Measurements
Voltage and Power Measurements Fundamentals, Definitions, Products 60 Years of Competence in Voltage and Power Measurements RF measurements go hand in hand with the name of Rohde & Schwarz. This company was one of the founders of this discipline in the thirties and has ever since been strongly influencing it. Voltmeters and power meters have been an integral part of the company‘s product line right from the very early days and are setting stand- ards worldwide to this day. Rohde & Schwarz produces voltmeters and power meters for all relevant fre- quency bands and power classes cov- ering a wide range of applications. This brochure presents the current line of products and explains associated fundamentals and definitions. WF 40802-2 Contents RF Voltage and Power Measurements using Rohde & Schwarz Instruments 3 RF Millivoltmeters 6 Terminating Power Meters 7 Power Sensors for URV/NRV Family 8 Voltage Sensors for URV/NRV Family 9 Directional Power Meters 10 RMS/Peak Voltmeters 11 Application: PEP Measurement 12 Peak Power Sensors for Digital Mobile Radio 13 Fundamentals of RF Power Measurement 14 Definitions of Voltage and Power Measurements 34 References 38 2 Voltage and Power Measurements RF Voltage and Power Measurements The main quality characteristics of a parison with another instrument is The frequency range extends from DC voltmeter or power meter are high hampered by the effect of mismatch. to 40 GHz. Several sensors with differ- measurement accuracy and short Rohde & Schwarz resorts to a series of ent frequency and power ratings are measurement time. Both can be measures to ensure that the user can required to cover the entire measure- achieved through utmost care in the fully rely on the voltmeters and power ment range. -
Picoscope 2204 to 2208 User's Guide
PicoScope 2200 Series PC Oscilloscopes User's Guide ps2200.en-3 Copyright © 2008-2011 Pico Technology Limited. All rights reserved. PicoScope 2200 Series User's Guide I Contents 1 Welcome ....................................................................................................................................1 2 Introduction.. ..................................................................................................................................2 1 Using this guide ........................................................................................................................................2 2 Safety symbols ........................................................................................................................................2 3 Safety warning ........................................................................................................................................2 4 Regulatory notices ........................................................................................................................................3 5 Software licence cond..i.t.i.o..n...s. .............................................................................................................................3 6 Trademarks ........................................................................................................................................4 7 Warranty ........................................................................................................................................4 -
Picoscope 6 Software
PicoScope® 6 Software BEGINNER’S GUIDE Getting started with your PicoScope Signal generator Auto setup Input range Triggering Timebase Starting and stopping Waveform buffering Zooming Software compatible with Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7 and Windows 8 Free technical support • Free updates www.picotech.com Beginner’s Guide to PicoScope 6 Introduction Setting up a test signal PicoScope 6 is the oscilloscope software supplied with all PicoScope® The PicoScope 2205A has a built-in signal generator and arbitrary oscilloscopes. All the advertised features are included in the purchase waveform generator. You can use this to test your scope and to price of your oscilloscope, so there are no expensive add-on software familiarize yourself with the software. If your scope doesn’t have a modules to buy later. signal generator, any signal source will do: an audio output from your What devices can I use? MP3 player, phone or PC is suitable. • Attach one of the oscilloscope probes, supplied with your scope, to You can use PicoScope 6 with the following devices: the connector marked A on the front of the scope. This connector • PicoScope 2000 Series oscilloscopes is the channel A input. • PicoScope 3000 Series oscilloscopes • Remove the probe hook, if one is fitted, by pulling it away from the • PicoScope 4000 Series oscilloscopes probe. • PicoScope 5000 Series oscilloscopes • Insert the probe tip into the centre • PicoScope 6000 Series oscilloscopes of the connector marked AWG on the oscilloscope. This connector is • PicoLog 1000 Series data loggers the signal generator and arbitrary • DrDAQ educational data logger waveform generator output. For the PicoScope 9000 Series, separate documentation is available Support the probe so that there is on our website. -
Vector Informatik Gmbh
THE HANSEN REPORT ON AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS. A Business and Technology Newsletter VOL. 18, NO. 6◆◆ PORTSMOUTH, NH USA JULY/AUGUST 2005 Software Process BMW Leads in Chassis Control Standards Gaining FlexRay Network Is Key Enabler from steering angle, acceleration and ride height sensors. Influence FlexRay is not just for steer- or brake- “This is a pilot project for us to learn by-wire anymore. BMW is about to bring what it means to bring FlexRay into a se- As software becomes more and more to market some groundbreaking new chas- ries car,” noted Karl-Heinz Gaubatz, gen- essential to the delivery of vehicle fea- sis control features implemented on a eral manager of electronics driving tures, carmakers and suppliers, particularly FlexRay network—a world’s first. This dynamics and lateral dynamics for BMW. in the West, are taking steps to ensure unexpected deployment of FlexRay comes BMW will build 15,000 cars per year with that their software development processes well before by-wire brakes or steering will this FlexRay application so the carmaker yield high-quality, reliable products. Two be ready for production vehicles. and its suppliers can gain experience with approaches have emerged: CMMI (Capa- By-wire systems operate without me- the network hardware and software before bility Maturity Model Integration) and chanical or hydraulic linkages so they it goes into high volume production. ISO/IEC (International Standards Orga- need safety-critical components such as “In the future, all new cars from BMW nization/International Electro-technical FlexRay to ensure reliability. FlexRay is a that come into production after 2006 will Commission) 15504, a.k.a. -
Pico Technology Presentation
Trevor Smith Pico Technology Physical layer validation of high-performance backplanes, connectors, cables and high speed serial data systems using a sampling oscilloscope 1 Agenda • Introduction • Oscilloscope types, applications and costs • Sampling oscilloscopes • Signal Integrity Measurements • Frequency / Bit Rate / Jitter / Noise / Eye Analysis • TDR / TDT Introduction • Optical • Questions Introduction Critical Signal Integrity (SI) considerations for high speed digital designs • PCB layout • Backplane design • Connectors • External interfaces • Component performance • Compliance and interoperability with industry standards 3 High Bandwidth Oscilloscopes Real-time Oscilloscopes Sampling Oscilloscopes • Can capture single instantaneous or • Can capture cyclic signals & repeating repetitive events patterns at steady data rate • 8-bit ADC resolution, but lower effective • Short buffer memory bits at high frequencies • Low sample rate • Deep buffer memory • Lower intrinsic jitter and noise • Advanced triggers & display modes to capture intermittent events • Eye diagrams and mask testing • Serial bus decoding • Best choice for TDR/TDT • Ideal for general use and fault diagnosis • Lower, but still significant cost: ~ $50K • Real-time GS/s sampling is expensive: ~ for 20 GHz $200K for 20 GHz 4 PicoScope PC-based instruments PicoScope 9300 • 20 GHz bandwidth • 2 channels • Built-in pattern generator • Automated measurement tools and analysis of clock, data and eye diagrams mask testing • Models with: • Clock recovery to 11.3 Gb/s • Differential -
Picoscope 3000 Series User Guide 2 Introduction
Welcome 1 1 Welcome The PicoScope 3000 Series of PC Oscilloscopes from Pico Technology is a range of high-specification, real-time measuring instruments that connect to the USB port of your computer. The oscilloscopes obtain their power supply through the USB cable, so they do not need an additional power supply and are therefore highly portable. The 3000 Series consists of two ranges: General-purpose range (PicoScope 3204, 3205 and 3206 variants) High-precision range (PicoScope 3224 and 3424 variants) With the PicoScope software you can use PicoScope 3000 Series PC Oscilloscopes as oscilloscopes and spectrum analysers; and with the PicoLog software you can use them as data loggers. Alternatively, using the API functions, 16 you can develop your own programs to collect and analyse data from the oscilloscope. A typical PicoScope 3000 Series PC Oscilloscope is supplied with the following items: USB cable, for use with USB 1.1 and 2.0 ports Software and Reference CD Installation Guide Copyright 2006-7 Pico Technology Limited. All rights reserved. PS3000044-2 2 PicoScope 3000 Series User Guide 2 Introduction 2.1 Safety symbols Symbol 1: Warning Triangle This symbol indicates that a safety hazard exists on the indicated connections if correct precautions are not taken. Read all safety documentation associated with the product before using it. Symbol 2: Equipotential This symbol indicates that the outer shells of the indicated BNC connectors are all at the same potential (shorted together). You must therefore take necessary precautions to avoid applying a potential across the return connections of the indicated BNC terminals as this may cause a large current to flow, resulting in damage to the product and/or connected equipment. -
Picoscope® 3000 Series HIGH-PERFORMANCE 4-CHANNEL OSCILLOSCOPES
PicoScope® 3000 Series HIGH-PERFORMANCE 4-CHANNEL OSCILLOSCOPES Fast, space-saving and USB-powered Serial decoding • Mask limit testing • Segmented memory 128 MS buffer Serial decoding 200 MHz spectrum Arbitrary waveform memory analyzer generator 200 MHz bandwidth 128 MS deep memory 1 GS/s real-time sampling 10 GS/s repetitive sampling Advanced digital triggering 200 MHz spectrum analyzer Function generator & AWG USB 2.0 Hi-Speed Flexible power YE AR Supplied with a full SDK including example programs • Software compatible with Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7 and Windows 8• Free technical support High-end features as standard PicoScope 3000 Series 4-Channel Oscilloscopes PicoScope: power, portability and versatility Digital triggering Pico Technology continues to push the limits of USB-powered oscilloscopes. Most digital oscilloscopes sold today still use an analog trigger architecture The new PicoScope 3000 Series offers the highest performance available based on comparators. This can cause time and amplitude errors that from any USB-powered oscilloscope on cannot always be calibrated out. The use of comparators often limits the the market today. trigger sensitivity at high bandwidths and can also create a long trigger The PicoScope 3000 Series has the power “re-arm” delay. and performance for many applications, Since 1991 we have been pioneering the use of fully digital triggering such as design, research, test, education, using the actual digitized data. This reduces trigger errors and allows our service and repair. oscilloscopes to trigger on the smallest signals, even at the full bandwidth. Pico USB-powered oscilloscopes are also Trigger levels and hysteresis can be set with high precision and resolution.