Map Showing the Location of Manipur
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D E C L A R A T I O N I, Thenkhogin Haokip, bearing Registration No. Ph.D.1601/2011 dated 27.09.2011, hereby declare that the subject matter of the thesis entitled, “Status of Higher Education in the Hill Areas of Manipur: A Critical Study,” is the record of work done by me and that the contents of this thesis did not form the basis for an award for any degree to me or to anybody else to the best of my knowledge The thesis has not been submitted in any other University/Institute. This thesis is being submitted to the Assam University, Silchar for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Education. Place: Silchar Thenkhogin Haokip Date: 2nd March, 2015 Research Scholar Acknowledgement | iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor Professor Dr. Nityanand V. Pandey, Head, Department of Education, Assam University, Silchar, for his expert guidance and consistent support throughout the course of the research work without which this work will not have been in the present shape. I am also grateful to Professor Dr. Nikunja Behari Biswas, Dean, Ashutosh Mukhopadhyay School of Educational Sciences, Assam University, Silchar and all the faculties of the Department of Education, Assam University, Silchar for their expert advises, support and comments. I am indebted to the University Grants Commission, New Delhi for their uninterrupted financial assistance through the scheme of Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship for Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Students and later Junior Research Fellowship / University Grant Commission, New Delhi, without which, it would have been impossible for me to complete the research work. It also give me great pleasure to offer my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Jangkhomang Guite, Department of History, Assam University Silchar, Dr. Pauthang Haokip, Department of Linguistics Assam University, Silchar, Dr. Marykim Haokip Department of Linguistics, Assam University Silchar, Neeruka Angom, Department of Education, Assam University, Silchar, and Dr. Jangkholun Mate, Churachandpur College for their valuable comments and suggestions. My deep gratitude also to Hatneichong Haokip (Sarah), Mount Everest College, David Haokip, Moreh College, Lunkam Haokip, Churachandpur, Munhring Anal, Chandel Guichamlung Daimai, Tamenglong, Charmi Raleng, Pettigrew College, Sir Seikholet Singsit, Deputy Inspector of school, Saitu-Gamphazol (retired), Madam Kuoncha Sitlhou, Deputy Inspector of School, Saitu-Gamphazol and her office staffs also for rendering all sorts of help during data collection. I am thankful to all my friends for their encouragements and supports. Acknowledgement | iv My gratefulness also goes to the authorities, principals, teachers, research scholars and students of the colleges in the hill areas and the Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Regional Campus Manipur for providing me all the necessary information during the field visit. Last but not the least; I would like to extend my very special thanks to my mother Lamkhovei Haokip, my brother Thangminlien Haokip and my sister Sarah Vahneilhing for their constant support in every way, and my late father Seilam Haokip for being an inspiration all the way through. My special gratitude also to my cousin sister Esther Haokip and family, Uncle Tongkholun Haokip and family, Uncle late Shonkhai Haokip for their special contributions in my academic career. Thank you God for being my constant companion, a source of hope and motivation in my life. “The person who loves correction loves knowledge…”Prov12:1 “The race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong….” Eccl 9:11. Date: 2nd March, 2015 Thenkhogin Haokip Place: Silchar Senior Research Fellow (UGC) Department of Education Assam University, Silchar v CONTENT Declaration i Certificate ii Acknowledgement iii - iv Content v - ix List of Tables x - xiii List of Figures xiv Location of Manipur xv Location of Colleges in hill areas xvi - xvii Chapter- I Introduction 1-21 1.1 Conceptual Background 1 1.1.1 Concept of quality in higher education 5 1.1.2 Aims of higher education 7 1.1.2.1 Aims of higher education according the Indian Education Commission 1964-66 7 1.1.2.2. Aims of higher education according to Robbin Commission 8 1.1.2.3. Aims of higher education according to the Manipur University Act 1980 8 1.1.3. Role of higher education 9 1.1.4. Regulating Framework of higher education in India 11 1.2. Rationale of the study 13 1.3. Research gap and Question 17 1.4. Statement of the Problem 18 1.5. Objectives of the study 18 1.6. Definitions of operational terms 18 1.7. Delimitation of the study 19 1.9. Outline of the chapters in the study 19 Chapter- II Background of the study area 22-57 2.1. Brief profile of Manipur 22 2.1.1. General statistics of the state of Manipur 22 2.1.2. Brief account of the hill areas of Manipur 23 vi 2.1.3. Population and Ethnics in Manipur 25 2.1.4. Religion in the state 27 2.1.5. Origin of formal education in Manipur 29 2.2. Brief sketch of higher education in India 34 2.2.1 Brief sketch of higher education in ancient India 35 2.2.2. Higher education in medieval India 37 2.2.3. Higher Education in the modern India 40 2.2.4. Development of higher education in North-Eastern states of India 43 2.2.5. Development of higher education in Manipur 46 2.2.5.1. Women and higher education in Manipur 52 Chapter- III Review of related literature 58-87 3.1. Introduction 58 3.2. Studies related to higher education in mainland India and abroad 59 3.3. Studies related to higher education in the north- eastern states of India 72 3.4. Studies related to higher education in Manipur 77 3.5. Enrolment in higher education 82 Chapter- IV Methodology 88-99 4.1. Introduction 88 4.2. Method of the study 88 4.3. Population of the study 88 4.4. Sampling and Sample 90 4.5. Tools of the study 92 4.6. Construction of Questionnaires and Interview Schedule 93 4.7. Try-out of the tools 95 4.8. Data collection 95 4.9. Analysis and interpretation of data 97 Chapter- V Development of higher education in the hill areas of Manipur 100-156 5.1. Introduction 100 5.2. Development of higher education in hill areas of Manipur 100 5.2.1. Education in the pre-literate tribal society 104 5.2.2. Coming of modern education in the hill areas of Manipur 107 5.2.3. Brief impact of education in the hills of Manipur 107 vii 5.2.4. Growth of higher education in the hill areas of Manipur 111 5.2.5. Development of individual colleges in the hill areas of Manipur 117 5.2.6. Demand for a new university by the tribal students 124 5.2.7. Birth of Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Regional Campus Manipur (IGNTU-RCM) 124 5.3. Administration of higher education in the hill areas 127 5.4. Expansion of higher education in the hill areas 127 5.5. Enrolment in colleges of the hill areas 129 5.6. Achievement of colleges in the hill areas 137 5.7. Courses available in colleges of the hill areas till 2013 141 5.8. Strength and pattern of staffing in colleges of the hill areas 144 5.9. Pupil-Teacher Ratio in colleges of hill areas 146 5.10. Financing of higher education in hill areas of Manipur 148 5.11. Comparison of the Government and Private colleges in hill areas 149 5.12. Contributions of Christian Missionaries towards higher education in the hill areas of Manipur 152 Chapter- VI Analysis and interpretation of data 157-227 6.0. Introduction 157 6.1. Analysis of Questionnaires 157 6.1.1. Profile of the respondents 157 6.1.2. Management related aspect 161 6.1.3. Academic related aspect 174 6.1.4. Finance related aspect 189 6.1.5. Infrastructure related aspect 196 6.2. Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Regional Campus, Manipur 207 6.2.1. Teachers of Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Regional Campus, Manipur (IGNTU-RCM) 207 6.2.2. Students of Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Regional Campus, Manipur (IGNTU-RCM) 208 6.2.3. Management Related Aspect 210 6.2.4. Academic Related Aspect 210 6.2.5. Finance Related Aspect 213 6.2.6. Infrastructure Related Aspect 216 6.3. Major problems of teachers and students of higher education in the hill areas viii 218 6.4. Analysis of the interview Schedule 224 Chapter- VII Findings, Conclusions and Suggestions 228-259 7.0. Recapitulation of Rationale, Objectives and Methodology 228 7.1. Discussion on major findings 229 7.2. Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Regional Campus Manipur 245 7.3. Conclusions 248 7.4. Suggestions of the study 255 Bibliography 260-271 Appendices 271-294 List of Tables | x LIST OF TABLES 2.1 District-wise distribution of Area, Population and Literary. 23 2.2 Growth rate of population in Manipur and India 26 2.3 List of recognised tribes inhabiting the hills of Manipur with strength. 27 2.4. Growth of higher education institutions in India 41 2.5. Enrolment in various courses of higher education in India (2010-11) 42 2.6. Number of Colleges in the North-Eastern Region 44 2.7. Number of Universities in the North Eastern States of India 45 2.8. State Merit Scholarship to students in 1991-92 49 2.9. Total enrolment in higher education in Manipur from 2008-2013 51 4.1 District wise distribution of colleges in the Hill Areas of Manipur 90 4.2 Population of the study 90 4.3.