DOCSLIB.ORG

XEP-0347: Internet of Things - Discovery

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
XEP-0347: Internet of Things - Discovery XEP-0347: Internet of Things - Discovery Peter Waher mailto:peterwaher@hotmail:com xmpp:peter:waher@jabber:org http://www:linkedin:com/in/peterwaher Ronny Klauck mailto:rklauck@informatik:tu-cottbus:de xmpp:TBD http://www-rnks:informatik:tu-cottbus:de/~rklauck 2018-11-03 Version 0.5.1 Status Type Short Name Deferred Standards Track iot-discovery This specification describes an architecture based on the XMPP protocol whereby Things can be in- stalled and safely discovered by their owners and connected into networks of Things. Legal Copyright This XMPP Extension Protocol is copyright © 1999 – 2020 by the XMPP Standards Foundation (XSF). Permissions Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this specification (the ”Specification”), to make use of the Specification without restriction, including without limitation the rights to implement the Specification in a software program, deploy the Specification in a network service, and copy, modify, merge, publish, translate, distribute, sublicense, or sell copies of the Specifi- cation, and to permit persons to whom the Specification is furnished to do so, subject to the condition that the foregoing copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or sub- stantial portions of the Specification. Unless separate permission is granted, modified works that are redistributed shall not contain misleading information regarding the authors, title, number, or pub- lisher of the Specification, and shall not claim endorsement of the modified works by the authors, any organization or project to which the authors belong, or the XMPP Standards Foundation. Warranty ## NOTE WELL: This Specification is provided on an ”AS IS” BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDI- TIONS OF ANY KIND, express or implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ## Liability In no event and under no legal theory, whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise, unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall the XMPP Standards Foundation or any author of this Specification be liable for damages, includ- ing any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising from, out of, or in connection with the Specification or the implementation, deployment, or other use of the Specification (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill, work stoppage, computer fail- ure or malfunction, or any and all other commercial damages or losses), even if the XMPP Standards Foundation or such author has been advised of the possibility of such damages. Conformance This XMPP Extension Protocol has been contributed in full conformance with the XSF’s Intellectual Property Rights Policy (a copy of which can be found at <https://xmpp:org/about/xsf/ipr-policy> or obtained by writing to XMPP Standards Foundation, P.O. Box 787, Parker, CO 80134 USA). Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Glossary 2 3 Use Cases 5 3.1 Production ...................................... 5 3.2 Installation ...................................... 5 3.3 Finding XMPP Server ................................ 5 3.3.1 DHCP ..................................... 6 3.3.2 Multicast DNS (mDNS) and DNS Service Discovery (DNS-SD) ....... 7 3.3.3 SSDP/UPnP ................................. 9 3.4 Connection to XMPP Server ............................. 10 3.5 Finding Thing Registry ............................... 10 3.6 Registering Thing .................................. 10 3.7 Register self-owned Thing .............................. 12 3.8 Register Thing behind Concentrator ........................ 12 3.9 Claiming Ownership of a Thing ........................... 13 3.10 Removing Thing from Registry ........................... 17 3.11 Finding Provisioning Server ............................. 19 3.12 Delegating Trust ................................... 19 3.13 Update Meta Information about Thing in Registry ................ 20 3.14 Owner updating Meta Information about Thing in Registry ........... 22 3.15 Search for Public Things in Registry ........................ 23 3.16 Unregistering Thing from Registry ......................... 27 3.17 Disowning Thing ................................... 28 4 Determining Support 30 5 Implementation Notes 32 5.1 JID vs Component Thing Registries ......................... 32 5.2 Meta Tags ....................................... 33 5.3 Friendships between Things and Registry ..................... 34 6 Security Considerations 34 6.1 Jabber Components Protocol ............................ 34 6.2 Hijacking predefined JIDs .............................. 35 6.3 Hijacking things in public areas ........................... 35 6.4 Key meta information in searches ......................... 35 6.5 KEY tag ........................................ 36 6.6 Tag name spam .................................... 36 6.7 External services for creating QR-codes ...................... 36 6.8 DHCP Security Considerations ........................... 36 6.9 DNS Security Considerations ............................ 36 6.10 UPnP Security Considerations ........................... 36 7 IANA Considerations 37 8 XMPP Registrar Considerations 37 9 XML Schema 37 10 For more information 41 11 Acknowledgements 41 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction When installing massive amounts of Things into public networks care has to be taken to make installation simple, but at the same time secure so that the Things cannot be hijacked or hacked, making sure access to the Thing is controlled by the physical owner of the Thing. One of the main problems is how to match the characteristics of a Thing, like serial number, manufacturer, model, etc., with information automatically created by the Thing itself, like perhaps its JID, in an environment with massive amount of Things without rich user inter- faces. Care has also to be taken when specifying rules for access rights and user privileges. This document provides a network architecture based on the XMPP protocol that provides a means to safely install, configure, find and connect massive amounts of Things together, and at the same time minimizing the risk that Things get hijacked. It also provides information how each individual step in the process can be performed with as little manual intervention as possible, aiming where possible at zero-configuration networking. Furthermore, this document specifies how to create a registry that allows simple access to public Things without risking their integrity unnecessarily. Internet of Things contains many different architectures and use cases. For this reason, the IoT standards have been divided into multiple XEPs according to the following table: XEP Description xep-0000-IoT-BatteryPoweredSensors Defines how to handle the peculiars related to bat- tery powered devices, and other devices intermit- tently available on the network. xep-0000-IoT-Events Defines how Things send events, how event sub- scription, hysteresis levels, etc., are configured. xep-0000-IoT-Interoperability Defines guidelines for how to achieve interoper- ability in Internet of Things, publishing interoper- ability interfaces for different types of devices. xep-0000-IoT-Multicast Defines how sensor data can be multicast in effi- cient ways. xep-0000-IoT-PubSub Defines how efficient publication of sensor data can be made in Internet of Things. xep-0000-IoT-Chat Defines how human-to-machine interfaces should be constructed using chat messages to be user friendly, automatable and consistent with other IoT extensions and possible underlying architec- ture. XEP-0322 Defines how to EXI can be used in XMPP to achieve efficient compression of data. Albeit not an Inter- net of Things specific XEP, this XEP should be con- sidered in all Internet of Things implementations where memory and packet size is an issue. 1 2 GLOSSARY XEP Description XEP-0323 Provides the underlying architecture, basic oper- ations and data structures for sensor data com- munication over XMPP networks. It includes a hardware abstraction model, removing any tech- nical detail implemented in underlying technolo- gies. This XEP is used by all other Internet of Things XEPs. XEP-0324 Defines how provisioning, the management of ac- cess privileges, etc., can be efficiently and easily implemented. XEP-0325 Defines how to control actuators and other devices in Internet of Things. XEP-0326 Defines how to handle architectures contain- ing concentrators or servers handling multiple Things. XEP-0331 Defines extensions for how color pa- rameters can be handled, based on Data Forms (XEP-0004) XEP-0004: Data Forms <https://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0004.html>. XEP-0336 Defines extensions for how dynamic forms can be created, based on Data Forms (XEP-0004) XEP-0004: Data Forms <https://xmpp.org/extensions/xep- 0004.html>., Data Forms Validation (XEP- 0122) XEP-0122: Data Forms Validation <https://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0122.html>., Publishing Stream Initiation Requests (XEP- 0137) XEP-0137: Publishing Stream Initiation Requests <https://xmpp.org/extensions/xep- 0137.html>. and Data Forms Layout (XEP-0141) XEP-0141: Data Forms Layout <https://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0141.html>.. XEP-0347 This specification. Defines the peculiars of Thing discovery in Internet of Things. Apart from discov- ering Things by JID, it also defines how to discover Things based on location, etc. 2 Glossary The following table lists common terms
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Well Known TCP and UDP Ports Used by Apple Software Products
    Well known TCP and UDP ports used by Apple Languages English software products Symptoms Learn more about TCP and UDP ports used by Apple products, such as OS X, OS X Server, Apple Remote Desktop, and iCloud. Many of these are referred to as "well known" industry standard ports. Resolution About this table The Service or Protocol Name column lists services registered with the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (http://www.iana.org/), except where noted as "unregistered use." The names of Apple products that use these services or protocols appear in the Used By/Additional Information column. The RFC column lists the number of the Request For Comment document that defines the particular service or protocol, which may be used for reference. RFC documents are maintained by RFC Editor (http://www.rfc- editor.org/). If multiple RFCs define a protocol, there may only be one listed here. This article is updated periodically and contains information that is available at time of publication. This document is intended as a quick reference and should not be regarded as comprehensive. Apple products listed in the table are the most commonly used examples, not a comprehensive list. For more information, review the Notes below the table. Tip: Some services may use two or more ports. It is recommend that once you've found an instance of a product in this list, search on the name (Command-F) and then repeat (Command-G) to locate all occurrences of the product. For example, VPN service may use up to four diferent ports: 500, 1701, 1723, and 4500.
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey of DNSSEC Deployment in the US R&E Community
    A survey of DNSSEC deployment in the U.S. R&E community Shumon Huque; University of Pennsylvania Bill Owens; NySERNET Joint Techs Conference, Stanford University, July 16th 2012 http://events.internet2.edu/2012/jt-stanford/ 1 Abstract: DNSSEC (DNS Security Extensions) is a system to verify the authenticity of DNS data using public key signatures. Although a small number of institutions in the R&E community have been at the forefront of DNSSEC deployment, the adoption rate in the larger community is still quite low. This talk will present some results of an ongoing project to survey the status of DNSSEC deployment in the US Research & Education and a few other communities. It also surveys the status of several other DNS capabilities, such as availability of the service over IPv6 transport, TCP transport, EDNS0 support, etc. [Joint Techs, Stanford University, Jul 2012] 2 Agenda • DNSSEC deployment monitoring project overview • Live demo of the website • New uses of DNSSEC by applications (DANE/TLSA etc) • (time permitting) [Joint Techs, Stanford University, Jul 2012] 3 DNSSEC at a glance • “DNS Security Extensions” • A system to verify the authenticity of DNS “data” using public key signatures • Specs: RFC 4033, 4034, 4035, 5155 (and more) • Helps detect DNS spoofing, misdirection, cache poisoning .. • Additional benefits: • Ability to store and use cryptographic keying material in the DNS, eg. SSHFP, IPSECKEY, CERT, DKIM, TLSA, etc .. [Joint Techs, Stanford University, Jul 2012] 4 Other surveys • SecSpider • http://secspider.cs.ucla.edu/
    [Show full text]
  • XEP-0156: Discovering Alternative XMPP Connection Methods
    XEP-0156: Discovering Alternative XMPP Connection Methods Joe Hildebrand Peter Saint-Andre Lance Stout mailto:jhildebr@cisco:com mailto:xsf@stpeter:im mailto:lance@andyet:com xmpp:hildjj@jabber:org xmpp:peter@jabber:org xmpp:lance@lance:im http://stpeter:im/ 2020-07-07 Version 1.3.1 Status Type Short Name Draft Standards Track alt-connections This document defines an XMPP Extension Protocol for discovering alternative methods of connecting to an XMPP server using two ways: (1) DNS TXT Resource Record format; and (2) Web Host Metadata Link format. Legal Copyright This XMPP Extension Protocol is copyright © 1999 – 2020 by the XMPP Standards Foundation (XSF). Permissions Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this specification (the ”Specification”), to make use of the Specification without restriction, including without limitation the rights to implement the Specification in a software program, deploy the Specification in a network service, and copy, modify, merge, publish, translate, distribute, sublicense, or sell copies of the Specifi- cation, and to permit persons to whom the Specification is furnished to do so, subject to the condition that the foregoing copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or sub- stantial portions of the Specification. Unless separate permission is granted, modified works that are redistributed shall not contain misleading information regarding the authors, title, number, or pub- lisher of the Specification, and shall not claim endorsement of the modified works by the authors, any organization or project to which the authors belong, or the XMPP Standards Foundation. Warranty ## NOTE WELL: This Specification is provided on an ”AS IS” BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDI- TIONS OF ANY KIND, express or implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
    [Show full text]
  • Lesson-13: INTERNET ENABLED SYSTEMS NETWORK PROTOCOLS
    DEVICES AND COMMUNICATION BUSES FOR DEVICES NETWORK– Lesson-13: INTERNET ENABLED SYSTEMS NETWORK PROTOCOLS Chapter-5 L13: "Embedded Systems - Architecture, Programming and Design", 2015 1 Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education Internet enabled embedded system Communication to other system on the Internet. Use html (hyper text markup language) or MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension) type files Use TCP (transport control protocol) or UDP (user datagram protocol) as transport layer protocol Chapter-5 L13: "Embedded Systems - Architecture, Programming and Design", 2015 2 Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education Internet enabled embedded system Addressed by an IP address Use IP (internet protocol) at network layer protocol Chapter-5 L13: "Embedded Systems - Architecture, Programming and Design", 2015 3 Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education MIME Format to enable attachment of multiple types of files txt (text file) doc (MSOFFICE Word document file) gif (graphic image format file) jpg (jpg format image file) wav format voice or music file Chapter-5 L13: "Embedded Systems - Architecture, Programming and Design", 2015 4 Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education A system at one IP address Communication with other system at another IP address using the physical connections on the Internet and routers Since Internet is global network, the system connects to remotely as well as short range located system. Chapter-5 L13: "Embedded Systems - Architecture, Programming and Design", 2015 5 Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
    [Show full text]
  • 951 John Gilmore (Sun Microsystems) September 1985
    Network Working Group Bill Croft (Stanford University) Request for Comments: 951 John Gilmore (Sun Microsystems) September 1985 BOOTSTRAP PROTOCOL (BOOTP) 1. Status of this Memo This RFC suggests a proposed protocol for the ARPA-Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. 2. Overview This RFC describes an IP/UDP bootstrap protocol (BOOTP) which allows a diskless client machine to discover its own IP address, the address of a server host, and the name of a file to be loaded into memory and executed. The bootstrap operation can be thought of as consisting of TWO PHASES. This RFC describes the first phase, which could be labeled 'address determination and bootfile selection'. After this address and filename information is obtained, control passes to the second phase of the bootstrap where a file transfer occurs. The file transfer will typically use the TFTP protocol [9], since it is intended that both phases reside in PROM on the client. However BOOTP could also work with other protocols such as SFTP [3] or FTP [6]. We suggest that the client's PROM software provide a way to do a complete bootstrap without 'user' interaction. This is the type of boot that would occur during an unattended power-up. A mechanism should be provided for the user to manually supply the necessary address and filename information to bypass the BOOTP protocol and enter the file transfer phase directly. If non-volatile storage is available, we suggest keeping default settings there and bypassing the BOOTP protocol unless these settings cause the file transfer phase to fail.
    [Show full text]
  • 1912 the Pennsylvania State University Obsoletes: 1537 February 1996 Category: Informational
    Network Working Group D. Barr Request for Comments: 1912 The Pennsylvania State University Obsoletes: 1537 February 1996 Category: Informational Common DNS Operational and Configuration Errors Status of this Memo This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Abstract This memo describes errors often found in both the operation of Domain Name System (DNS) servers, and in the data that these DNS servers contain. This memo tries to summarize current Internet requirements as well as common practice in the operation and configuration of the DNS. This memo also tries to summarize or expand upon issues raised in [RFC 1537]. 1. Introduction Running a nameserver is not a trivial task. There are many things that can go wrong, and many decisions have to be made about what data to put in the DNS and how to set up servers. This memo attempts to address many of the common mistakes and pitfalls that are made in DNS data as well as in the operation of nameservers. Discussions are also made regarding some other relevant issues such as server or resolver bugs, and a few political issues with respect to the operation of DNS on the Internet. 2. DNS Data This section discusses problems people typically have with the DNS data in their nameserver, as found in the zone data files that the nameserver loads into memory. 2.1 Inconsistent, Missing, or Bad Data Every Internet-reachable host should have a name. The consequences of this are becoming more and more obvious.
    [Show full text]
  • Optional Interniche Protocol Modules for Nichelite For
    fåíÉêkáÅÜÉ=qÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉëI=fåÅK bãÄÉÇÇÉÇ=mêçíçÅçä=péÉÅá~äáëíë ïïïKáåáÅÜÉKÅçã Available from NXP : Optional InterNiche Protocol Modules for InterNiche Technologies and NXP have collaborated to NicheLite for LPC provide an OEM version of InterNiche’s NicheLite™ InterNiche’s optional protocol modules have been optimized for the LPC developed from the ground up to address the needs of low architecture. NicheLite for LPC provides the functionality of cost embedded systems. The result is a modular solution NicheLite and is RFC compliant. that is functionally comprehensive, requiring minimal system and memory requirements, and is tuned for both Key Features portability and performance. • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) supporting InterNiche's lightweight API, and a Zero-Copy option NicheStack™ SNMP(v1, v2c or v3) are fully compliant agent • Internet Protocol (IPv4), without implementations enabling industry standard device fragmentation and reassembly monitoring with SNMP management workstations. The • User Datagram Protocol (UDP) • Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) complete SDK includes a MIB Compiler tool. • Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) NicheStack HTTPServer™ is an innovative robust embedded • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Client web server that has been designed specifically to optimize • Name Service (DNS) Client size, performance and support for dynamic data displays • Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) • Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP), and important security features. client and server • Ping Protocol Options: A variety of optional protocols support • NicheTool ™ solutions for specific applications including Point to Point • NicheFile ™ VFS • Single Ethernet interface Protocol (PPP), PPPoE, Telnet, FTP, SMTP and POP3. • No "GPL Contamination" Includes two operating systems Options • SuperLoop : a very fast, do-forever loop running various tasks and Email applications in a run-to-completion FTP model.
    [Show full text]
  • IP Host Configuration IK2218/EP2120
    IP Host Configuration IK2218/EP2120 Markus Hidell, [email protected] KTH School of ICT Acknowledgements • The presentation builds upon material from - Previous slides by Markus Hidell, Björn Knutsson and Peter Sjödin - Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach, 5th ed. Jim Kurose, Keith Ross. Addison-Wesley. - TCP/IP Protocol Suite, 4th ed, Behrouz Foruzan. McGraw-Hill. 2 Outline • Introduction • Automating IP Configuration • Stateful configuration - DHCP • Stateless configuration – SLAAC • Further reading 3 Basic Question • IP (Internet Protocol): - what packets look like and how to interpret IP addresses • Routing protocols: - calculate paths through the network • DNS (Domain Name System): - how to translate between names and IP addresses But how do we get an IP address for a network interface? 4 Manual IP Address Configuration • System administrator: - Manually select an IP address from currently unassigned addresses in the subnet - Assign to host machine - Manually edit configuration file on host machine • Statically assigned address - require work to change address • What if... - Sysadmin forgets to mark address as assigned? - Subnet changes address? Manual IP address configuration is not a practical solution 5 IP Configuration Information • Just IP address is not enough information for hosts - Need to know subnet mask for local traffic • CIDR notation: 10.1.1.0/24 - Need to know IP address of gateway for non-local traffic • Gateway: the router that connects our subnet to the Internet (default gateway) • What else might we want to tell
    [Show full text]
  • Bootstrap Protocol, BOOTP, Is the Recommended Way to Establish Communications from the Host to the Printer in an Internet Protocol Environment
    BOOTP Bootstrap protocol, BOOTP, is the recommended way to establish communications from the host to the printer in an internet protocol environment. BOOTP obtains booting data from the bootptab file. With the proper information stored in the bootptab file, the printer can find its own name and IP address and boot from the network without any intervention, even for a first time boot. 1. Verify that the bootpd and bootptab files are in the correct directories: UNIX: /etc or /usr/etc directory OS/2: \TCPIP\ETC (for bootptab) and \TCPIP\BIN (for bootpd) LAN Server: MPTN\ETC (for bootptab) and \MPTN\BIN (for bootpd) Type: ls bootp* 2. Edit the hosts file to add the printer internet addresses and names: 128.07.60.30 P340-mktg 128.07.60.31 P340-sales For OS/2, use the TCP/IP Configuration Notebook under the Services tab to add the printer internet addresses and names. 3. Some UNIX hosts may require an explicit update to the arp table to add the new entries. This command is host-specific; check your host documentation for details. arp -s ether P340-mktg 08:00:11:01:00:45 arp -s ether P340-sales 08:00:11:01:00:46 The ether switch indicates that you are providing an Ethernet address. 4. Set up the bootptab file. 5. Start or restart the inetd or bootpd daemon. For OS/2 Warp, LAN Server 4.0, and UNIX, use the bootpd daemon. Here is a sample bootptab file; check your host system documentation to see which fields your implementation of BOOTP supports.
    [Show full text]
  • Dns Applications and Resource Records
    10 DNS APPLICATIONS AND RESOURCE RECORDS 10.1 INTRODUCTION DNS inherently lends itself well to “translating” a given piece of information into another related piece of information. This resolution process is the very reason for DNS’s invention, and it has been extended beyond resolving hostnames into IP addresses and vice versa to support a broad variety of applications. Virtually any service or application that requires translation of one form of information into another can leverage DNS. Each resource record configured in DNS enables this lookup function, returning a resolution answer for a given query. The DNS server parses the query from the Question section of the DNS message,* seeking a match within the corresponding domain’s zone file for the query’s QNAME, QCLASS, and QTYPE. Each resource record has a Name (aka Owner) field, Class (Internet class is assumed if not specified), and Type field. The RData field contains the corresponding answer to the query. The resource record type defines the type and format of the question (owner/name field) and corresponding answer (RData field). In some instances, multiple resource records may match the queried name, type, and class. In such cases, all matching records, called a Resource Record Set (RRSet), are returned in the Answer section of the response message. * Refer to Figure 9.12. IP Address Management: Principles and Practice, by Timothy Rooney Copyright Ó 2011 the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 10.1 INTRODUCTION 177 Most, but not all, new applications require new resource record types to enable definition of application-specific information, and these new resource record types are standardized via the IETF RFC process.
    [Show full text]
  • Kenneth Brennan ISC330 Lab 1 How Many Packets (Frames)
    Kenneth Brennan ISC330 Lab 1 How many packets (frames) are there in this capture? 499 Choose the first frame in the top pane. Expand the Internet Protocol triangle of this frame in the middle pane. What are the source and destination addresses of this packet? 10.1.6.18 10.1.3.143 To what entities do these numbers refer? IP addresses Expand the Transmission Control Protocol triangle of the packet. What are the source and destination ports of this packet? i. 1720 ii. 32803 To what entities do these numbers refer? iii. Port numbers Note that wireshark is smart enough to "know" which ports are typically used by internet applications. what service is the host at IP 10.1.3.143 trying to access on the host with IP 10.1.6.18? [hint] ​ ​ Telephone call Read this discussion excerpted from here and answer the questions that follow ​ ​ as best you can. H.323 uses a single fixed TCP port (1720) to start a call using the H.225 protocol (defined by H.323 suite) for call control. Once that protocol is complete, it then uses a dynamic TCP port for the H.245 protocol (also defined by the H.323 suite) for capabilities exchange (caps exchange) and channel control. Finally, it opens up two dynamic UDP ports for each type of media that was negotiated for the call (audio, video, far-end camera control, etc.). This first port carries the RTP protocol data (defined by the H.225 specification) and the second one carries the RTCP data (defined by the H.225 specification).
    [Show full text]
  • Network Protocols and Service
    UNIT 2 NETWORK PROTOCOLS AND SERVICE 1 SYLLABUS 2.1 Dynamic Host Control Protocol(DHCP): DHCP Origins :ARP,RARP,BOOTP DHCP Objectives, IP Address assignments, DHCP Architecture. 2.2 Introduction to Domain Name Systems (DNS) DNS Objectives Domain Naming, Top Lavel Domains, Second Level Domains, Sub- domains DNS Functions, Resource Records, DNS Name Resolution, Resolves, DNS Requests, Root Name Servers, Resolving a Domain Name, DNS Name Registration 2.3 Network Printing Concepts Locally Connected Print Devices, Setting up local Print Devices, Shared Print Devices, Sharing Locally Attached Print Devices, 2 Describe Windows Network Printing and Add print Wizard. 2.1 DHCP ORIGINS: ADDRESS RESOLUTION PROTOCOL(ARP) . Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol for mapping an Internet Protocol address (IP address) to a physical machine address that is recognized in the local network. ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol. When you try to ping an IP address on your local network, say 192.168.1.1, your system has to turn the IP address 192.168.1.1 into a MAC address. This involves using ARP to resolve the address, hence its name. Systems keep an ARP look-up table where they store information about what IP addresses are associated with what MAC addresses. 3 ARP CONT… . When trying to send a packet to an IP address, the system will first consult this table to see if it already knows the MAC address. If there is a value cached, ARP is not used. If the IP address is not found in the ARP table, the system will then send a broadcast packet to the network using the ARP protocol to ask "who has 192.168.1.1".
    [Show full text]