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Le Dialogue Social Européen Histoire D'une Innovation European Trade Union Institute Bd du Roi Albert II, 5 1210 Bruxelles Belgique +32 (0)2 224 04 70 [email protected] www.etui.org « Par rapport à d’autres ouvrages sur le dialogue social européen, ce livre fait la différence car il s’agit d’un récit de l’intérieur, de la part de celui qui a été pendant de longues années, la cheville ouvrière, côté syndical, de cet acquis majeur de l’Europe sociale. » Le dialogue social européen — Emilio Gabaglio, Secrétaire général de la CES (1991-2003) « L’auteur, partisan fervent du dialogue social européen, a mis son âme dans ce travail Histoire d'une innovation de bénédictin qu’il a enrichi de son engagement de syndicaliste, de sa capacité d’indignation, de sa fougue toute française. Son livre sera un ouvrage de référence incontournable. » — Wilfried Beirnaert, sociale (1985-2003) Administrateur et Directeur général de la Fédération des entreprises belges (FEB) (1981-1998) — « Ce bilan exhaustif dressé par un acteur central du processus nous rappelle que construire l’Europe sociale, c’est construire l’Europe et viser la réalisation d’une société européenne. Jean Lapeyre À méditer face aux dérives qui menacent aujourd’hui l’édifice. » — Claude Didry, Sociologue, Directeur de recherche au Centre national de la recherche Préface de Jacques Delors scientifique (CNRS) (Centre Maurice Halbwachs, École Normale Supérieure) Postface de Luca Visentini Ce livre propose une histoire de la construction du dialogue social européen entre 1985 et 2003, à partir de documents et d’interviews des acteurs syndicaux, patronaux et de fonctionnaires Le dialogue social européen Histoire innovation d'une sociale (1985-2003) Jean Lapeyre européens, ainsi que du témoignage de l’auteur, acteur direct de cette histoire. Le dialogue social a été un élément fondamental de la construction d’un espace social européen, qui reste encore bien insuffisant. Ce n’est pas une histoire sans conflits ni échecs. Mais elle montre qu’une forte conscience européenne et un profond sens de l’intérêt général peuvent apporter des acquis concrets aux citoyens. La construction européenne, cette « aventure humaine » comme l’appelle Jacques Delors, ne demande qu’à être relancée sur la base de ses valeurs fondamentales : progrès social et solidarité ; cohésion et démocratie ; développement durable. Le dialogue social européen est un des meilleurs outils pour réaliser ces objectifs. D/2017/10.574/06 ISBN 978-2-87452-447-9 Le dialogue social européen Histoire d’une innovation sociale (1985-2003) — Jean Lapeyre Préface de Jacques Delors Postface de Luca Visentini « Montag regarda le fleuve. Nous remonterons le fleuve. Il regarda la vieille voie ferrée. Ou nous suivrons les rails, ou nous prendrons les autostrades maintenant, et nous aurons tout le temps d’amasser des connaissances. Et un jour, quand elles se seront décantées en nous, elles s’exprimeront par nos mains et nos bouches. Et un bon nombre d’entre elles seront fausses, mais quelques autres seront justes. Nous allons commencer à marcher aujourd’hui même, nous regarderons le monde et comment va et parle le monde, à quoi il ressemble vraiment. » Fahrenheit 451 Ray Bradbury Remerciements Je tiens à remercier vivement Emilio Gabaglio, Michel Rousselot, Wilfried Beirnaert, Jackie Morin, Elise Coignet, Christophe Degryse et Philippe Pochet pour leur lecture attentive et leurs précieux apports. Mes remerciements également à tous ceux, de la Commission européenne, des syndicats, du patro- nat, de l’Institut international d’Histoire sociale, du Fonds Jacques Delors (Sciences PO, Paris), qui ont accepté de me donner accès à une documentation indispensable à l’écriture de cette « histoire » et que j’ai pu interviewer pour prendre en compte les différentes perceptions de cette histoire. © European Trade Union Institute, Bruxelles, 2017 Tous droits réservés ISBN 978-2-87452-447-9 Table des matières Préface . 09 Jacques Delors Introduction . 11 Chapitre 1 État des lieux avant l’an 1 . 15 1.1 Naissance de la CES : CECA et Communauté économique européenne dans les gènes unitaires de la CES. La politique sociale dans les années 70-80 ....16 1.2 Les instances de concertation sociale de 1974 à 1984 . 19 1.2.1 Le Comité permanent de l’emploi : première impasse ..........................21 1.2.2 Les Conférences tripartites : nouvelle impasse ................................22 1.3 Des raisons de blocage qui vont traverser les temps !..........................23 1.3.1 Sur le temps de travail ....................................................23 1.3.2 Sur l’information/consultation dans les groupes transnationaux.................24 1.4 Constat d’échec et quelques tentatives pour en sortir..........................27 1.5 1984 : comment sortir de l’impasse communautaire...........................29 Chapitre 2 La dynamique du déséquilibre . 35 2.1 L’Europe sort de sa léthargie mais semble faire l’impasse sur le social . 36 2.2 Val Duchesse I : la rampe de lancement .....................................37 2.3 Val Duchesse II : le dialogue social au travail .................................41 2.3.1 Le groupe Macro, un consensus autour des projets de la Commission ............43 2.3.2 Le groupe Micro, entre tensions et difficultés.................................45 2.4 Egmont I, Sommet du 7 mai 1987 : premier bilan critique du dialogue social......49 2.4.1 Un groupe Micro en conflit................................................51 2.4.2 Le groupe Macro et l’objectif 1992 .........................................52 2.5 Première révision importante du Traité : l’Acte unique .........................53 Chapitre 3 L’art du pilotage . 55 3.1 Les engagements de Jacques Delors devant le congrès de la CES à Stockholm en mai 1988.................................................56 3.2 L’évolution décisive de certaines organisations nationales : le cas particulier du TUC ..................................................58 3.3 1988-1990 une période importante de l’évolution du dialogue social et de la politique sociale communautaire ....................................63 3.3.1 La poursuite des travaux des Groupes de travail ..............................63 3.4 Palais d’Egmont II : un nouveau pilotage pour le dialogue social ................65 3.5 Un Groupe de pilotage pour le dialogue social ...............................68 3.6 Le Groupe de pilotage démarre dans une ambiance tendue ....................71 3.7 La Charte communautaire des droits sociaux fondamentaux des travailleurs : une promesse est une promesse !...........................................73 3.7.1 Le Comité économique et social européen . 77 3.7.2 Le Conseil de l’Europe ....................................................79 6 3.8 Groupe de pilotage du 26 janvier 1990 : sale ambiance ! . 80 3.9 Les suites du 26 janvier 1990 .............................................83 3.10 Groupe de pilotage du 10 juillet 1990 : les employeurs gardent le pied sur le frein ! .............................................................85 3.11 Groupe de pilotage du 6 novembre 1990 : drôle d’ambiance… . 87 3.12 Le congrès de Luxembourg et l’arrivée d’un nouveau Secrétaire général de la CES....88 3.12.1 Un nouveau Secrétaire général de la CES, mais qui ?...........................89 3.13 La mise en œuvre du Programme d’action sociale .............................91 Chapitre 4 De lobbyistes à acteurs . 95 4.1 Le CEEP, un partenaire idéal ?..............................................96 4.2 Le Groupe de pilotage du 25 janvier 1991 : création d’un Groupe ad hoc de travail sur la révision du Traité .........................................101 4.3 Le Groupe ad hoc au travail : entre difficultés et succès . .104 4.4 Le Traité de Maastricht et le Protocole social . 111 4.5 Egmont III, 3 juillet 1992 : l’avenir du dialogue social et la création du Comité du dialogue social .............................................115 4.6 Une nouvelle Commission pour relancer l’Union européenne ? . .119 4.7 Palais d’Egmont IV : le Livre blanc de Jacques Delors en plat unique ............122 4.8 L’interprétation commune du Protocole social de Maastricht...................123 4.9 Les difficiles et indispensables articulations et complémentarités entre les dimensions interprofessionnelles et professionnelles..................126 Chapitre 5 Le passage à l’acte . 135 5.1 Au pied du mur : la relance de l’initiative « Vredeling » . 136 5.2 Le choc Hoover .........................................................136 5.3 Le nouveau contexte créé par le Protocole social de Maastricht.................141 5.4 Impossible négociation mais succès de la directive sur les Comités d’entreprise européens...................................................145 5.5 Une nouvelle Commission, un nouveau Président ............................146 5.6 Premier succès : la négociation du congé parental............................156 5.7 Quel mandat de négociation ? Chapitre 6 Toc, toc, toc . De nouveaux acteurs frappent à la porte . 161 6.1 Les organisations patronales sectorielles ou spécifiques .......................162 6.2 Les autres organisations syndicales. L’exemple important de la représentation des ingénieurs et cadres .................................................165 6.2.1 La Confédération européenne des syndicats indépendants et Eurofedop.........165 6.2.2 Les ingénieurs et cadres : Eurocadres et la CEC ..............................166 Chapitre 7 Succès et déceptions . 173 7.1 Le travail atypique sur la table de négociation : un sujet difficile pour les syndicats.......................................................174
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