DOCSLIB.ORG

Spatial Point Pattern Analysis of Traces (SPPAT): an Approach for Visualizing and Quantifying Site-Selectivity Patterns of Drilling Predators

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Spatial Point Pattern Analysis of Traces (SPPAT): an Approach for Visualizing and Quantifying Site-Selectivity Patterns of Drilling Predators Paleobiology, 46(2), 2020, pp. 259–271 DOI: 10.1017/pab.2020.15 Article Spatial point pattern analysis of traces (SPPAT): An approach for visualizing and quantifying site-selectivity patterns of drilling predators Alexis Rojas , Gregory P. Dietl , Michał Kowalewski , Roger W. Portell , Austin Hendy , and Jason K. Blackburn Abstract.—Site-selectivity analysis of drilling predation traces may provide useful behavioral information concerning a predator interacting with its prey. However, traditional approaches exclude some spatial information (i.e., oversimplified trace position) and are dependent on the scale of analysis (e.g., arbitrary grid system used to divide the prey skeleton into sectors). Here we introduce the spatial point pattern ana- lysis of traces (SPPAT), an approach for visualizing and quantifying the distribution of traces on shelled invertebrate prey, which includes improved collection of spatial information inherent to drillhole location (morphometric-based estimation), improved visualization of spatial trends (kernel density and hotspot mapping), and distance-based statistics for hypothesis testing (K-, L-, and pair correlation functions). We illustrate the SPPAT approach through case studies of fossil samples, modern beach-collected samples, and laboratory feeding trials of naticid gastropod predation on bivalve prey. Overall results show that ker- nel density and hotspot maps enable visualization of subtle variations in regions of the shell with higher density of predation traces, which can be combined with the maximum clustering distance metric to gen- erate hypotheses on predatory behavior and anti-predatory responses of prey across time and geographic space. Distance-based statistics also capture the major features in the distribution of traces across the prey skeleton, including aggregated and segregated clusters, likely associated with different combinations of two modes of drilling predation, edge and wall drilling. The SPPAT approach is transferable to other paleoecologic and taphonomic data such as encrustation and bioerosion, allowing for standardized inves- tigation of a wide range of biotic interactions. Alexis Rojas. Integrated Science Lab, Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umea 32611, Sweden. E-mail: [email protected] Gregory P. Dietl. Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, New York 14850, U.S.A.; and Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] Michał Kowalewski and Roger W. Portell. Division of Invertebrate Paleontology, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, U.S.A. E-mails: mkowalewski@flmnh.ufl.edu, portell@flmnh.ufl.edu Austin Hendy. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] Jason K. Blackburn. Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, U.S.A. E-mail: kblackburn@ ufl.edu Accepted: 12 March 2020 Data available from the Dryad Digital Repository: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.z34tmpg90 Introduction Alexander 2000;Kowalewski2002; Hoffmeister et al. 2004;Rojasetal.2017), although several Drilling predation on shelled marine inverte- assumptionsandcaveatsneedtobeconsidered brates represents a unique opportunity to (e.g., Kowalewski 2002;Leighton2002;Harper quantify biological interactions in ancient and 2006; Klompmaker et al. 2019;Smithetal. modern marine environments. Predatory drill- 2019). Drillholes can provide valuable behavioral holes represent direct records of predatory information regarding selectivity of predatory attack and can potentially document diverse attacks in terms of prey species, prey size class, aspects of predator–prey interactions (e.g., or drilling location on the prey skeleton (e.g., Kitchell et al. 1981; Kitchell 1986; Dietl and Kitchell 1986;Kowalewski2002). Here, we © 2020 The Paleontological Society. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons DownloadedAttribution from https://www.cambridge.org/core licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. IP address: 170.106.40.139, on 25 Sep 2021), which at 03:16:38 permits, subject unrestricted to the Cambridge re-use, Core distribution, terms of use, andavailable at https://www.cambridge.org/core/termsreproduction in any medium,. https://doi.org/10.1017/pab.2020.15 provided the original work is properly cited. 0094-8373/20 260 ALEXIS ROJAS ET AL. focus on site selectivity and illustrate a reprodu- The recognition that predation traces on prey cible approach that can be applied to quantify skeletons are spatially explicit and can be spatial patterns in the distribution of predation mapped enables the development of a proxy traces on modern and fossil prey remains. for site selectivity in drilling predation based Modern studies (Dietl and Alexander 2000; on spatial point process modeling (Baddeley Chiba and Sato 2012) as well as investigations et al. 2016). Here, we introduce the spatial based on the fossil record (Kelley 1988; Dietl point pattern analysis of traces (SPPAT), an et al. 2001) have shown that drilling predators approach for visualizing and quantifying the can display high levels of spatial stereotypy, distribution of predation traces on shelled inver- likely reflecting prey handling during the tebrate prey, which includes improved collection attack and/or prey morphology (Kabat 1990; of spatial information inherent to drillhole loca- Kingsley-Smith et al. 2003; Rojas et al. 2015). tion, improved visualization of spatial trends, Whereas many studies have documented the and distance-based statistics for hypothesis test- spatial distribution of drillholes for various ing (see also Clapham et al. [2003], Mitchell and prey groups, approaches used to assess those Butterfield [2018], and Mitchell et al. [2019]for spatial patterns have varied widely, including examples that use a similar spatially explicit qualitative descriptions (Negus 1975)anda approach to describe the distribution of well- multitude of quantitative approaches (Kelley preserved Ediacaran fossils). We illustrate the 1988; Kowalewski 1990; Anderson et al. 1991; SPPAT approach through case studies on Dietl and Alexander 2000; Hoffmeister and museum samples of the Plio-Pleistocene venerid Kowalewski 2001). These methodological bivalve Lirophora latilirata (Conrad, 1841)from inconsistencies hamper our ability to compare the Atlantic coastal plain of the United States, outcomes across studies or conduct meta- which has been previously used in studies on analyses based on previously collected data. drilling predation (Hattori et al. 2014;Klomp- In addition, most of the methods for analyzing maker and Kelley 2015); drilling data from site selectivity in drilling predation were pri- laboratory-based feeding trials of the tropical marily developed to test the null hypothesis of eastern PacificnaticidNotocochlis unifasciata a random distribution of traces across arbitrarily (Lamarck, 1822) preying upon the venerid defined sectors of the prey skeleton using bivalve Iliochione subrugosa (W. Wood, goodness-of-fit, chi-square or Kolmogorov- 1828); and modern beach-collected samples of Smirnov statistics (Kelley 1988; Kowalewski I. subrugosa from Central America. The SPPAT 1990; Anderson et al. 1991), and diversity approach provides tools for visualizing distribu- metrics such as the Shannon-Weaver index tion patterns of predation traces on shelled inver- (Dietl et al. 2001). These approaches fail to tebratepreythatcouldnothavebeenretrieved exploit the high-resolution information locked from current methods and uses distance-based up in the spatial relationship between drillhole functions to quantify those patterns. locations and depend critically on an arbitrary grid system used to divide the prey skeleton Material and Methods into sectors (Johnson 1984;Kowalewski2004). Recently, the nearest neighbor index, which Case Studies.—We used fossil samples, mod- requires no artificial partitioning scheme, was ern beach-collected samples, and laboratory introduced by Alexander et al. (2007)andimple- feeding trials to illustrate the utility of the mented by Casey et al. (2015)totestthenull SPPAT approach in assessing site selectivity hypothesis that predation traces on the prey skel- of drilling predators. First, fossil specimens of eton occur in a completely random fashion the abundant, commonly drilled venerid (complete spatial randomness [CSR] hypoth- bivalve L. latilirata from the Plio-Pleistocene of esis). However, this approach was not designed the Atlantic coastal plain of the United States to identify patterns that may occur at different were obtained for site-selectivity analysis by spatial scales or distances measured on the conducting a survey of the Invertebrate Paleon- prey skeleton, for example, aggregation at short tology Collections in the Florida Museum of distances and segregation at large distances. Natural History (FLMNH), University of Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.40.139, on 25 Sep 2021 at 03:16:38, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/pab.2020.15 SITE‐SELECTIVITY PATTERNS OF DRILLING PREDATORS 261 TABLE 1. Drilling data on museum samples of Lirophora latilirata and Iliochione subrugosa compiled in this study. *Stratigraphic context follows
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2016 Tese Vprocha.Pdf
    0 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO CEARÁ – UFC INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS DO MAR – LABOMAR PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS MARINHAS TROPICAIS VALESCA PAULA ROCHA FILOGENIA MOROLÓGICA E MOLECULAR E ASPECTOS BIOGEOGRÁFICOS DA SUBFAMÍLIA CHIONINAE (BIVALVIA:VENERIDAE) FORTALEZA 2016 1 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação Universidade Federal do Ceará Biblioteca Rui Simões de Menezes R577f Rocha, Valesca Paula. Filogenia morfológica e molecular e aspectos biogeográficos da subfamília chioninae (Bivalvia:veneridae). – 2016. 121f.: il. color., enc. ; 30 cm. Tese (doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Instituto de Ciências do Mar, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Marinhas Tropicais, Fortaleza, 2016. Área de Concentração: Utilização e Manejo de Ecossistemas Marinhos e Estuarinos. Orientação: Profª. Drª. Helena Matthews Cascon. Coorientadora: Profª. Drª. Cristiane Xerez Barroso. 1. Conchas - Anatomia. 2. Molusco - Evolução. 3. Bivalvia. 4. Biogeográficos. I. Título. CDD 594.11 2 VALESCA PAULA ROCHA Filogenia Morfológica e Molecular e Aspectos Biogeográficos da Subfamília Chioninae (Bivalvia:Veneridae) Tese submetida à Coordenação do curso de Pós- Graduação em Ciências Marinhas Tropicais do LABOMAR/UFC, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências Marinhas Tropicais. Orientadora: Prof.ª. Drª. Helena Matthews Cascon. Coorientadora: Drª. Cristiane Xerez Barroso FORTALEZA 2016 3 Valesca Paula Rocha Filogenia Morfológica e Molecular e Aspectos Biogeográficos da Subfamília Chioninae (Bivalvia:Veneridae) Tese submetida à Coordenação do curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Marinhas Tropicais do LABOMAR /UFC, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências Marinhas Tropicais. Aprovada em 20 de maio de 2016 BANCA EXAMINADORA Coorientadora 4 À minha vó Neusa (in memoriam), que me ensinou seguir firme..
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Volume
    ABSTRACT VOLUME August 11-16, 2019 1 2 Table of Contents Pages Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………………………...1 Abstracts Symposia and Contributed talks……………………….……………………………………………3-225 Poster Presentations…………………………………………………………………………………226-291 3 Venom Evolution of West African Cone Snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) Samuel Abalde*1, Manuel J. Tenorio2, Carlos M. L. Afonso3, and Rafael Zardoya1 1Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva 2Universidad de Cadiz, Departamento CMIM y Química Inorgánica – Instituto de Biomoléculas (INBIO) 3Universidade do Algarve, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR) Cone snails form one of the most diverse families of marine animals, including more than 900 species classified into almost ninety different (sub)genera. Conids are well known for being active predators on worms, fishes, and even other snails. Cones are venomous gastropods, meaning that they use a sophisticated cocktail of hundreds of toxins, named conotoxins, to subdue their prey. Although this venom has been studied for decades, most of the effort has been focused on Indo-Pacific species. Thus far, Atlantic species have received little attention despite recent radiations have led to a hotspot of diversity in West Africa, with high levels of endemic species. In fact, the Atlantic Chelyconus ermineus is thought to represent an adaptation to piscivory independent from the Indo-Pacific species and is, therefore, key to understanding the basis of this diet specialization. We studied the transcriptomes of the venom gland of three individuals of C. ermineus. The venom repertoire of this species included more than 300 conotoxin precursors, which could be ascribed to 33 known and 22 new (unassigned) protein superfamilies, respectively. Most abundant superfamilies were T, W, O1, M, O2, and Z, accounting for 57% of all detected diversity.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the United States National Museum, III
    * SYNOPSIS OF thp: family venerid.t^ and of the NORTH AMERICAN RECENT SPECIES. B}^ WiLiJAM Hkai;ky Dall, Honontrji ('iirator, Division of Mollnsks. This synopsis is one of a series of similar summaries of the families of bivalve mollusks which have been prepared by the writer in the course of a revision of our Peleeypod fauna in the light of th(^ material accumulated in the collections of the United States National Museum. While the lists of species are made as complete as possible, for the coasts of the United States, the list of those ascribed to the Antilles, Central and South America, is pro])ably subject to considerable addi- tions when the fauna of these regions is better known and the litera- ture more thoroughly sifted. No claim of completeness is therefore made for this portion of the work, except when so expressly stated. So many of the southern forms extend to the verge of our territory that it was thought well to include those known to exist in the vicinity when it could l)e done without too greatly increasing the labor involved in the known North American list. The publications of authors included in the bibliograph}' which follows are referred to by date in the text, but it may be said that the full explanation of changes made and decisions as to nomenclature arrived at is included in the memoir on the Tertiary fauna of Florida in course of pul)lication by the Wagner Institute, of Philadelphia, for the writer, forming the third volume of their transactions. The rules of nomenclature cited in Part 111 of that work (pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Inferência De Padrões De Distribuição Da Família Veneridae (Mollusca, Bivalvia) No Brasil Através De Base Secundária De Dados
    Neotropical Biology and Conservation 10(3):123-131, september-december 2015 Unisinos - doi: 10.4013/nbc.2015.103.02 Inferência de padrões de distribuição da família Veneridae (Mollusca, Bivalvia) no Brasil através de base secundária de dados Distribution patterns inference of the family Veneridae (Mollusca, Bivalvia) in Brazil through secondary database Valesca Paula Rocha1, 2 [email protected] Resumo Veneridae é considerada uma das maiores famílias do Recente, e também uma das mais Helena Matthews-Cascon1 diversas dentro de Bivalvia, distribuindo-se tanto em ambiente marinho quanto estuarino. [email protected] Estudos de cunho biogeográficos são importantes para manejo e conservação da biodi- versidade. O trabalho tem como objetivo inferir os padrões de distribuição latitudinais e longitudinais, reunindo e listando a composição de venerídeos para a costa do Brasil a partir de base secundária de dados. A composição e distribuição geográfica foram de- terminadas a partir de levantamento bibliográfico, bem como acesso a bancos de dados online, e classificadas em padrões de distribuição atuais (latitudinais e longitudinais). Se- gundo dados da literatura, registram-se 40 espécies para a família no Brasil, sendo obser- vada semelhança na malacofauna de Veneridae entre Brasil, Caribe e Golfo do México. As espécies de venerídeos foram classificadas em oito padrões latitudinais e cinco longi- tudinais. O trabalho aponta uma provável distribuição da família e indica a necessidade de aprofundar o conhecimento da malacofauna no país. Palavras-chave: biogeografia, heterodonta, venerídeos, Atlântico Ocidental. Abstract Veneridae is one of the largest families of Recent, also one of the most diverse within Bivalvia, being found in marine and estuarine environments.
    [Show full text]
  • Mollusks Taken by Beam Trawl in the Vicinity of Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary on the Continental Shelf Off Georgia, Southeastern US
    Mollusks taken by Beam Trawl in the vicinity of Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary on the Continental Shelf off Georgia, Southeastern U.S. Item Type monograph Authors Wolfe, Dougals A. Publisher NOAA/National Ocean Service/National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science/Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research Download date 26/09/2021 22:59:08 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/19903 Mollusks taken by Beam Trawl in the vicinity of Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary on the Continental Shelf off Georgia, Southeastern U.S. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 88 Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for their use by the United States government. Citation for this Report Wolfe, Douglas A. 2008. Mollusks taken by Beam Trawl in the vicinity of Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary on the Continental Shelf off Georgia, Southeastern U.S. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 88. 40 pp. Mollusks taken by Beam Trawl in the vicinity of Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary on the Continental Shelf off Georgia, Southeastern U.S. Douglas A. Wolfe* NOAA, National Ocean Service National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research NOAA Beaufort Laboratory 101 Pivers Island Road Beaufort, North Carolina 28516 *(retired) Present address: 109 Shore Drive, Beaufort, NC 28516 NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 88 December, 2008 Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………….. iii Introduction…………………………………………………………………. 1 Methods………………………………………………………………….….. 2 Results………………………………………………………………….……. 4 Sample Characteristics………………………………………….…….. 4 Total Numbers of Taxa………………………………………….……. 6 Species Associations and Community Composition……….….….….. 7 Effect of Depth……………………………………………….…. 7 The “Atrina-Cymatium” Community………………………...… 10 Thee Nassarius acutus-Phascolion-Pythinella Connection…… 11 Rock-Dwelling Species………………………………………… 13 Range Extensions…………………………………………….……….
    [Show full text]
  • MOLLUSKS from the LOWER MIOCENE POLLACK FARM SITE, KENT COUNTY, DELAWARE: a PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS1 Lauck W
    MOLLUSKS FROM THE LOWER MIOCENE POLLACK FARM SITE, KENT COUNTY, DELAWARE: A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS1 Lauck W. Ward2 ABSTRACT A previously undiscovered and undescribed assemblage of fossils was first exposed in a borrow pit for road construc- tion near Cheswold, Delaware, in 1991. The assemblage, which consists principally of mollusks, is correlated with one from the Shiloh Marl Member of the Kirkwood Formation of New Jersey. The molluscan assemblage is analyzed, and 104 species are discussed and/or figured. The mollusks appear to have originated in a deltaic setting where fresh-water, brackish-water, and marine mollusks have been mixed and rapidly deposited in a channel. The site is unique in that it exposes Miocene macrofossil-bearing beds that are only encountered in boreholes in Delaware. The molluscan assemblage is remarkable because of its excellent preservation, the vast numbers of specimens, the co-mingling of mollusks from varied habitats, and the presence of subtropical and tropical taxa so far north. This collection supplements those from the Kirkwood of New Jersey and helps to shed light on a period important in the transition from the climates and molluscan assemblages of the Oligocene to the early Miocene. INTRODUCTION one with an expected short life and needed intense study while In November 1991, personnel at the Delaware Geological it was still available. Accordingly, the site was visited and col- Survey requested my help in identifying an assemblage of mol- lected almost weekly from November 1991 until September luscan fossils from near Cheswold, Kent County, Delaware 1992. Shortly thereafter, the fossiliferous portion of the pit was (Figs.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Point Pattern Analysis of Traces (SPPAT): an Approach for Visualizing and Quantifying Site-Selectivity Patterns of Drilling Predators
    Paleobiology, 46(2), 2020, pp. 259–271 DOI: 10.1017/pab.2020.15 Article Spatial point pattern analysis of traces (SPPAT): An approach for visualizing and quantifying site-selectivity patterns of drilling predators Alexis Rojas , Gregory P. Dietl , Michał Kowalewski , Roger W. Portell , Austin Hendy , and Jason K. Blackburn Abstract.—Site-selectivity analysis of drilling predation traces may provide useful behavioral information concerning a predator interacting with its prey. However, traditional approaches exclude some spatial information (i.e., oversimplified trace position) and are dependent on the scale of analysis (e.g., arbitrary grid system used to divide the prey skeleton into sectors). Here we introduce the spatial point pattern ana- lysis of traces (SPPAT), an approach for visualizing and quantifying the distribution of traces on shelled invertebrate prey, which includes improved collection of spatial information inherent to drillhole location (morphometric-based estimation), improved visualization of spatial trends (kernel density and hotspot mapping), and distance-based statistics for hypothesis testing (K-, L-, and pair correlation functions). We illustrate the SPPAT approach through case studies of fossil samples, modern beach-collected samples, and laboratory feeding trials of naticid gastropod predation on bivalve prey. Overall results show that ker- nel density and hotspot maps enable visualization of subtle variations in regions of the shell with higher density of predation traces, which can be combined with the maximum clustering distance metric to gen- erate hypotheses on predatory behavior and anti-predatory responses of prey across time and geographic space. Distance-based statistics also capture the major features in the distribution of traces across the prey skeleton, including aggregated and segregated clusters, likely associated with different combinations of two modes of drilling predation, edge and wall drilling.
    [Show full text]
  • FMRI TR-3 Text
    ISSN 1092-194X FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH INSTITUTE TECHNICALTECHNICAL REPORTSREPORTS Checklists of Selected Shallow-Water Marine Invertebrates of Florida David K. Camp, William G. Lyons, and Thomas H. Perkins Florida Department of Environmental Protection FMRI Technical Report TR-3 1998 Lawton Chiles Governor of Florida Florida Department of Environmental Protection Virginia B. Wetherell Secretary The Florida Marine Research Institute (FMRI) is a bureau of the Florida Department of Envi- ronmental Protection (FDEP).The FDEP’s mission is to “protect,conserve, and manage Florida’s environment and natural resources.” The FMRI conducts applied research pertinent to manag- ing marine-fishery resources and marine species of special concern in Florida. Programs at the FMRI focus on resource-management topics such as managing gamefish and shellfish populations, restoring depleted fish stocks and the habitats that support them, pro- tecting coral reefs, preventing and mitigating oil-spill damage, protecting endangered and threatened species, and managing coastal-resource information. The FMRI publishes three series: Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises, Florida Marine Research Publi- cations, and FMRI Technical Reports. FMRI Technical Reports contain information relevant to imme- diate resource-management needs. Kenneth D. Haddad, Chief of Research Institute Editors Theresa M. Bert, David K. Camp, Paul R. Carlson, Mark M. Leiby, William G. Lyons, Anne B. Meylan, Robert G. Muller, Ruth O. Reese, Carmelo R. Tomas James F. Quinn, Jr., Science Editor Judith G. Leiby, Copy Editor Llyn C. French, Art Editor Checklists of Selected Shallow-Water Marine Invertebrates of Florida David K. Camp William G. Lyons Thomas H. Perkins Florida Department of Environmental Protection Florida Marine Research Institute 100 Eighth Avenue Southeast St.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology and Paleontology of the Lower Miocene Pollack Farm Fossil Site Delaware
    GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE LOWER MIOCENE POLLACK FARM FOSSIL SITE DELAWARE RICHARD N. BENSON, Editor Delaware Geological Survey • Special Publication No. 21 • University of Delaware • 1998 GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE LOWER MIOCENE POLLACK FARM FOSSIL SITE DELAWARE RICHARD N. BENSON, Editor RESEARCH DELAWARE SERVICEGEOLOGICAL SURVEY EXPLORATION DELAWARE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY • SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 21 State of Delaware • University of Delaware 1998 CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................... 1 Richard N. Benson GEOLOGY RADIOLARIANS AND DIATOMS FROM THE POLLACK FARM SITE, DELAWARE: MARINE–TERRESTRIAL CORRELATION OF MIOCENE VERTEBRATE ASSEMBLAGES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC COASTAL PLAIN ...................................................... 5 Richard N. Benson AGE OF MARINE MOLLUSKS FROM THE LOWER MIOCENE POLLACK FARM SITE, DELAWARE, DETERMINED BY 87SR/86SR GEOCHRONOLOGY ........................................................................................ 21 Douglas S. Jones, Lauck W. Ward, Paul A. Mueller, and David A. Hodell DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS AND STRATIGRAPHY OF THE POLLACK FARM SITE, DELAWARE ............................................. 27 Kelvin W. Ramsey OPHIOMORPHA NODOSA IN ESTUARINE SANDS OF THE LOWER MIOCENE CALVERT FORMATION AT THE POLLACK FARM SITE, DELAWARE ........ 41 Molly F. Miller, H. Allen Curran, and Ronald L. Martino ANALYSIS OF DEFORMATION FEATURES AT THE POLLACK FARM SITE, DELAWARE ........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Florida Fossil Invertebrates 13 (Pdf)
    FLORIDA FOSSIL INVERTEBRATES Part 13 DECEMBER 2010 SINGLE ISSUE: $10.00 MOLLUSCA Bermont Formation (Middle Pleistocene) ROGER W. PORTELL and B. ALEX KITTLE Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida P.O. Box 117800 Gainesville, FL 32611-7800 e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] A PUBLICATION OF THE FLORIDA PALEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY, INC. FLORIDA FOSSIL INVERTEBRATES ISSN 1536-5557 Florida Fossil Invertebrates is a publication of the Florida Paleontological Society, Inc., and is intended as a guide for identification of the many common invertebrate fossils found within the state. Each part deals with a specific taxonomic group and contains a brief discussion of that group’s life history (based on modern analogs) along with the pertinent geological setting. This series deals solely with published taxa; no new species descriptions are included. Some of the specimens figured in this series are on display at Powell Hall, the museum’s Exhibit and Education Center. This publication is made possible through the generous financial support of James and Lori Toomey. Available issues of Florida Fossil Invertebrates: Part 1. Eocene echinoids (R. W. Portell and C. W. Oyen). Part 2. Oligocene and Miocene echinoids (C. W. Oyen and R. W. Portell). Part 3. Pliocene and Pleistocene echinoids (R. W. Portell and C. W. Oyen). Part 4. Pliocene and Pleistocene decapod crustaceans (R. W. Portell and J. G. Agnew). Part 5. Eocene, Oligocene, and Miocene fossil decapod crustaceans (R. W. Portell). Part 6. Larger Foraminifera - Introduction, Biology, Ecology, Taxonomic and Stratigraphic Listings – Comments on Florida Fossil Assemblages (J. R. Bryan). Part 7.
    [Show full text]