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03 Huttinger CONTENIDO DOSSIER 3 Héctor Cuauhtémoc Hernández Silva ESTUDIOS SOBRE PRESENTACIÓN BENITO JUÁREZ LA CONMEMORACIÓN BICENTENARIA Y EL LIBERALISMO EN EL DE BENITO JUÁREZ BICENTENARIO 2006 5 Érika Pani EL LIBERALISMO QUE NO FUE DE JUÁREZ. LAS RAZONES DE LOS IMPERIALISTAS 19 Reinaldo Suárez Suárez JOSÉ MARTÍ Y LA PENA DE MUERTE EN EL MÉXICO LIBERAL (1875-1876) 39 Arturo Lomas Maldonado JUÁREZ Y SUS HECHOS EN LA GUERRA DE REFORMA (1859-1861) 63 Xiomara Avendaño Rojas LA DIVISIÓN POLÍTICO-ADMINISTRATIVA EN NICARAGUA A PARTIR DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN DE 1858, ¿CAMBIO O CONTINUIDAD? LITERATURA 81 Margarita Alegría de la Colina HUMOR Y COMICIDAD EN LA LITERATURA POPULAR DEL SIGLO XIX MEXICANO 93 Alejandra Herrera DOS TEMAS EN LA POÉTICA DE RUBÉN BONIFAZ NUÑO 101 María Luisa Domínguez y Christine Hüttinger LA IDENTIDAD FEMENINA –¿HISTORIA DE UN FRACASO?– 125 Gloria Josephine Hiroko Ito Sugiyama BLANCO PLATA; ROJO FUEGO. MUTILACIÓN DEL CUERPO; MUTILACIÓN DE LA PALABRA. ENSAYO COMPARATIVO DE FARABEUF O LA CRÓNICA DE UN INSTANTE Y EL HIPOGEO SECRETO O LA CRÓNICA DE POLT DE SALVADOR ELIZONDO 141 Efraín Barradas EL MACHO COMO TRAVESTI. PROPUESTA PARA UNA HISTORIA DEL MACHISMO EN PUERTO RICO ESTUDIOS CULTURALES 153 Alejandro Nava Tovar FRANZ KAFKA Y EL ESTADO DE INDEFENSIÓN HISTORIOGRAFÍA 165 Adrián Montero Palma ESTRATEGIAS DISCURSIVAS DE KRAUZE ANÁLISIS DE BIOGRAFÍA DEL PODER HISTORIA 183 Nicolás Amoroso Boelcke NOMBRAR LA HISTORIA. EL CINE COMO INSTRUMENTO MIRADA CRÍTICA 197 Priscilla Connolly Víctor Díaz Arciniega Agustín Sánchez González Ernesto Aréchiga Córdoba 215 SINOPSIS DE LOS ARTÍCULOS 221 COLABORADORES PRESENTACIÓN LA CONMEMORACIÓN BICENTENARIA DE BENITO JUÁREZ Héctor Cuauhtémoc Hernández Silva* D esde el surgimiento, a finales del siglo a rememorar: el 15 de mayo por la rendi- XVIII, del moderno Estado-nación, los ción de Querétaro; el 15 de julio por la gobiernos instituyeron las “fiestas naciona- entrada triunfal a la capital y la restaura- les” como una forma de preservar el re- ción del gobierno republicano; el 2 de abril cuerdo de los sucesos que habían hecho porfirista, por el triunfo militar del general posible el establecimiento del nuevo orden oaxaqueño sobre las fuerzas imperiales en de cosas. La utilización de la conmemora- Puebla. Pero la fiesta centenaria del naci- ción cívica para sostener la remembranza miento de Benito Juárez en 1906 opacó a abrió paso a la manipulación de la memo- todas ellas. La exaltación del dirigente li- ria histórica seleccionando determinados beral como el héroe forjador del orden hechos, personas, fechas, de acuerdo con republicano se convirtió en una de las tres la ideología e intereses de los grupos de- grandes fiestas actuales de México, junto tentadores del poder político: para cele- con el Grito de Independencia y el inicio brar la Independencia Mexicana el 16 o de la Revolución Mexicana. 27 de septiembre, para darle paternidad a El bicentenario del natalicio de Benito la patria, Hidalgo o Iturbide. Juárez en 2006 llega en un momento difí- Conforme el Estado-nación liberal se fue cil para la celebración de las fiestas na- consolidando, el calendario cívico fue cre- cionales impuestas por el liberalismo me- ciendo y las fiestas nacionales se multipli- xicano triunfante. La crisis del Estado caron. La organización de éstas recordaba mexicano emanado de la Revolución Me- a la sociedad hechos ligados a la institución xicana, el ascenso al poder político nacio- política existente y que la legitimaban. Fue nal de los herederos de aquellos grupos por ello que la memoria histórica se con- conservadores, así como la circunscrip- virtió, como dice Jacques Le Goff, en “una ción académica de la producción histórica, necesidad reconocida y puesta en práctica han provocado que dicha conmemoración por todos los gobiernos”. tenga matices diversos: mientras el go- El triunfo de los liberales republicanos bierno ejecutivo de Vicente Fox procuró sobre los imperialistas trajo nuevas fechas opacarla, el poder legislativo y todas las fuerzas políticas, de izquierda, derecha o * Departamento de Humanidades, UAM-A. centro, se dieron a la tarea de enaltecer la [3] HÉCTOR CUAUHTÉMOC HERNÁNDEZ SILVA memoria del adalid republicano. Los aca- rebeldía, es el momento de repensar el démicos nos dedicamos a organizar, como significado de nación, de estudiar las ma- siempre, mesas y foros. nifestaciones populares acerca de ella y de Eric Hobsbawm ha escrito que “la de- sus mitos históricos, de hacer una his- construcción de mitos políticos o sociales toriografía más atenta a la realidad y no disfrazados de historia forma parte des- sólo a discusiones teóricas bizantinas, que de hace tiempo” de las tareas profesiona- sin el matiz político y de compromiso con les del historiador. La historia académica el que nació nuestra historia escrita en el sigue teniendo un reto, en su labor y frente siglo XIX quedan inertes. El uso de los a su presente: la recuperación crítica de la símbolos históricos sancionados por la práctica política de la historia y de los mi- historia liberal con otros contenidos o con tos nacionalistas. Para ello es necesario otros fines, tanto por políticos como por despojarse de los anteojos liberales con los los grupos sociales, nos hacen ver que si que nos enseñaron a mirar la historia, para bien la protesta radical política ha llegado analizar los procesos y no sólo a los indi- a nuestro tiempo, todavía queda por desle- viduos, desde otras ópticas. gitimar los valores culturales hegemóni- Ahora que el Estado mexicano ya no cos de los poderes dominantes, entre ellos representa a la nación, o cuando menos los mitos históricos nacionalistas, y con se ha puesto en entredicho su legitimidad ello transformar nuestra mirada histórica por millones de votantes y no votantes en hacia el futuro. 4 FUENTES HUMANÍSTICAS 33 DOSSIER EL LIBERALISMO QUE NO FUE DE JUÁREZ. LAS RAZONES DE LOS IMPERIALISTAS* Érika Pani** N uestras visiones del pasado se han trabajados con igual ahínco. De esta ma- enriquecido mucho en los últimos treinta nera, si el revisionismo ha cambiado las años. Para quienes nos dedicamos a la formas en que comprendemos los proce- historia política, aquello que por un mo- sos de Independencia y Revolución, ha de- mento se pensó como la competencia de jado prácticamente incólume, salvo excep- los enfoques económicos, sociales y ciones, el otro gran momento de la historia culturales, así como la superación de un del México independiente, la Reforma. marco nacional que pecaba de ensimis- Consagrada ya desde su misma época mado, han abierto perspectivas más am- histórica como una “segunda indepen- plias que nos han permitido acceder a un dencia”, la Guerra de Reforma e Interven- cuadro más completo y más complejo de ción pervive en la memoria colectiva nuestro ayer. como un periodo de idealismo liberal y ne- Muchos de los problemas de la “historia cedad conservadora, de heroísmo repu- patria” han sido identificados y, en muchos blicano y traición reaccionaria, dominado aspectos, solventados por una historia po- en forma avasalladora por la personali- lítica que si bien sería pretencioso calificar dad de Benito Juárez. Habría que pre- como “nueva”, es más abierta, más modes- guntarse por qué la Reforma conserva los ta y más claridosa. Sin embargo, se han tintes del mito patriótico perfecto en el mantenido, en algunos aspectos, los hitos que los buenos derrotan a los malos, y consagrados de la historia de bronce y no por qué Benito Juárez adquirió no sólo una todos los periodos de la historia han sido estatura colosal, sino rasgos pétreos de hé- roe de pedestal que muchas veces nos im- piden acercarnos al político, al estadista y * El presente ensayo forma parte del libro Los al hombre. mil rostros de Juárez, de la Colección Conmemora- tiva del Bicentenario, que publicarán la UAM y la Ya en 1904, Francisco Bulnes pretendió UABJO en el 2007. Se presenta en este dossier como desmitificar la figura heroica de Juárez, tal avance editorial. cual la pintaba la historia oficial. Bulnes ** División de Historia, CIDE. Agradezco al doctor consideraba que se faltaba a la verdad y Cuauhtémoc Hernández el haberme invitado a co- laborar en este proyecto. Retomo, en este texto, a la justicia al ocultar las sombras del mucho de trabajos anteriores. presidente oaxaqueño, al transformar en [5] ÉRIKA PANI actos heroicos lo que no era sino producto sigue describiéndose al México de las de la miopía o de la ambición, y al res- primeras décadas independientes como el ponsabilizar a un solo hombre de un largo “país de un solo hombre”, Antonio López y complejísimo proceso histórico. Don de Santa Anna, se insiste en que la “prodi- Francisco escribía, además, con pésima le- giosa vida de Juárez” resuma la historia de che. De este modo, aunque algunas crí- México al mediar el siglo XIX. Abundan ticas contenidas en El verdadero Juárez y entonces biografías del Benemérito, pero, la verdad sobre la Intervención y el Im- salvo excepciones,4 éstas describen las perio, así como las reflexiones de Bulnes hazañas del héroe –o del antihéroe– y no en torno a la escritura de la historia son la vida y obra del actor histórico. sugerentes, el veneno que destila el libro Más fértiles han sido los estudios de hizo que su lectura desembocara más en campos en los que no es figura principal el escándalo que en el debate.1 ni participa en forma directa el estadista No obstante, las respuestas a Bulnes, oaxaqueño. Así, algunos investigadores han mesuradas o furiosas, encarnan quizá la buscado en las innovaciones de la Refor- más voluminosa producción historiográfi- ma aquellas leyes e instituciones que, con ca sobre Juárez. Si el Juárez de la “historia la Constitución de 1857 y las Leyes de Re- oficial” nos deja insatisfechos, no debe sor- forma, apuntalaron el orden jurídico y el prender, por otra parte, que al igual que marco legal hasta 1917, y encauzaron la ese héroe de bronce, el retrato de Juárez transformación económica del México que pintara la historiografía católica y con- porfiriano.5 servadora carezca, de la misma manera, Muy sugerentes han sido también de profundidad y matices.
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