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The Life and Death of a Nineteenth-Century Single-Screw Steamer

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The Life and Death of a Nineteenth-Century Single-Screw Steamer THE LIFE AND DEATH OF A NINETEENTH-CENTURY SINGLE-SCREW STEAMER, CITY OF TAMPA by Andrew M. Derlikowski B.A., The University of West Florida, 2012 A thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology College of Arts, Social Sciences, and Humanities The University of West Florida In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 2017 Ó 2017 Andrew Derlikowski The thesis of Andrew M. Derlikowski is approved: ____________________________________________ _________________ Della Scott-Ireton, Ph.D., Committee Member Date ____________________________________________ _________________ Amy Mitchell-Cook, Ph.D., Committee Member Date ____________________________________________ _________________ Gregory Cook, Ph.D., Committee Chair Date Accepted for the Department/Division: ____________________________________________ _________________ John Bratten, Ph.D., Chair Date Accepted for the University: ____________________________________________ _________________ John Clune, Ph.D. Date Interim Vice Provost for Academic Progress ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A number of people helped to make this thesis possible. I want to thank my thesis committee, Dr. Greg Cook, Dr. Della Scott-Ireton, and Dr. Amy Mitchell-Cook for helping me navigate the often-muddy waters of the thesis process. I couldn’t have completed this project without your feedback and flexibility. I would also like to thank The University of West Florida Archaeology Institute, the Blackwater Pyrates, and the Pensacola Archaeological Society for the financial and material support that allowed me to conduct my research and fieldwork. Nathan Woolsey for getting me so much great information, and my buddy Bill for all his steam engine knowledge. To the gents at Marine Services, Steve McLin, who taught me so much about the boats we use every day, Fritz Sharar, who gave me much support with all things underwater and above, and Del De Los Santos for always lending a helping hand, I couldn’t have done it without you. Several of my professors in the Department of Anthropology contributed to this thesis as well. Dr. Ramie Gougeon, who talked with me about CRM life and my foray into actor-network theory, and Dr. John Bratten, who allowed me to go after City of Tampa in the first place. Cindi Rogers and Juliette Moore, thank you for making sure that I was always on track with my paperwork, and for acting surprised to see me in the office. I also could not have finished my fieldwork without the help of my fellow graduate students during the 2013-2015 seasons. So many friends and students helped make this a reality, but I would like to acknowledge a few in particular. Meghan Mumford, you spent a ridiculous amount of time in the murky depths of the river, mapping City of Tampa with me. William J. Wilson, you’ve been with me from the beginning, relocating City of Tampa and working on her, your encouragement and friendship through this entire process has been of immeasurable value to me, thank you! iv Most of all, I could not have done any of this without my wife, best friend, research assistant, and editor, Connie. I never dreamt of being able to go back to University, your belief in me makes me a better person every single day. You manage not only me, but our daughter and menagerie of animals while I get to be an archaeologist. I love and cherish you dearly. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................................x CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................1 CHAPTER II. ENVIRONMENT ..................................................................................7 A. Background ......................................................................................7 B. Geographic Location ........................................................................8 CHAPTER III. HISTORY OF STEAMBOATING AND CITY OF TAMPA ............10 A. Industry in NW Florida .................................................................10 B. Yellow Pine and other Types of Wood Used in Watercraft .........12 C. Introduction of Steam-powered Vessels .......................................14 D. Packet Steamer City of Tampa ......................................................16 E. Problems with Steam-propelled Vessels .......................................21 F. Operation of Steam-driven Vessels ..............................................24 G. Current Investigations ...................................................................30 CHAPTER IV. METHOLOGY AND FIELDWORK ..................................................36 A. Pensacola Shipwreck Survey Phase I, 1991 .................................36 B. Relocating City of Tampa .............................................................36 C. Archaeological Operations 2013 ...................................................38 D. Artifact Analysis ...........................................................................41 E. Archaeological Investigation 2014 and 2015 ...............................44 F. Collecting Timber Samples ...........................................................46 CHAPTER V. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ......................................................50 A. Actor Network Theory Background ............................................50 B. Theory in Practice ........................................................................50 C. Actor Network Theory and City of Tampa ..................................51 CHAPTER VI. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ...............................................55 A. Conclusion ...................................................................................57 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................60 APPENDIX APPENDIX A ....................................................................................................................65 TRILATERATION FORM ...............................................................66 vi LIST OF TABLES 1. CHANGES TO CITY OF TAMPA FROM CONSTRUCTION TO SINKING ...17 2. WOOD SAMPLES COLLECTED AND LOCATIONS ......................................27 vii LIST OF FIGURES 1. Map indicating area of investigation (8SR1490) .....................................................9 2. Loblolly Pine, Pinus taeda L., distribution ............................................................13 3. Longleaf Pine, Pinus palustra L., distribution .......................................................14 4. Volunteer on the Ohio river prior to modification .................................................19 5. City of Tampa in reverse on Blackwater River, date unknown .............................19 6. City of Tampa, Ollinger and Bruce Dry-dock ........................................................24 7. City of Tampa at Palafox Wharf, c. 1910 ...............................................................26 8. Changes in shape, size, and tonnage of City of Tampa ..........................................27 9. City of Tampa under-steam, date unknown ...........................................................28 10. Steamer City of Tampa on Blackwater Bay ...........................................................29 11. City of Tampa, under steam ...................................................................................29 12. City of Tampa at mooring, Keyser Wharf, Milton Florida ....................................30 13. Sector Scan north of boiler ....................................................................................31 14. Advertisement from Milton Gazette 1919 .............................................................33 15. Close-up of initial side-scan image, 2013 ..............................................................37 16. Meghan Mumford and author mapping in excellent visibility ..............................39 17. Magnetic signature of City of Tampa .....................................................................40 18. Stoneware ceramic fragment ..................................................................................41 19. Graphitized globe valve cover ...............................................................................42 20. XRF results indicating heavy presences of iron (Fe) .............................................42 21. Pressure relief valve, reads “Battle Creek” along upper portion ...........................43 22. X-Ray showing the brass interior of valve ............................................................43 viii 23. Brass oiler, “McMillian Bros. Co.” embossed .......................................................44 24. A map of total rainfall (mm) from the NASA near-real-time TRMM Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA-RT) for the period of 29 April – 1 May 2014. .....45 25. Construction plan of Sabino. Arrow denotes example of sample locations ..........46 26. At amidships facing aft, starboard futtock, ceiling planking and firebox ..............49 27. Four-blade propeller, facing toward the bow .........................................................49 28. Site map of City of
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