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Astrophysics: Macroobject Shell Model Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 2017, 3, 776-790 http://www.scirp.org/journal/jhepgc ISSN Online: 2380-4335 ISSN Print: 2380-4327 Astrophysics: Macroobject Shell Model Vladimir S. Netchitailo Biolase Inc., Irvine, CA, USA How to cite this paper: Netchitailo, V.S. Abstract (2017) Astrophysics: Macroobject Shell Model. Journal of High Energy Physics, The model proposes that Nuclei of all macroobjects (Galaxy clusters, Galaxies, Gravitation and Cosmology, 3, 776-790. Star clusters, Extrasolar systems) are made up of Dark Matter Particles https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2017.34057 (DMP). These Nuclei are surrounded by Shells composed of both Dark and Received: September 6, 2017 Baryonic matter. This model is used to explain various astrophysical Accepted: October 28, 2017 phenomena: Multiwavelength Pulsars; Binary Millisecond Pulsars; Gamma-Ray Published: October 31, 2017 Bursts; Fast Radio Bursts; Young Stellar Object Dippers; Starburst Galaxies; Copyright © 2017 by author and Gravitational Waves. New types of Fermi Compact Stars made of DMP are Scientific Research Publishing Inc. introduced: Neutralino star, WIMP star, and DIRAC star. Gamma-Ray Pul- This work is licensed under the Creative sars are rotating Neutralino and WIMP stars. Merger of binary DIRAC stars Commons Attribution International can be a source of Gravitational waves. License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Open Access Keywords Hypersphere World-Universe Model, Medium of the World, Macroobject Shell Model, Dark Matter Particles, Gamma-Ray Bursts, Fast Radio Bursts, Multiwavelength Pulsars, Binary Millisecond Pulsars, Young Stellar Object Dippers, Starburst Galaxies, Gravitational Waves 1. Introduction This paper is an elaboration of Hypersphere World-Universe Model published in [1]-[7]. The prospect that Dark Matter Particles (DMP) might be observed in Centers of Macroobjects has drawn many new researchers to the field in the last forty years. Indirect effects in cosmic rays and gamma-ray background from the annihilation of cold Dark Matter (DM) in the form of heavy stable neutral lep- tons in Galaxies were considered in [8]-[13]. The role of cold DM in the forma- tion of Primordial Luminous Objects is discussed in [14]. A mechanism whereby DM in protostellar halos plays a role in the formation of the first stars is discussed in [15]. Heat from neutralino DM annihilation is shown to overwhelm any cooling mechanism, consequently impeding the star DOI: 10.4236/jhepgc.2017.34057 Oct. 31, 2017 776 Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology V. S. Netchitailo formation process. A “dark star” powered by DM annihilation instead of nuclear fusion may result [15]. Dark stars are in hydrostatic and thermal equilibrium, but with an unusual power source. Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) are among the best candidates for DM [16]. Two-component DM systems consisting of bosonic and fermionic compo- nents are proposed for the explanation of emission lines from the bulge of Milky Way galaxy. C. Boehm, P. Fayet, and J. Silk analyze the possibility of two coan- nihilating neutral and stable DMP: a heavy fermion for example, like the lightest neutralino (>100 GeV) and the other one a possibly light spin-0 particle (~100 MeV) [17]. Conversions and semi-annihilations of DMP in addition to the standard DM annihilations are considered in a three-component DM system [18]. Multicom- ponent DM models consisting of both bosonic and fermionic components were analyzed in literature (for example, see [19]-[24] and references therein). Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) proposes five-component DM sys- tem consisting of two couples of coannihilating DMP: a heavy fermion—neutralino with mass 1.3 TeV and a light spin-0 boson—DIRAC (dipole of Dirac mono- poles) with mass 70 MeV; a heavy fermion—WIMP with mass 9.6 GeV and a light spin-0 boson—ELOP (preons dipole) with mass 340 keV; and a light fer- mion—sterile neutrino with mass 3.7 keV [2]. The Model discusses the possibility of all macroobject Cores consisting of DMP (galaxy clusters, galaxies, star clusters, extrasolar systems, and planets) and explains the diffuse cosmic gamma-ray background radiation as the sum of con- tributions of multicomponent DM annihilation. The signatures of DMP annihi- lation with expected masses of 1.3 TeV, 9.6 GeV, 70 MeV, 340 keV, and 3.7 keV, are found in spectra of the diffuse gamma-ray background and the emission of various macroobjects in the World [2]. In Section 2, we present the numerical values for parameters of Macroobjects’ shells made up of different fermions. In Section 3, we discuss Macroobject Shell Model. We give explanations for different astrophysical phenomena: Multiwa- velength Pulsars (Section 4); Binary Millisecond Pulsars (Section 5); Young Stellar Object Dippers (Section 6); Long-Term Radio Variability (Section 7); Gamma-Ray Bursts (Section 8); Fast Radio Bursts (Section 9); Starburst galaxies (Section 10); Gravitational Waves (Section 11)—through the frames of Ma- croobject Shell Model. 2. Macroobjects According to WUM, Cores of macroobjects of the World (galaxy clusters, galax- ies, star clusters, and extrasolar systems) are Fermion Compact Stars (FCS). They have Nuclei made up of strongly interacting WIMPs or neutralinos sur- rounded by different shells [2]. The theory of FCS made up of DMP is well de- veloped. Scaling solutions are derived for a free and an interacting Fermi gas in [2]. Table 1 describes the numerical values for maximum mass and minimum DOI: 10.4236/jhepgc.2017.34057 777 Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology V. S. Netchitailo Table 1. Numerical values for masses and radii of FCS made up of different fermions. Fermion Macroobject Macroobject Macroobject mass Fermion mass radius density M ,kg 3 2 max ρ m f ,MeV c Rmin ,m max ,kg m Interacting neutralinos 1.315 × 103 1.9 × 1030 8.6 × 103 7.2 × 1017 Interacting 9.596 1.9 × 1030 8.6 × 103 7.2 × 1017 WIMPs Neutron 939.6 1.9 × 1030 8.6 × 103 7.2 × 1017 (star) Electron; proton 0.511; 938.3 1.9 × 1030 1.6 × 107 1.2 × 108 (white dwarf shell) Dirac Monopole 35 1.4 × 1033 6.2 × 106 1.4 × 1012 (star cluster shell) ≳ Preon 0.17 5.9 × 1037 2.6 × 1011 7.8 × 102 (galaxy shell) ≳ Sterile neutrino 3.73 × 10−3 1.2 × 1041 5.4 × 1014 1.8 × 10-4 (galaxy cluster shell) radius of Macroobjects’ Nuclei and Shells made up of different fermions: Macroobjects’ Cores consist of Nuclei (neutralinos and WIMPs) and shells made up of various fermions. The shells envelope one another, like a Russian doll. The lighter a fermion—the greater the radius and the mass of its shell. In- nermost shells are the smallest and are made up of heaviest fermions; outer shells are larger and consist of lighter particles. The calculated parameters of the shells show that [2]: • White Dwarf Shells (WDS) around the Nuclei made of strongly interacting WIMPs or neutralinos compose Cores of stars in extrasolar systems; • Shells of dissociated DIRACs to monopoles around the Nuclei made of strongly interacting WIMPs or neutralinos form Cores of star clusters; • Shells of dissociated ELOPs to preons around the Nuclei made of strongly interacting WIMPs or neutralinos constitute Cores of galaxies; • Shells of sterile neutrinos around the Nuclei made of strongly interacting WIMPs or neutralinos make up Cores of galaxy clusters. 3. Macroobject Shell Model In our view, Macroobjects of the World possess the following properties [6]: • Nuclei are made up of DMP. Surrounding shells contain DM and baryonic matter; • Nuclei and shells are growing in time proportionally to square root of cos- mological time ∝τ 12 until one of them reaches the critical point of its local stability, at which it detonates. The energy released during detonation is produced by the annihilation of DMP. The detonation process does not de- stroy the Macroobject; instead, Hyper-flares occur in active regions of the DOI: 10.4236/jhepgc.2017.34057 778 Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology V. S. Netchitailo shells, analogous to Solar flares; • All other DMP in different shells can start annihilation process as the result of the first detonation; • Different emission lines in spectra of bursts are connected to the Macroob- jects’ structure which depends on the composition of the Nuclei and sur- rounding shells made up of DMP. Consequently, the diversity of Very High Energy Bursts has a clear explanation; • Afterglow is a result of processes developing in Nuclei and shells after deto- nation. 4. Multiwavelength Pulsars D. J. Thompson in the review “Gamma Ray Pulsars: Multiwavelength Observa- tions” presents the light curves from seven highest-confidence gamma-ray pulsars (in 2003) in five energy bands: radio, optical, soft X-ray (<1 keV), hard X-ray/soft gamma ray ( 10 keV − 1 MeV), and hard gamma ray (above 100 MeV). Gamma rays are frequently the dominant component of the radiated ∼ power. According to D. J. Thompson, for all known Gamma-Ray Pulsars (GRP), multiwavelength observations and theoretical models based on such observa- tions offer the prospect of gaining a broad understanding of these rotating neu- tron stars [25]. WUM: FCS made up of strongly interacting neutralinos and WIMPs have maximum mass and minimum size which are equal to parameters of neutron stars (see Table 1). It follows that GRP might be in fact rotating Neutralino star or WIMP star. The nuclei of such pulsars may also be made up of the mixture of neutralinos (1.3 TeV) and WIMPs (9.6 GeV) surrounded by shells composed of other DMP. The GRP multiwavelength radiation depends on the composition of Nucleus and shells. S. Ansoldi, et al. report the most energetic pulsed emission ever detected from the Crab pulsar reaching up to 1.5 TeV.
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