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5 Drug-Related Treatment: Treatment Demand and Treatment Availability… 2011 Croatian Report on Drugs Situation 11 20 Office for Combating Drugs Abuse 1 Preobraţenska 4/II, 10 000 Zagreb, CROATIA 2011 Croatian Report on Drugs Situation CROATIAN NATIONAL DRUGS INFORMATION UNIT 2011 NATIONAL REPORT (2010 data) TO THE EMCDDA by the Office for Combating Drugs Abuse of the Government of the Republic of Croatia CROATIA New Development, Trends and in-depth information on selected issues Zagreb, August 2011 Drawn up on behalf of the Office for Combating Drugs Abuse of the Government of the Republic of Croatia and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) Office for Combating Drugs Abuse 2 Preobraţenska 4/II, 10 000 Zagreb, CROATIA 2011 Croatian Report on Drugs Situation Report prepared by: Lidija Vugrinec, M.A. Dijana Jerković, M.A. Martina Markelić, M.A. Marko Markus, M.A. Ph.D. Jadranka Ivandić Zimić Sanja Mikulić, M.A. Nataša Vukiĉević Josipa-Lovorka Andreić, M.A. Data providers: Croatian Institute for Public Health Ministry of Interior Ministry of Justice Other relevant governmental and non-governmental institutions Translated by: Jeziĉno uĉilište Barbare Moĉnik Cover design by: PALETE kreativni studio ISBN: 978-953-95031-6-9 Office for Combating Drugs Abuse 3 Preobraţenska 4/II, 10 000 Zagreb, CROATIA 2011 Croatian Report on Drugs Situation Acknowledgement: This report is the fifth Croatian Annual Report. It was drawn up by the Office for Combating Drugs Abuse in close collabouration with the external experts. We would like to thank all national partners, members of working groups, organizations, institutions and bodies that provided necessary data and contributed to interpretation of the data. The Office for Combating Drugs Abuse bears no responsibility for the validity of data derived by external sources, as well as for the consequences arising from their use. Table of Contents Summary………………………………………………………………………………….......... 7 Part A: New developments and trends 1 Drug Policy: legislation, strategies and economic analysis …….......................... 14 1.1 Legal framework ……………………………………………………………………........ 14 1.2 National action plan, strategy, evaluation and coordination ……………..……......... 15 1.2.1 National action plan and strategy............................................................................. 15 1.2.2 Implementation of the national action plan and strategy …..................................... 17 1.2.3 Evaluation of the national action plan and strategy …………………………............. 19 1.2.4 Coordination………………………………………………………………………............ 20 1.3 Economic analysis……………………………………………………………………….. 23 2 Drug use in the general population and specific targeted groups ………............ 30 2.1 Drug use in the general population ………………………………………………….... 30 2.2 Drug use in the school and youth population …………………….............................. 31 2.3 Drug use among targeted groups / settings at national and local level ...………….. 34 3 Prevention………………………………………………………………………………....... 36 3.1 Universal prevention………….……………………………………………………...... 38 3.2 Selective prevention in at-risk groups and settings ……………………................... 43 3.3 Indicated prevention………………………………………………………………......... 45 3.4 National and local media campaign…………………………………………........ 45 4 Problem Drug Use (PDU)…………………………………………….............................. 47 4.1 Prevalence and incidence estimates of PDU….……………………......................... 47 4.1.1 Mortality multiplier……………………………………….............................................. 47 4.1.2 Capture-recapture method………………………………………………………………. 48 4.2 Data on PDUs from non-treatment sources …………………….. 49 5 Drug-related treatment: treatment demand and treatment availability…............. 50 5.1 General description, availability and quality assurance……………………......... 50 5.1.1 Strategy/policy……………………………………………………………………....... 50 5.1.2 Treatment systems ………………………………………………………….................. 51 5.2 Access to treatment……..…………………………………………………………….. 55 5.2.1 Characteristics of treated clients……………………………………………………. 55 5.2.2 Trends of treated population and treatment provision…..…………………………… 63 6 Health correlates and consequences …………………………………………….. ….. 67 6.1 Drug-related infectious diseases ………………………………………………........ 67 6.2 Other drug-related health correlates and consequences ……………………........ 69 Office for Combating Drugs Abuse 4 Preobraţenska 4/II, 10 000 Zagreb, CROATIA 2011 Croatian Report on Drugs Situation 6.3 Drug-related deaths and mortality of drug users ………………………….................. 70 7 Responses to health correlates and consequences ………………………............. 76 7.1 Prevention of drug-related emergencies and reduction of drug-related deaths........ 76 7.2 Prevention and treatment of drug-related infectious diseases ………..................... 76 7.3 Responses to other health correlates among drug users …………………………… 80 8 Social correlates and social reintegration…………………………………………….. 81 8.1 Social exclusion and drug use ……………………………………………................... 81 8.1.1 Social exclusion among drug users……………………………………………………. 82 8.1.2 Drug use among socially excluded groups……………………………………………. 82 8.2 Social reintegration………………………………………………………………………. 84 8.2.1 Housing …………………………………………………………………………………… 85 8.2.2 Education, training.………………………………………………………………………. 86 8.2.3 Employment………………………………………………………………………………. 88 8.2.4 Quality assurance ……………………………………………………………………….. 89 9 Drug-related crime, prevention of drug-related crime and prison........………….. 91 9.1 Drug-related crime ………………………………………………………………............ 92 9.1.1 Drugvlaw offences……………………………………………………………………… 92 9.1.2 Other drug-related crime ………………………………………………………………... 97 9.2 Prevention of drug-related crime ………………………………………………………. 98 9.3 Interventions in the criminal justice system …………………………………………... 99 9.4 Drug use and problem drug use in prisons …………………………………………… 100 9.5 Responses to drug-related health issues in prison…………………………………… 103 9.6 Reintegration of drug users after release from prison………………………………... 103 10 Drug markets………………………………………………………………………………. 107 10.1 Availability and supply…………………………………………………………............ 107 10.1.1 Perceived availability of drugs, exposure, access to drugs………………………… 107 10.1.2 Drugs origin: national production versus imported………………………………..... 109 10.1.3 Trafficking patterns, national and international flows, routes, modi operandi 109 and organization of domestic drug markets………………………………............. 10.2 Seizures……………………………………………………………………………........ 114 10.2.1 Quantities and number of seizures of all illicit drugs….…………………………….. 114 10.2.2 Quantities and number of seizures of precursor chemicals used in the 118 manufacture of illicit drugs……………………………….......................................... 10.2.3 Number of illicit labouratories and other production sites 118 dismantled……………………………………………………………………………………….. 10.3 Price/Purity …………………………………………………………………………. 119 10.3.1 Price of illegal drugs at retail level……………………………………………… ….. 119 10.3.2 Purity/potency of illicit drugs …………………………………………………………. 122 Part B: Selected issues 11 Drug related health policies and services in prison………………………………. 128 11.1 Prison systems and prison population: contextual information……………............ 128 11.2 Organization of prison health policies and service delivery……………... ………. 129 11.2.1 Prison health......................................................................................................... ………….129 11.2.2 Drug related health policies targeting prisoners.................................................... 131 11.3 Provision of drug related health services in prison………………………………….. 132 11.3.1 Prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, harm reduction............................................ 132 11.3.2 Drug testing............................................................................................................ 136 11.4 Service quality........................................................................................................ 137 11.4.1 Practical guidelines and standards of drug related health services for prisoners.. 137 11.4.2 Training.................................................................................................................. 137 11.5 Discussion, methodological limitations and information gaps…............................ 138 11.5.1 Equivalence of care............................................................................................ 138 11.5.2 Methodology limitations and information gaps……................................................ 138 Office for Combating Drugs Abuse 5 Preobraţenska 4/II, 10 000 Zagreb, CROATIA 2011 Croatian Report on Drugs Situation 12 Cross border travel, drug use and drug services………………………………… 139 12.1 Characteristics of inflows of tourists engaging in drug use………………………… 139 12.1.1 Extend of the inflows…………………………………………………………….......... 140 12.1.2 Primary destinations …………………………………………………………………… 140 12.1.3 Motivation/reason for visiting the country ……………………………………………. 141 12.1.4 Tourist types…………………………………………………………………………….. 141 12.1.5 Typical travel arrangements………………………………………………………….. 142 12.1.6 Drug use patterns while visiting the country…………………………………………. 142 12.1.7 Colaboration with other countries, including countries of origin of tourists……….. 143 12.2 Characteristics of outflows of nationals engaging in drug use abroad................... 144 12.2.1 Typical travel arrangements…………………………………………………………… 144 Part C 13 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………............ 146 13.1 Alphabetic list of all bibliographic references
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