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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9316207 Structural correlates of rural poverty in the Republic of Korea Park, Dae Shik, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1993 Copyright ©1993 by Park, Dae Shik. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Structural Correlates of Rural Poverty in the Republic of Korea DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Dae Shik Park, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1993 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Dr. Joseph F. Donnermeyer Dr. Wen L. Li /j {/ Advisor Q C/ Department of Agricultural Dr. Linda M. Lobao Economics and Rural Sociology Copyright by Dae Shik Park 1993 To My Parents ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I express sincere appreciation to Dr. Joseph F. Donnermeyer, my major advisor, for his encouragement, guidance, and support throughout the research. His advise will be kept in my heart as an everlasting guide for my future life. Sincere gratitude is also expressed to Drs. Wen Li and Linda Lobao who served on my dissertation committee for their valuable suggestions and comments. Their critiques helped to clarify thoughts and improve the research. Thanks also goes to Dr. Don Thomas who served as a member of my graduate program committee. I also wish to express gratitude to various professors in the Department of Sociology, Pusan National University, who guided me into the world of sociology. Special thanks are expressed to the late Dr. Dong Shik Hong, who taught me the duty and way of a rural sociologist. Thanks are also expressed to the many faculty, friends, and graduate students who showed interest and provided encouragement to continue the research. Finally, I express my thanks to my parents and family and to my lovely wife, Hwa Soon. Without their love and consideration, this study would not have been possible. Also, I would like to share delights with my baby who will be born soon. VITA 1959 .................. Born - Sangju, Republic of Korea 1983 .................. B.A., Department of Sociology, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea 1983-1985 ............. Research Assistant, Social Survey Research Center, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea 1985 .................. M.A., Department of Sociology, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea 1985-1987 ............. Military Service, Radar Operator 1988-1989 ............. Research Assistant, Department of Sociology, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea 1990-1992 ............. Graduate Research Associate, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS Kang, Dae Ki, Dong Shik Hong, and Dae Shik Park (1983), Rural- to-Urban Migration Intention and Their Social Factors amoncr Korean Rural Youths. Research Monograph 1, Social Survey Research Center, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea. Hong, Dong Shik, Dae Shik Park, and others (1985), The Use of Telecommunication Information and Long Outlook for the Embodiment of information Society. Telecommunication Research Monograph, Social Survey Research Center, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea. Hong, Dong Shik and Dae Shik Park (ed. and trans.) (1985), The v Sociology of Community. Seoul, Republic of Korea: Kyung Mun Sa Publishing Co. Hong, Dong Shik and Dae Shik Park (1988), "A study on the socio-economic ties between farmers and urban laborers: based on farmers' perspectives." Journal of Social Survey Research. 7 (1):93-107. Park, Dae Shik (1985) , A study on the Effectiveness of the Rural Organizations in Korean Villages. Department of Sociology, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea. Park, Dae Shik (1985), "Social conflicts and counter-measures in the Republic of Korea." Nak-Gang Chun-Chu. 2 (1):112-121. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology Rural Sociological Theory Dr. Joseph F. Donnermyer Dr. Donald W. Thomas Sociology of Agriculture and Dr. Linda M. Lobao Natural Resources Sociological Research Dr. Wen L. Li Methodology TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ...................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................. iii VITA ............................................ v LIST OF TABLES ................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES .................................. xii CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION ................................ 1 Statement of the Problem .................... 1 Purposes of Study ........................... 6 Significance of Study ....................... 8 Overview ................................... 10 II. AGRICULTURE AND RURAL POVERTY RELATED INDICATORS IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA: HISTORICAL TRENDS ... 11 Introduction ............................... 11 Korean Agriculture .......................... 11 Historical Trends in Rural Poverty Related Indicators ......................... 23 III. THEORETICAL EXPLANATION OF RURAL POVERTY ....... 3 0 Introduction ............................... 3 0 Individual Level-based Perspectives ........... 31 Human Capital Theory ...................... 31 Functionalist Perspectives ................. 32 Structural Level-based Perspectives ........... 3 6 Marxian Perspectives ...................... 3 6 Marxian Class Theory .................... 36 Dependency/World System Theory ........... 38 Non-Marxian Perspectives ................... 44 Dual (Segmented) Economy Theory ........... 44 Goldschmidt Hypothesis ................... 4 6 vii IV. RESEARCH MODEL AND HYPOTHESES ................. 51 Introduction ............................... 51 Research Model ............................. 51 Hypotheses ................................. 56 Farm Structure/Characteristics and Rural Poverty ............................ 56 Non-Farm Characteristics andRural Poverty .... 60 Spatial/Political Economical Characteristics and Rural Poverty......................... 62 V. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ......................... 69 Introduction ............................... 69 Data Units and Collection .................... 69 The Measurement of Variables ................. 71 The Measurement of Independent Variables ..... 72 The Measurement of Dependent Variables ...... 77 Methods of Analysis ......................... 80 VI. FINDINGS .................................... 83 Introduction ............................... 83 Descriptive Statistics of the Independent and Dependent Variables .................... 83 Multiple Regression Analysis ................. 104 National Patterns ......................... 110 Blocked Regression ........................ 118 Regional Comparisons ...................... 126 VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ...................... 13 5 Summary of Findings ......................... 135 Descriptive Statistics of the Variables ..... 135 Multiple Regression Analysis ................ 13 8 Policy Implications ......................... 147 Limitations of the Research .................. 153 Recommendations for Future Research ........... 154 NOTES ........................................... 157 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................... 158 viii LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 2.1 Major Korean Agriculture Related Indicators ... 13 2.2 Comparison of Households' Real Income Between Farmers and Urban Laborers................... 16 2.3 Numbers of Farm Households by Size of Cropland ........................ 17 2 .4 Trends of Land Ownership ................... 19 2.5 Composition of Farm Household Income ......... 21 2.6 The Proportion of Farm Income to Living Expenses by Farm Size ...................... 22 2.7 Historical Trends of Official Poverty Population.......... 25 2.8 Official Rural and Urban Poverty Population ......................... 27 2.9 Trends of Inequality in Income Distribution ... 28 5.1 The Level of International Competition Power of Main Agricultural Commodities ............... 76 6.1 Distribution of Percent Smaller Farming ....... 84 6.2 Distribution of Percent Middle Farming ........ 86 6.3 Distribution of Percent Larger Farming ........ 87 6.4 Distribution of Percent Part-time Farming
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