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An Introduction to the Deep Soil

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An Introduction to the Deep Soil An Introduction to the Deep Soil Research, Development, and Technology Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center 6300 Georgetown Pike McLean, VA 22101-2296 FOREWORD This report documents a study of various Deep Mixing Methods (DMM). Included is a historical survey of the method, an applications summary, a comparison with other competing methods for soil treatment, and a consideration of markets for the method worldwide. The report should be of interest to engineers and technologists working in the fields of deep soil excavations and the improvement of soft soil foundations to support heavy loads. Director, Office of Infi- Research and NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or manufacturer’s names appear herein only because they are considered essential to the object of this document Technical Report Documentation Page . Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. FHWA-RD-99-138 1. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date An introduction to the Deep Soil Mixing Methods as Used in Geotechnical March 2000 qplications 6. Performing Organization Code 8. Performing Organization Report No. 7. Author(s) Ionald A. Bruce, Ph.D., C.Eng. 3. Pet-formingOrganization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) X0 Geosystems, L.P. ‘.O. Box 237 11. Contract or Grant No. I/enetia, PA 15367 DTFH-61-95-2-00042 13. Type of Report and Period Covered 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 3ffice of infrastructure Research and Development 3300 Georgetown Pike Final Report McLean, VA 22101-2296 14. Sponsoring Agency Code IS. Supplementary Notes Contracting Officer’s Technical Representative (COTR): A.F. DiMillio, HRDI-08 Technical Consultant: Jerry DiMaggio, HIBT-20 16. Abstract The Deep Mixing Method (DMM) is an in situ soil treatment technology whereby the soil is blended with cementitious and/or othe materials. This report first traces the historical development of the various propriety DMM methods and provides a structured summary of applications. It also compares the applicability of DMM with other competitive forms of ground treatment and improvement. The bulk of the report constitutes a description of the individual methods, focusing on the equipment, the procedures, and the properties of the treated soil. The report continues by describing the nature of the market in North America, Japan, and Scandinavia, while observations are also made on the various potential barriers to further growth in the United States This report incorporates some factual data from an earlier Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) draft report (1996), but follow a different structure and philosophy. This volume is the first in a series. The other volumes in the series are: FHWA-RD-99-144 Volume II: Appendices FHWA-RD-99-167 Volume Ill: The Verification and Properties of Treated Ground 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Drilling, deep mixing, performance, construction, equipment No restrictions. This document is available through the National and methods, state of practice, market survey. Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161. 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 143 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized Thk form was e!%ctronically produced by Elite Federal Forms, Inc. APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITS APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multlply By To flnd .synlbol Symbol When You Know Multlply By To Find Symbol LENGTH tENGTl4 25.4 miMimeW millimeben 0.030 inches in 0.305 meters melem 3.28 feet n 0.914 meter8 yd 1.61 kaometem tiEElLs 0.6211.00 Y&Smiles mi AREA AREA w 8qJarelrKbs 645.2 rquan, miilimeWts square miNime* 0.0016 square inches in’ w-m 0.083 tqMR)m- square metefs 10.764 square feet ft’ s WJ-yardr square metws squafametera 1.195 square yards Yfl ac acres tzi hecmses hecteres 2.47 848s ac mP uyafe miles 2:sQ square kkmetefs square kfkmeten 0.386 square miles mP VOLUME VOLUME Aox Md ounces 29.57 milGliin milliliin 0.034 lluid ounces not galknr 3.785 liters alen 0.264 gallons gal c ahkket 0.028 cubk meters cubic meters 35.71 cubic feet ff va cubic yards 0.765 c&k meters cubkmetef8 1.307 aJbiyards Yfl NOTE: Volume8 grenler #WI loo0 I shall be shown h ti. MASS MASS 02 OU1CBS 28.35 O-8 g-s 0.035 ouncfa 02 pounds 9.454 W-8 WJms 2.202 pounds lb r” rhorl tons (2wo b) o.Qo7 meqag~ 1.103 short tons (2000 lb) 1 (of ‘metrk ban’) TEMPERATURE (exact) TEMPERATURE (exact) ‘F FdWfIhdI W-WQ cekku cekkm 1.3C +32 Fahrenheit ‘F @mm oqw2)tl.fl temperature temperature temperature ILLUMlNATlON ILLUMINATION k fool-candks 10.76 IUX kJX 0.0929 footcandles IC A kot-Lamberls 3.426 candelelm’ candew 0.2919 foot-lambarts ff FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS newtons 0.225 poundforce Ibl kbpazsalls 0.145 poundforce per IbfhY square inch . (Revised September 1993) TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME I 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................... 1 2. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT .......................................... .7 3. APPLICATIONS.. ................................................... ..15 3.1 Hydraulic Cut-Off Walls ........................................... 16 3.2 ExcavationSupport Walls .......................................... 17 3.3 GroundTreatment .............................................. ..18 3.4 Liquefaction Mitigation ........................................... .20 3.5 In Situ Reinforcement(or Ground Improvement)and Piles ................ 23 3.6 EnvironmentalRemediation ....................................... .25 3.7 Other Classifications ............................................. .26 4. THE APPLICATION OF DMM IN RELATION TO ALTERNATIVE COMPETITIVE TECHNOLOGIES.. .................................................. ..6 7 5. CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE VARIOUS DEEPMIXINGMETHODS ............................................ ..7 5 6. INTERNATIONAL MARKET REVIEW ................................... .95 6.1 UnitedStates .................................................. ..9 5 6.2 Japan ........................................................ ..9 8 6.3 Scandinavia .................................................. ..10 0 7. BARRIERS TO ENTRY AND LIMITS TO EXPANSION WITHIN THE UNITED STATES ......................................... 117 7.1 DemandfortheProduct...........................................ll 7 7.2 AwarenessoftheProduct ....................................... ..118 7.3 Bidding Methods/Responsibilityfor Performance ...................... 118 7.4 GeotechnicalLimitations .......................................... 119 7.5 TechnologyProtection............................................ll 9 7.6 Capital Cost of Startup ............................................ 120 7.7 Overview ................................................... ...12 0 8. FINALREMARKS .................................................. ..12 3 REFERENCES . ...125 . LIST OF FIGURES VOLUME I 1. Two typical JapaneseDMM systemsshowing the principlesof endmixing (CDM) andshaftmixing(SMW) .................................................. 2. Typical end mixing tools usedin the SwedishLime CementColumn method ........ .3 3. ShallowSoil Mixing (SSM) methodprinciples and equipment .................... 5 4. Basic deepmixing treatmentpatterns ...................................... .27 5. DMM installationsequence .............................................. .29 6. CushmanDam rehabilitationproject, WA, U.S.A. ............................ .30 7. Examplesof DMM cut-off walls .......................................... .3 1 8. Constructionsteps for DMM usedto createexcavation support .................. .32 9. Cross section:Lake Parkway,Milwaukee, WI ............................... .33 10. Plan view, DSM wall, concretefacing and tieback anchors, Lake Parkway,Milwaukee, WI ........................................... .34 11. Plan of DMM retaining structure .......................................... .34 12. Details of circular shaft constructedwith DMM in England ..................... .35 13. Another circular shaft constructedwith DMM in England ...................... .36 14. Standardcross section of the SouthernWharf andphotograph of construction,Tianjin, China ........................................... .37 15. Plan of DMM work, Trans-TokyoBay Tunnel ............................... .38 16. Elevationof DMM work and detailsof mixing equipment ...................... .39 17. DMM usedat Contract C07A, CA/T, Boston, MA ............................ .40 18. Layout of DMM buttresstreatment, Taipei .................................. .41 19. Plan of DMM buttresstreatment, Taipei .................................... .42 20. Crosssections and treatmentpatterns, Tomei Freeway,Japan ................... .43 21. Design sectionfor quaywall for a waste disposalplant, Japan ................... .44 22. Stabilizationof a river bank slopein Japan:(a) crosssection, (b) plan of improved zone ............................................................... ..4 5 23. Breakwaterdesigned for Hiroshima,Japan .................................. .46 24. Column layout and crosssection of the stabilizationof a waterfront birthing and unloadingfacility in Pascagoula,MS ......................................
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