DOCSLIB.ORG

Jumping for Height Or Distance ConstrucNg a Biomechanical Model — the Procedure for Constructing the Model Is Straight Forward

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Jumping for Height Or Distance Construc�Ng a Biomechanical Model — the Procedure for Constructing the Model Is Straight Forward Jumping for Height or Distance Construc)ng a Biomechanical Model The procedure for constructing the model is straight forward. You place the fundamental principle that most directly influences the achievement of the desired outcome at the top of the model. The second fundamental principle is the principle that most directly influences the first principle and overlays the first principle wherever similar boxes exist. The remainder of the fundamental principles overlay the preceding principles in a similar manner. Projectile Motion Principle Biomechanical Model Jump Height/Distance Jumping for Height or Distance Time in the Air Sum of Joint Linear Speeds Principle Jumper’s Jumper’s Relative Linear Speed Projection Angle Projection Height Joint Linear Speed of Linear Speed – Angular Joint Linear Speed of Joint Linear Speed of the Ankle and all Joints Velocity Principle the Knee and all Joints the Hip and all Joints Angular Superior to the Ankle Superior to the Knee Superior to the Hip Impulse-Momentum Principle Joint Angular Radius of Joint Angular Radius of Joint Angular Radius of Velocity Rotation Velocity Rotation Velocity Rotation Ankle PF Application Time Angular Knee Ext Application Time Angular Hip Ext Application Time Angular Torque of Joint Torque Inertia Torque of Joint Torque Inertia Torque of Joint Torque Inertia Muscle Moment Radius of Muscle Moment Radius of Muscle Moment Radius of Mass Mass Mass Force Arm Resistance Force Arm Resistance Force Arm Resistance Joint Torque Angular Inertia Principle Principle Action - Reaction Principle External Forces External Forces Friction Principle Force Friction Force Vertical Ground Coefficient Principle Reaction Force of Friction Biomechanical Model Jumping for Height or Distance Jump Height/Distance Projectile Motion Principle Time in the Air Jumper’s Jumper’s Relative Linear Speed Projection Angle Projection Height Biomechanical Model Jumping for Height or Distance Jumper’s Sum of Joint Linear Speed Linear Speeds Principle Joint Linear Joint Linear Joint Linear Speeds 1 Speeds 2 Speeds 3 Biomechanical Model Jumping for Height or Distance Joint Linear Linear Speed – Angular Speeds Velocity Principle Joint Angular Radius of Velocity Rotation s = ωrrot Biomechanical Model Jumping for Height or Distance Joint Angular Angular Impulse – Velocity Momentum Principle Joint Application Time Angular Tt Torque of the Joint Torque Inertia ω = I Biomechanical Model Jumping for Height or Distance Joint Joint Torque Principle Torque TJ = FMd MA Muscle Moment Force Arm Biomechanical Model Jumping for Height or Distance Angular Angular Inertia Principle Inertia 2 Radius of I = mr Mass res Resistance Biomechanical Model Jumping for Height or Distance Muscle Action – Reaction Principle Force External Forces Biomechanical Model Jumping for Height or Distance External External Forces Principle Forces Vertical Ground Friction Reaction Force Force Biomechanical Model Jumping for Height or Distance Friction Friction Force Principle Force FFR = µFVGR Vertical Ground Coefficient Reaction Force of Friction Interpre)ng the Biomechanical Jump Height/Distance Model Time in the Air Jumper’s Jumper’s Relative Linear Speed Projection Angle Projection Height Joint Linear Speed of Joint Linear Speed of Joint Linear Speed of the Ankle and all Joints the Knee and all Joints the Hip and all Joints Superior to the Ankle Superior to the Knee Superior to the Hip Joint Angular Radius of Joint Angular Radius of Joint Angular Radius of Velocity Rotation Velocity Rotation Velocity Rotation Ankle PF Application Time Angular Knee Ext Application Time Angular Hip Ext Application Time Angular Torque of Joint Torque Inertia Torque of Joint Torque Inertia Torque of Joint Torque Inertia Muscle Moment Radius of Muscle Moment Radius of Muscle Moment Radius of Mass Mass Mass Force Arm Resistance Force Arm Resistance Force Arm Resistance External Forces Friction Force Vertical Ground Coefficient Reaction Force of Friction Jumping for Height or Distance Fundamental Biomechanical Principles Projec)le Mo)on Principle Projectile An object that has been projected (thrown, struck or kicked) or dropped into the air Three forces influence the movement of a projectile when it is in the air Weight (W) Drag Force (FD) Lift Force (FL) Unit of measurement Newton (N) Projec)le Mo)on Principle Projectiles in Sport & Physical Activity Round Projectiles a tennis ball, a golf ball, a baseball, a softball, a basketball, a volleyball, a soccer ball, etc. Non-Round Projectiles a football, a discus, a javelin, a Frisbee, etc. The Human Body when it is running, high jumping, pole vaulting, playing volleyball, playing basketball, etc. Projec)le Mo)on Principle What Determines a Projectile’s Maximum Horizontal Distance Two Factors Projectile Speed Time in the Air Projectile Speed Relative Projection Height Projection Angle Optimum Projection Angle Projec)le Mo)on Principle What Determines a Projectile’s Maximum Vertical Height Two Factors Projectile Speed Projection Angle Optimum Projection Angle Projecle Speed Relave Projec)on Height (RPH) RPH is negative Maximum Height RPH = 0 Range (distance) RPH is positive Projecon Angle Opmum Projecon Angle Sum of Joint Linear Speeds Principle A body’s total linear speed is the result of an optimal combination of individual joint linear speeds. The identification of this optimal combination of joint linear speeds is a skill that all individuals interested in understanding human movement must develop Linear Speed – Angular Velocity Principle Radius of Rotation (rrot) The linear distance from the joint’s axis of rotation to the point of interest on the rotating body component Unit of measurement meters (m) Linear Speed (s) This is the straight-line speed of a point on a rotating body component Unit of measurement meters per second (m/s) Linear Speed – Angular Velocity Principle Angle (θ) An angle is formed by the intersection of two lines Unit of Measurement Radians (rad) Angular Velocity (ω) The rotational speed of the body component How fast does an angle’s value (Δθ) change The speed of joint rotation Unit of measurement Radians per second (rad/s) Linear Speed – Angular Velocity Principle The body component being moved is the combination of all body’s segments that are being moved. For example, when hip extension is performed the body component being moved is composed of the head segment, the torso segment, and the two arm segments. If knee extension is being performed, the body component being moved is the same as for hip extension plus the upper leg segment of each leg. Linear Speed – Angular Velocity Principle Real-World Application An increase in linear speed (s) of a point on a rotating body component is caused by an increase in the body component’s angular velocity (ω) and/or an increase the radius of rotation (rrot). s = ωrrot Time 2 location s21 Time 1 location s22 s11 s21 Radius of rotation (rrot) Δθ Axis of rotation 90 degrees 135 degrees 180 degrees π 3 π radians radians π radians 2 4 Conversion Factor 180 degrees = π radians (π ) π Example: 90 degrees = (90) = radians 180 2 Angular Impulse-Momentum Principle Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion (Angular) If a net torque (ΣT) is exerted on an object, the object will angularly accelerate in the direction of the net torque, and its angular acceleration (α) will be proportional to the net torque and inversely proportional to its angular inertia (I) The equation for Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion (Angular) is ΣT = Iα Angular Impulse-Momentum Principle The Angular Impulse-Momentum Principle is derived from Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion (Angular) ΣT = Iα ⎛ Δω⎞ ΣT = I⎜ ⎟ ⎝ t ⎠ ΣTt = I(Δω) Angular Impulse-Momentum Principle ΣTt is known as angular impulse Unit of measurement Newton-meter-sec (N-m-s) I(Δω) is known as the change in angular momentum Unit of measurement kilogram meter squared per second (kg-m2/s) Angular Impulse-Momentum Principle Real-World Application An increase in angular velocity (Δω) of a body component being rotated is caused by an increase in joint torque (TJ) applied to the body component, and/or an increase in the application time (t) of the joint torque and/or a decrease in the body component’s angular inertia (I). ΣTt Δω = I Joint Torque Principle What is a Torque (T)? It is the effect of a muscle force to cause a joint rotation Muscle Force (FM) Muscle force (FM) is caused by muscle contractions These contractions pull on bones Muscle force (FM) is known as an eccentric force An eccentric force is a force that does not pass through the joint connecting two body segments Joint Torque Principle Torque (T) is directly related to the size of the muscle force that creates it The larger the muscle force (FM), the larger the torque Torque (T) is also influenced by The linear distance from the line of pull of the muscle force to the axis of rotation of the joint This distance is called the moment arm (dma) The line of pull of the muscle force is determined by connecting a line between the attachments (origin and insertion) of the muscle into bones held together at the joint. See Figure 5.6 The larger the moment arm (dma), the larger the torque Joint Torque Principle Real-World Application An increase in joint torque (TJ) is caused by an increase in a muscle force (FM) pulling on the bones that are held together at the joint and/or an increase in the moment arm (dma). TJ = FMdma Units of Measurement Newton-meter (N-m) muscle force axis of rotation moment dma arm Angular
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lecture 10: Impulse and Momentum
    ME 230 Kinematics and Dynamics Wei-Chih Wang Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Washington Kinetics of a particle: Impulse and Momentum Chapter 15 Chapter objectives • Develop the principle of linear impulse and momentum for a particle • Study the conservation of linear momentum for particles • Analyze the mechanics of impact • Introduce the concept of angular impulse and momentum • Solve problems involving steady fluid streams and propulsion with variable mass W. Wang Lecture 10 • Kinetics of a particle: Impulse and Momentum (Chapter 15) - 15.1-15.3 W. Wang Material covered • Kinetics of a particle: Impulse and Momentum - Principle of linear impulse and momentum - Principle of linear impulse and momentum for a system of particles - Conservation of linear momentum for a system of particles …Next lecture…Impact W. Wang Today’s Objectives Students should be able to: • Calculate the linear momentum of a particle and linear impulse of a force • Apply the principle of linear impulse and momentum • Apply the principle of linear impulse and momentum to a system of particles • Understand the conditions for conservation of momentum W. Wang Applications 1 A dent in an automotive fender can be removed using an impulse tool, which delivers a force over a very short time interval. How can we determine the magnitude of the linear impulse applied to the fender? Could you analyze a carpenter’s hammer striking a nail in the same fashion? W. Wang Applications 2 Sure! When a stake is struck by a sledgehammer, a large impulsive force is delivered to the stake and drives it into the ground.
    [Show full text]
  • Impulse and Momentum
    Impulse and Momentum All particles with mass experience the effects of impulse and momentum. Momentum and inertia are similar concepts that describe an objects motion, however inertia describes an objects resistance to change in its velocity, and momentum refers to the magnitude and direction of it's motion. Momentum is an important parameter to consider in many situations such as braking in a car or playing a game of billiards. An object can experience both linear momentum and angular momentum. The nature of linear momentum will be explored in this module. This section will discuss momentum and impulse and the interconnection between them. We will explore how energy lost in an impact is accounted for and the relationship of momentum to collisions between two bodies. This section aims to provide a better understanding of the fundamental concept of momentum. Understanding Momentum Any body that is in motion has momentum. A force acting on a body will change its momentum. The momentum of a particle is defined as the product of the mass multiplied by the velocity of the motion. Let the variable represent momentum. ... Eq. (1) The Principle of Momentum Recall Newton's second law of motion. ... Eq. (2) This can be rewritten with accelleration as the derivate of velocity with respect to time. ... Eq. (3) If this is integrated from time to ... Eq. (4) Moving the initial momentum to the other side of the equation yields ... Eq. (5) Here, the integral in the equation is the impulse of the system; it is the force acting on the mass over a period of time to .
    [Show full text]
  • Optimum Design of Impulse Ventilation System in Underground
    ering & ine M g a n n , E a Umamaheswararao Ind Eng Manage 2017, 6:4 l g a i e r m t s DOI: 10.4172/2169-0316.1000238 e u n d t n I Industrial Engineering & Management ISSN: 2169-0316 Research Article Open Access Optimum Design of Impulse Ventilation System in Underground Car Parking Basement by Using CFD Simulation Lakamana Umamaheswararao* Design and Development Engineer, Saudi Fan Industries, KSA Abstract The most significant development in car park ventilation design has been the introduction of Impulse Ventilation. It is an innovative alternative to traditional systems and provides a number of significant benefits. The ventilation of car parks is essential for removing vehicle exhausts Fumes and smoke in case of fire containing harmful pollutants. So design of impulse systems is usually proven by use of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamic) analysis. In this study considered one of the car parking basement which is in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and study was conducted by using ANSYS-Fluent. The field study was carried to collect the actual data of boundary conditions for CFD simulation. In this study, two Cases of jet fan smoke ventilation systems were considered, one has 8 jet fans according to the customer and another one has 11 jet fans which positions were changed accordingly. Base on the comparison of simulation data, ventilation system with 11 jet fans can help to improve the evacuation of fumes in the car parking area and it is also observed that the concentration of CO minimized within 15 minutes. Keywords: Impulse ventilation; CFD; AMC hospital; Jet fans The CFD model accounted for columns, beams, internal walls and other construction elements which could form an obstruction to the Introduction air flow as shown in Figure 1 and total car parking area is 3500 2m .
    [Show full text]
  • Impulse Response of Civil Structures from Ambient Noise Analysis by German A
    Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 100, No. 5A, pp. 2322–2328, October 2010, doi: 10.1785/0120090285 Ⓔ Short Note Impulse Response of Civil Structures from Ambient Noise Analysis by German A. Prieto, Jesse F. Lawrence, Angela I. Chung, and Monica D. Kohler Abstract Increased monitoring of civil structures for response to earthquake motions is fundamental to reducing seismic risk. Seismic monitoring is difficult because typically only a few useful, intermediate to large earthquakes occur per decade near instrumented structures. Here, we demonstrate that the impulse response function (IRF) of a multistory building can be generated from ambient noise. Estimated shear- wave velocity, attenuation values, and resonance frequencies from the IRF agree with previous estimates for the instrumented University of California, Los Angeles, Factor building. The accuracy of the approach is demonstrated by predicting the Factor build- ing’s response to an M 4.2 earthquake. The methodology described here allows for rapid, noninvasive determination of structural parameters from the IRFs within days and could be used for state-of-health monitoring of civil structures (buildings, bridges, etc.) before and/or after major earthquakes. Online Material: Movies of IRF and earthquake shaking. Introduction Determining a building’s response to earthquake an elastic medium from one point to another; traditionally, it motions for risk assessment is a primary goal of seismolo- is the response recorded at a receiver when a unit impulse is gists and structural engineers alike (e.g., Cader, 1936a,b; applied at a source location at time 0. Çelebi et al., 1993; Clinton et al., 2006; Snieder and Safak, In many studies using ambient vibrations from engineer- 2006; Chopra, 2007; Kohler et al., 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • Actions for Flood Resilient Homes: Pumping Guidance
    Actions for Flood Resilient Homes: Pumping Guidance If dry floodproofing methods fail during a large storm or you’ve chosen wet floodproofing, you may end up with a significant amount of water in your basement. Though your impulse may be to remove the water as soon as possible, it’s important to remember that moving too quickly may cause structural damage to your home. Even though flood waters may have receded, there is still water in the ground that may be exerting force against your basement walls. If that force is greater than the force of water inside your basement, the foundation, basement walls, or floors may rupture or crack. Before flood action During flood action After flood action Pumping procedure—when and how much to pump If you need to pump water out of your basement or house, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) recommends taking the following steps to avoid serious damage to your home. 1. Begin pumping only when floodwaters are no longer covering the ground outside. 2. Pump out 1 foot of water, mark the water level, and wait overnight. 3. Check the water level the next day. If the level rose to the previous mark, it is still too early to drain the basement. 4. Wait 24 hours, pump the water down 1 foot, and mark the water level. Check the level the next day. 5. When the water level stops returning to your mark, pump out 2 to 3 feet and wait overnight. Repeat this process daily until all of the water is out of the basement.
    [Show full text]
  • High Temperatures Predicted in the Granitic Basement of Northwest Alberta - an Assessment of the Egs Energy Potential
    PROCEEDINGS, Thirty-Ninth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, February 24-26, 2014 SGP-TR-202 HIGH TEMPERATURES PREDICTED IN THE GRANITIC BASEMENT OF NORTHWEST ALBERTA - AN ASSESSMENT OF THE EGS ENERGY POTENTIAL Jacek Majorowicz1*, Greg Nieuwenhuis1, Martyn Unsworth1, Jordan Phillips1 and Rebecca Verveda1 1University of Alberta Department of Physics, Canada *email: [email protected] Keywords: Heat flow, EGS, Alberta, Canada ABSTRACT Northwest Alberta is characterized by high subsurface temperatures that may represent a significant geothermal resource. In this paper we present new data that allows us to make predictions of the temperatures that might be found within the crystalline basement rocks. In this region the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) is composed of up to 3 km of Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks with low thermal conductivity, which act as a thermal blanket. Commercial well-logging data was cleaned of erroneous data and corrected for paleoclimatic effects to give an average geothermal gradient of 35 K per km, and maximum geothermal gradients reaching 50K per km. These gradients, along with a thermal conductivity model of sedimentary rocks, were then used to estimate heat flow across the unconformity at the base of the WCSB. The calculations assumed a heat generation of 0.5 µW/m3 within the sedimentary rocks. Estimation of temperatures within the crystalline basement rocks requires knowledge of the thermal conductivity (TC) and heat generation (HG) of these rocks. These are mainly granitic Precambrian rocks. Thermal conductivity (TC) and heat generation (HG) of the basement rocks were measured on samples recovered from hundreds of wells that sampled the Pre-Cambrian basement rocks.
    [Show full text]
  • Kinematics, Impulse, and Human Running
    Kinematics, Impulse, and Human Running Kinematics, Impulse, and Human Running Purpose This lesson explores how kinematics and impulse can be used to analyze human running performance. Students will explore how scientists determined the physical factors that allow elite runners to travel at speeds far beyond the average jogger. Audience This lesson was designed to be used in an introductory high school physics class. Lesson Objectives Upon completion of this lesson, students will be able to: ஃ describe the relationship between impulse and momentum. ஃ apply impulse-momentum theorem to explain the relationship between the force a runner applies to the ground, the time a runner is in contact with the ground, and a runner’s change in momentum. Key Words aerial phase, contact phase, momentum, impulse, force Big Question This lesson plan addresses the Big Question “​What does it mean to observe?” Standard Alignments ஃ Science and Engineering Practices ஃ SP 4​. Analyzing and interpreting data ஃ SP 5​. Using mathematics and computational thinking ஃ MA Science and Technology/Engineering Standards (2016) ஃ HS-PS2-10(MA)​. Use algebraic expressions and Newton’s laws of motion to predict changes to velocity and acceleration for an object moving in one dimension in various situations. ஃ HS-PS2-3.​ Apply scientific principles of motion and momentum to design, evaluate, and refine a device that minimizes the force on a macroscopic object during a collision. ஃ NGSS Standards (2013) HS-PS2-2. ​Use mathematical representations to support the claim that the total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when there is no net force on the system.
    [Show full text]
  • 7.1 the Impulse-Momentum Theorem
    7.1 The Impulse-Momentum Theorem TRSP Fig. 7-1b: Force on a baseball. Definition of Impulse: the impulse of a force is the product of the average force F and the time interval ∆t during which the force acts: Impulse = F ∆t (7.1) Impulse is a vector quantity and has the same direction as the average force. SI Unit of Impulse: newton second ( N s) · · Definition of Linear Momentum: the linear momen- tum −→p of an object is the product of the object’s mass m and velocity −→v : −→p = m−→v (7.2) TRSP Fig. 7.4: average force and velocity change v v0 −→f −−→ a = ∆t v v0 mv mv0 −→f −−→ −→f −−−→ From N2: F = m ∆t = ∆t (7.3) Ã ! Impulse-Momentum Theorem: When a net force acts on an object, the impulse of the net force is equal to the change in momentum of the object: F ∆t = mv mv (7.4) −→f − −→0 Impulse = Change in momentum Ex.1:Hittingabaseball(mass,m =0.14 kg), initially −v→0 = 38 m/ s, −v→f =58m/ s, ∆t =1.6 3 − × 10− s (a) impulse = mv mv −→f − −→0 m =0.14 kg [58 m/ s ( 38 m/ s)] = . 14 ( kg) 96.0 s = m − − 13. 44 ( kg) s m impulse 13. 44( kg) s m (b) F = ∆t = 3 = 8400.0(kg) 2 or 1.6 10− s s N × Ex.2: Rain Storm: v = 15 m/ s, rate of rain is 0.060 kg/ s. Find aver- −→0 − ageforceonthecarifraindropscometorest. average force on the rain m−v→f −m−v→0 m F = − = v0 ∆t − ∆t −→ ³ ´ =0.060 kg/ s 15 m/ s= .
    [Show full text]
  • Schwinger's Quantum Action Principle
    Kimball A. Milton Schwinger’s Quantum Action Principle From Dirac’s formulation through Feynman’s path integrals, the Schwinger-Keldysh method, quantum field theory, to source theory March 30, 2015 arXiv:1503.08091v1 [quant-ph] 27 Mar 2015 Springer v Abstract Starting from the earlier notions of stationary action principles, we show how Julian Schwinger’s Quantum Action Principle descended from Dirac’s formulation, which independently led Feynman to his path-integral formulation of quantum mechanics. The connection between the two is brought out, and applications are discussed. The Keldysh-Schwinger time- cycle method of extracting matrix elements in nonequilibrium situations is described. The variational formulation of quanum field theory and the de- velopment of source theory constitute the latter part of this work. In this document, derived from Schwinger’s lectures over four decades, the continu- ity of concepts, such as that of Green’s functions, becomes apparent. Contents 1 Historical Introduction ................................... 1 2 Review of Classical Action Principles ..................... 3 2.1 LagrangianViewpoint................................. .. 4 2.2 Hamiltonian Viewpoint. 6 2.3 A Third, Schwingerian, Viewpoint . 7 2.4 Invariance and Conservation Laws ...................... .. 9 2.5 Nonconservation Laws. The Virial Theorem................ 13 3 Classical Field Theory—Electrodynamics ................. 15 3.1 Action of Particle in Field . 15 3.2 ElectrodynamicAction................................ .. 16 3.3 Energy........................................... ..... 19 3.4 Momentum and Angular Momentum Conservation . 21 3.5 Gauge Invariance and the Conservation of Charge .......... 24 3.6 Gauge Invariance and Local Conservation Laws ............ 25 4 Quantum Action Principle ................................ 31 4.1 Harmonic Oscillator . 37 4.2 Forced Harmonic Oscillator . 40 4.3 Feynman Path Integral Formulation ....................
    [Show full text]
  • Linear Impulse and Momentum
    EXSC 408L Fall '03 Problem Set #5 Linear Impulse and Momentum Linear Impulse and Momentum Problems: 1. Derive the principal of impulse and momentum from an initial cause and effect relationship to show an object’s final momentum. 2. Imagine a 100 N person walking. He generates an average net vertical reaction force during right foot contact with the ground of 100 N. If the TBCM vertical velocity at right foot contact is -0.2 m/s and the contact duration is 0.25 s, what is the TBCM vertical velocity at right toe off? 3. What is the take-off velocity of a 68.0 kg long jumper if his initial velocity is 8.50 m/s and his take-off step produces a net force of 2700 N for 0.200 s? Use the equation from #1. 4. A USC runner with a body weight of 490.5 N runs across a force plate, making contact with the plate for 0.25 s. During contact, her velocity increases from 2.5 m/s to 4.0 m/s. What was the net horizontal force she exerted while in contact with the force plate? 5. If the net vertical impulse of a 580 N person is 1800 Ns over 0.500 s, what was the vertical force produced? If her initial vertical velocity was –0.200 m/s, what was her vertical take-off velocity? 6. The plot seen here is a plot of the horizontal force generated by a long-jumper at take-off. Given that the long- jumper has a mass of 68.0 kg, and his approach velocity was 8.30 m/s, calculate the following: 3750 2750 1750 Force (N) 750 -250 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 Time(s) a.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 19 Angular Momentum
    Chapter 19 Angular Momentum 19.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 19.2 Angular Momentum about a Point for a Particle .............................................. 2 19.2.1 Angular Momentum for a Point Particle ..................................................... 2 19.2.2 Right-Hand-Rule for the Direction of the Angular Momentum ............... 3 Example 19.1 Angular Momentum: Constant Velocity ........................................ 4 Example 19.2 Angular Momentum and Circular Motion ..................................... 5 Example 19.3 Angular Momentum About a Point along Central Axis for Circular Motion ........................................................................................................ 5 19.3 Torque and the Time Derivative of Angular Momentum about a Point for a Particle ........................................................................................................................... 8 19.4 Conservation of Angular Momentum about a Point ......................................... 9 Example 19.4 Meteor Flyby of Earth .................................................................... 10 19.5 Angular Impulse and Change in Angular Momentum ................................... 12 19.6 Angular Momentum of a System of Particles .................................................. 13 Example 19.5 Angular Momentum of Two Particles undergoing Circular Motion .....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Torque and Deflection Response Characteristics to Evaluate the Ergonomics of Dc Torque Tools Via a Tool Test Rig
    EXPLORING TORQUE AND DEFLECTION RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS TO EVALUATE THE ERGONOMICS OF DC TORQUE TOOLS VIA A TOOL TEST RIG A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Shritama Mukherji, B.E. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Master’s Examination Committee: Dr. Anthony Luscher, Adviser Approved by Dr. Carolyn Sommerich __________________________________ Advisor Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering ABSTRACT Torque tools used in assembly applications generate impulsive reaction forces during torque build-up that often displace the operator hand and arm, and are associated with an increased risk of muscle damage and injury. Tools are available in a number of handle shapes, sizes, and output capacities and are operated in various working positions and orientations. These factors affect the dynamic interaction between the tool and the operator and the operator’s ability to react against impulsive forces. DC torque tools are controlled fastening tools that are instrumented with sensors for direct measurement of the applied torque and rotation of the threaded fastener during the assembly process. They have several advantages in terms of torque accuracy, error detection, and torque verification over other torquing systems. DC torque tools interface with a tool controller that can be used to set tightening parameters and program different tightening algorithms, making it highly flexible. The objective of this thesis is to quantify the ergonomic impact of various DC torque tool controller settings. This impact was determined by the use of an ergonomic test rig which will capture the interaction between the physical tool, control software, and a model of the human arm.
    [Show full text]