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The Relationship Between Perfectionism and Procrastination Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 8-20-2020 11:00 AM The Relationship between Perfectionism and Procrastination: Examining Trait and Cognitive Conceptualizations, and the Mediating Roles of Fear of Failure and Overgeneralization of Failure Lital Yosopov, The University of Western Ontario Supervisor: Saklofske, Donald, The University of Western Ontario A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the Master of Science degree in Psychology © Lital Yosopov 2020 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Clinical Psychology Commons, Personality and Social Contexts Commons, and the Social Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Yosopov, Lital, "The Relationship between Perfectionism and Procrastination: Examining Trait and Cognitive Conceptualizations, and the Mediating Roles of Fear of Failure and Overgeneralization of Failure" (2020). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 7267. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/7267 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT The relationship between perfectionism and procrastination has been established in the literature; however, findings regarding the magnitude of this correlation are inconsistent. Some studies found small-to-medium effects between trait-perfectionism and trait-procrastination, while others found large effects between perfectionistic cognitions and procrastinatory cognitions, suggesting that the association may be stronger when assessed from a cognitive perspective. The present study addressed this inconsistency, by exploring this association using both trait and cognitive measures. There was a significant and positive correlation between perfectionism and procrastination, and the largest effect size was observed between perfectionism (trait and cognitive measures) and procrastinatory cognitions, suggesting that perfectionists are not necessarily procrastinating more but are rather more cognitively distressed by their procrastinatory tendencies. This study also addressed the mediating roles of two variables: fear of failure (FF), and overgeneralization of failure (OGF). While previous research showed that FF is linked to both perfectionism and procrastination, the role of OGF in this association has been unexamined. Findings in this study showed that FF mediated all (trait and cognitive) pathways between perfectionism and procrastination, and OGF mediated almost all pathways. Further, there was a sequential mediation, via FF followed by OGF, for all (but one) pathways between perfectionism and procrastination. This finding suggests that fear of failure predicts the tendency to overgeneralize failures to one’s global sense of self, and this combination of effects drives the association between perfectionism and procrastination. KEYWORDS: perfectionism; procrastination; perfectionistic cognitions; procrastinatory cognitions; perfectionistic strivings; perfectionistic concerns; fear of failure; overgeneralization of failure ii SUMMARY FOR LAY AUDIENCE Perfectionism is the tendency to set unrealistically high standards for oneself, and to be critical of one’s own behaviours. Procrastination is the irrational delay of an intended action, that occurs with awareness of the long-term negative consequences of this delay. Studies have found that perfectionism and procrastination are positively correlated, but mixed findings exist regarding the strength of this relationship. Some studies reported a small-to-medium magnitude, while others reported a large magnitude in the correlation between perfectionism and procrastination. It appears that, when the constructs are measured from a cognitive perspective (underlying thoughts), the correlation is stronger than when they are measured from a trait perspective (tendencies and behaviours). The present study addressed this inconsistency, by exploring both trait and cognitive perspectives. The relationship between perfectionism and procrastination was significant and positive, and the strongest relationship occurred when procrastination was measured from a cognitive perspective, suggesting that perfectionists are not necessarily procrastinating more but are rather more cognitively distressed by their procrastinatory tendencies. This study also addressed the mediating roles of two variables: fear of failure (FF), and overgeneralization of failure (OGF). FF occurs when an individual is afraid of failure because there are negative consequences associated with failure, while OGF occurs when an individual generalizes a failure to his/her global sense of self (e.g., “I am a failure”). While previous research showed that FF is linked to both perfectionism and procrastination, the role of OGF in this association has been unexamined. Findings in this study showed that FF mediated all the relationships between perfectionism and procrastination (when they were assessed from both trait and cognitive perspectives), and OGF mediated almost all of the relationships. Further, there was a sequential mediation, via FF followed by OGF, for all (but one) relationships between perfectionism and procrastination. This finding suggests that FF predicts the tendency to overgeneralize failures to one’s global sense of self, and this combination of effects drives the association between perfectionism and procrastination. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to extend my sincerest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Donald Saklofske, for his guidance and support throughout this process and throughout my master’s studies. From reading my proposal to carefully reviewing every section of my thesis, Dr. Saklofske’s feedback, encouragement, and expertise have been invaluable. I am grateful for all the guidance that he provided me with, and for all that I’ve learned under his supervision! I would also like to thank my thesis committee members, Dr. Paul Tremblay and Dr. Lindsay Bodell, for their time, support, and recommendations. I am grateful for Dr. Tremblay’s kindness and time, as he guided me through the statistical and methodological applications of my thesis. I am also grateful to Dr. Bodell, for her comments and feedback throughout the written sections of my thesis. Dr. Tremblay’s and Dr. Bodell’s kindness and commitment are inspiring! I would also like to express my deepest gratitude to my family and loved ones – without their endless encouragement and love, none of this would be possible. They did not only guide me morally and emotionally, but they also were (and continue to be) the greatest source of support in my life. Aba and Ima – thank you for being the most amazing parents and role-models any daughter could possibly ask for. Through hard work, determination, and kindness, you have shown me that any aspiration is within reach. I am lucky to have you! iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………...... ii SUMMARY FOR LAY AUDIENCE……………………………………………………. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………………. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………. v CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………....... 1 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………. 1 1.1 Perfectionism and Procrastination – Overview…………………………. 1 1.1.2 Perfectionism……………………………………………………. 1 1.1.3 Procrastination………………………………………………….. 4 1.1.4 Perfectionism and Procrastination……………………………… 5 1.2 Perfectionism, Procrastination, and Fear of Failure…………………… 9 1.3 Perfectionism, Procrastination, and Overgeneralization of Failure…… 10 1.4. Perfectionism, Procrastination, Fear of Failure, and Overgeneralisation of Failure…………………………………………... 12 1.5 Summary of Study Objectives……………………………………………. 13 CHAPTER 2: METHODS……………………………………………………………....... 14 2. Methods…………………………………………………………………………… 14 2.1 Participants……………………………………………………………… 14 2.2 Measures…………………………………………………………………. 14 2.2.1 Trait Perfectionism………………………………………………. 14 2.2.1.1 Perfectionistic Strivings and Perfectionistic Concerns…... 15 2.2.2 Perfectionistic Cognitions……………………………………….. 16 2.2.3 Trait Procrastination…………………………………………….. 16 2.2.4 Procrastinatory Cognitions……………………………………. 17 2.2.5 Fear of Failure…………………………………………………. 17 2.2.6 Overgeneralization of Failure…………………………………… 18 2.3 Procedure………………………………………………………………… 19 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS…………………………………………………………………. 20 3. Results……………………………………………………………………………... 20 v 3.1 Data Screening……………………………………………………………. 20 3.2 Preliminary Analyses……………………………………………………… 21 3.3 Correlation Analyses……………………………………………………… 22 3.3.1 Comparison of Effect Sizes……………………………………… 22 3.4 Hierarchical Regression Analysis………………………………………… 23 3.5 Mediation Analyses….……………………………………………………. 23 3.5.1 Fear of Failure…………………………………………………... 24 3.5.2 Overgeneralization of Failure…………………………………. 26 3.5.3 Comparison of Indirect Effects………………………………….. 27 3.5.4 Sequential Mediation…………………………………………….. 29 CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………... 31 4. Discussion…………………………………………………………………………. 31 4.1 Correlation Analyses: Findings and Future Directions………………….. 31 4.2 Mediation Analyses: Findings and Future Directions…………………… 35 4.3 Implications……………………………………………………………….. 39 4.4 Limitations and Future Directions………………………………………... 40 REFERENCES…………………………………………..………………………………... 43 TABLE 1. Descriptive statistics…………………………………………………………… 53 TABLE 2. Bivariate correlations between
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