International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 8, Issue 7, July 2017, pp. 1060–1067, Article ID: IJMET_08_07_114 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJMET?Volume=8&Issue=7 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359

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CASE STUDY AND COMPARISON OF DATA FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN , VARANASI AND KANPUR DISTRICT IN U.P ()

Ravi Shanker Singh Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Naini, Allahabad 211007, , India

Er. Rahul Charles Francis Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, SIET, SHUATS, Allahabad – 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT Solid waste management has become nightmare for general public and local authorities in cities crosswise India. As the economic development takes place in a country the generation of the municipal solid waste increases. Not only has this but the characteristics of the municipal solid waste also changed. This study was conducted as a case study of the status of the municipal solid waste and its management in Allahabad city and a comparison is made with Varanasi and Kanpur city. Increasing population levels, rapid economic growth and rise in community living standard accelerates the generation rate of municipal solid waste in Indian cities. Improper management of MSW causes hazards to inhabitants. Geographic Information System has been used to analyze existing maps and data, to digitize the existing sanitary ward boundaries and to enter the data about the wards and disposal sites in Allahabad. In Allahabad the total quantity of MSW has been reported as 500 tonne/day, which is lesser than that of Varanasi, which produces 690 tonne per day. Kanpur being the industrial area, produces the maximum of 1500 tonnes per day. The generated Arc GIS maps give efficient information concerning static and dynamic parameters of the municipal solid waste management (MSWM) problem. Key words: Municipal Solid Waste Management, Biomethanation, Geographic Information System. Cite this Article: Ravi Shanker Singh and Er. Rahul Charles Francis, Case Study and Comparison Of Data For Solid Waste Management In Allahabad, Varanasi and Kanpur District In U.P (India), International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 8(7), 2017, pp. 1060–1067. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJMET?Volume=8&Issue=7

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 1060 [email protected] Case Study and Comparison of Data For Solid Waste Management In Allahabad, Varanasi and Kanpur District In U.P (India) 1. INTRODUCTION Municipal Solid Waste Management is the major problem being faced by municipalities because it involves a huge expenditure and receives scant attention. It is not only a technical problem but it also is strongly influenced by political, legal, socio-cultural, environmental and economic factors, as well as available resources. Moreover, these factors have interrelationships that are usually complex in waste management systems. Improper management of MSW constitutes a growing concern for cities in developing nations. Proper management requires the construction and installation of essential facilities and machinery, based on a suitable management plan. More than 90% of MSW in India is directly disposed of on the land in an unsatisfactory manner. Therefore, the present case study aims at to determine the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of MSW along with basic information, which is desirable for MSWM, and to create GIS maps for Allahabad comparatively study with Varanasi and Kanpur city.

2. STATUS OF MSW: AN OVERVIEW Allahabad is a major city of east Uttar Pradesh State, situated at 25.25 North latitude and 81.58_ East longitude, Area metropolis 70.5 km2 (27.2 sq mi), elevation is 98 m (322 ft) and the city was earlier known as Prayāga, a name still commonly used. Prayaga existed during the Vedic period, It is about 627 km from Delhi and about 815 km from Calcutta. Allahabad is an ancient city of India, considered holy because it is built on the confluence (Sangam) of the rivers Ganga, and Saraswati (Tourism Department, 1989). The city has a population of about 1,117,094 inhabitants (AMC, 2011). Allahabad Municipal Corporation is responsible for the management of the MSW generated in the city. The city is divided into 20 sanitary wards and the entire operation of solid waste management system is performed under four heads, namely, cleaning, collection, transportation and disposal. In the city area of about 63 km2, the cleaning and collection operations are performed by the public health wing of AMC; while transportation and disposal of MSW are being performed by the transportation wing of AMC. It is dumped into depots (49 depots). The entire operation of solid waste management system is performed under four heads, namely, cleaning, collection, transportation and disposal and comparative study take place In Varanasi and Kanpur. MSW is then loaded into the transportation vehicles, which transport the waste to different disposal sites. Every year Allahabad Municipal corporation spends on average 22%, Varanasi Municipal Corporation And Kanpur Municipal Corporation 31% and 48% of its total budget on solid waste management respectively.

2.1. Sources and quantity of MSW AMC reported the percentage of MSW generated for various sources in Allahabad city as shown in Table1 and comparative study take place with Varanasi Municipal Corporation (VMC) and Kanpur Municipal Corporation (KMC), as shown Table2, Table3.

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Table (1) Source of waste composition in Allahabad Sources of waste Percentage Households 40 Restaurants 27

Street sweeping 9 Market 6 Shops and workshop 3 Offices 4 Hospitals 5 Hotels 8 Total 100

MSW sources in AMC 2015

Table (2) Source of waste composition in Varanasi

Sources of waste Percentage

Households 35 Restaurants 24 Street sweeping 10 Market 7 Shops and workshop 5 Offices 3 Hospitals 4 Hotels 12 Total 100

MSW sources in VMC 2015

Table (3) Source of waste composition in Kanpur Sources of waste Percentage Households 32 Restaurants 20 Street sweeping 15 Market 9 Shops and workshop 6 Offices 7 Hospitals 6 Hotels 5 Total 100

MSW sources in KMC 2015

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 1062 [email protected] Case Study and Comparison of Data For Solid Waste Management In Allahabad, Varanasi and Kanpur District In U.P (India) 2.2. Primary collection of MSW Sweepers collect the MSW from the roads/streets and carry it to the nearest collection points (depots or community bins). MSW produced from individual households is taken to the collection point or just deposited on the adjacent roadside from where it is collected when the roads are swept. This type of collection is called primary collection. The samples have been randomly collected from various locations and analyzed to determine the characteristics of MSW. A questionnaire survey has been carried out to collect data from inhabitants including MSW quantity, collection frequency, satisfaction level etc. The problem is already acute in cities and towns as the disposal facilities have not been able to keep space with the quantum of wastes being generated. It is common to find large heaps of garbage lying in a disorganized manner at every nook and corner in the cities.

2.3. Methods of storage AMC has provided 49 depots for the temporary storage of MSW, which are scattered throughout the city. The depots are an open space enclosed on three sides with a masonry wall of about 1.35 m height, with capacities ranging from 15 to 40 m3 and located in a congested area containing narrow winding streets. Unfortunately, only 38% of the depots are in good condition and the rest have been damaged during loading by the loader and by Animals; 16% of the depots having no wall (AMC, 2011). AMC, VMC and KMC have also provided two types of community bin containers for MSW storage. The first one has wheels and its capacity is 1 m3. The bin is also placed along the roadside in areas where this system has been adopted AMC, VMC and also KMC.

2.4. Secondary collection of MSW In Allahabad city the disposal sites are generally within 15 km of the collection points, hence, transfer stations are not in use and the MSW is directly hauled by the collection vehicle from the collection points to the disposal site. Since the MSW is collected again from the collection points for transportation to the disposal site, it is termed secondary collection. The hauled container, stationary container, manually loaded dumper and mechanically loaded dumper systems are used during secondary collection, transportation and disposal of MSW. The hauled container system is a collection system in which the containers used for the storage of wastes are hauled to the processing, transfer or disposal sites, and then emptied and returned to either their original location or some other location. A dumper placer is used to carry the large size of community bins (4.4 m3) containing MSW from its fixed point to the disposal site.

2.5. Final disposal of MSW Allahabad does not have a sanitary landfill for proper disposal of MSW. There are six open disposal sites where the MSW of the city is being disposed.

3. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) Arc GIS is a complete and integrated system for the creation, management, integration, and analysis of geographic data. It consists of a geo-referenced spatial database, which includes all required parameters for MSWM. These parameters involve sanitary wards, collection points, transportation road network, as well as the location and capacity of disposal sites and its connection with different wards. ArcGIS has the capability to input and store the geographic (coordinate) and tabular (attribute) data, to find specific features based on location or attribute value, to answer questions regarding the interaction between multiple datasets, to visualize geographic features using a variety of symbols and to display the results in a variety of formats, such as maps and graphs. Arc Catalog application helps to organize and manage all GIS data.

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It includes tools for browsing and finding geographic information, recording and viewing metadata, quickly viewing any dataset and defining the schema structure for geographic data layers. Arc Toolbox application provides tools for data conversion, managing coordinate systems, and changing map projections.

4. METHODOLOGY The research work is based on primary and secondary data collection in order to respond to the research questions of the study. The secondary data were collected directly from concerned offices, research institutions like universities and NGOs, which are closely dealing with the solid waste management issues. After reviewing their reports, the primary data were also collected on the basic issues, which are not dealing with, or not clearly mentioned in reports through “key informed consent approach”. The secondary data come from a combination of electronic and printed form of materials such as published books, research papers, journals and articles etc. using door-to-door surveying in order to obtain data about MSW quantity, daily disposal, availability of containers, collection frequency and satisfaction level, etc.

4.1. Methodology for data collection The following method were adopted for the collection of required data, • Detailed study of yearly solid waste reports of concerned institutions. • Key information interview with solid waste management staff. • Review of already published literature. • Visit in the city and to the waste disposal sites to assess the solid waste management system.

4.2. Primary Data collection The qualitative data have been collected through focus group interview from relevant top management of Waste Management Company, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. The following questions were treated: Question 1: Do you consider different sectors for the solid waste collection in Allahabad? Question 2: Do you have any planning to find out recent solid waste composition? How and this waste composition will be either based on sectors or towns level? Question 3: What are the current collection and segregation methods at sources? Question 4: Is there any waste-to-energy recovery technology is operating in Allahabad? If yes which type of technology is implemented? Question 5: If no then, are you thinking about the implementation of any waste-to-energy recovery technology in Allahabad? Question 6: Which type of energy recovery technology is the most beneficial and suitable based on current solid waste composition and quantity of Allahabad? Question 7: What are the most important influencing factors while selection of waste-to-energy recovery technology in case of Allahabad and in general as well? Question 8: At what extent economic factor is important while selection of technology? Question 9: Political decision makers will have their own decisions regarding waste to energy technology selection or they will follow and consult with experts or relevant professionals? Question10: What types of socio-economic-environmental issues specifically related to Allahabad solid waste?

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 1064 [email protected] Case Study and Comparison of Data For Solid Waste Management In Allahabad, Varanasi and Kanpur District In U.P (India) 4.3. Data Analysis Data are presented in the form of tables, analyzed and compare on the basis of cost/ton of waste processing in different technologies. Quantity of solid waste (kg/day) Generation rate (kg/capita/day) = ——————————————— Population (capita)

(a).Relationship of economic condition of different communities with per capita waste production in Allahabad city (2015) –Table(4) Waste Percentage of total Waste generation S.No Income group generation(gm per population (Tonne’s per day) capita per day) 1 High 18 921 98 2 Middle 37 762 180 3 Low 35 472 110 4 Slums 10 300 40 Total 428

(b).Relationship of economic condition of different communities with per capita waste production in Varanasi (2015) –Table (5)

Waste Percentage of total Waste generation S.No Income group generation(gm per population (Tonne’s per day) capita per day) 1 High 17 823 91 2 Middle 38 783 192 3 Low 30 390 132 4 Slums 15 389 32 Total 447

(c).Relationship of economic condition of different communities with per capita waste production in Kanpur (2015)- Table(6) Waste Percentage of total Waste generation S.No Income group generation(gm per population (Tonne’s per day) capita per day) 1 High 20 945 99 2 Middle 43 889 198 3 Low 25 406 125 4 Slums 12 391 35 Total 457

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The study presents the current scenario of MSWM, which will be helpful in creating awareness among the people. The results from the survey reveal that the per capita MSW generation rate is 0.39 kg/capita/day. The per capita generation rate for various areas in Allahabad. The results from data analysis in GIS are products of the appropriate format maps concerning static and dynamic parameters of the MSWM problem, such as the productivity of MSW in the different wards, collection point locations, types of MSW transport means and their routes, and the number of disposal sites and their attributes. It shows the number and name of different wards

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 1065 [email protected] Ravi Shanker Singh and Er. Rahul Charles Francis and their boundaries, as well as the MSW per capita generation rate for each ward. In Allahabad This rate varies from 0.37 kg/capita/day in Teliyar Ganj and Allahpur to 0.44 kg/capita/day in Naini and Daraganj. The Kareli disposal site serves the maximum number of wards, whereas Naini/Sulem Sarai serves the minimum. In comparison to Varanasi 690 tonne of MSW per day 0.53 kg/capita per day and in Kanpur 1500 tonne of MSW per day 1.17 kg/capita per day.In Varanasi city study reveal that the per capita MSW generation rate is 0.53 kg/capita/day.This rate varies from 0.51 kg/capita/day in Pindra and Babatpur to 0.55 kg/capita/day in Sigra and Rohania. Cholapur disposal site serves the maximum number of wards, whereas Lanka /Shivpur serves the minimum. In Kanpur city study reveal that the per capita MSW generation rate is 1.17 kg/capita/day.This rate varies from 1.13 kg/capita/day in Ramnagar and Panki to 1.19 kg/capita/day in Ashok nagar and Dadanagar.Nirmlanagar disposal site serves the maximum number of wards, whereas Bungla Bazaar / gangapur serves the minimum. In Allahabad AMC reported the percentage of MSW generated for various sources in Allahabad city as shown in Table1 and comparative study take place with Varanasi (VMC) and Kanpur(KMC),as shown Table2,Table3.Relationship of economic condition of different communities with per capita waste production in Allahabad city is less then as compared to Varanasi and Kanpur city, 428 Waste generation Tonne’s per day 447 Waste generation Tonne’s per day and 457 Waste generation Tonne’s per day respectively as shown Table(4), Table(5), Table(6).

6. CONCLUSION Municipalities must enforce strict regulations to prevent illegal dumping of solid waste on riverbanks and in public places. The Government of UP and AMC should work with their partners to promote source separation, achieve higher percentages of recycling and produce high quality compost from organics. Also, provisions should be made to handle the non- recyclable wastes that are being generated and will continue to be generated in the future. State Government should take a proactive role in leveraging their power to optimize resources. The average generation rate of MSW has been estimated at 0.39 kg/capita/day In comparison to Varanasi 0.53 kg/capita per day and in Kanpur 1.17 kg/capita per day. The generated Arc GIS maps gives efficient information concerning static and dynamic parameters of the municipal solid waste management (MSWM) problem such as the generation rate of MSW in different wards, collection point locations, MSW transport means and their routes, and the number of disposal sites. The segregation of waste at source and promotion of recycling or reuse of segregated materials reduces the quantity of waste and the burden on landfills, and provides raw materials for manufacturers. And Source of segregation to be promoted so can use and install Bio-methnataion plant.

7. RECOMMENDATION In this study, it has been tried to estimate the current composition and quantity of produced waste in Allahabad and comparative study take place with Varanasi and Kanpur. It also to explore the social environmental and economic issues closely related to improper solid waste management and in depth study of technologies which are especially designed for the handling of their generated solid waste to save the more extraction of natural resource, to generate revenue and improve local social-environmental condition of an area. (1). Allahabad city should be dived in to different sector such as commercial, resident and industrial sectors etc. In order to determine the exact composition and quantity of waste generate from different sectors for effective solid waste management. (2). Solid waste composition and quantity should be determined throughout years for all seasons and also separately for different income group etc. (3).Educate people about improper solid waste issue and also give awareness about benefits of

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Waste-to-energy technologies for effective cooperation between municipalities and communities. (4). In future research should consider more new technology and waste treatment technologies. (5).The decision about the final implementation of waste-to-energy technology, Politician should make their decision strictly in-line with experts/professionals finding. (6).To suggested the sweeper to segregate the different type of waste at the collection site before final transfer for the disposal.

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