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Coagulation Treatment to Remove Denatonium Benzoate

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Coagulation Treatment to Remove Denatonium Benzoate COAGULATION TREATMENT TO REMOVE DENATONIUM BENZOATE FROM WATER Thesis Submitted to The School of Engineering of the UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Master of Science in Chemical Engineering By Hussein Alaydamee Dayton, Ohio May 2017 COAGULATION TREATMENT TO REMOVE DENATONIUM BENZOATE FROM WATER Name: Alaydamee, Hussein Hantoosh APPROVED BY: ___________________________ _________________________ Kenya Crosson, Ph.D. Kevin J. Myers, D.Sc., P.E. Advisory Committee Chairman Professor, Graduate Chemical Associate Professor Engineering Program Coordinator Department of Civil and Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Materials Engineering Engineering Mechanics ________________________ Erick S. Vasquez, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering ________________________ ________________________ Robert J. Wilkens, Ph.D., P.E. Eddy M. Rojas Ph.D., M.A, P.E. Associate Dean for Research and Innovation Dean, School of Engineering Professor School of Engineering ii © Copyright by Hussein Hantoosh Alaydamee All rights reserved 2017 iii ABSTRACT COAGULATION TREATMENT TO REMOVE DENATONIUM BENZOATE FROM WATER Name: Alaydamee, Hussein Hantoosh University of Dayton Advisor: Dr. Kenya Crosson The bittering agent denatonium benzoate, DB, was mandated by the U.S. House of Representatives (H.R. 615) to be added to antifreeze containing more than 10% ethylene glycol at 30-50ppm in order to prevent accidental poisoning. 30-ppm DB concentration in water makes it unpalatable. This research addressed the optimal doses of alum and ferric chloride, and impact of water quality conditions such as pH, ionic strength, turbidity, and alkalinity on DB removal from water. Coagulation aids such as kaolin and bentonite were studied for their impact on DB removal. After conducting several coagulation experiments on water sources at their initial ionic strength (0.01-M river and groundwater; 0.00005-M ultrapure water), it was found that 20-ppm alum was the optimal dose that removed 90% DB from ultrapure water. iv Higher alum dosages (60-mg/l) were needed to achieve 76% DB removal from groundwater. A 50-ppm dose of alum or FeCl3 achieved 72% DB removal from river water. In comparison to alum coagulation in ultrapure water, a lower FeCl3 dose (5-ppm) achieved a similar DB removal (83%). However, in groundwater, FeCl3 treatment did not achieve better DB removal (49%) than alum. Both coagulants consumed part of water alkalinity. Higher doses (50-ppm of alum or FeCl3) were required to remove DB from river water than ultrapure water (5-ppm ferric chloride or 20-ppm alum) because river water had higher turbidity, which indicates that higher coagulant doses tended to remove DB as well as the particles causing turbidity in river water. Coagulants lowered river water turbidity to 0.1 NTU; FeCl3 (20-ppm) was more effective than alum to lower turbidity to 0.1 NTU in groundwater. Optimal pH conditions for alum or FeCl3 were 5.8, 6, and 7.45 in ultrapure water, river water, and groundwater, respectively. In ultrapure water, pH conditions higher than 5.8 resulted in lower DB removal, and below pH 5.8, DB removal also decreased. An ionic strength of 0.00005 M and 0.01 M in ultrapure water and river water, respectively, achieved the best DB removal with alum. Ionic strength of 0.00005 M and 0.03 M in ultrapure water and river water, respectively, achieved the best DB removal by FeCl3. Addition of kaolin and bentonite did not achieve higher DB removal. Coagulant aid and river water results suggest that the presence of specific clay minerals and turbidity in the water limit DB removal. Lower DB removal was obtained when the water turbidity was higher, and only increased ionic strength conditions that would reduce the electric double layer thickness and facilitates the destabilization of clay v minerals and turbidity slightly enhanced DB removal. The coagulant aid experiments support this premise that DB likely does not adsorb to these clay minerals to be removed via coagulation. vi I dedicate my thesis work to my parents, my brother and sisters, my wife, and my lovely angels Ali and Zayneb. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My most sincere thanks go to my advisor and mentor, Dr. Kenya Crosson. I thank her for providing the time and efforts in directing this work in an organized manner. I thank her for her guidance, encouragement and support during the development of this work. She has been teaching me all about self-discipline in laboratory work and in written scientific communication. Special thanks are due to Dr. Kevin Myers for advising me during my academic study, and guiding me into a successful graduation through his organized thinking and tracking. Many thanks are due to Dr. Erick Vasquez for his time, efforts, and serving on my thesis committee. Special thanks are due to the higher committee for education development in Iraq for awarding me scholarship in chemical engineering master degree. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. iv DEDICATION ............................................................................................................ vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... xi LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................... xv CHAPTER I- INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................1 1.1. Statement of Problem ................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Significance of Problem ............................................................................................... 2 1.3. Objectives of the Research ........................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER II- LITERATURE REVIEW.....................................................................4 2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 4 2.2. Denatonium Benzoate as an Aversive/Bittering Agent .................................................. 6 2.3. Denatonium Benzoate Applications and Uses ............................................................... 7 2.4. Antifreeze bittering agent state legislation .................................................................... 9 2.5. Denatonium Ion Quantification .................................................................................. 10 2.6. Coagulation for Water Treatment ............................................................................... 11 2.7. Coagulants ................................................................................................................. 13 2.8. Taste and odor compounds ......................................................................................... 16 2.9. Kaolin and bentonite .................................................................................................. 17 2.10. Water Quality Impacts on the Coagulation Process ...................................................... 18 CHAPTER III- MATERIALS AND METHODS ...................................................... 21 3.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 21 3.2. Materials and Equipments .......................................................................................... 21 3.2.1. Denatonium Benzoate .......................................................................................... 21 3.2.2. Coagulants ........................................................................................................... 22 3.2.3. Calcium Chloride ................................................................................................. 23 3.2.4. Potassium Chloride .............................................................................................. 23 3.2.5. Sodium Hydroxide ............................................................................................... 23 3.2.6. Hydrochloric Acid ............................................................................................... 24 3.2.7. Kaolin and Bentonite Clays .................................................................................. 24 3.2.8. Ultrapure Millipore™ Water ................................................................................ 24 3.2.9. Jar Testing Apparatus .......................................................................................... 25 3.2.10. UV-VIS Spectrophotometer ................................................................................. 25 ix 3.2.11. Analytical balance.............................................................................................. 26 3.2.12. Quartz Cuvette ................................................................................................... 26 3.2.13. Digital Pipets ..................................................................................................... 26 3.2.14. Beakers .............................................................................................................
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