DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST MAGHI, MUSAHAR MARRIED WOMEN a Case Study of Kawasoti-15, Shergunj, Nawalpur

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST MAGHI, MUSAHAR MARRIED WOMEN A Case Study of Kawasoti-15, Shergunj, Nawalpur

A Thesis Submitted to The Tribhuwan University,The Department of Sociology

in Kumarwarti Multiple Campus in Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirement for the Degree of

Master of Arts in

Sociology

Submitted By

Anita Bhandari

Kumarwarti Multiple Campus

Kawasoti-2, East Nawalparasi

Roll No: 2990001/074

T.U. Regd No. 6-2-49-226-2008

2019

i LETTER OF RECOMMENDATION

The thesis entitled “DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST MAGHI MUSAHAR MARRIED WOMEN: A Case Study of Kawasoti-15, Shergunj, Nawalpur” has been prepared by Mrs. Anita Bhandari under my supervision. I hereby recommend this thesis for final approval by the thesis evaluation committee.

…………………….. (Thesis Supervisor) Guru Prasad Subedi Department of Sociology Kumarwoti Multiple Campus Kawasoti-2, Nawalparasi

ii APPROVAL SHEET

A dissertation entitled “DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST MAGHI MUSAHAR MARRIED WOMEN: A Case Study of Kawasoti-15, Shergunj, Nawalpur” has been submitted by Mrs. Anita Bhandari in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master Degree of Arts in Sociology in Humanities and Social Sciences. Therefore, we accept this thesis as part of mentioned academic degree.

Evaluation Committee Signature

Mr. Jhab Bahadur Sunar (Head of Department) ………………….

MR. Lil Bahadur Bhandari Shaheed Smarak Collage, Chitwan (External Examineer) …………………

Mr. Guru Prasad Subedi (Supervisor) ………………….

iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

To begin with, I would like to thank all those hands who had contributed starkly in a myriad of ways by sharing their precious time, invaluable suggestion and fruitful comments for the completion of this research work through their assiduous ways of working. I express my sincere gratitude to my honorable Supervisor Lecturer Mr. Guru Prasad Subedi and Jabendra Bahadur Sunar, Head of the Department of the Sociology and Kumarwarti Multiple Campus Kawasoti,Nawalparasi, for continuous support, suggestion, valuable comments and guidance throughout the lifetime of this study. I would like to thank to the Campus Chief Mr. Guru Prasad Subedi, of Kumarwarti Multiple Campus Kawasoti for their inspiration, guidance and support to select, continue and complete for MA in Sociology. Similarly, my thanks go to all the family of Kumarwarti Multiple Campus, Kawasoti, Nawalparasi. I am really I debated and express my heartfelt thanks to Mr. Deepak Sharma Kandel Life Partner. Who continuously inspired and support me to get IT knowledge to feel and practice the education for practical life. My sincere thanks further goes to the Mr Santa Bahadur Majhi staffs of Majhi Mushahar Bote Samaj Kalyan Sewa Samiti Kawasoti Municipality Ward No 8, Nawalparasi. Similarly, big thanks go to all of members including peasants, pride part of the study.

Anita Bhandari Kumarwarti Multiple Campus Kawasoti 2, Nawalparasi

iv ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to give a description on the situation of domestic violence against Musahar community, a socially dominated and backward caste group of Nepal. The study focuses on the present scenario of the types of domestic violences that Musahar girls and women have been experiencing in Kawasoti Municipality-, Nawalpur district. The data collection instruments are observation, structured interview schedule, household survey and interview with key informants. The data are analyzed by descriptive method and presented in table, chart, diagram and percentage. 40 respondents were taken purposively. Research have shown that their name is derived from the word Musa (rat). It is said that they have migrated in Nepal 700 years ago from southern neighbor country India. However, there is no concrete evidence to corroborate the fact that these people actually migrated centuries ago and settled down four centuries ago. A total of 40 household were surveyed through pre-structured questionnaire through random sampling. The life expectancy of the Musahar population is low in comparison to the national data. There were only four respondent of age more than 60 years. Gender discrimination is prominent in the study population. Female members were reluctant to interact with us. We had only two female respondents. Most of the Musahar family had more than two children. It may be due to the lack of awareness and to look for the male child. Of the forty household twenty five had nuclear family. This shows the change in earlier trend where joint or extended family was more existent. Land is important natural resources for Musahar. But the Musahars are mostly landless and they are earning their living bread and butter by working as labourer either as agriculture labour or any other sector. They don't possess any cultivable land of their own. They usually work for rich persons on daily wage basis of Nepal. Literacy rate among the Dalits is as low as 10.7% whereas at the national level literacy rate is over 50%. In certain Dalit communities such as among Musahars the literacy rate is 4% till today. Literacy rate among the Dalit women is as low as 3.2%. The Dalit children find it difficult to receive education in the schools partly due to the social discrimination and partly for their inability to pay for

v tuition fee and textbooks. Most of the Musahar people of the study area are settled in huts (60%) and 40% live in huts with tiled roof. They have ‘taati’ (walls made of bamboo sticks) are after plastered with mud. The earthen floor is at times cleaned with thin coat mud and cow dung in most cases Of the 40 respondent thirty two had received Citizenship. Eight of the female respondent didn’t have citizenship card. They are victims of racial and social discrimination. They live in a terrible plight both socially and economically. They have no access to any natural resources, technological knowledge and educational opportunities. They don’t have land for cultivation and their social lives are quite miserable and low. Agricultural labour is the main occupation. The government needs to formulate special programs and policies for these people. Income generating and skill generating programs shall be useful for the economic upliftment of this community. Basic health education, adult literacy programs should be introduced to raise their awareness.

vi Table Of Contents Page No.

Recommendation Letter…………………………………………………………………….. i Approval Sheet …………………………………………………………………………...... ii Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………. iii Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………….. iv Table Of Contents ...... vi List of Tables………………………………………………………………………………… ix List of Figure……………………………………………………………………………….… x CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background………………………………………………………………………………….. 1 1.2 Statement of the problem……………………………………………………………………. 3 1.3 Objective of the study……………………………………………………………………….. 6 1.4 Siginificance of the study…………………………………………………………………...... 6 1.5 Organization of the study…………………………………………………………………….. 7 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 2.1 Theoretical Review…………………………………………………………………………. 8 2.1.1 Defination of Domestic violence……………………………………………………… 10 2.1.2 Type of Domestic Violence……………………………………………………………. 13 2.2 Policy Review………………………………………………………………………………..20 2.3 Conceptual Framework………………………………………………………………………21 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design………………………………………………………………………….. 23 3.2 Site Selection and it’s Rationale………………………………………………………….. 23 3.3 Nature and Source of Data……………………………………………………………..… 23 3.4 Universe & Sampling ……………………………………………………………………. 24 3.5 Techniques and Tools of Data collection………………………………………………… 24 3.5.1 Observation ………… ………………………………………………………… 24 3.5.2 Key Informants interview ……………………………………………………… 24

vii 3.5.3 Focused Group Discussion……………………………………………………... 25 3.5.4 Questionnaire…………………………………………………………………… 25 3.6 Analysis of Data………………………………………………………………………….... 25 3.7 Limitayion of the Study ...... 25 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 4.1. Socio-Demographic Status of the Respondents ………………………………………... 26 4.1.1 Age Structure ……………………………………………………………………. 26 4.1.2 Marital Status……………………………………………………………………... 27 4.1.3 Children Status……………………………………………………………………. 27 4.1.4 Types of Family……………………………………………………………………28 4.1.5 Marriage Age………………………………………………………………………29 4.1.6 Educational Level of Response…………………………………………………….30 4.1.7 Occupation of Couple……………………………………………………………...31 4.2 Domestic Voilence Against Women………… ……………………………………………. 32 4.2.1 Respondents who knew about……………………………………………………. 32 4.2.2 Respondents who knew about VAW Action……………………………………... 32 4.2.3 Respondents Disputes With Different Family Members…………………………..33 4.2.4 Respondents Facing Various Type of Disputes………………………………….. 41 4.2.5 Duration of Voilence Shown by the Respondent’s Family Member…………….. 35 4.2.6 Disputes with Husband…………………………………………………………… 36 4.2.6.1 Respondents Having disputes With there Husband…………………………. 36 4.2.6.2 Factors Causing Voilence Behavior……………………………………… 36 4.2.6.3 Impact of Voilence Behaviour………………………………………………...37 4.2.6.4 Reasons of Voilence Behaviour by husband………………………………… 38 4.3 Type of Voilence… ………………………………………………………………………… 39 4.4 Causes and Consequences of Domestic Voilence……………………………………..…… 39 4.5 Knowledge of Legal Provisions ,Social Organization and Controlling Measures of Domestic Voilence…………………………………………...... ………………………….. 41 4.5.1 Knowledge of Social Organizations and NGO’S………………………………….42 4.5.2 Knowledge of Legal Provisions…………………………………………………....42 4.5.3 Types of Legal Provisons…………………………………………………………..43

viii 4.5.4 Role of Media to Reduce Domestic Voilence Against Women…………………...43 4.5.5 Responsible Reasons for the Voilence Against Women…………………………..44 4.5.6 Possible Eliminating Factor to Stop VAW………………………………………...45 CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Summary ……………………………………………………………………………….. 47 5.2 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………... 49

References ...... 52 Appendix ...... 55

ix LIST OF TABLES Page No. Table 1: Distrubtion of Respondents by Martial Status ……………………………….…. 27 Table 2: Child Bearing Status of Respondents ………………………………………..… 28 Table 3: Dividing Respondents by Marriage Age ……………………………………….… 30 Table 4: Dividing Respondents by Eduction Level ……………………………………..… 30 Table 5: Distrubution of Respondents and there husband Occupation ……………….… 31 Table 6: Distrubtion of Respondents who knew VAW Action …………………………… 33 Table 7:Disturbtion of Respondents on the basis of Disputes with various Family Members ………………………………………………………………………………. 33 Table 8: Distrubting Respondets on the basis of Medical Treatment Attentation ……………………...... 35 Table 9: Distrubtion Respondents according to the disputes with husband …………………………………………………………………………….… 36 Table 10: : Distrubtion of Respondents on the basis of causes of violence behaviour……………………………………………………………………………………… 37 Table 11: Distrubtion of Respondents on the basis of impact of violence behaviour shown by husband…………………………………………………………………… 38 Table 12: Distrubtion of Respondents on the basis of Resons of violence behaviour shown by husband…………………………………………………………………… 38 Table 13: Types of violence ……………………………………………………………..…... 39 Table 14: Causes of Domestic Voilence...... 40 Table 15: Consequences of Domestic Voilence …………………………………………….. .41 Table 16: Distrubtion of Respondents as According to Knowledge of social organization and NGO’S……………………………………………………………………………………. 42 Table 17: Distrubtion of Respondents Age According to types of legal provience………. 42 Table 18 : Distrubtion of Respondents as according to the types of Legal Provision ...... 43 Table 19: Distrubtion of Respondents having Knowledge about the Role of Media…………………………………………………………………………………...…. 44 Table 20: Distrubtion of Respondents having Knowledge about the Responsible Reasons for VAW ...... 44

x LIST OF FIGURE

Figure no.1: Conceptual Framework ………………………………………………………… 22

Figure no. 2:Distribution of Respondents according to Age Structure…………………….. 26

Figure no.3: Dividing Respondents by Family Type……………………………………..….. 29

Figure no.4: Distribution of Respondents on Various Types of Disputes Faced………….. 34

Figure no.5: Distribution of Respondents on the basis of Frequency of violence acts

Shown by the family members…………………...... 35