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Using the Internet, Use the Information Below to Determine Which Year These Events Occurred Name _______________ Period ___ Using the internet, use the information below to determine which year these events occurred. 1877 Thomas Alva Edison, working in his lab, succeeds in recovering Mary's Little Lamb from a strip of tinfoil wrapped around a spinning cylinder. He demonstrates his invention in the offices of Scientific American, and the phonograph is born. 1878 The first music is put on record: Jules Levy plays "Yankee Doodle" on the cornet. 1881 Clement Ader, using carbon microphones and armature headphones, accidentally produces a stereo effect when listeners outside the hall monitor adjacent telephone lines linked to stage mikes at the Paris Opera. 1887 Emile Berliner is granted a patent on a flat-disc gramophone, making the production of multiple copies practical. 1888 Edison introduces an electric motor-driven phonograph. 1895 Maroni successfully experiments with his wireless telegraphy system in Italy,leading to the first transatlantic signals from Poldhu, Cornwall, UK to St. John's, Newfoundland in 1901. 1898 Valdemar Poulsen patents his "Telegraphone," recording magnetically on steel wire. 1900 Poulsen unveils his invention to the public at the Paris Exposition. Austria's Emperor Franz Josef records his congratulations. Boston's Symphony Hall opens with the benefit of Wallace Clement Sabine's acoustical advice. 1901 The Victor Talking Machine Company is founded by Emile Berliner and Eldridge Johnson. Experimental optical recordings are made on motion picture film. 1906 Lee DeForest invents the triode vacuum tube, the first electronic signal amplifier. 1910 Enrico Caruso is heard in the first live broadcast from the Metropolitan Opera, NYC. 1912 Major Edwin F. Armstrong is issued a patent for a regenerative circuit, making radio reception practical. 1913 The first "talking movie" is demonstrated by Edison using his Kinetophone process, a cylinder player mechanically synchronized to a film projector. 1916 A patent for the superheterodyne circuit is issued to Armstrong. The Society of Motion Picture Engineers (SMPE) is formed. Edison does live-versus-recorded demonstrations in Carnegie Hall, NYC. 1917 The Scully disk recording lathe is introduced. E. C. Wente of Bell Telephone Laboratories publishes a paper in Physical Review describing a "uniformly sensitive instrument for the absolute measurement of sound intensity" -- the condenser microphone. 1919 The Radio Corporation of America (RCA) is founded. It is owned in part by United Fruit. 1921 The first commercial AM radio broadcast is made by KDKA, Pittsburgh PA. 1925 Bell Labs develops a moving armature lateral cutting system for electrical recording on disk. Concurrently they Introduce the Victor Orthophonic Victrola, "Credenza" model. The first electrically recorded 78 rpm disks appear. RCA works on the development of ribbon microphones. 1926 O'Neill patents iron oxide-coated paper tape. Name _______________ Period ___ 1927 "The Jazz Singer" is released as the first commercial talking picture, using Vitaphone sound on disks synchronized with film. The Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) is formed. 1928 Dr. Harold Black at Bell Labs applies for a patent on the principle of negative feedback. It is granted nine years later. Dr. Georg Neumann founds a company in Germany to manufacture his condenser microphones. Its first product is the Model CMV 3. 1929 Harry Nyquist publishes the mathematical foundation for the sampling theorem basic to all digital audio processing, the "Nyquist Theorem." The "Blattnerphone" is developed for use as a magnetic recorder using steel tape. 1931 Alan Blumlein, working for Electrical and Musical Industries (EMI) in London, in effect patents stereo. His seminal patent discusses the theory of stereo, both describing and picturing in the course of its 70-odd individual claims a coincident crossed-eights miking arrangement and a "45-45" cutting system for stereo disks. Arthur Keller and associates at Bell Labs in New York experiment with a vertical-lateral stereo disk cutter. 1932 The first cardioid ribbon microphone is patented by Dr. Harry F. Olson of RCA, using a field coil instead of a permanent magnet. 1933 Magnetic recording on steel wire is developed commercially. Snow, Fletcher, and Steinberg at Bell Labs transmit the first inter-city stereo audio program. 1935 AEG (Germany) exhibits its "Magnetophon" Model K-1 at the Berlin Radio Exposition. BASF prepares the first plastic-based magnetic tapes. 1936 BASF makes the first tape recording of a symphony concert during a visit by the touring London Philharmonic Orchestra. Sir Thomas Beecham conducts Mozart. Von Braunmühl and Weber apply for a patent on the cardioid condenser microphone. 1938 Benjamin B. Bauer of Shure Bros. engineers a single microphone element to produce a cardioid pickup pattern, called the Unidyne, Model 55. This later becomes the basis for the well known SM57 and SM58 microphones. Under the direction of Dr. Harry Olson, Leslie J. Anderson designs the 44B ribbon bidirectional microphone and the 77B ribbon unidirectional for RCA. RCA develops the first column loudspeaker array. 1939 Independently, engineers in Germany, Japan and the U.S. discover and develop AC biasing for magnetic recording. Western Electric designs the first motional feedback, vertical-cut disk recording head. Major Armstrong, the inventor of FM radio, makes the first experimental FM broadcast. The first of many attempts is made to define a standard for the VU meter. 1940 Walt Disney's "Fantasia" is released, with eight-track stereophonic sound 1941 Commercial FM broadcasting begins in the U.S. Arthur Haddy of English Decca devises the first motional feedback, lateral-cut disk recording head, later used to cut their "ffrr" high-fidelity recordings. Name _______________ Period ___ 1942 The RCA LC-1 loudspeaker is developed as a reference-standard control-room monitor. Dr. Olson patents a single-ribbon cardioid microphone (later developed as the RCA 77D and 77DX), and a "phased-array" directional microphone. The first stereo tape recordings are made by Helmut Kruger at German Radio in Berlin. 1943 Altec develops their Model 604 coaxial loudspeaker. 1944 Alexander M. Poniatoff forms Ampex Corporation to make electric motors for the military. 1945 Two Magnetophon tape decks are sent back to the U.S. In pieces in multiple mailbags by Army Signal Corps Major John T. (Jack) Mullin. 1946 Webster-Chicago manufactures wire recorders for the home market. Brush Development Corp. builds a semiprofessional tape recorder as its Model BK401 Soundmirror. 3M introduces Scotch No. 100, a black oxide paper tape. Jack Mullin demonstrates "hi-fi" tape recording with his reconstructed Magnetophon at an Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE) meeting in San Francisco. 1947 Colonel Richard Ranger begins to manufacture his version of a Magnetophon. Bing Crosby and his technical director, Murdo McKenzie, agree to audition tape recorders brought in by Jack Mullin and Richard Ranger. Mullin's is preferred, and he is brought back to record Crosby's Philco radio show. Ampex produces its first tape recorder, the Model 200. Major improvements are made in disk-cutting technology: the Presto 1D, Fairchild 542, and Cook feedback cutters. The Williamson high-fidelity power amplifier circuit is published. The first issue of Audio Engineering is published; its name is later shortened to Audio. 1948 The Audio Engineering Society (AES) is formed in New York City. The microgroove 33-1/3 rpm long-play vinyl record (LP) is introduced by Columbia Records. Scotch types 111 and 112 acetate-base tapes are introduced. Magnecord introduces its PT-6, the first tape recorder in portable cases. 1949 RCA introduces the microgroove 45 rpm, large-hole, 7-inch record and record changer/adaptor. Ampex introduces its Model 300 professional studio recorder. Magnecord produces the first U.S.-made stereo tape recorder, employing half-track staggered-head assemblies. A novel amplifier design is described by McIntosh and Gow. 1950 Guitarist Les Paul modifies his Ampex 300 with an extra preview head for "Sound-on- Sound" overdubs. IBM develops a commercial magnetic drum memory. 1951 The "hot stylus" technique is introduced to disk recording. An "Ultra-Linear" amplifier circuit is proposed by Hafler and Keroes. Pultec introduces the first active program equalizer, the EQP-1. The Germanium transistor is developed at Bell Laboratories. 1952 Peter J. Baxandall publishes his (much-copied) tone control circuit. Emory Cook presses experimental dual-band left-right "binaural" disks. Name _______________ Period ___ 1953 Ampex engineers a 4-track, 35 mm magnetic film system for 20th-Century Fox's Christmas release of "The Robe" in CinemaScope with surround sound. Ampex introduces the first high speed reel-to-reel duplicator as its Model 3200. 1954 EMT (Germany) introduces the electromechanical reverberation plate. Sony produces the first pocket transistor radios. Ampex produces its Model 600 portable tape recorder. G. A. Briggs stages a live-versus-recorded demonstration in London's Royal Festival Hall. RCA introduces its polydirectional ribbon microphone, the 77DX. Westrex introduces their Model 2B motional feedback lateral-cut disk recording head. The first commercial 2-track stereo tapes are released. 1955 Ampex develops "Sel-Sync" (Selective Synchronous Recording), making audio overdubbing practical. 1956 Les Paul makes the first 8-track recordings using the "Sel-Sync" method. The movie Forbidden Planet is released, with the first all-electronic film score, composed
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