© PRG.174.28(N) 750
C ENS U S 0 F ~ N D I A, 1961
VOLUME Xl
MYSOH.E
PART VI
VILLAGE SURVEY MONOGRAPHS
No. 28. MAHAGAON VILLAGE GULBARGA TALUK, GULBARGA DISTRICT
Editor
K. BALASUBRAMANTAM of the Indian Administrative Service Superintendent of Census Opprations, Mysore
PRINTED BY THE MANAGER GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PRESS C01MBATORE AND PUBLISHED BY THE CONTROLLER OF PUBLICATIONS DELHI-6 MAP OF MYSORE
17·
Hi· 1S'
ARABIAN SEA
i4tr;ct .. a/uk .,
It. 7 S· 7 S· -Frepared- by. K. V.LAXMfNARA9IMHA
FOREWORD
Apart from laying the foundations of d'Cmography a. At least eight village were to be SO selected in this subcontinent, a hundred years of the Indian that each of them would contaiu one dominant Census has also produced 'elaborate and scholar! y c:ommunity II ilh one predominating occupa· accounts of the variegated ph'cnomena of Indian life tion, e.g. fishermell, forest workers, jhum culti· sometimes with nu statistics attached, but muall), vators, potters, ,,,,eavers, salt-makers, quan y with just enough statistics to giv'c empirical under workers, dc. A village should have a minimum pinning to their conclusions.' In a country, largely population of 400, the optimum being between illiterate, where statistical or numerical comprehen. :iOO and 700. sian of even such a simple thing as age was liable tu b. At lea,t SCyell villages were to be of numeri be inaccurate, an understanding of the social structun.: cally prominent Schedlll'cd Tribes of the State was essential. It was more llecessary to attain a broad Eac:h village could represent a particular tribe. understanding of what was happening around oncseH The 1ll1l11111ll1ll population should be 40n_ than to wrap oneself up ill 'statistical ingelluity' or The optimum being between 500 and 700. 'mathematical mallipulation'. This explains wh~ tht Indian Census callle to be interested in 'mall)' by· c. The third gwup of ,illages should each be paths' and 'nearly every branch of scholarship (Will of fair si1.e, of all old and s'ettled character and anthropology ,llld sociology to geography ami contaill variegated occupations «nd be, if religion' . possible, multi-ethnic in composition. By fair ~ize was meant a popUlation of :-,()O·700 persons tn the last lew decades the Census has iIHTea, or morc. The village should mainly depend ingly turned its efforts to the presentation of villag(' on agriculture and be sufhciently away from statIstics. This suits the L't:lllper of the limes as well the major source., of nwdt:rll communi,arion as our political and economic structure. For even a, such as the district administrative' headquar we have a great deal of centralization on the one halld ters and bWiiness centres. It should be roughly and decentralisation on the olher, m}' colleag II L':; a day's juurney from the above places. The thought it would he a welcome continuation ol tlie villages Irerc to be s'clected with an eye to Census tradition to try to invest the dry bones of variation ill telms of size. proximity to city and village statistics with flesh-and-blood accounts of social other means of moderll communication, near structure and social change. It was accordingly deci· ness to hills, juugIcs and major rivers. Thus ded to select a few villages in every State for special there \Ias to be a regiollal distribution through study, wh'ere personal observation would be brought out the State of this category of villages. If, to bear OIl the inlerpr<:ration of statistics to lind out however, a particular district contained signi how llluch of a village was stati( and yet changing ficant cwlogical lariations within its area, and how fast the winds of change were blowing and more thall olle village ill the district might be from where. selected to study the i:ipecial adjustments to Randomne~s ot ~elcctioll was. tilcrciure, escln:wed. them. There was no intention to build up a pictllre for illL' Il whole State ill qllantil~!ti\(: term, (Ill the b'lSis u[ is a lllliqlrc feature of the'ie village surveys that villages selected s~atisticalh at random. The ,electioll tht) rapidly outgrew their original terms of reference. was avowedl)' purposive: the object being as Illudl as 1lly colleagues warmed up to their work. This pro yed for them an absorbing voyage of discovery and to find out what was happelling and how fast t( I those villages which had fewer reasons to ChOO'l' their infectious enthusiasm compelled me to enlarge change and more to remain lodged in the past ,lS the inquiry's scope again and again. It was just a~ to discO\'cr how the Illore 'normal' types of village., well cautiously to' feel one's way about at first and were changing. They were to be primarily type stu· then venture further afield, and although it accounts dies which, by yirtue ot their number and distribu to some extent for a certain unevenness in the quality tion. would also give the reader a 'fed' of' what WdS and coverage o[ the monographs, it served to compen going on and some kind of a map of the coulltry. sate the purely honorary and extramural rigours of the Llsk. For, the Survey. along with its Jllany ancii A brid ac,ount of the tests of selection will help laries like the survey of fairs and festivals, of small to explain. A minimum of thirty. five villages was LO and rural industr~- and others, was an 'extra', over be chosen with great care to represent adeq nate[ y and above the crushiug load of the 196 J Census. geographical, occupational and even ethnic div(Tsity. Of this minimum of thil'ly-five. the distribution 1\'a~ 11 might be or illtere~t tu recount briefly the ~tage to be as follows: by which the Survey enlarged its scop'e. At the first (iii) Census Conference in September 1959 the Survey offered, and also because the 'consanguinity' sch'Cdule set itself the task of what might be called a record in remained to be canvassed, By November 1961, how situ of material traits, like settlement patterns of the ever. more was expected of these survcys than ever village; house types; diet; dress, ornaments and foot before. There was dissatisfaction on the one hand wear; furniture and storing vessels; (OUUllOn means with too many general statements and a growmg of transport of goods and passengers; domestication desire on the other to draw conclusions from statistics, of animals and birds; markets attended; worship of to regard social and economic data as interrelated deities, f'eotivals and fairs. There were to be record processes, and finally to examine the social and eco ings, of course, of cultural and social traits alld OCCll nomic proces,es set in motion through land reforms pational mobility. This was followed up ill March and other laws, legislative and administrative mea 1960 by two specimen schedules, one for each house sures, technological and cultural change. Finally, a hold, the other for the village as a whole, which, study camp was organised in the last week of Decem apart from spelling out the mode of inquiry suggt:s ber 1961 when the whole field was carefully gone ted in the September 1!:is 9 conference, introduced through OVer again and a programme worked out groups of questions aimed at sensing changes ill atti closely knitting the various aims of the Survey to tude and behaviour in such fields as marriage, inhel·j gether. The Social Studies Section of the Censw; tance, moveable and immoveaLle Froperty, indw,lry, COlllmissioll rendered assistance to State Superinten il1llcblcuness, euucation, cOlllmunity lite ,mu {:ollec uelll~ by way uf scrutiny and technical comment on tive activity, social disabilities forums of appeal over the frame of Survey and presentation of results. disput'es, village leadership, and organis:ttioTl Df cul tural life. It was now plainlv the intention to pmvid'c Thi, gradual unfolding of the aims of the Sun'cy adequate statistical support to empirical 'fccI', to app pn::vel1lcd my colleagues frOUl adopting as many vil roach qualitative change through statistical quantities. lages as they had originally intended to. But I believe It had been difficult to give thought to the importance that what may have been lost in quantity has been of 'just enough statistics to give 'empirical underpin more than made up for in quality. This is, perhaps. ning to conclusion', at a time when my colleague:, for the first time that such a Survey has bee!1 conduc were straining themselves to the utmost for the suc ted in any country, and that purely as a labour of cess of the main Census operations, but once the love. It has succeeded in attaining what it S'et out to Census count itself was left behind in March, 1961, achieve; to construct a map of village India's social a series of three regional seminars in TrivandrUlll structure. One hopes that the volumes of, this Survey (May 1961), Darjeeling and Srinagar (Jum: 1961) te~ will help to retain for the India Census its title to tared their attention to ,this field and the importance 'the most fruitful single source of information about of tracing social change through a number of well the country'. Apart from other features, it will devised statistical tables was once again recognised. perhaps be conceded that the Survey has set up a new This itself presupposed a fresh survey of villages Census standard in pictorial and graphic documen already done; but it was worth the trouble in view tation. The schedules finally adopted for this mono of the possibilities that a close analysis of statistics graph have been print'ed in an appendix.
NEW DELHI ASOK MITRA
July 30, 1964 REGISTRAR GENERAL, INDIA
(iv) PREFACE .Ii II.:.
An interesting feature of 1961 Census is the preparation of monographs on selected villages. The main object of these village surveys is to study the social, economic, demographic and cultural aspects of the rural community. Broadly adhering to the criteria indicated by the Registrar General, India, the ,election of villages has been carefully done in such a way as to give adequate representation nM only to each distr~ct but also to each of the twentyfive sub-r('gions into which Dr. Learmonth of Liverpool University has classified the State on a consideration of climate, cropping pattern, physical features etc.
Mahagaon is a village from Gulbarga taJuk of the Gulbarga District. It lies III the north:.::rn maidan region occupying the centre of the Deccan plateau. The chief crops in this region are jowar, oilsceds, cotton and pulses. Thc village is selected for socio economic survery for a number of reasons viz., (i) its mlllti-ethllic composition, (ii) predominance of dry cultivation, (iii) proximity to the taluk and dist1 ict headquarters, (iv) its being well served with frequent and efficient transport service and (v) development activities influencing the village economy.
Every possible cfhrt has been mad"": to study all these aspects and also the changes, if any, brought about as a result of development activity, urbanisation and such other related factors.
The field investigation was done by Sri. M. P. Naujundaswamy from March 1963 to January 1964 with zeal and sincerity. He has also prepared the first draft. The field work was supErvised by Sri K. L. Suryanarayanan, Deputy Superint::ndenr of Census Operations (Special Surveys). The photographs are taken by Sri S. Ramachandi-an, SEnior Technical Assistant, Handicrafts Survey. The finai report has been prepared by Sri C. M. Chandawarkar, Deputy Superintendent of Census Operations.
K. BALASUBRAMANYAM, Superintendent of Census Operations in JUysore.
(v)
CONTENTS
PAGES CHAPTER T- THE VILLAGE: I ntroduction-Location-Physical aspects-Flora and fauna-Size-Residential pattern-Trans port and Communications-Important public places including places of worship--Crematorium Sources of water-Welfare and administrative institutions-Market-Ancient monuments-- History of the village and settlement of various sections of population-Legends. 1-7
CHAPTER II -- THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQUIPMENTS :
Ethnic composition and a brief note on important communities- Houses and house types-Household goods:- (A) furniture, (B) uten:;ils, (C) consumer goods-Dress, Orna ments and body decoration-Food and drinks-Reliefs and practices connected w;th Birth Beliefs and practices connected with marriage-Beliefs and practices connected with death Other beliefs. 8-23
CHAPTER III - ECONOMY OF THE VILLAGE:
Economic resources: Land-livestock-other resources; Factors influencing Economic life in the village; (A) Land Tenure.. and Land Reforms (B) Land improvement (C) Indust rialisation (D) Expansion of sources of finance (E) Expansion of marketing facilities (F) In filtration pf urban influences; Economic activities and nature of changes; (A) Livelihood classes (B) Workers (C) Non-workers (D) Ownership of economic resources (E) Primary and secondary occupation (F) Changes from traditional occupations; Description of differ ent occupatiom; (A) Practices connected with agriculture---Cultivation of kharif crops-Rabi crops-Utilisation of produce-Storage-Common pests & diseases of crops-Marketing of the produce (B) Practices connected with animal husbandry-Breeds and utility-Grazing Feeding-Decoration-Utilization of produce--Marketing-Cattle diseases-Cattle breeding (C) Industries-Oil making-Wool Industry-'Chakmakhi' cotton IndlFtry (D) Commerce (E) Other occupations; Indebtedness; Income; Expenditure. 24-46
CHAPTER IV - SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE:
Population trends-Population by age and sex-Vital statistics-Marital status-Public health and medical facilities-Education-Literacy-Migration-Types of family--Composition of households--Intra family relationship-Inherit CHAPTER V - CONCLUSION: Conclusion G2 -·-6~ Tables (vii) LIST OF TABLES PAGES TABLE No. Description 1- Area, Houses and Population 67 II- Population by Age-group 67 III- Size and Composition of Households 67 IV- Households classified b~ Religjol1". Cast"s and Sub-castes 68-69 V-- Scheduled Castes and Sdv'c1t11ed Tribes 69 VI- Age and Marital Status 69 VII- Education 70 VIII- Workers and Non-workers by Sex and Broad age-groups 71 IX- Workers clas~ificd by Sex, Broad Age-groups and Education 71-72 X-- 'Vorkers dassified by Sex, Broad Age-groups and Industry, Business and Cultivation belonging to the Housel101d 73 XI- Non-workers by Sex, Broad Age-groups and Nature of Activities 74 • XII- Households by number of rooms and by number of Persons Occupying 74 XIII- Households engaged in Cultivation, Industry, Business and other Occupation 74-76 XIV-Type of Industry run by the Households 77 XV-Type of Business run by the Households 78 XVI-· Traditional Innustries run by thf' number of Households in each 79 XVII- Diet 79 XVIII- Staple Diet and Food habits of Communities 80 XIX Distribution of Households by Occupations. Income and number of Persons 81 XX- Average annual Income per Household by Occupations . 81 XXI- Average monthly Expenditure per Household by Income groups and Occupations 82-85 XXII- Household and Development Activities 86 XXIII- I ndebteclness 86 XXIII-A-- Indebtedness by Caus('"s 86-87 XXIII-B--- Sources of Credit 87 XXIV- Agricultural Produce of Cultivation run by the Homeholds and their Disposal 88 XXV-Households owning or possessing land n. have given out land to others for Cultivation 88-90 XXV-A--- Ownership of Land by the residents 91 XXV-B-- Ownership of land in Mahagaon Village by its Residents 91 XXVI-- General !)2 (viii) (ix) Caste/Tribe or Community and Nature of Family 92 2 Association of deity and object of worship and Caste/Tribe 93 3 Awareness of Untouchability Offences Act 93-94 4 Contravention of Marriage Rules 94 4-A- Permissibility of Intercaste Marriages 94 5 Awareness of changes in Hindu laws of Succession and Adoption. 95 5-A- Inheritance of Property as in Practice 95 5-B - Share of property for different Categories of Rel,atives-Sons 96 6 Reciprocal aid in Agricultural Practices 97 7 Livestock Statistics including Fishery .98-99 B Village Industries-Products 100 Land Reclamation and Development Activity 100 10 Co-operative Society 101 11 Habit of taking Sugal' as correlated to income 101 II-A -- Habit of taking Tea/Coffee as correlated to income 102 12 Material Culture-Possession of Furniture 102-103 12-A- Material Culture-Possession of Consumer Goods 103 12-B - Material Culture-Habits 104-105 13 House-type--Roof 105 13-A - House-type-Wall 106 LIST OF ~lAPS AND CHARTS FACING PA.GE I. State Map of Mysore showing the villages selected for Socio Economic Survey TITLE PA.GE 2. District map of Gulbarga showing the location of Mahagaon I 3. Physical features around village Mahagaon 2 4, National map showing the layout of Mahagaon village 4 5. House types: House type I Ground plan and front elevation of the house belonging to Shri Nagendrappa Gowdappa 16 House type 2 : Ground plan and front elevation of the house belonging to Sri Hanmant Rao Shinde . 16 House type 3 : Ground plan and front elevation of the house belonging to Sri Gundappa Bellappa 6, House type 4: Ground plan and frollt elevation of the house belonging to Sri Abdul Gafour 16 7. Village map of Mahagaon 8. Chart showing workers and non-workers by sex and broad age-groups 30 9. Chart showing population by sex, age-group and marital status 47 10. Chart showing population and literacy by sex and age-groups 51 3--8 Census/Mysore/73 (x) LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS. 1. Bird's eye view of the village 2. Village streets 3. Village streets xii 4. Chandra Nagar \tVaddar colony. Xll 5. A Lingayat family xiii 6. Karaval splitting the leeds for basket weaving xiii 7. Holeya women xiv B. Teenagers of Holeya community. Their dress type does not differ from that of adults xiv 9. Before a nanny is let go for grazing it is a common practice to bind its under with rag to prevent the kid suckling xv 10. Holeya men xv 11. A Kurubar and his hut. The stone barricat e seen to his right is the Roppa or sheep pen xvi 12. Waddar engaged .in dressing a Shahbad stone xvi 13. Carpenter at work. The agricultmal implement Kunte (harrow) is being made xvii 14. The Village Panchayat office xvii 15. Shrine of Akkamahadevi xviii 16 ..Sri Lakshmi Temple xviii 17. The overhead tank xix lB. The idol of Akkamahadevi--+-a twelfth century Veerashaiva Saint XIX XI 1. Bird',!l eye mew of the village 1 \ 2. Village streets 2-8 Census/Mysore/73 XII 3. Village streets 4. Chandra Nagar Waddar Colony XUI 5. A Lingayat family 6. K oravar splitting the reeds for basket weaving XIV xv ~ 'U ~ ~ _,~ ~ 4 c:) ...... XVI • XVII 13. Carpenter at work. The agricultural implement Kunte (harrow) iJ being made. 14. The Village Panchayat Office XVIII J.). Shrine of Akkamahadevi 16. Sri Lakshmi Temple XIX 3-8 Census/Mysore/73 REFERENCE DISTRICT MAP OF District 8b(1nd8ry GULBARGA T.II/uk ~~ ...... State Roads SHOWING THE LOCATION OF oth,t'r >.> 'go MAHAGAON ------+------Railw8i" GULBARGA TALUK Talilk lIead-qlltfJrfer's Jlil/aj't Selectt'd River v en .... K.V.S. LLJ C) t- en < '0.0 ..J U c ~ - ...2 ..J :;," L ..J t- :1 « IJ) L1.. u.. - t- - 0 > 0 \0 II « « .c 0- Z C)C) CJ ~O a: a: ._c :1« ~ « ..J to C) :;, ..J ~ ca C)::> 0 < C) en «J: ~ CHAPTER: I THE VILLAGE Introduction Gulb;ug:.l. Originally the Muslim art was averse to decoration and ornamentation and it ,,'as this ell" \[ahagaoll, ';c','cnteelJ mill''; to the llorth o£ Gul· ment which wa~ introduced particularly from Bijapur harga is a big \iJ1age with a p"lHllation of 4,~OO. Kalyan, about :iO miles away in the Bidar District The annual rainfall is estimated at 25 to 30 inches i.~ all illlportant place in this region, held sacred and is principally received from the South-West particlilarly bv Lingayats. This is a historical place monsooll betw2en June and October. The ~orth Irhich cline into prominence ill th~~ middle of the East nlOll'ioon hrings ahout -1 inches of precipitation. c]elTllth centu1'\" when Someshwar J made Kalyani The rainfall is very Glpriciolls, causing droughts the (apital of Chalukyan Kingdom. A century titer ocC'lsiollall\". The Police Patil of the village records the POI\'{'r came into the hands of BiijaJa Kalachuri. the rainfall ligures and b<:tween 19;j7 and 1%2, the I t is noted as the residence of Vijnancshwar, the au prc Bidar is the (;1\"(' temple of ~ai'asimha, where one ~lakha l·-')~) ·1 days has to wade through "1 fcct of Kater for nearly ;)00 J>ubbi 7·-I-.Fi 7 Jays feet to reach I he deity. :\ bOlll a mile awav,' there Uttari 3-0n ;, clays arc several Baric! Shat~i tomhs and three ~iles off Hastha 0-·29 I day there is Nanak Jllara \I'hjeh is sacred to the Sikhs. Chitha I).-'l'l 2 days This place is lIoted ror its· Bitiri,,,are. Ren:nth- a Swathi 2-,'11 :i ,bvs College has be('n st artecl hen'. \'ishakha .\nuradha 0· ..·18 1 day 3-+1 ~ da,·' I)hyskal Aspects ,Tyest" The COlllltry Ulllsists of al~ c_;xlensiV'c plateau with For sowing of kharif crops iHriga and Aridra rains olll~ tin) slImmits rising nearby. This whole arca are important and for sowing of Rabi crops Uttari heloJlgs to the trappcan regiqll with prcdominanth' and Has"IJw rains an: important. bLlck soil resultillg from the decomposition of trap. EX(CPlill~ £01 the RUi/l RahkJ/(/n Glldrla and the Flora and Faun;! ChoU'rani Gndda the region" consists of ,an" undulat There is little of rainfall and so the region is mostly ing' plain with Httle of Yeg--etatiol1 excepting for th~ Ireeless excep1ing for the areas found about the cultivated crops. There arc 110 rivers n,carhv hut Laol/llIl1fl OJ} the hanks of the two streams and the f 11'0 st reams viz. Gal1dli Thomi and Rome Thomi gardcllS. flit· total gardelJ area is about 40 acrrs rlln through the village limits. whic'h rccci\·cs watn from the wells. Babhul (acacLl The (Iimatc is g--encrally dry W ::zU LLJ ct: >a~ =- C1I W • ~ Z ~ C> ct .... J: ~ ct CI ~ .... '/1 LLJ 0- «C> « ..J C) .s::: ..J a: (.) - « .5 > m c: ~ _J m a 0 ::::> -+- .. z C) ~ :::> \1) 0 ~ CI ct 's ~ (J) ~ :::> ~ rHf, VILLAGE ~' there. The cultivated crops consist of jowar, ground east of the·villago and (iv) the Lamani tanda about llUt, pulses, chillies, wheat, safflower etc. A little 2! miles to the north of the village. of paddy and very little of sugarcane axe also raised. The vegetables commonly grown in some low lying Residential Pattern . patches arc radish, tomato, gourds. onions, Cllclllubcr ;llJd other lcafy vegetables. The residential pattern more or less consists ot a linear clll~ter of hOllSC~' with ~ollle open space or a "u-eei pro\ ided h~twec_Il' paralld rows of houses. Some There being pI actically 110 ,jlclter for wi ld aui mals, they are vcry ;,carcl'. Jackals. rabbit, \\'olves a\TaS like the H:llljal?keri: col!"ist of shapekss clusters of hou~('s without all\ plOperly laid Ollt streets. (occasionally) and ll1011kc~ s arc the only wild animals sometimes seen. It is ,aid that ill the past her(h of That wa), ex.ct:pt ing for the main bazaar street, all the s(rect~ .of th~ village ;Ire narroi\' alld rUll zig-zag. Jec! WCI e sOllletilllt's seell in the helds. Some say The habitatiun ill tt'le village follows more or less a I hat thrn' horned allle lupes \I'ere a Iso very COllllllon (astcwisc pattern. Tlle Hal ijankcri, as usual lies ill this lcgillll ill the past. But now they haye ill a scdmlcd c.orner ill tl1'e sOLltherll part of the l'ladicall; disappeared. Somc types of snakes an: (;aol hana and ill their colollY too, the !\ladigs live occasionally seell in the 11dds and scorpions are quite ',eparatcly fr~lU the ~oleyas because they have their ,ammon. Amon)?; thc fcathclTd species, crows, sOllie own caste hierarchy. To a CCI tain extent food habits t.ypes of Inrt ridges alld pigeolls, quails, sparrows and also sc'em to have' contributed to these castc\\'ise parrots arc the mOSl commOll. The dom~sticated groUI)ing:s 'of hOll~ehoids. - The wgetarian castes like ~il1illlals consi~t of horses. cattle. goats and sheep, Lillg-arab alld Brahmills IiI',' ~idc by side. The dogs. poullry 'ClC. other Hindu lloll-vc)!i,etariall'i castes like Kurubars, Kabbaligers,_ Wadd~lrs_ have tl eir hOllses close to one Size another. B\' theil- side bllt scp :Hi gllnth;l~ :ll'C (l( (upied by the two strcams. Till' mental activities ill the village. The Lamanis have Caolhan (I} miles). Bhooshinga (1 ~ mile» etc., .re connected Important Public Places Including Places of Wor 1)\ OlllY footp~'ths. These footpaths and cart tra<:ks ship get sillshy during the rains and transport durillg that period becomes difficult. The lmllock carts are The village can boast of several public places of i IlIj>OItall t mcans of transport to the agricultut ists imporlantce. Some of thcm arc: t() can \" their produce for The \Vaddars markuing. (i) The \'ill:tge l'~llJ(_ll;l\at Office, gellerallY llse buffaloes to pull their carll> carrying ,toiles. The vegetable hawkers and sever-,tt other (ii) .)ccolldary S( !IOU!. pel SOIlS lllOVC OJ] horseback. Bicycles arc another (iii) l'rilllan '->dl()uls. I)leans of trallsport cOlllllJonly used. One household jlm'>csses a scooter, The nearest railway station is (i\) Police St~lli()Il, Glllbarga about 17 milcs away and the neaTest aero (\) l'rilllan llt~iltll Celltre. drollle is at Ihdcrabad. The \'illagc has a branch Post Offitc housed ill \ ilLtge Illld(')' survey. the villages of n.Teg'lloor, Bara (viii) Training CCllt 1(' for Illallufacturing glass SIll', Hire .\.urad, Hire B'cllllur, KIlIl1S1, Bablad, IJcad s, Kurikota, :\agura aild Hogargi of Gulbarga Taluk (ix) Alllilfli C!/(/;-!;/111 I'mi\!/UlI/llilayn. ;tJld the \'illagcs of A1l1lmlga, Bdakota, Ladmogali, IkLlIngi. KamalJ]agar, ]\Iuddadga, and Salogira of (x) J losld for ILtrij Particulars {\uml)E'I' (ii) ,Hkaillahatie\ i tCIJlPlc. I'a id lellers 3,'-, (iii) i\1;!lig~l~idd;t telllple (half a lIlile awa:) Unpaid letters 7 (i\) Ral1lalillg('sh\\'~ll;J tClllplc (otle lllile away) Pust Cards I03L InLllHI letters 1,,_ -'J (\) ;,\Ldlik~lljlllL! Ll'lilple, 1{('gd, Pareds 1:31 (\ i) Labhmi tf'llIpk,. Buu!" Pust 112 (\ ii) HanuIllanta tClIlplc (there a1\.' ~c,cral tClll L'llrcgistcrcd l'arCd5 Hi pies of this dei t \ ) l'he followillg ligmcs [or April 1963 regarding money (viii) Sangalllc~hwara tClllple. Older,,,. Sa\'illg' Bank aCCOlillts etc., should also throw (i Xl Siddcs!mar temple. sOllie light Oil the lllOllctary tralJsactiolls of this office. DllIillg this period the post office issued :-)ti money (X) \'eel'abh;tt!ra telll pic. OIders of tbe \;tltle of Rs. ~2~);'j-97 and paid 8~ money (xi) Vithoha temple. orders amountillg to Rs. 3:,~O-!I~; it cleared l:i valuc p~l\ablc arti(h:~ \\orth Rs. li7-~7 and booked 18 TC!Jis (xii) !l.laragaullna telllplc. lcred ~lrti(ks it halldled 6 savillgs hallk accounts for (xiii) Gowrislr'lIti... ara temple. depositillg Rs. IQO-OO and 10 saving-s bank accounts for the withdrawal of Rs. 30:-)O-4(i. (xi\) \\'ahah Htlssain tomb. LAY OUT MAP OF MAHAGAON VJLL~GE N GULBARGA TALUK GULBARGA DISTRICT NOT "'0 SCA.I.E r---_ Gene!"", Boa~ ,. g Hrn. Bus Stand r:r r Welte/'Tap CJ VillSte Level Horkel' 8?-4 ~R4TC :& Reading Room ~ REFERENCE L------=, f Roads J@t J:e Stj)" Foot Pat-h Nala Plou,' Mill o Mon8S"'~I'Y lMU~tl Asi"lchaflg ~.Q {r --_ po'ice 6uarfel's TetT'lple HsrijBII t Sh;sh"~ ~J~rn Ff'am $-iJod. VI L L~ A G J!. .J (xv) Virakta Mutt. is levied on priVate comUIners alld in ~C\cral ca:,es it is noticed that olle tap is }Jri\Jlcl) made liS\': of (xvi) Gachina :\Iutt. 1II0re om: bYJ thall household. (:--vii) Kallimutt. Welfare allll ,\dlllilli~hative lnslitutiow> \~\iii) Sab;lligc Mutt. The I'rilll of the villagc. But the history of this region as a Most of the villagers arc original settlers. Excepting whole should throw enough light on its historic in the case of th'e few who have come and settled down past. Before the ;\lllhallllllcdau conquest of this ill the village recently for economic reasons, most of region, this belonged to the Kakatiyas of \Varangal. the how,cholds arc there in the \iUage for the last AfnT ~enTal attempts, Ulugh Khan, who later ruled several generations. This would be f III thtr evident Delhi as Muhammad-bin-Tughlak, broke the power from the fact that almost all the castes have tbeir own of• Kakatips in J 321 A.D. and from then oml'ards LClllplc:~ and places of worship which have been est a I his whole region (aIlle under ~lusli1l1 rule and bli~hed ~everal gel1'crations back. AlIlollg the castes cOlltiu\\nl ") be so till 1~H8. Aftt:l the dt:ath of which have imIlligLltcd to this village and arc not ,\ll1h:llulllad bin-Tllghlak, the Di,u'ict callie under the original settlers arc Lamanis,' Helavas, Waddars and 1\..illg~ of the Bahmalli dyna:,ts founded by Zafar 1\..ora\'a1's. Ha"m ,dlO stykd hilllsdt as .~\la-Uddin-Hassan Shah Gallgll Bahlllani. This rule COllllIll'IlC('d ill 13,17 with GlIlbarga as the capital of the kingdom, till Bidar Legends was founded in 1430. In 1527 the Bahmani dynasty ended and the B;.nid. Shahi killgdom started. This It is said that this village was formerly known area then came under Bijapur rule. In 1686 'Uduladi' and that it \\as in this village that Akkama· the Bijapur kingdom mrrendercd to Aurangazeb. hadeyi \\'as bom in the l\\dfth century. In this COll In 1713 A 'af J an, the foumler, d the house of nenion a poet Tadbl Shri Gurulillgasiddha born in Nizams, was appointed as the Suualt-dar or Viceroy lti2;~ ha;, in his treati;.e 'Sh:uana 13asavesllwara l'urana' of the Deccan with the title of Nilam-ul·Mulk, hy ,dcned to thi, ,ubject llpholding the popular belief the Moghuls. III the meantime internal disselltions that UJutadi and :\Iahagaon ;ire olle and the same and attacks from outside had considerably wcakcnccl village. There is a temple of Akkamahade\'i in the the 1\Ioghul empire. Taking advautage of the,e villag'e ,wel there i, a legelld cOlln:ming the esta cOllditions Asa£ J all asserted II is independence and bli,lllllCflt of thi:; ill~titlltioll. It is said that years back thus the rule of the N izallls started. a lC'iident of the village ,;nv a cow graliug in the field of crops do,(_' to the ~itt, of the pn''iCllt temple. He loUu\\cd it t.o drin: il ;l\\";t) and ultiIllately caught hOlIl l('li·O till 1~l(H, Mahagaon was the headquar hold o[ the (ow", tail. -111'1.' cow with this person ters of ;1 Taluk ill Hydcrabad Slate. This Taluk ~tarll'd going undergroulld throl:lgh a big hole formed CXl"Cllded to about J79 sq llarc miles ,,-ith a popula in the ,urfaec:, Deep bcl O\\" , Akkamahadevi gave him tion of Gl,179 in E;UJ di,tribuled in 101 villages of Darsllall with her divim: pfDencc and blessed him. which 2:~ \I'ere Jagir, The population of Mahagaon S/Ie also bade him llot to di ~dos'e this fact to an)' olle prupll \\'.to; :~, i:J/ theil, This continued to be the d~c and that ~llOuld he disobey her instructions, he head(luallers of 'Sub 'Liluk' which was later would die of vomitting blood, When he returned to ,hiffed to Sedam amI thence La Gulbarga in 190.1. hi, village. with great difficulty he sat tongue tied for three days but on the fourth day In: could not resist During the Ralaakar 11 IU\·C Illt:nt, ill H145·j !:148. tIre any lurther the temptatiou to disclose all the happen village wellt through ,0111(' difficult times. There was ings to his frielids. When he divulged the facts, he much yalld<1lism alld evell today siglls of destrut:tion died aBd at the very place where Akkamahad'evi was thell caused by the R;ilaakars are dearly visible. It said to ha:ve givcn Dar-shall) the present temple is is :,aid that 011 a shaml)" day there was free exchange erected. uf rille lire ill the L1U\\"dcd baLaal' street. Several household,; iicd llle \illage and settled Jown ill Sholapur and other places and returned to tilt village [n the village IlltTe i., all old structure which is only after Police ,\ctiol1. The Razaakars held several said to have becil till' 11'1lLlillS of the palace of King proplt: in cmtody ami released (h(ln ollly after reco- K()\I sllik, It is said tbat thi, killg was a Jain. He , vering rallSOIll. j~nd whell tbe \rilld starred blolVil1!; \ras very keel] to Illany AHa ;\Iahadevi. She resisted agai llst the Razaakars, letaliat ion ,,"as llOt slow ill the oller sayillg t.hat she heillg a Veerasaiva lady could coming. With the Police Action, the Nizam's rule not Illarry a Jain. And that she would give her con came to all cnd and the village became part of the scent only if the king agreed to his conversion to Indian Union. 1\'ow the village is quite peacdul Veerasai\'a faith. This was beyolld his comprehen and there is perfect harmony among the people of sion and so the king tried to force the marriage on various castes and creeds. Akkamahadavi, by other means.· Tired of this TJt.E VILLAGE 7 JJlundaneexistence, she accepted the life of a lm·ndi· (l ha\'(~ 110 1l:tIllC, 110 shap'l'. 110 form, no sect, no cant and ultimately reached Kalyan where she found crced. I preach no Dharma. I enter no contro solace. The villagers point out to the Gourishankara ytTSY. I alll a ·i\iLlkara·. r have no hirth. 110 temple, where Aklamahadevi is said to have been (kath. I am all ill all-III:ltt'lial and ill1ll1atnial, offering daily worship. visible and iudsiblc. 1 am an Omkar Swamp. III y pra \ers t () such) Another importal1t in~titution in the yiUage with it legend all:lehed to it is tIn' '>:agallatha temple. It is said that this temple wa~ uqilt in the loth' century It is believed that Naganalha origillally hailed fcolll by Shri Siddaraja, a disciple of Naganatha Hasthinapura from where he came and sctLlcd down whell Allrang/cb was luling in Delhi. It is said at \';ldaval. Ilcar Sholapl1r, SOIllC' believe tilat olle that there are H :'\aganatha tcmplcs spre;,d all over and tht' same ~aganatha \"as horn at !I'.O place.;, India. l"iilganalha is hcliev'Cd to ba\'c been all incar· onc of \\ hich ,vas Vadaval. He visited the village natioJl of God Isliwala, who had emhraced all reli· when Siddaraja, a farnam. astrologer of the time be· giom as is disrlosnl b\ tIle {"lowing )hloka '"hich is callie hi, disciple, It is said tlut Siddal':1ja after his lhe guidin[!; principle of hi~ dc"ott'es: 1l'I'~'{lSalllntlhi in )1;7:; or so was rehorn :lS Ra,,;lbe· ;:r ;:rm ;:r \:'1 ;:r fl'q' ;:r itrer ;:r I ttappa Ii'll() in his timl became a s:lint llnder the nZlJne !ITWI' ;:r ~~ ;:r orR ;:r f'Rfcf;;;T I of A tmallancb, Atmall THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQ.UIPMENTS :\l:ih:lg:wl] 1i;1" I. Hindu Lingayat; 234 32.07 1396 33.23 2. Himhl hllruha 65 8.2:3 ::122 7.67 3. HindI! \\'aduaf 47 -).93 ~:):'l 6.07 4. Hindu habb.1jigeru 'W 3.05 Jfj7 4.69 'i. Hindll Rrahrnir" 29 3.f.() J 16 2.76 6. Hindu Yi,hw;)karma HI 2.27 9:, 2.26 7. Hindu ~rar::ttlia lB 2.27 88 2,10 Il. Hindu Holeya 82 10.3:1 503 ff.9B 9. Hindu '{aLliga 21 2,6') 116 :!.76 10. ( :hri,tian Prot .. ,t:lnt '1 1 ti I 0, jO \,. 0.17 . 11. Chiristinn Roman C:ttholiC' 1 j 12. :-'fmlilns Sheikh 132 16.67 (it -I IG.07 13. MmJims S"yyacl 32 4.0'~ Itl9 l.O:? The Hindm :Irc flllther di"ided into l!J castc,. heliL!:; of SOUlI: of tlrese numerically important castes the l\flhlims :I(e divided into 8 sects and the Chri:-: are described in the following paragraphs. ti,IIlS arc reprC'iCllted hy both the Protestants and Roman Catholics. T:l.ble 1\' prc<;ents the (omplex (A) UngayatR Each 01 these Cl'ites i, fllrther divided into ~c\'eral N lllllcricalh Lingayab form t he major caSfe in endogalllous and exogamolls groups. For the tonsi· the village. The total Lingayat population of the . dCl'atioll of :tlj these facts, imtitlitioual population of village is J 3!1(j distri butcd ill 2;)(1 hOllseholds. In th(' vilbgc Ita, not been included. In the village the {'c0Ilomi(, social alld cultural activities of the th(·1'(: art' t\\., I 1m! itlltions 1 epresentcd by the Hostds villag'(', they are \\'ell represented and are reckoned for stucknts. Excludillg these two imtitlltiol1s, there ;IS all effective group. They are also known as arc 790 hOllseholds. The ClhtOInS practices and Lingawants or Veeras~ivas. *Inc1udes two il;stitlltions also. THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQ_UIPMENTS 9 The\ are a religious body dating back from the come socially so exclusive and interdining is per e!nenth centllrv. when thev formed a separate entity mitted. The Lingayats do not accept food from rejecting the scriptures and abandoning some of the or interdine \\'ith the Harijans, Helavas, Kurabaru, t rae! i tional Hindu ceremonies, fasts and feasts and Waddar, and M IIslims as the latter are non-vege pilgrimages. Veerasaivism rose into prominence in tarians. i he t\\'dfth century, when a host of Veerasaiva my stics from all quarters headed by Allama Prabhu, Among some of them there are further five exoga Ba~a\esll'ala, Cln:nna Ba~awa, Siddharama and Akk· mollS divisions also called (;otral. But these days it amahadevi started preaching the new gospel. They is olllY the Jangams who know the Gotra~ and so built up the Veerasaiva institution of Anuhhavagoshtl Ilot much consideration is attached to thes'e divisions or Anllbhava mantapa in Kalyan, which was then the \\'hen arranging marriages. These Gotras are recognised c:lpiLd of King Bijjala of Kalachuri house. This frolll the fivc Pret has, to one of \\'hich each Lingayat legioll. as is e\(,11 to-day indicated l}\ several iustittl homchold is attached. These exogalllous divisions [ions considered sacred bv the Lingayats, must have are as shown b'clow: pla\cd a nT\ active part in spreading the new faith. \nd this village which is believed to be the place SI. Sutra (Branch) (iotra (Sto('k) Simh:lsana (Peetha) No, ()f birth of :\kkamahadevi must have had quite a I. Padvidi Veer Balehalli (Kedalipur) prolllincnt role in these actlVltles. The Lingavats :.!. \' rishtika Nandi Ujjain \\·jth their priests known as Jangams, formed origi nalh om: !Jo(h igllOl'i ng all caste distinctions. In 3. Muktagucha Vrishabh Shrishail fact. the essence of the original faith was that any 4. Lambak Bhringi Kedar onc muld embrace it and become a Lingavat. It .1. Panchavarna Skand Kasi was cOllsidered that caste was largely a manifestation of du'p rooted prejudices tending to rais'e and pre .\1I Lingayats-hoth men and women-wear a Linga. .... el'n· h:lI'riers ill the way of social intercourse between The Linga generally consists of a silver hox contain difl~ITI1t sections of mankind and it was for com ill~ a stOlll' phallus. which is the symbol or his or plete eradication of sllch prejudices that Veerasai her faith. Some of the richer Lingavats wear the "ism stood. But with lapse of time there were several emblem in gold -casing and the poorer sections ftlllctional divisiol]s among themselves. Though who cannot afford to own a silver or gold casing ()ri~illally. these di\'i~iom mllst have heen maillh 1 ie it in if silk doth and wear it on the arm above h,[';nl 011 the principal occupation of each group. the elbow. The loss of the linga means a spiritual [hl'\ lk\'(:lopcd certain characteristics and became' death to [11(' wearer and he has to undergo some ('J](lOg:IIllOlh groups. Thus in this village itself purification ceremonies before a new linga is tied thcrt' arc man, as 1~ endogamous divisions among to his persoll. TheY believe that the wearer of a I.inga\ats viz. (i) Dixit (ii) Adibalike (iii) Jangama lill~a is frc~' from all evil influences and that neither (i\') Banajiga (\') Hadapada\'arn (vi) Madiwala (Ag::sa) had stan Illlr nil spirits caus'e harm to him. This (\'ii) H atgar (\'ii i) K Wl1 bltara (ix) Panchama Balike ling:1 is otlcrcd Pllja eVt'r\'day. after bath and some (x) .-;adhu (xi) Sheelav;tnLII'lI and (xii) Gowli. These of the religious minded Ling-ants do so more than di,islOIlS \IT IT origillalh occupational ones. Thus once every day. ft is also hdieved by them that the Dixi[s and B~lllaiiga, were the trading class'es; Adiba wearers of linga are not liable to transmigration, likes were cultivators; Hoogarru were flowers mer and so they have very few after-death ceremonies. chants; . Kumbharas were potters; Jangamas were religious heads; Ganigeru were oil crushers; Agassas The linga, the Jangam and the Guru are the were Dhobees; Hadapadavarus were barbers; Hatgars three main objects of reverence to a Lingavat. ,\'ere weavers; Gowlis were milkmen etc. But now in The Linga IS the stone home of the deity, many cases the traditional. occupations have been the Jangam is the human abode of the deity and changed over to cultivation but these distinc the Gu ru is the teacher who breathes the ~acred spell tions continue. There are no severe restnctlOns into the disciple'S ears. Religious minded Lingayats about interdining among $hese groups (Certain repeat the Panrhakshari or live syllabled spell groups among Ligayats which consider them Narnashi1 1aya (obeisance to Shiva) regularly everyday selves of a higher status do not eat with the and also besmear their forehead with Vibhuti which Lingayat Hajamas (Hadapadavarus), Lingayat is believed to protect them from evil's way. Each \Iadi,,'alas l'tc.). In religious houses, when the Jan household has generally a home deity consisting of g;ll11aS arc present, the different groups do not be· Basavanna, Reyanasiddheshwara, Veerabhadreswara, 5-8 CensusfMyseref73 10 II A II A G A ON 1\1 allikarjlll1Ll. Rach Their mother tongue is Kannada though lIlost :\ext in rank numerically among Hindus 3re the of them know Urdu very well and can speak it flu Kurubas who are ?22 in number distributed alllOIl?; ently. Many have acquired considerable proficiency in 6:') hous<:holds. The name Kuruba is derived from reading and writing Urdu. :\farathi is also known to the word Kuri meaning sheep. Sheep rearing and quite a good number. In fact many of them me blallket making arc their traditional occupations. Marathi numerals in their speech. Their personal Even to-day several hOllseholds of Kurllbas in the names are ~enerall y either the names of the reputed yillagc wcaVe blankets of wool obtained from sheep founders of their lelig:ion or of village Gods and and several households rear sheep thoug-h many of Goddesses. The common names are Basappa, Chana them have taken to cultivation as well. basappa, Sivappa, Kallappa, Sangappa, Virbhadrappa etc.. amon~ men anrl Rasayva, Chanbao;avva, Shivavva, There are two main divisions among Kurubas: Kallavva .. Sangavva etc., among women. It is evident Hattikankam and Pnnikankans. Both these two from this that the namC5 with honorific 'appa' denote divisions cat (ogeth('r but do not intermarry. With the names of men and the same names with hOllori respect to tb'Cir origin and also the division into fic 'appa' replac('d bv the honorific 'ana' denote th(' these two groups, the Kuruhas have all interesting names of women. If the honorific 'appa' is changed kgencl. Il is ,aid that wars back there was all to 'ayya', the names of Jangam~ or the priestly clas incarn:Jtioli of God Shiva at Kalyan in Bidar Dis ses are derived. trict whose Il~me was Rcvanasiddheswar. About this time there lived in Kolhapllr a Godd'Css bv nal1le Lingayats are not permitted to touch non-vcge \fayi who had incarcerated nine crores of Siddhas tarian food or consume any intoxicating drinks. or Lingant saints. Revana Siddheswara liberated Compared to wveral other lastl':~, the Lingavats arc them and ,d at liberty half the number of saints 'economicallY well off. Generally cultivation is their as Ling-aFt priests and the other half w'Cre turned • main profession. The: are 5teady, industrious and into sheep driving them into a cave in the field devoted to hard toil whether occupied in trading or belonging to one Padmanna. One day when plough cnhivation of the soil. Being a very large community, ing hi~ field. Padmanna accidentally removed the they vary to a considerable extent in appearance stone which covered the mouth of the cave and build and colour. G~neraIIy their (omplexion is the ,!leep were set at liberty. He started rearing dark. Thev are ~trong and ~turd\' and are ,opable them uv ?:razing them ill the nearby forests. One da" of putting in ven ht:3."\' work in the fields continuo· when he had taken th'e sheep to the forests, he carne mly even in the hot ~ummers of this area. across a beautiful girl who had been hidden there bv a Rnkshasa. Being anxious to marry Padmanna, They obst'rve several holidays important ,{mong she came forward and garlanded him. At this them being [J gadi, ShivaratriJ Basava ]ayantiJ Kant moment God Shiv;! appeared in person and conduc HunnitJe, Ganpati Habba, Vija'ya Dashmi, DNpa. ted their marriage using wristlets (Kankans) made vali, Yellamavas)'{1 etc. They invariably attend the of wool as cotton was not readih ayailable and thus TliE PEOPLE AND THEIR !>lATERIAL EQUIPME:t\TS 11 (~mc into existence the division of Kurubas known Kbravars. Harijans, Muslims etc. However. some ;1, '(jnnikankans' who arc supposed to be the des of them do visit hotels run by Muslims. Their cendants of Padmanna. Padmanna had a brother. staple food consists of jowar. Their mother tongue His descendants became Hatti Kankans' and they is Kannada. But malw of them can speak Urdu lise cotton wristlets at their marriages. vcry w'('I1. Some people say that these were two functional (C) Waddars (Oddan) divisions of Kurubars. Those earnillg out cultiva tion were called 'Hattikankans' and those rearing Waddars, also known as Oddars are all recent ,heep WtTC called 'l) 11 nikankans', \Vhatcyer may illlll1ih'Tanl, to the village, Formerly these people be the origin of these two divisions, even to-day, the med to (OlllC hne sea,;onally in search of work but difference hetv,ieen them in using cotton wristlets in g):')q \I'ith some a;;~islallce under the National Clnd woollen \\'ristict, continnes, clearly marking Extcnsion Scl1t'me, a eolOln was started for them Oir( the nn1 t'ndog-amotls groups, Interdining bet under the n;lmc 'Chandrashekhar \-Vaddar Colony' \l'cen these groups is permitted though intermarriagt' about I! miles away from the village proper. This is not. Among them there are further sub-divisions mJolly j, named after Chandrashckhar Pat ii, a raIled Bt:dagu. Some of the bedagus are Bannelaru, lcadillg ,oeial \\'orker from the village who was aho Turuballaru. Adinaru, Hallbannelaru. Rande Kurba. a member of t]JC State Legislative A~sembly and Zendc K urha etc. Ccnerally marriages withi 11 a who died at a YOllng age ill a motor accident. Most l;cdagu are prohibited. :\1arriage with father's sis of the Waddars of Mahagaon are migrants from ler's or mother's brother's daughter or with elder Kurukota taluk, Alaguniki and Ratnapur village. in sister's daughter is permitted, Tht~ re-marriage of Bijapur District, Hasur and Mantal villages of \\'idows is permitted, though a widow is forbidden Bidar Distrirt and some plaC6~ from Maharashtra. from marrying a Illember of her deceased hllsb:ll1d's or father','i Bedagu. The,' permit divorce in extreme The name 'Odda' or 'Vadda' is believed to have ca,'cs. Generally they have to pay the bride price derived from the Kanarese word 'Oddu' meaning to the girl's parents at the time of marriage. 'to join' as their tradi.tional occupation i~ work in earth alld stone. They cngage themselves in stone huruba5 arc generally small in stature but strong hreaking, quarrying, masonry, bund constructiOn! ;llld 'iturch. They are dark in complexion. They etc Even to this day th'cY have stuck on to their ;m~ reputed to be hOl1c~t and obstinate. They arc traditional occupation. Only one of the Waddar fLwk and cheerful. To meet a Kuruha at day break households owns some land, which too has been is considered a good omen. Their women folk are leased out to others for cultivation. The female ;d,o hard I\'orking and assist the males in the field members too actively assist the male folk in their I\'ork and abo in blanket weaving. Sometimes the occupation. Their skill in 'earth work and masonry r('arers of sheep moye from place to place to pen the has led to a demand for their labour in all parts of 'heep in the fields for manuring purposes and remain t.he country, ;il)~,t'nt from til(' "illage for days together, The Waddars are divided into three endogamous They arc lciigioll' minded and tlreir great God groups V;I. Bhalltii Wadd(lrll) Kalin Kllttige i\ Rirappa. The\' aho renTC several other deities Waddaru and Marmu H'addaru. The Ehand;, like :\failarlinga, Iken."dc\'aru etc They worship H'addarLl carried stones in low solid wheeled carts; The\' consume non-vegetarian food occasionally, They ar(' dark complexioned and ~trong and lhough thev scrupulously avoid beef ;md pork. stunk Thev are "cry hardworking and are report~d The\ do not accept food or interdine with vVaddars. to hE' honest in their wod, It is said that if they 12 MAHAGAON uudertakc' to do any job on cOlHract basIs, mcn, Districts and those living on the, banks of riv'ers women and children fall 011 the work and flllish it Bhim (I:) Brahmins (1'') Vi~hwakanna!> \to" of the Brahmin households of \Iahagaon Vishwakannas number abollt V;) distributed among or the Brahma hranch. 'Shesh Vamsha' or the Ser Bllt all of (hem knOIl- Kannacb and Urdu well. The)' 1 pent branch, 'Sam Vansha' or the Moon branch and ,II"(' n ll[~iom IIIlndcd and thl:ir home deity is ~('ne 'SurJa Vamsha' or the Sun branch. Thn claim Ldh -\1l1h"b;li. They consider Tuesday as an auspi descent from thc K~h~e (livi~i(lm did !lot lISt' to C;]t together. in tenliJlill;.!; is penni tlcd setting up of three pottery chimneys in a row side Tahle I ~A gives particulars of houses by type of: bv side provides better escape for the smoke than a wall. rt is seen that Ollt of 700 households, 739 Or sing-lc chimnn. ;\Tcccssarih these chimneys are closed nearh 01 o{, reside in houses with stont: walls. There~ in th(' raim. In mall\" of the homes a part of the is Ollt" tin shed and fi walls made of bricks. The kitch(,l1 is used for hathing purposes and at times rc,[ arc all made of thatched material. Stone quarries open ,pa("e~ behind the houses arc u~d for bathing al'e c1mdn and so plenty of stone i~ aYailahlc readily with the result that generally privacy is lacking. and at a ch'eap rate. There ;>rc several stone masons Some of the higger houses have a separate, cattlcshed also in the village and so the villagers have little but ill the ca~e of man\", cattle are tied in the open difficlilty ill ~onstrllctjng- hOllses with stone walk ~pacc arollnd the house or ill part of the hO\lse itself, ft i, ~aid that generations hack, Mahagaon was a there being no ~eparate cattle shed. Most oE the bmo\ls brick producing celltre where large sized houses ,Ire si llglc storeyed. hricks were made in abundance, Some old r'Cmains of these bricks arc al,o locally seen even to this day. But surpri~inglv enough there are only 6 Tahle XII gives particulars of households by houses in the whole village which have brick walls. fQoms and b\ numher of persons occupying them. The reason for this is not clsil v understood. It is It is seen from this table in which institutions are just possible that availability of stone must have not included-that 9 hOIl~eholos have no regular put an end to this hrick industry. :'-;0 douht stones room. In snch ca~s' a single room, which too is were available even then but prohablv quarrying generally in a dilapidated condition, serves all the was a bit difficult a~ Waddars ,rho are experts at purposes. 1R;i households consisting of 2186 persons this job were not local residents then, as they ar'C reside in one roomed appartments. In other words 110W. Again hrickmaking needs wood and other 61.4% of the total number of households in the raw materials for hurning them. This being not a village and :;3.1 % of the population have only one (orest area, there is generally dearth of fuel. Th'c room to livc. Onh' 22 households consisting of 151 stones in the ,ralls are generalh fixed with mud persons ha\"e five or nJore number of rooms. This and in a few cases mortar is used. will ckarl), indicate that the living ronditions in the village are not satisfactory alJd that economicallY The following four houses may be taken up as too. majority ,of the yillagers are too poor to provide typical hous'es in the village: thems~'I\"es with better housing facilities. (i) house of -:\'agi-ndrappa Gml"dappa. a rich Ung· ava! cultivator. Tables 13 and 1 ?,·A give particulars ahout the roofs (ii! iIOllSC of Hanlllalltrao Silinde. a l\faratha and walls of the houses in the village. It would be seen cultivator of the middle dass. from tahle 13 that out of the 790 households 607 (iii) house of Shri GUTldappa Ballappa Korava, a bouscholds or abo\1t 76% of the households stay Kora\'ar coming from the poorer s(,ctions and in hOllses with mild roofs. 13 households stav in (iv) house of Shri Ahdul Gafoor Sahib, a poor houses with roofs of ashestos sh'eets and 1 household Muslim. lias a ston~ l"oof('d house. All other houses have thatdlcd roofs made of bamboo. reeds, wattle etc. The home of '\:lgcndrappa has a total plinth Even these horizontal roofs have a gentle slope 011 arca of IOO' x 70'. The walls arc made of str>oe the exposed sid~ so that the rain water falling on and the roof partlY consists of lllt!d (Dhabi) and them flows away and does not stagnate. They have partlY of stone with iron gircl·ers. The hOllse is in them some potten ontlets. Generallv with the provided with a tap for ,\·ater. The house of H ah first showers many of the roofs start leaking. But mantrao has a plinth area of 11' x ;~:)' with all after the first showers, the earth in the roofing open space of 33' x ~8' in the front. It has stone s'rttles down and some repairs arc -also carried out to walls and the roof is made of mud (Dhabi) and a prc\'('nt further leabge. Once in three or four years tap is provided. The house of Gundappa ha~ a tb(T spread layers of fresh earth cllled Karolll on total plinth area of 7' x 8' with an open yarn of the roof. Thatched roofs require attention almost 22' x 15' in the front. The wall is made up of every year. It is said that mud roofs are a sort of. sWire and mild ano d1e roof has two slopes covered air conditioners as they keep the interior warm in ,l"ith jungle wood and Tad palm leaves. The house winter and cool in slimmer. "\f ud roofs are locallY has no water taps. The hOllse of Abdul Cafoor has known as Dhabi. a total plinth area of 8~' x 13' with an open area ~ = 0 <:~ I- l£JQ) UoX _'( ~ ~ .....:_ c{o a0 ~ -I\J ~ o ~ lJJ Q ~ :> " Q" ~~" (W) w Z Z Q. 0 > ~ - ...... J t- ..... Q III oe( 0: Q. III .. I&., :/ 'oD ~ LLI ., "'.0..I_ ¥ I"' <: -l ::> I\J LlJ < It _, Cl.. l.LI 0 u:4 « Q "'u .... z « ~ C) .~ a: c.n « UJ CD 0- ...J > ::> .... C) UJ c.n I ::> "9 2 ~ Z 0 CII 0 0 ::t: N Z - III( < UJ ..J ~ C) Q. :> oc( a. w. >...... I «l: w ~ t- III "'I&.,'" -'N<_ U I "':z:: u ~ 2:. 0 ~ - ~o I- UJ Q Z ~o 0: < Q. =0 « ~ - It ..J -~ ~ ~ 1JJ > Q 0 ...J .... Z 0 lU 1&1 Q, a 0 0 MAHAGAON- GULBARGA TALUK HOUSE TYPE TYPE 4 SCALE INCH = 16 FEET PL..ATFORM !l2.'. o· x ~)'. 0" KOTHA ~~3~81i o OPEN YAR.D 50~O"1( 32.~OIl D· DOOR IN. WINDON 1/ • VeNTILATOR. k,.TCHJ:N 1 2i-3 11 9'-0" PLAN r-- .-- I I ELEVATION THE P 1': 0 :to L F. "'" N nTH E I R \f ATE R I A, L E Q VI P ~[ E >J' T S 17 of 19' x 2:l'. The walls are made of stone and Iimd is fixed, Pllja is offered. So also when the AI/alii :llld the roof which has two slopes has a covering of or the stone ahove the front door is fixed, puja is jllngle wood and grass. The house is not provid-ed offered. The ~fuslirns do not observe so many rituals. widl any taps. \VheJ1 the construction is completed, they have only a special housewarming ceH:monv when dose relatives and hi'cnds are {casted after worship of the home 'fost of the honses face either east or north. cleiti("s. HOllses facillg west and sOllth have also a door facing I"'a"t and north.' Tht' fonndations run about I Q feet to ~ feet deep and are fitted with rubble. The ston'es Household Goods lIS{,(] for walls are called l\arilwllu and if they are A. FCR:'<:ncRE lIot oj' proper shape they are called R~jihalill. Rec talloubr stones. which ;H'e in common use now, are Ih way of furniture, the majority of the villagers (,dl~:d ,\jarip;nlfu and corner stones are called "H(}ol~ possess HTY little, T;lble 12 presents information '7(/1111. Besides the stones available in the quarrios of reo'ardill!!' fhe pmsessioll of fllrniture by the v i-S C~nsus/~fysore/73 18 MAHAGAON 111 earthenware and a few pieces of aluminium, coloured turbans, red or yellow, on festive occasions. copper or brass ware ,,-hich is geJlerally out of shape Their religious heads prefer to have green turbans. clue ttl long usage form all their utensils_ They The upper garments have undergone widespread fetch ,,-ater ill metal pots usually made of copper changes. Ordinary peasants wear banians with ,,-ith llarrow necks called Kvd(/ a11(l store it ill big half sleeves, or no sleeves at all. This is called pots called 11 aYi us u all v made of cart h. Pickles JIundi chat. Some wcar Kurla which is long, loose ~lIld ghc'e arc usually stored in chinaware called sleeved shirt without a collar. Another type of B1zaralli. For eatillg purposes they have aluminium shirt is the 'Kameeja' or Jubba which is a half or brass plates. Among Brahmins cooking is 'gene sleeved short garment. The older people rally donc in metalware_ So also richer Lingayats lise a Bam bandi which is a collarless, full sleeved and Kuru));]s 1I"e more of metal vcssels. The '\fuslim~ shirt with tassels for fastening the two generallY lise aluminiulll vessels for cooking. Now loosc ends. Sonl'e wcar a long coat called Parsi Coat a few households are making- use of stainless steel OVl,), the shirt. This is a huttoned up coat of thicker \\ are also. :\L111\- houses possess Pan·dall boxes used doth with {un slce\'('~. A few pass a 1005e piece of for keeping hetd leaf and 11utS. clot h called Sh(·lya over the shoulders, on important occasIOns. Some usc a Shervam also which is a C. CO:\'SDIER Goons. tight fItting buttoned up coat. The lower garment generally consists of a Dholee worn with a Kachha. Table 12A present~ parti(ulars about the posses The Muslims wear a lungi i.e. a cloth about 2 yards sion of COllsumer goods by the yarious castes in the i II length draped round without a kachha upto the village. From this stateMent it is evident that 1Il0st ankle or a Payjama i.e. sewn trousers of mill made of t.he COllsunHT goods ml'lIcd I)\' the villagers arc long doth. The footwear also shows a lot of variety. possessed by Lingayats, Brahmins and Muslims. Out There are different types known as ,Uettu, Chae/amt, of the :')7 wrist watches, 31 are mVlled by Lingayats, 11 S(/di Illoche, Bijajml' .Jade etc. Though these arc arc oWlled by Brahmins and 4 hy l\Illslims. Out of the the s'c\cl'al types found in t.he male apparel, the poor :;9 ]lrtrolll;tX lights. gO are owned by Lingayats, ;) by arc gCllerally fOllnd only in cheap half sleeve shirts, Brahmills and 2 by J\fuslims_ Out of 23 keros'l'l]c small pieces of Dhotees, running upto the knee and stmcs 12 are o\'med by Lingayats, 1 hI' Ihalnnins a ruma!. The Kambli-a coarse woollen blanket is ami g by :\Inslims. Out of go cycles, I R belollg found in most of the households. For th~ manual In Lillg;l\ats, 2 to Brahmins alld :) to Muslims. Ont labourers it serves as a weight-pad to carry heavy uf 12 sewillg machines. :J bdollg to Lingayats. Out loads, a piece of covering to keep warm during winter of 29 clocks, 19 belollg' to Lillg;l)ats. Out of 9 radio and prevent from drenching during rains and as a sets 7 belollg to Lillgayats. The 0111 y scooter and the bed at night. only gr:lJ1l:lphone in the ,illage ;llso belollg to Lin ga> ats. The dress of the female consists of a s'ewll upper ,Table 12B gives some castcwise information garment and a saree. The sewn upper garment is about certam habits like the ll~e of mosquito nets, callt'd /\.lIj)/)(15a \\'hich covers the hack and is fa'ite usc of toilet &: 'i\'ashing soap, lISC of the washennan lled ill a knot in front. It has tight sleeves stopping' in washing- clothes etc. The information is furnished aboye tht: elbow. Some of the Muslim ladies wear a according to different income groups. This table Kllllllli;: or Kur/a which is a long sleeved blouse, will also rc\('al that SlJ( h pl:'acticcs are more eOllllIlon extending upto the knces. The lower garment among Lingayats. cOllSists of a saree wi thout a kachha, covering the head with the loose end of tht: saree. A few Muslim Dress women wear the Ch(lgra or Zanga which is a wide skirt. The sarees and other clothings are generally Except for minor differences, the Muslims and made of cotLOII--cither handloom or mill made. But Hindus dress alike. In the case of the mal'es, the 011 cerCIlIOll ial occasions the richer classes use silk headgear gellerall y consists of a turban, which is worn clothing-so The sarees, which arc generally hand in different stYles. The Hindus call it a RUlIIal and loolll or powerloolll made show great variety_ But the l\fmlims call it Pa/aga. These turbans which the most cOllllllonly lIsed arc those made at Ilkal, arc lIsually about :) yards in length arc made of mill Barsi etc. Youllg boys wear shirts and shorts and made cotton doth but on ceremonial occasions the girls wear skirts and blouses_ Of late bush shirts, well-to-do ,,-ear silk turbans. The Muslims wear trousers haye also come into use in the village. 'tHE PEOPLI". AND THEIR MATERIAL EQ,UIPMENTS 19 An idea about the_: doth required, stitching charges Ornaments and Hody De(oratioll etc., for each item of dress discussed above can be had from the following statistics coUected in the As is clistomary with all Indians, the people of this village: village also are fOlld of ornaments. Both male and female folk wear some kind of ornaments. The S. I tern o[ Dress Cloth required Stit~hing charges poorer sections wear ornaments made of glass, brass ::\0. or sih er, and the richer prefer gold ornamell ts. 1\ I. Rmnal or Pataga 'i yards few of the orllaments arc used for daily "Tar anel I} yards 0-50 :!.. Banyan sOllie arc worn ollly Oil special occasions like festiYals, 3. Kurta 3~ yards l-~OO marriages etc. .\11 Ling-a yats ,,'ear linga. Some usc 3 yards 1-25 l. Khamij or Jubba gold or silyer casing for it and the poor tic it in a :;, Barabandi 5} yards 1--25 piece of silk cloth. As distinct from all other castes. Ii. Parsi Coat ;:, yards 5-00 the 111arried Rajpnt and Lamani females ,,~ear g. 0 7. Shelya 3 yards piece'i of silyC1" ornaments called Pilya on their H. l)hotee -J- yards 9. Lungi 2 yards middle toes. They w'eigh about 1) tabs and Ct'st 10. Payjama 3 yards 1-25 Rs. J H/- or so. ;\n idea about the ornaments C'J!l\ 11. Saree 8 yards munl y seen in the Yi11age can be had from the 1:2. Kupposa i yards 0-<,0 followil1g tables. All the households will not have 13. Ghagra 3 yards I--OU these ornaments necessarily. Sonl'e may possess them 14. Kurta I ~ yards 0-75 and some may not. Ornaments Commonly used by Females in Mahagaon Head or Hair Ear ::\ose ;\r111S ami wrist vVaist Legs alld fcet Lingayats 1. Twubilla !-llll'U of gold I. JllIn!;i of I. JIUgllbotll1 I. Tali of I. Gatti of g,']d 1. })abll of gold I. l,"alullgura Brahmins costing about Rs, -10/- gold costing of ¥,old gold ('osting ('n..;tin~ about C'Y5tlJ1g- abo!lt of sih'er costillg \ ~ishwakarmas abont Rs. liO. costmg about R, ..jO. Rs. HOO Rs. 1000 - ab'out Rs. fj!_' Rajputs 2. ht:dige IillUll of gold 2, Bl1gltdi of Rs. 10i- L. ::\cckiacc :2. I'llt,,:i ur 2. Da/;u' or :2. Rldi ' of :-'Iarathas costing about Rs, 40/- gold costing 2. ,VaUlt of of gold cos gold cl)sling :-.ilvcr costin':S silver costing about Ks.50. diamond ting abOllt about Rs. IOU about R,. -1-.");- abOllt Rs_ 30!- 3. Belldole of & gold Rs. 300. 3. 8ilwar uf 3. Chian of gold costing ("osting 3. Sfwicwliala gold costing sih"(T co'Hing Rs. 30/- Rs. -WU/-. necklace of a bout Rs. -lOll. abuut Rs. GO,- gold costing 4. Ring ofgo- about Rs.300 ld cos! i1lg ah- out Ks, .>01' :J, Va,,"i of gold costing about Rs. [lOO- :-luslims . I. Hair pins of silver I. Ibmt of gold I. Besaii of I. Golsara I. l'aL'w!ja of 2. Dabu of I.: Ala,i of sil costing Rs. 2/- costing Rs.12/- gold ('o,t of gold silver Ks. 2(;(- silver Rs. -15)- ver Rs. 130. 2. Bilgw/i of ing Rs. 12{- Rs.70. 2. Bilwar of 2. Chain of costing Rs.301- 2. Pearl 2. Godi mlllli Silver Ks. 12/- siker Rs. 60.- 3. GUlldi of Besari cos- of gold 3. Ka([e of 3. Tode of sil ('ost ing gold ting Rs. :,j- Rs. 13.1/- sih'cr Rs.'JUj- ver Rs, 130. Rs. GO/- 3. Jalljira of silver R5. H/- \Vacldar. 1. Hair pins as above I. Kwlik~ of 1. Jltkt of 1. Tali of 1. B'lllgI!'s of I. Dabu of I, Chain of gold Rs. 301- gold Rs.l:2;- guld Rs. 2'2/- ivory Rs.12;- sih-cr Rs.-l-'ij- silver Rs. 60/- :2. HUVll Rs. 2. Raile ka 2. Kulul!gara of 12/- of gold dal;a of sil silver Rs. Gr Ks, liO,'- Kurubas I. Hair pins as above 1. Bendole of 1. Bmlli I. GodiJllalli of I. Gajjar i of I. Dabu of I. Chain of Kabbaligeru gold Rs. 30. of gold ,iker Rs. 20. si !vel' Rs. 12 sih-er Rs. -J-j. ,ih'er Rs. 60. Scheduled 2. Bugudi of Rs.12. :z. Sil1'(} chain 2. Raltikade '2. }.:ullmgara Castes, Ycla gold 2. Pearl Rs. 5. sih~er Rs. -10. Rs. G/- \''11''1 3. Talukuda Besari 3. Tali of gold Kor\\'as of gold Rs.4. Rs. ;> Rs. n. ----~---- ~o Food and Drinks c1lcaper. Excepting in a few richer households, lloll-yeg'ctarian food is not a daily item. The The staple food of the villages is jowar. It is Scheduled CasLes eat carrion aho. Biryani-a seen from Table XVIII that out of the 790 hOll~e preparation of rice alld flesh. Plllav-dish of rice holds in the village 72'i conSlIlIle principally jowar, and clarified butter, 'Khurma' and 'Crop.I' are the 01 consume iowar supplemented by rite. 1 (OIlSllllles COllllllon nOll·vegetarian dishes. Groll ncln lit oil IS jowar SUPI;lcmcnted by wheat and 11 COllSlIIlle the COJlllllOll cook i Jl g medium. principally rice. Thus it "'ill be sC(,1l that llearl~, ~)2% of the hotlsdlOlds consume principally jo,,:ar III the vilL-we the hahit of takill!! three meals • '" ~ and about 'i(j;, conSlIllle j()\\'ar slipplemcllted by r1('C day is largely pre\d.knt. As i, evident from t<{hie or wheat. It is only Oil the. occasion of festi\'als and XYII, out of 790 hOllseholds, 741 households t /{uplJllsa is arranged in her husband's h~use, when nutritious and helpful in ladation. 'She starts her parents are expected to present her Wlt~ a green eating jowar bread only after a month or two. sarce alJd blollse, bangles etc. Close relatives and Sucklill the deceased. This is followed by another ceremony They hcliey'C that if anyone sneezes once, at the end of the year called Barti. during discllssions it is not a good sign. If a cat moves across the l'oad when proceed'ng on some The Scheduled Castes have great faith in witch· important work, they say that it is a bad sign and craft, ghosts, etc. Death is usually attributed to the it is considered particularly so, if the cat is black. evil eye of some dissatisfied and enraged spirit. To meet a 'Ganiga' (oil crusher) the first thing in They have a ceremony on the second day at which the morning is considered not good. To meet so cooked food is offered to the spirit of the dead at the a Kuruba is considered to be a good omen. Some grave. On the thild day, they have a caste dinner. ;]yoid meeting a barher when he does not cany his The Kuruhas, Kahbaligers, \Yaddars etc., also attri professional tools. If a crow enters through the lmte death to past sins and evil spirits. If a person front door and escapes from the back, it is consi dies on the full moon day, they offer ilpecial services dered bad. Another strange custom is to send an at the grave by offering a sacrifice of fowls at the alarming but false news of the death of a person, gra\·e. They generally obsen'e 9 days of pollution. to his near relations and then go and bless them Kurubas have some ceremonies on the 3rd and 9th for IOllgevity. This is done by some if they see day. The Kabbaligas offer a caste dinner on the (lOWS mating. If anyone dreams of falling teeth, 2nd day. Among \Yaddars there is a pe<:uliar it is believed to be a foreteller of someolle's death. custom. On return from the graYevard, the nearest If a corpse, water, tiger, or fire is seen in a dream, relatiw of the dece;]sed, holds sOI~e jaggery and it is considered to be a good omen. They believe \\:atcr ill h is hand alld touches the hands of' all the that it is not proper to associate a remarried lady other relatives. This is believed to free them from (Udhi) 'with any religious ceremonies. If there is any nil effects due to the death. On the third and the death of a relation during a marriage 111 the seventh day, they observe some simple ceremonies house, it is considered to bring ill luck. ill honour of the dead. These are but a few of the many superstitions and Other beliefs' beliefs in the village. Though they do not have ;]ny scientiflc bearing, they are so deep rooted that The villagers arc steeped in several beliefs and it is difficult to say how, when or with whom they superstitions. Some of them arc more or less of a originated. Sometimes these superstitions especially local nature and some are common with similar other about incidents and things considered to have evil places in the region. Some belieye that it is not a consequences lead to bickerings and animOSItIes. good omen to meet a single Brahmin person when They may even result in upsetting the harmony in g'oing out on some important work like settlinO' the household and the village. But even among ' to a IIlanC'Cs etc. They bclieye that if they come knowledgeable persons such long ingrained habit~ across two Brahmins, the mission succeeds. die hard. CHAPTER III ECONOMY ... OF THE VILLAGE Economic Resow'ces and sheep are also reared for milk. The horses and the bulI(Kks are also good beasts of burden, Land They help the yillagcrs to takc their produce to the market. Pigs and poultry sene the edible needs of Mahagaoo is predoOlinanlh' an agricultural village. some (' ii') Tt"mple Inam Inam lands in the villa~e. They are Ina11ls to :ii) Jamedari Inam (Inams in [;lvour of temples and grants for rClltlering sen'in~ to the ")rmer Deshmukhs and J)esh/IMlldes) 134-,28 community or the State. Upto 1950, the Palds and :iii) Dharmadan [/lam (Inams to religiolls heads Jangams priests pun etc.) 98-20 Patwaris of the villages enjoyed Inams or grants of (ivl Baloota' Inams (Inams to carpenters land in paym'cnt for their services. But then onwards blacksmiths and other., 101' sen.-ice to their inams were resumed and cash payments were the community) ]:j7--27 introduced. The Illam lands after lev), of full <,vi Begari Inams (Inams to Harijans etc.'1 20,-06 li)r renderin~ st'rvice to Govt. officials aSSeSSIll~llt ,,'ere continued in their possession as etc.) hefore. :vi) S("ts:mnadi In.. ms !lValikllrs ("te.) 97- 22 III the Ra~'atwari lands. th()ugh they were held directlY from Go\'enltnent. with lapse of time, as the 40 Guntas-l ,""ere recognised occupants w("r(" not obliged to niltivate Thele arc no documents or records a\'ailable to the lands personally certain inferior tenures called Irace the early history of the rcyenue demand III 'Potll/Jallor/a)'i', 'Shikmii/rni', 'Asallli shihmi' (tenants, Ihis area. It appears. during the early rule of at will) etc. developed. In the non-I;!) atwari lands "'fahaIllmedall K.ings the reH'nllCS were usually «()\ en·d by J ahgirs. 1 narns etc .. the ten ancy problem fanned out. But a few tran's of settlements made "as more anlte. The inferior tcnure holders had no by the Bahmanl. "diI Shahi 3nd Kuth Shahi Kings sccurity in the land alld also had 10 pay uneconomic ha\'e hecn ,n'll in ~(lme parts of the District. It rent to their snperiors. The condition of Shikmi ;Ippears that it lI'a, after ,\kbar's annexation of daries who "'ere permanent tenants with rights more lkrar ill F/)(; amI i\Ialikalllbar's rule in Aurangah.ul or less akin to these of the Patladars. was somewhat that regular ,ctllemenls were introduced in this hetter. But thc conditioll of A ,ami Shikmidars was regiolJ. The initi;tl slllTey of Gulbarga Taluk was realh- pitiahle. Though theoretically they wer(, (()ndncted in ISS~) and it was first revised in 1916 deemed to he Ilhikmidars after l~ wars of continuous and then again ill 19~F). The period of settlement tenancy, the\' couc] not prO\'e such continuous each time lI'a, between twenty and thirty years and, possession. To do away with all slIch evils, a now the period of guarantee h;ts expired. Pending tenanc\' committee was appointed In' the lhderabad rc\'i ..,jnJl. a .~pecial asseSSlllcllt at I II Gth of the assess Government and on the re{omme;ldation' of this ment Oil wei lands and I/Kth of the assessment on Committee 'The H\'derabad Asami Shikmis Act 19,tJ' classes. In the initial stages, round about 19505 like iron ploughs etc., have been introduced in the there was a lot of confusion and the <:onditions to a village few use them. certain extent were in an unsettled state. In antici pation of the la nd reform laws several persons C. I;-';Dl'STRLI.LIS.HION tried to gain some rights in the lands by fair or foul means. Some land·lOlds tried to evict the There are no largc scale industries in the village. tenants and some tenants tried to claim proprietary It, is said that yealS back this village 11'as a noted right in the land by dedaring themselves as owners. centre for the manufacture of bricks. But this Lack of plOper records added to the confusion till industry has completely disappearecl. l'\ow the til(: cnqui.ries into individual rights were completed. major household industry is cotton spinning. There .\gain Oll Ihe reorganisation of States, some of the is also an Ambar Charkha Parishramalaya in the provisions of the Hyderabad Tenancy Act had to villagc. It is a registercd institution under the be suspended. so as to make effective a common law Khadi and Village Industries Commission. It is a to the whole Stale of Mysore. Such suspension of trailling cen tre opencd ill 1959, whcre spillning on provisions oycr a long period has E. EXP .... KS!O;O"; OF ~r.... RKETl"G FACILITIES :" F. lr\JoILTlUTlON OF U~.s:\:\ I"l'LUENCES cn))]olHic productiye activity that took more time, though less alHl COllllllClCC lor their li"elihood In 1963 as against relllullcratiyc was considered to be principal work. ollly 75 in 1951. For this survey the (Ull(ept~ adopted for the 11)61 census were made u~ of and so as to make the data T 1I11lill~ (0 the agricultural classes, unlike the follened at this survey {Olllp~lr Livelihood classes 1951 Cen- 1963 Sur- shml'll an increase during the 19:;1-1963 period. In sus ,'cy other areas, Oil the introduction of the land-refonns, Popu Popu lation lation many landlords got possession of their Own lands by eyicting tenants fair means b)' or foul and b(Tettin~ b Agricultural Classes the lands recorded as under personal cultivation. Thus in those areas, there was increase in the num :1;· Cultivation of owned land 1758 1265 2) Cultivation of land taken or, lease 211 442 ber of oWller-culti\,atlllg households and households '3 : Agricultural labour 737 1088 of agricultural labourers and a marked decrease in '4) -"on-Cultivating land owners. 94 102 the households of tcnant-cultiYatols. But the statistics for this yillage present quite a different 2800 2897 picture by a decrease in the households of owner II :\on-agricultural Classes culti\'atOls and all increase in the households of 'I', Production other thall culti,'ation 279 31-'2 tenant tultiyators and agricultural labourers. ,2) Trade and Commerce • 7j 19G HOII'e\er it should llot be difficult to understand \3) Transport j liJ the J e;!';oll for th is if the conditiolls prevailing , ·1) i\Iiscellancous sources and other '!.'j7 (j58 lOUll~. about 1951 are compared with the present Services (olldlllOl1s. Roulld ahout 1%1, the Hydcrabad (jIG 12J-J. (;Ol'enllllcnt \I'as all set (0 ilItI'oduce the lalld rdonns lcgisL~t ions. There \\'(:re no proper records showing ,\ stud\' of these figul(:s should be quite interest tIte nghts of the \,ll ious lalld,ullt:"atiug dasse;. II1g. In the filst instance the populatioll of (he .] llese records lrere ill the stage of being fonllulat \ ilLtge has recorded all illnea~e by 20.:14 per cent lIlg after instituting ellquiries into individual cases. dUl'inlJ,' the 19:)1-1903 period. As against this ill(TeaSe Pendillg completion of these enquiries, the tenants the pcrsollS dependellt on agriclilture for their liveli \r'ere presumcd as dcfaclo land-lords aud mally of houd haw showlI all increasc of only 3.1G% and the the tcnants also'rcllirned as land-owners at the time of {CIlSllS cllIlH]{:ratioll ill 1U:)L The titles and pel ,0\1S dependent OIl non-agricultural vocations have shol\'l! ;111 increase h\' Ilearl\' !)7~~,. Thc marked righls were cllqllil cd into and classified after the mallY nIltivators i IlC1C;ISe ill the popnl ation followi Il?; llo11·agricnl Cemlb of I ~);j I and of the tenant tllr,t1 \0< ;lliollS is m;linly due to tbl' imrroH~d facili I' ho h;ld been wlOllgly enumerated as owner-culti \:{l()rs .. ill U~.;l. wCI'e fOUlJd to be having llO proprie ties 1)loyided for l)Crsolls in 'senicc' in the yillaoeb • 111 If)(i;:l there ;Ire a, mam as 1:)0 households with tary nghts 111 the lands being only tenants. This ('~plaills wll\ in J !Hi:) there is a decrease in the fi\)~ pl'lsom ill thelll. \I ho depcnd maillly on 'servi(c' 0\\'1 I cr-( ulti\'atillg dasses. for th('iJ mailltcilallce. Thc\ arc all included III (he (b~si(i(ati()n ':\Iisccllallco'us SOllrCes alld other B. \VORKERS V'I'\ ice" ill the ahO\<:: statement. 'I'hc \'en fad that ~hc 1II1111ber of slich penolls has jumped' from 2Ti7 The populatioll of the village has been divided 1I1 E);) 1 to (}5f\ in 1!)6:~, sho\\'s that mallY of lht' illlO t,\,O broad categories according to the cnmomic ' It is seen from table IX that out of the total Table XI presellts information regarding non working population of 1944. the number of workers workers classified by sex and broad age group's. principally doing cult ivatiol1 is 615. Of them 440 The nOll-working population in the village is 2167, are engaged only in cultivation without allY secoll of whom 942 arc males and 1225 are females. The dary occupation and the remaining have some other non-working population forms 52.7% of the total subsidiary o(·cupation. The chief secondary occupa population. 46~~) of the male popUlation and lions are transport with 6S perS()llS, money lending 6Wi'~) of the female population consist of non \\'il h 22 persons, household industry with IO persons workers. 2S.6~~ of the Bon-workers are students, all etc. The ether important occupation in the village of them being aged below 34 years. There are is agricultural labour. It is seen that 7.22 persons 407 house workers of whom only 3 are males. Thus are principally engaged in agriniltural labour and nearly 33% of the female non-workers are engaged among them. 600 have no other occupation. The in household duties. There are 31 rent receivers important secondary occupations of agricultural 2 retired persons, 5 beggars and 6 un(,mployed 10{') t"- oo 0 }:Q 'CI C\I ""I> 0 (f) 'Z c( 1&.& \I). -' ~ '0 ""IX) ECONOMY OF THE \-ILLAGE 31 persons in the village. Among non-workers nearly how the yarious castes attend to their tillage 50% of the population consists of depen whether they do so personally or by leasing them dents. There are in all 1095 de~ndents ill out to olhers or whether any of them have taken the village of whom 992 or nearly 90% are children land from others for personal cultivation. In a few aged below 14 years. There are 26 dependents in case, it is noticed that some owners of agricultural the 15-59 age group who are so due to health reasons. land have taken land from others for personal culli One striking feature is that there are fewer nOll ,'alion. In a few cases it is noticed that some owners workers as compared to the workers in the above of agrimltural land have leased out their own land liO age group. The non-workers in this group num to others for cultiYal ion hut are cui tival ing land ber 108 as against 140 workers. There are only 144 taken on lease from others_ This is usually done male non-workers in the 15-59 age group of whom "'hen their own lands are not conveniently situated Il!) are students. being far away from their residence or' their other lauds and on the other hand they find it convenient [0 culti\'ate lands belollging to others. In order D. OW:\'ERSIIIP OF Eco'\'0'.f(C RESOl'RCES to prO\ ide the information contained in Table XXV Information regarding the ownership and cultiva at a glance, it is summarised in the statement tion of land is presented in tables XXV, XXVA and helow: XXVB. Tahle XXV giws details of cultivation of owned land. land leased out to others for cultiva tion and land taken on lea'\e from others for culti '\s some of the lands appearing in category B yation. These three categories are indicated hy will appear again in category C, it 'would not be symbols A, B al'1d C respectively. Thus it would correct to arriYe at the total acreage under 1 to 6 be evident from this statement as to how the culti types of cultivation in table XXV as also the state yated land is distributed ·among different castes, and mellt below: No. of households according to caste I Xature of Brah- Lin- Kuru- Mara- Holeya Madi- Waddar Lam- Raj- Korava Kabba- Shiekh Syed Moha- interest on rWn gayat bar tha ga bani put ligeru mad land 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 No lands 11 50 36 6 54 :; 45 2 .3 6 19 66 15 16 I. A 2 80 70 :) 6 6 21 6 2. A+B 4 4 2 3. B 12 66 9 7 8 7 2 7 32 10 3 4. C 6 4 13 4 :). A+C 48 7 4 5 4 6 8 'Nature of interest on Nadaf Mirza Nadaji Mulla Pa.tan Viswa Vyshya Madivala Yelawara Simngalru Bl"da. Madam Catholic Protes- Ediga land karma tant 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2+ 25 26 27 28 29 30 "0 lands 2 4 2 3 1. A 2. A+B 3. n 7 4. C ;i. A+C 6 A+B+C 32 MAHAGAO:-:r Table XXVA presents information of all the E. PRI;\HRY :\:-;0 SECO!,\D_\RY OCCUPATION lands owned hy the villagers of l\lahagaoll. inclusiH~ of the land they hold beyond the limits of the Table XIII presents the details regarding primary village. It is seen from this statement that out of 'and secondary occupations of various households. the 7~)0 household~ in the village. 3iS do not own Out of the i00 households in the village 37 are any land and 412 households own some land. The cronolllically inactive. Out of the 7i)~\ economically tahle further reveals the castewise owncrship of land ani n:' households :?',:, households are principally anording to different size groups, dearly establish engaged in (ultivatioll and 24,\ are principally i ng t 11 at the dist ribu tion of land among different engaged in agricultural labour. Th lIS 498 house owners is abo not equitable as would be evident holds or about GG% of the gainfully empolyed house [mm the following summary: holds arc principally engaged in agriculture. Among the cultiyators 1~1 households have some secondary O( ('upat i9n. and ,lIHong agricultural labourers lOG Sl. Si 7. Bet\\een 10 acres and 14.99 acres 70 834-H F. CHANGES FRO:\l TR.\DITTOX.\L OCCUPATION 8. 15 acres and above. 190 7842-61 There has not been an\' large scale change Il1 the traditional occupations in the village. But one Table XX.\' n presents information regarding noticeable c:han!!;e appears to be that with the grow land held by ~fahagaon residents outside the limits ing employment opportuJlities in the village due to o£ the village. The information is furnished both the opening of a High School,' starting of several castewise and also by the names of villages where co~oper;.tti\'e inst itlltion~, development of trall1mg the lands are sitllated. It is seen that lands, though centres lhere has been an increase in the number in small bits, are held in more than 80 villages. o£ per~{)lJs seeking sen ice. This has already become The castewise details of the lands so held is as cvident from the discussions abO\ e. It is said that £ollO\l's:- ~cars hack there were se\'eral brick, factories here, but now there is not a single such factory. Another noticeable feature is the tendency, among people, of S. No. ~ame of the Caste; Extent of following- more than one vocation. With the increasc land held in the populatioJl withollt any corresponding increase in other villages in the prodllctirity of the lanel. the people are forccd to look to subsidiary occtlpations. 1. Brahmin 1096-00 2. Linl/:ayat ·103-91 llesniption of different ocClilpations 3. Kuruba 78-39 4. Vishwakarma 70-20 .\.. PRACTICES CO'\:\ECTED WITH AGRICl'J.Tt;RE 5. Maratha 6-00 Agriculture is the most important e('onomic acti (j. Yelawara 33-{)() vity in the village. Excepting for an area of about 7: Kabbaliga 20-00 -10 acres of garden land, the whole cultivable area 8 \Vaddar 4-00 consists of dry crops. The village grows both rabi and kharif (TOPS, The principal nhi crops are ~) . Holeya 23-00 jowar, safI[ower,"' gram and Agasi. The principal 1:1. Muslims 207-45 kharif crops are pulses, groundnut, sejje etc. An f:CONOMY OF THE VILLAGE 33 idca of the Crop Area One of the great defects in their agricultural prac ticl's is the inadequacy of their mcans to check the Kharif i]l (-;round nut 404--20 lIat ural tendency of the soil being exhausted by (:2) 950-- 05 -"dje (Bajra) heillCT,_, (ontinuou~l". undcr the plough. To a certain ,{I Tur 940-22 extent, this is done In' rotating the crops no doubt. (t foundl (hemp) 1<32--J9 Especially leguminous the villagers haw to do largescale hnnding to pre III this tract mixed farmi ng i., pratt i ;ed. The ])\]>ro vent soil cnhion. But in sc\cral (:Ises it was !loticed ducts of the main crops or some catch crops grown that cithn hUIHb do not exist or if they exist arc ;1' 'Jlrinklings ill the l1l;lin 1.1) Im/Jrowri Saris ------_.. ------Sl. .:\0. (:rop Type of illlprm'('(\ Arc';! opera [('(I during ,-.. - . __ -_- -- - _.}..._._------~----~---~ seed I st Stage Lnd Sta.ge Post Stage 1. Kharif Jowar DJtO 2'1 acres ;)0 acres L. Rahi JO\\'ar ~[ 3:;-1 and ~J·m :200 acres +00 acres 3. Tur (: 211 3:; acres +. \Vheat J..::enphod 20 acrt'S 2() a('l'I'S .J. Grounclnut T;,\{\' :2 and Spanish 28 acres I rJ. GI'"m ChafE, 2() acres ·lO acres 7. Paddy MR 19 .-) ;lcn's + aCfe's (B) AJanures Sl. Xo. .Vea operated during ,--- ._- -_ ------.-"'-_ _--_ . --.------~ 1st Stage 2nl\ Stage Pmt Stage' 1. Green mantlr!" 2 acre.., + acres -l acres 2. ::\fitrogenotls flTtilizFr.s 1')() "eres 200 acres I()() :1crc~s 3. Phosphates . ·10 acres 45 ,-,cr"s (C) Plant Protectioll Nfrasuff. Sl. .:\0. Imp"'n1t'llts supplit' I dlll'in~ ""n. ~ ____ A ______" ______. ___ .. ____ '--'--- 1st Sta~" 2nd St;lge Pmt Stage 1. Sprayers 3 2. Dusters 3. Other impro\'ed impl~ll\('nl' \:, H) 4. ,\rca sprayed 3()0 ;ICrc, .JOJ acres ,-)--1: .-) acn~s :i. BUJ1ciing 1no acrt's 1.10 "cr'·s 2S0 acres (D) Demonstratiolls j'ondur/cd Ist Stage 2nd Stage 1'ost Stag~ I. l\fethod demnl1'tratioJl B 7 6 2. H.. C''Hllt den10Ilstratillll g 9 7 ECONOMY OF THE VILLAGE 35 These ani\ itic~ ol the :\ atiollal Extellsioll Service, Sl. ~o. l\Iontl, .,hm\· Ihat sUllie step~ h,ne been takclI by the agency Agricultural operations gene rally carried out. to properl~ eductte the publ ic. But the rcstllts ;tchie\'l:d so far ICt\T much ,cope [0" further illl I. .\pril- May l'rc]l~raliOJ' of land; ploughing; pnlYCmenL. (;haitra-\'"j,J." kit ,I recidm:ltion (Xallu Kadi ,'uwdl/ I: harro\\'ing; removal of ston~~ pebbl<" de; bunding manu}'ing Ih(' pi al lile of IClldcrilll!, le(iprocal aid prevails of land Ic)r kharif crops. III the \ ilLH!,.' l() :t lcllain c)"lClll. The orgallisation 2. May-J nne • ;'jollghing: [ll lIlallj1()\\Cr all!) is s\stelltali,,·d to a (nl:lill cxtcll!. .J y"stha--- _\shadl',,) llalTO\\illg: iJUllding: nlc :tiJk iJodl<:c1 adltlt, :lltI'IHl to all the h:lrd job, ,'0\\ ill>! of kharif crops like kharif; likc' plOltglllllg. ' ':!.i parIs :l«onii!l!! 10 che rdati\{: position of Ihf tile il '.)]1 ploughs K-IO Indlot k.'i ale Ilc<:cicd amI abollt :iU1: among the 2i stan (Nabhatras) into whi::.J th~ 10 el;l\' arc )cljlliled to p!o"gh through <1 acrcs. ['diptic is di\ided and each part is fmther suooivi . I'I(ltlghillg ~s foll()\\ul I>y h;tlTo\\'illg opcration') dc-d into 4 pada5 and it is common to mention th~ \\\ iu: or lhri(I·. Theil ill ;J1)1)ltl 'lay, farmyard 'llb·dilisiol1, in which the sun is pr,:scnt when eKh manure is spread in the fields .. \hOllt .1-10 cartloads ,1,~ri(ulLuntl opnaliml is carried (Jut. The agrintl of !ll:lllure an: required for this operation in one I ill a1 (aklldar ,!!;C1]('J";tlly followed ill thl' village is :1(,](" hut it is dll]JC' OllCC ill -1 to II years. Ground. :1' follows: IIUt. .ll'jjl'. till'. Ilemp, Sl'Sallllllll etc., alC the principal 36 MAHAGAON Kharif crops III the \ illage. SOI\'ing operatiolls start Other Crops (Kharif) in .Julle. This is dOllc with the help of a secd drill 1. Preparation orland ploughing/harro\\in? etc. 8-UO ('ailed Aoorige which has three teeth and three bills. 2. \\alluring as tor grollndullt lfi-1I0 Generally seijc and lUI' arc simultaneouslY sown in the proportiOIl of ~ linl's 10 1. Seed requircd per 3. SO" illg operations includillg ens! "f's("'J -I-()O acre is as follo\\'s: GroundIlut-:W to to se'ers. Tur, +. In!rl'clIltllrillg U -00 Sajje. etc,,- I to I ~ sens. Double fields SOWIl II ilh klLlrif jowar. lhe iIllportalit I ;IIJI ClOpS grO\\Il III the villagc ale rabi jml'ar. s;tflloll'ci and gram. ,\s the ~o\\'ing operations for rabi crops start only after the Hastha Sajje alld Tur arc important (TOpS in lighter soik ThlV' (TOP' do remarkably \\'ell cyell under and Chitta raills, these lands are generally barren 1mI' rainfall II a \\,~Ish wilh COWdUllg. This Hom has a central Storage po~l called .\1 eI i Katiigc. ;-..; car the threshlllg 11001, I be earbeads arc separated hom the stalks. .)owa1' when plOduted 111 large quantIties is stored ncfOle the threshing oper;Jtions are started they in pits. These pits have capacity to hold 10 to 100 offer Puja to the stacks and also some relatives and pallas of grain. These pits are cleaned and then friend, arc feasted. ('he t [11 (shit1~ is thell dOlle jowar stalks arc spread all around and ill it the 11, ~ellil1g lhe e;lrhe;lds U all1illed b\' (;Itt!:· tied grain is poured. llcfore dosing the pit WIth a stom~ around the Meti kattigr. The threshing work is and earth 'lome nl't:1ll leaves are also inserted. (ll'llcralh done aftLr dusk. a~ tbcll the cattle alld lhe Grain stored ill this Ill;tllll'er does 1I0t get" eu illfd. ~'t)rker.,· do Ilot get I ired l[lIickh. The winnowillg \VhcllC\'er the ,e;rain is reg uired to !)e taken out, they of illC grains is usu:t1h done in the eyenillgs OJ' 1'ClllOlC thc stOIlC and earth and kave the mouth of \\hl'IIt'\n there is a good hreeze, :\Iuch aid is extell the pil 0P(,II so that fresh air g'ets illlO if. Then a ligh ded Oil reciprocal basis al Ihe time of threshing ted cbillllll'\ i'l lowered down to sce if tile light gets and winnowing. The average yields of rabi crops arc extinguished. If it does, it indicates that the oxygell a~ follows: content of the air withill is not sufficient. They re peat tile operalions till the th:llllU-,' does not ex ,i,l Rabi jowar L to 4 quintals pc-r acre tinguish alld thcll the\ ellter the pi~ alld take out 'jj', ,,'h("at J to 3 quintals per acre the grains, If these preGllItiollS arc not taken. human .iii) Kusubi ,Safflo\\er, ! to 2 quintals per acre elltry into the pit lllay prove fatal. I'i\") I,]nsf'cd I to I quinta Is per acre (\') Gram I to L qvinl:tls pn acre (.rains in sl1Ialler Tilt: (ost of cuitilalion of ralJi ClOpS pn acre IS c.alled GUtl1me prepared out of Lakki sticks. They GlIlIImeS ; l ~ f() II () \\'S: have as big as holding 10 pallas. Ground nul i, u,ualh storcd ill a )'(10m or ill gUlllly bags I, l'r~paratiol\ of land 6-00 before its disposal. SceJ alld su\"ing op!"ra tiollS 10-00 3. '\'ceding anJ illterculturing 10-00 COIIIIIlOIl jJests alld di,\('(/se.1 vi a'lj):> I. Har\'l~stillg, threshing etc. 20-,00 .\fiscellaneous 10--00 Grouudnut, safflower, gram, etc., are smccptible 56--00 to a disease called 'Herw'. In 1962-63, the ground Illli crop was much attackcd by Ihis disease. ]owar and Pllndi are susceptible to a disease locally I if/sal iOIl 01 PlOd lice known as 'Jigi which usually appears in Octobe~' .\bout ~:")% 01 the fuod nops and 90'jv of the cash or November. The disease that commonly attack, crops are generally marketed. ;\larketing is gene wheat is locally known as 'Ea1ungi'. 'Kadige' or ally done at Gulbarga or through the local commis Smut attacked a considerable area under Rabi jowar sion age' I h \dlO ad\ ance loans to the agriculturi~ls ill 1%2-6,). 'Kccda' is a pest which often attacks in tilll<> 0[ Ill'cd. Table XXIV [!;i\'C'i some d'ctails turgram etc. Though there are suitable pesticides abollt tlL~ agnnIllural pJOduce and its disposal in and insecticides like sulphur, Endrex, DDt etc., not El61 and 1962. Both these arc frequently varying ollh to combat such diseases but als..:) to prevent such factors I)oth collectively and illdividually. Collecti d ise ases frolll sprc ad ing. the \'iUagers use them only 'Tly the prod ucc depends on s'casonal conditions and O( casionaJiy. Ullless e\'cnonc co-operates and sees the surpilis ;n ;lilable for disposal depends on the that all the fields all' co\'erecl when spraying opera produce, Indi\idually, the surplus yaries with each llOIlS arc undertaken, the diseases cannot be com household d( pending on the size of the household pletely eradicated, III 1%2-0:\ only 8 cultivators got :lS also the si7l' of its holdings. Thus the bigger their field, ~pl aled with DDT. Only 3 used Endrex land lords are able to sell more, whereas with the alld :19 used sulphur for dusting. ,n\;\ll landlords the prod\ll.:tion hardly reaches the suhsistence Ieyel in se\'eral cases their own produc .Uarheting of the Produce tioll is not eH'1l sufficiellt for their persollal con 'lllllptioll, Before disposing of the surplm grains, The SillpillS produce is marketed at, Gulbaro'a0 or howt'ver; cyery agriculturist, excepting in very hard KalllaLtpllr. There is a regulal(() market committee (aM·S. retail15 SOlllC graills for secd purposes and this at (;llll;;lIg;1. III the cast' of smaller holders and is stOl"Cd separatelY with great care. ' ~tlso illdt'blcd JamilIt's, sometimes the prodm:e is 38 MAHAGAON di,p(),ed of tocd" either to the lOlllllllS,lon agents llwdIli{:s III the Glilharga Market bd\\TCn E):JI aud or to their crrditors. The prices of \ariolls (0111- l!!(i~ arc showll in the table below: St",""l~cn\ showing tli(' ~ra"imum, ~linimum and ~!(I(LII rat", nl' ,\gri('lIl\ural (,ommodities at tlte Regubted i\LI1'kct C()'nmi\tcp, Gulbarga h'm1l 19-,] \u 1%2 J'igl.lJ'c:o. indicate H. .s. Ii. 'fool' Tog~,ri I (i I - DO :](1-- 110 1'1 ·00 72- 01) :10 ,.()() ,)9· -00 +9- ·011 21J -UO 40--00 ---~---.. ------Sl. ~o, N;llllC or llll" C:UIllIllUdilic:-. 1<) j j I'),-,Ii ___ .J.-~_,___ . __~-, '-' .-"-. -- ., ,- --._" ------"- '., , .\1;, xi. \lini. .\[o I. ,lo\\'"r 1-, IHI II 00 37 (III 17 (II) II ,1)1l .", III) lili- ·Iltl :)1), -Ill) :,2---00 (; r ;1I1 llG!u II t ,,) ,1)(1 21-·iJ(I :it; 110 -)~--.()I) :! t- -III) :H-tll) )<) II1I 37· (II) .):!---()() W.1C'"t I;; ,II:) 3:, ·UII Ii ~ -l)O Ij~ ...()\J 35,~·(lO I:: .00 Ii9 --uo :i'i· ·01, GO-OU 1. <;raJlI 3B 00 III -011 :lO (10 II ·(ill 17 -1)1) ~:~ . {HI I'J- (1(1 :,1 -1)0 12 --00 ". Kc.-"d (K",,,"i,, :1') 011 :!I, ()II :l:! 00 I:J .-(l() 18 ,(10 .'~) -00 -,2· .(j() 3\, ,Oil lB-OO Ii. 'roor "I\Jg,; ri 2~) DO 1 I 00 :.','- O() Lj -00 lfi-~(lO :)7 00 lB- .(11) 31)· -01: -12-00 ------.------'._------~_------..-~- .. ------J,)j7 19:,13 19,<) ____ _.A.._ __ r------:-- .-"-. -_ .. ._ '--'" ,-_..... --- .-, r- ----.- _.J- .. -----, -'[axi. :'lini. '\loda!. .\1""i. .\[illi. .\]",l:tJ. J\[axi. !'.lill i. ;\'loda!. 'J :!I 22 23 :H 2,~) ~(i 27: 2U 29 1. Jowar 5Ii·~()() 21 -u() L:;--Oo I:; ·55 8--j(J I:! 00 li:l--O(J 10 -·00 17-0() 2. (;rolllldnut :;9 --(III :tl ·(JO ~>] ·--011 :n -00 1:2·-00 19 0(1 23· -00 1t--OO 2:2--ll0 3. \\'h('at 79-- ()() :,1--00 (jc) __ OO 27-00 1-I -.. O\) :ill --1l0 :\1)--00 19---00 11i-00 1. (;ranl 1~,- -()O '27 ·00 tl-110 :23 ·-00 10--:,0 18-00 :!(}--OO 11--00 15--·00 ;J. K2l'acl (K~"llhi, (iO-OO 31,-- (1) ,YO-till 1tJ-·-OO 1+·-00 l(j--OO 23--()() 1:)--00 21-00 (i. '["10]' ,Togari) -18 00 :!7--0U -13· OU 23--00 1:3-00 :!1- -00 18--·00 12,-00 JI.i---OO Sl. \i{). Name of the 1%0 1%1 1%:! ._..A-__• ____ . _____ ~ , __ , .. ____ ...A.. __ •. _, C()mlllO' lit ies r------,-----~- --"- ------~ .\laX!, .\li;lI. .\[oti:d • .\Loxi. ~[ini. '\[·nIaJ. ;\bxi. Milli. J\loua!. 30 31 3~ 33 :H 3.j :)b 37 38 I. Jow"r ·1,,--00 3(1· 1)1) ·n--oo -Ii ,00 23---0D 36 -(II) (if) -.(11) .3{)--OO 4-0--,1I0 " Grollndllllt 7 :-,----00 jO· ()O li7· ()O 82- ·()O :,()-- OD I,il--.()() 72 -00 }l- 00 67-00 '3. \Vheat iB--O() HI -(\0 1)9-, ,I)() 71- .:,1) ,l:J --()D .ill --()I) 79 -00 39 .. -0ll 62-.. 00 I. ( ~r;lln ·W---O() :l:! - (J() 13, on ,-,1~·(J() :,2· ·00 Lj,~ on ,1.1 --00 3:,·-()0 -1,)--00 K"rad (Kus\lbl 7()- ()(J 3U- 'lO -,fi 00 ~,~J-O() 'la--O(l :J-+--OU ]C, -UO 38-0ll li2--00 II. '1'001' Togari 3()- \)l) u- Oil ·Il'-- Bli :!~,·-llO 39---0l) IiI· Hil :2B~·110 ;,6-00 RE.\L\nKS: J. Pricc-s arc ,hm'll \<)1' th" ,., ars I'rom 19:,\ \0 J'l'-,7 jwr 01' P"lb 120 'CCl"'. 2. Pr;ccs "re sho\\n j()r tit" \TarS Ii'om 19'-,1) to J<),j')j'N or ;\fannd {·fO sC'-:!',', 3. Prices ;trr· show I! ii,r tIlt' ;TdTS ii'Of" 19tiO to 19fi}. !I/'r ol'Qllintal :']()I) h.( •. , "ott.::--- Pri<:es of .)o\'. Clr :lnel V\'JI{';i\ ,\ft' not a\'" I"hk dlle t" C()\(lrul lilll'ill'; the >' 'l( 19:i I. 1. Prices lI'om the vears 19:-,] to 19~,3 ar(' II u.s. 2. Prie()s h'UI,1 tlte ~"ars ]C).) I to J9fi:2 an' n 1.(;. ECONOMYO~THEVILLAGR l'R\CTlCES CO:\:'\ECTF.D WITH A:\'nIAL I1USBA}\DRY There are no dairy breeds of milrh cattle, worth Ihe name, JllSL11H'eS of good milkers in (attle can Lin'sto(k forms thc backbollc of a'!,rinIitllrc ill thc he fOlllld here :Jnd th"le. The milk production in \ illagc. They rear catllt, as all adjllnct to agrinll the I illage i, not Oil a large scak. The bulk of I me. rablc i pres'l'nls I he livestock statisl ies of the the milk produced is (on\el'ted inlo ghee and sold \ illagc. Thc inforlllation i, flll"lli,hcd by different Oil ';h,tIHiI' and ()titn cla\s, The II(' huHaloc, ;1I C castes, llumber of houschold, fr()m each casle poss'cs~· mainh used for drallght pllrpo'es, especial!\ for illg Gillie, llllllllxr of Gillie heads so poss<'ss'cd ;Ind transportation of ,slOlles from the quarries, Th;lt is Iheir (lassihLltiulI an onlill~ to Illib). From Ihis tlJ(' I'l';]son. II III ()lIt of the ~J(l he bldfaJocs in t hc table it is SCCII thai there all' ill all ;):!~) cows of which I ill;t~c fiO alc pm'ics-;ed 1)\ \Vaddars who maillly :\11 yield lIlilk: 1.-, hlllk i IS working hllllocks and \lurk otl S(Olll'. rJl(' \\T;lddars also own se\er;11 lOS othcr males; ~JO bufblo(:s and :121 she bllffaloes dOll kt '\ S ',dl ich is ;l good ileast of hurdcn and lcast of I"hilll 21:\ yield Illilk: I:;I~ goats and shccp: -,~l expensi\'c, GellerallY lhe master's obligation ends pigs; :11 horses and ponies: 30 donke\ s; 1277 poultry \\'ilh his taking ""rk frolIl thl' anilllal, feeding el ( . ilt.';llg ih O\l'll n"pollsihilitv. Cattle arc Ilwsth' reared hv cultivators. There are (;rn::illg "n'" arc,,' hOllSes of nOII-clIlti,'ators IdlO rear cattk to! llIilking pllrposes, :\'0\\' that tlH'rl' arc 'l'ltT:t! The I illage has all as,igned p;lsturage of about hotels and hostels in the village, there is an i ncrcas ;\14 acres, BlIl this is more or less a barren land ing demand for milk and other lIlilk l~rodllcts. ,\Iilk covered with stones and pebbles. There are ahout is generally sold to thcm and other indil'iduals. A ;i f cowhenb ill the yillage. who Lake cattle for !lllmher of households s'ell ghee instead of pure milk. grazillg. Fach cOIdlCrd call tend about 10 to 40 Cliitivators IdJO havc no working hullocks either hC;I(j.., of cattlc. The lIlonthly fees charged are llsnaIlv Like thelll Oil hirc or scek assistance from friends. It half a rupee for a cow and a rupee for a hullo(k I., cI'ielellt frolll table 7 that goats and sheep or buffalo. Some cattle rearers engage boys laking arc nlosth pow'sscd h" Kllrubas. Of the II i~J the animals for grazing on annual basis on a pay ,heep and I :'1:\ goats, qg0 sheep and 107 goats helong ment of Rs, :)0 to Rs, 100 per annllm. to Klirubas, Sheep and goat r'caring is the principal o((lIpatioll of ~e\'eral Kllllihas. They prepare Feedi /I (J' "l\umbli"-coarse I\'()olcn blankets from the wool oh " tained and also cam some wages by pending the ani Dry jowar stalk is the main cattle feed. After Illals in pri\'ale ar;lhlc IallelS for manuring plirpose,. the cars of (Oln arc separated frOIll the stalks to! l'ollltn is IILlilltain('(1 hI' ;lhllost all the < a,les who threashing purposes, the staIb arc stalked in huge lonsuml' lIoll-n:gctari;11l food. Pigs arc owned 1)\ pYramid shaped hlocks called 'Banvi', The stalks Korwas and Yelavaru. Horses and ponies arc ;lre takell Ollt ;is <11](1 wlll'lI neccssan, (ut illto small mmecl principally III Linga\ats and :\Tuslillls, bih alld fed to lite cal tie, ])1'1' caltle ;lIld YOllng ,tock arc llLlinh' fed OIl these slalks. In the GISt' of lir('cr/.I and [Tlilil\' lIlil( h (allle and working iJI[]1ocks. the fced of fodder is supplemented hy safflower cake, ground Thl' h~eds of cattlc fOllnd In the village arc 'h.hil litH oil (:lke. (ottOll seed etc In ~llllllller when the brio Deoni, and J;m'ari. All these arc principalh cultil;ltor" alc iJl'" \I'ith the preparation of bnd drallght hrecd,s. Khilbri and ]koni breeds arc f:t,1 the II'OIki 1lg Illdlo( ks an' fed with cotton seed earh Zlnd hZlrdh for road work as also for field 'I·ork. Somc ill thl' I!lorning ;lIId Il'ith satj']own clke on return helic\(' that Khi!Lni breed is a deri, ati\'c of the 11(;111 \\'Or!;, in the l'\(,lI:ng, One Il'orking iJlIllock ,\Illritmahal bllt is not so compact 01' fine in (iv) 'Dend'-A cO\'~ring marie of sh('l'p's wooL Cattle breeding (v) 'Joola'-;\ cOI'cring mack of silk and veh'ct for the back. The village has been supplied with two breeding Utilisation Of produce bulls under the ~atioJlal Extension Scheme. But the villagers allO\I' their cattle' to stray with all or Besides working 111 the fields and on the road. dinan' breeds and no serious attempt is being made c~ttle yield milk, manure etc. On an average to breed cattle in a scientific manner. There is an cow yields about I to 2 seers of milk a (L!\' and a arlilici,t1 insemination centre at Culbar~a but none bllfLtlo yields ahout 2 to 4 seers of milk. Milk IS in the village appears to have sent the cattle to this sold at ahollt _two seers a rupee. Mam hOllsehold~ ccntre. (:()Jl\Trt milk into ghcc and sell it at a rate of It seen for three rnpees or so. The milk Yielded hv goats and sheep is usually consumed by the owners. INDUSTRIES Skins of dead alIimals arc sold to the local \Iadigas. The skill of a btdlock fetches about R,. 15 to Rs. 20 There are several industries running on small and thal of a buffalo fetches about Rs. 20 to Rs. 25. scale in the village. Oil making, wool industry, car Old animals are disposed of by S:l1e to the slaughte pentry, blakslllithy. basket making 'Chakmakhi' etc., rers. Co",dllllg is usually Ilsecl for manuring the arc some of the il1dustric~. Most of them do not fields. How('\'('r turning cowclung into cakes and yield much profit and are just maintained as sources using theTll as a fuel. is practised in some households. or livelihood. It \\'(llt!d be worth considering a few of these industries in some detail. Marhefing Oil making Karnatak is noted for its large number of cattle fairs and weekly bazaars for exhibition and market Oil pressing is an old industry the village. There ing of cattle. Thes'e fairs generallY start at the elld :trc 1 households following this 'occupation in the of kharif season and run through the summer. \i1Iage. Of them. oil makillg is the principal occupa They generally coincide with some 'fat ra' so that tiOlt of I hOllsehold and suh'iidiary occupation of:; the cultivator combines salc and purcbase of allimal~ homeholds. ,\11 of them are Linga\·ats. ECONOMY OF THE VILLAGE 41 The oil ghanas in use in the village are of a rotary using the bassi and then made into rolls. These type run with the help of two bullocks. The mill is rolls arc made into warp yarn by twisting them. lI1ade of stone with a wooden lining within. There Then for sizing they usc tamarind seed moistened is llO drip channel. '\Then one charge of seeds has for about four days in \rater and then ground with becl] pressed, the p'estle is taken out and the collect· a stone. The wal:p is then boiled and it gets ready cd oil is ladled alit of the mill. Whatever that for weaving. Blankets arc generally ,,-oven in the remain, in the mill is removed with the help of open as exposure to free air is quite necessary. I ags of cotton which are squeezed into a bowl. The Hence the work of weaving cannot proceed during edible oil generally prepared here is known as rams. The weaver sits on a piece of wood or stone '",lilll'a' oil which is an oil extracted from a mixture with a hole in front for his feet. They do not dye made o[ safflmHT ::!.:i%, Groundnut 2:')% and pundi the wool and so the Kamblis are usually black, -;or:~" The mixture of safHow'er and pundi are "'hite or striped. The weavers work for 9 to 10 Ii}';! got ground in a flour mill and then grolilldnut hours a day. 'I'he wOlllen help them in cleaning j, :Idded to this mixture in the required proportion the wool , il~ makillO'b. the yarn and also in sizing. before extracting oil. Another h,'e product that is nh: a i ned from th is is the 'oil cake' which is used as Some female folk spin the \\"001 and give it for a cattle feed. Sometimes the oil mill own~rs \\'eaving, the ,,,ages paid being about Rs, 5 per PUi (h,m: the graim and sell the extracted qil on blanket. There arc sc'veral wcayers in the neigh their 0\\"11. Sometimes the cmtomers bring the bouring villagcs of Dasthapur, Bclkote, etc. Thev miqure and the owners of the mills eXlract the oil generally takl' about 4 days 10 weave a blanket. Gil wages, the wages payable being about Rs. 2-jO It is said that Ihe wool obtained from 16 sheep in rur a 'jill lip' which is abollt 4:> seers of grains a year is needcd for wea\ ing one blanket. The yielding about ;) seers of oil and 2k seers of cake, wcavers from \1 ahagaon dispose of their products Fur crushing one fill up about 4 hours of lahour through thc Co-operative Society. Before the IS required, establishment of this Society they used to sell the blankets in the local shanch' and the shandy III There is one 'Oil ghana Industrial Co-operative Amhalige village. S,)ciety' started ill 19(iO in the village. This society has G members. 1 of them jointly run one oil About 2 years back there was a blanket weaving (!,liana, and another member has his own private training (eJill e here where the workers were trained 'ghana'. The 6th member owns no 'ghana'. The in spinning wool by a eharkfta. Some apprentices other 1\1'0 ghana OII'nCTS are not members of this hom \Iahagaon also re(eiwci ILlining but none at 'I(l( iCIY. In 1%0, the Society had adnnced Rs. 2,300 them spin \\"001 on a efta rhha. They believe that ,I) ils Illelllbns of \l'hich Rs. !JOO are so far recovered. the results obtained iw spinning on charkha are not good, There is not even a single charkha in These ghanas have brisk work between April alld \llgmt. During other times they work once in a the village. \I('ek or a fortnight. All the finished goods are sold in retail through the local Kirani shops. The 'Cfta!ullahhi' COl/Oil Indllstry products being not sufficient even to meet the local I'<'cds, are not exported. This is the occupatio1l of 7 households of Yelewaru \dlO attend to basket making also, 'Chakmalthi IT' ool Industry cotton' is a fabricated inflammable substance which lo()ks like cotton. It is prepared out of a plant Weaving of woollen blankets called Kamhli is called Aapina Theile which grows in flowing waters. (;()l1e by (j households, all of which arc Kllrubas. The villagers obtain Ik'se plants once a year from For nyc of thl'se hou,eholcls it is the principal Akkalkot in Sholapur District, usually during " There arc several other industries like tailoring. credit· allowed. So at tim!"s the' credit runs through carpentry, goldsmith)" blacksmithy, hasket making. 5e"('ral years causing them great hardship and loss. mat wca,:ing. cobblery, manufacture of flour stones, cotton spinning. (ycle repairs, pottery etc. They Of late co-operative institlltions have also elltered have no special peculiarities. The methods em into marketing activities. The Multipurpose Society ployed, implem~~nts us~d, the goods produced are sells sugar, rice and other commodities which grew all similar to those in other rural are3.S and have scarce, at reasonable rate,. The \Nool Industri;JI been discllssed in detail in sC\'cral reports. As Co--operati,e Society deals in woollen blanket,. such, discussion of these topics here again docs The Oil Ghana Industrial Society had just started not appear to be necessary. Most of these industries dealing in oil extracted locally !Jut 1l0W due to cer· are more or less servicing stations, where the raw tain difficulties it, activities are paralysed. The materials are supplied by the customers and the Khadi & Village Industries Board has stal ted workers are paid their wages for the finished purchasing- the groundnut for e...:tJ·acting oil. goods. They moreover earn for the workers an income which hardly exceeds the subsistence level. However it ha5 to be admitted that the trading activities in the village ha\'e 'ilml"ly increased during the last one or two decades. The number of grocery COMMERCE shops has nearly trebled during the last Ii"e yean. Commercialh-, Mahagaon caQnot be called a big The coffee and tea clubs have also iIHTeased from trading centre: though the we~kly shandy held on :) to 10 in llumuer during the last 5 years. The every Monday is good enough to meet the limited number of temporary shops put up on "the shandy daily needs of not only this village but also several day, have also increased in number considerably. villages round about. As detailed in table XV :\fow about 50"60 shops d'_'aling in vegetables, grains, there are in all 66 trading establishments in the cloth, eatables and other goods are set up on that village. All of them excepting 3 do only retail day. . trade. The thre2 wholesalers do brisk trading only during and after han·ests. They are more or OTHER OCCUPATIONS less money lenders-cum-traders. They lend Other occupations in the vilbge are agricultural money to the needy agriculturists during lean labour, service, contracts etc. As alread\" stated periods and recover it by purchase of the agricul earlier with the estab~i5hll1erit of schools, hostels, tural produce after harvest. To a certain extent, co-operative instillltiollS, post oilicc. etc., the scope they are thus able to dictate terms to the needy of employment h:ld considerablv increased in the agriculturists. Th'ese wholesaler~ in turn take village. Thm during the last decade, the numbeI the produce to Gulbarga, Bidar and other of pcrsOlI5 in SCI vice ha~ increased cons;derabb. markets and sell it there. Sometimes. they also store '\_bout th~ a~ricultural labourers, it is only hard the produce in the village itself for disposal under toil from dawn to dusk that helps them to eke out a more favourable l1l:lrking conditions. poor living. Tradi !1g in several of the retail shops is done on Indebtedne~s barter fystem. The agricultural labourers and other poorer folk who earn their wages in kind, To obt,.jn correct statistic. regarding indebtedness, purchase their requirements by paying a part of income and expenditure i~ inde"d a difficulr task. their wages earned in t he form of jowar or other Indebtedness is fonsidcred as a stigma to the family grains. In the grocerv shops nearly 75% of the honour by se,-er,'[ Pd,;un~ ~\l1d so th'~Y ,hilk respond. trade is all barter system. Almost all these shops ing tl) such tnquirie,. VcrY rareh, do w(:' come are indi vidu:ll1y owned excepting one which is run acro"." village folk mainLlilling PlOP'" a((Ol1nts of on partnership basis by five persons. Credit facili incoIllt' and expelllliture. Most of t hem arc illiterate ties are proyided in most of these shops. Credit and '(:"en the literate ones do not care to maintain is sought more in' cloth shops and tea shops. In the ,;!lY ;1< counts. Some may also {"(Jl1sickr persons doth shops, it is said, they charge interest at a maintaining proper accounts a, rarc specimellS not ~nal rate (Jf 24% if the payment is not made suited for this worldly t:xistencc. One literate within a year. The. shopkeepers say that disposal person when ql1(stiollCd on this point, said that on credit involves a certain amount of risk as accounting only adds to one's anxieties and worries generally they do not seek an\' security for the without bringing in return any good. R: said that ECONOMY OF THE VILLAGE 43 the standard and mode of his living is ~o set up, meeting costs of as many as 42 items. In this table that even with the cultivation of the habit of the number of households in debt is 474 as against maintaining proper accounts, he would not be able 346 shown in table XXIII. This is because some to change it for anything better. Then why bother of the households in debt have obtained loans for about accounts. was his querv in reply. Again more than one purpose. That is why though the lIlan} pcople view with suspicion any probings on total amount of debt is the same in all the three melt matters. So it is ()nly after a lot of pursuasion tables. the number of households in debt as shown and rom,idcrable effort at creating a feeling of in this table varies from that in Table XXIII. It (ollridcTlce in them regarding the object and scope is just possible that the causes indicated in this of this ,UHn- that information on these matters has table may not be quite correct. Some households heen obtained. It is vel" difficult to say that they obtain loans with the excuse of meeting the costs are hunclcred percent correct. However with a lot of agriculture and actually utilise the amount so of questioning both directly and indirectly, informa dnml1 for domestic purposes or purposes not in any tioll has been obtained and statistics relating to wa,- connected with agriculture. This t'endency of tllese ,hI ee wpi( s have been built Hp. obtaining loans on false pretexts is on an increase as loans at lower rates of interest can be obtained Tables XXIII, XXIII A and XXIIIB deal with from Government and Co-operative agencies for indebtedlless. rable XXIII presents information agricultural purposes. It is seen from this table a bout indebtedncss in the different income groups. that the three major causes of debt are marriages, Table XXIII A gives information regarding indebted to clear off old debts, and domestic needs. These lIe,s by I ames and tahle XXTII B gives information are all non-productive types of debts and many of I)) sources of (redit. It is cy;dent from table XXIIl the indebted families in these groups are caught in thal out of the 7QO hnw,cholds in the village, 346 a vicious circle from which it is very difficult for ;ire indebted to the tunc of Rs. 2,11.446. Thus them to get relieved. ~lhout ·t2.J(:'~~ nt the households arc indebted. the ;lvcrage debt jJer indcl)tcu lv)Usc:hold being Rs. 611. Table XXIII B giYes particulars of indebted Olle noticeable j.,'.lturC 01 lhi~ village as also of ness according to sources of credit. There are three "'\enl other \ illages. is thai the' pncentage of main sources of credit viz. GoYernment, Co-operative iJOusehoJd, ill dllIcrcllt incollle group:; generally Societies and Banks and private indiyiduals. The IIl( lease, in d lt'cl proportion with the income interest charged bY the first two agencies is consi janges. Thus the p,l'ccntagc of indebted house derably lower ranging between 6 and 8 per cent. holch ill below Ks. ::.") income group is 7.14; in the But the interest charged by the private moneylen Rs, :2G if) R, ..ill group it is :\-1.61: in the Rs. 51 to ders is usually. exhorbitant and may go en'~ to 94vt- /0 7:) group it is i:':.50: ill the Rs. ib to 100 group it is at times. Some of th'ese moneylenders do not indi- 'riA8 amI in th~' :lbO\(' Rs. 101 group it is 46.49. cate in the deeds the rate of interest they actually This lil at ter ca Jl be cOll'idercd from another angle charge but instead 5hO\\· some lower rate of interest. :tiso. [I is Iloliced from this table that the average They cover up bv indicating in the documents. an ; IldeiJlcdlless of the dilluent indebted households amount far in excess of the amount actually advanc increases with the il)(Olll(" Thm if the average debt ed hy them, as the debt taken. In some cases part of the households ill the below Rs. 2,) income group of the agreed amount is retained as advance interest. i, Rs. (;0 is Rs. SU;-L'j ,,-ith it ill tb. IJrJU)eholds And the ignorant, illiterate and needy peasant falls lilCdllll' ('x(cecliJ!g Rs, WO. It is not difficult to lind an easy prey into their hallds, For· them their i C:I~()II, [or ,ili,. \Vilh the ill( rC;b,~ in income, it immediate needs mean all the problems in the world. 1., ca~le}' to obClin 10JIh. The hOlTo\\'ers arc in a' In spite of all these tricks, ;) needy person prefers to pn;.,itioll to !Ill l;,h "C\Uily :tl',d the lender also is approach a private moneylender and hesitates to inclined to lend 1I1one~- to per,ons who have a status approach a Co-operative Society or Government. in the fin;til( iJl world. lIe feels his mon'ey is safc. This is because of some sort of red tap ism in these I hus \', ith the 'Wj)(' lor obta.ining loans, the temp, two credit agencies. Even if they approach these ,al ion [Ilr it abo il1crCiti\:S alld with the temptation a~('ncies, many a 1 ime the payment is not prompt the nccd~ are :lbo fclt more. Thus the whole system wah the result tllat the amount does not reach \\,)rk" in a perf',ct ordc). the pr,[sol1S when it is moo.t needed by them. It is for slIch reasons that alit of the tOlal debt of Rs. ComiduiJig i1ldelJtedlless 1)\ cause, it is seell from 2.11,44G in the vilhge, Rs. 1,86,'/537 is ohtained from Table XXIII "\ that debts ha\-'c been incurrcd for private moneylenders. 44 MAHAGAON InlOlllC than Rs. 101 per month. I n the last category of traders, money lenders, persons in service etc., there .\ccording to a system of hroad classification based arc 110 'households earning less than Rs. 2:) per on the principal source of income: the 790 house mO'llth. 9,4 per cent of the households earn between holds ill tilt' \ ill age less than Rs. 2:) per Ilullth. 4 'earn between Rs. 2(i stage. It is s'een from the ;J bove figures that there and Rs ..-)0; :) earn het,n::en Rs. :,,)1 and Rs. 75, 13 is a big gap bet\\Tel1 the average income per adult 'earn between Rs. 76 and Rs. 100 and 2"1 cam more equivalent male of OWlJer and tenant cultivaturs 011 ECONOMY OF THE VILLAGE 45 onc side and thc remaining four groups on the varIOus items correlated to the primary source of other. Now the incom'e that is cOllsidered for the income (as classified into (j categories when discuss preparation of all these statistics is the gross income ing the income factor) as also their income range alld not the net "income. The owner cultivators arc presented in table XXI. If a household is con and tenant cultivators have to spend a lot on culti sidered as a basic unit, it is seen that the aver;)ge vation operalions before thcy can reap the fruits monthly expenditure of the households varies from of their labour. They have to spend 011 seed, manure, Rs. 70.'19 in the case of agricultural labourcrs to Rs. labour and several other items of expenditure ,before 446.67 in the case of owner cultivators. A house they get the crop. In addition tenant cultivators hold of tenant cultivators sp'ends on an average Rs. have to part with a part of their income towards 5107014 per month. A household principally engaged payment of rent to their superior holders. On tire in spinning on an average spends Rs. 100.27; a house other hand persons in service, and there are nearly hold working at other industries spends Rs. 127.37 1.-10 households which are engaged principally in' and a household in the 'other' category spends Rs. service, and several other households following other II 1.69 per month. \'acations are not required to spend on such items. So the gross income of cultivators which looks rather 'VheJl discussing the income factor it was said that inflated will get Yen' much reduced if only the rl1'e owner cultivators and tenant cultivators had to nct income is consiclel~ed alld tile gaps between the spend a good part of their income 011 cultivation various categories will not be so big. Even with expeIlSes. This statement is further substantiate1 all this, it canllot be delJied that owner cultivators, by table XXI. It is seen from I his table that the l'cnant cultivators and persons ill service form the i telll OJ! which an owner (ulti\ator has to spend Illore prosperolls classes in the village. most is payment to hired labour. Out of the average Taking into consid'eration all the households of 1ll()llthh expenditure of Rs. 446.m of a household the village. it is scell that 413 households or nearly of OWller cultivator Rs. 109.7.) is spent Oil hired :12.1 % of the total n II III bel' of households earn more lahour. SimilarlY in the case of tenant cultivators than Rs. 120 I a \car; 139 households or nearly 17.7 ';10 the mmt expensive item for them is payment of lent. cam between Rs. 901 and Rs. 1200 a year; 120 Ollt of tire average monthly expellditure of Rs. 307.44, households or 1:).2% earn \)'etween Rs, 601 and Rs. a household of a tenant cultivator sp<:nds Rs. 114.06 ~l()O; 104 households or 13.3% earn between Rs. 301 011 rent alone. and Rs. 600 and the remaining 14 households or 1.7 % cal'll below Rs. ;100 per annum. A fmtller analysis of the households ill the 6 cate gories can be made by comparing the average monthly Expenditure expenditure of the h()useholds in th'e different in The details of expellditure of the households on come groups. Thc results achieved are as follows: - Sl. No. Category A"eral,e expenditure of households in different illcome groups ------Below Rs, 25. R,. 26-50 Rs. 51- Ti Rs.76--100 above 100 Owner cultivators 53.71 79.43 116.39 467.59 2. Tenant cultivators 112.12 310.32 A6'I'iculturaI la bourers 21.16 46.15 63.90 87.74 126.43 Workers at household industry (spinning) 33.96 77.20 114.65 165.38 Workers at other household industries 18.32 46.46 62.97 91.85 130.03 Others 43.6-t 65.44 84.92 158.65 ,\ household always varies in size depending on six categories. Compared that wa\ the results are lhe members in each. Usually the 'expenditure in as follows:- each varies in direct proportion with the number of 81. No. Category Average expenditure illcmbers in it. So it would not be proper to com per adult cqui- pare the expenditure of a household by taking valent male 'hous'ehold' as a unit. The more standardised unit I. Owner Cultivators . Rs. 85,08 of ';tdult equivalent lnale' can be adopted with greater 2. Tenant Cultivators. Rs. 59.35 3, _-\gricultural labourers Rs. ;1(" anlage for this purpose. A comparative study of 20.20 4. Worker, at hOl'sehold industry (spin. R,. 23.83 the expenditure per adult eguivalellt male in each ning) Cltcgory will be h'elpful ill underslanding the ave 5. Workers at othcr household industries Rs. 2-1. 12 rage standard of livi ng of the households in the 6. Others. Rs. 33_09 46 MARAGAON Having considered these broad a~pects, it would possihl.e if the expenditure on such items per adult be useful to consider some important items of 'expen equivalent male is considered. The following statistics diture of households falling in the above 6 categories. give a clear picture which may not need any further A comparative study of these figures would he discussion: - .SI. No. Iterm Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category <1 Category.') Category 6 ,-_._.A.___ , ,--- _---"'---,-----.. r-'---.-...A...-----') r--~.---"----~ ,-_---'-__ .... , ,-_--A..__ ., Eo:pr. Per- Expr. per- Expr. Per- Expr. Per- Expr. Per- Expr. Per- per (;entage per centage per centage per centage per centage per- cenrage adult of adult of adult of adult of adult of adult of equi total equi- total equi- total cqui- total equi- total equi- total valt'nt cxpr. valent expr. valent expr. valent expr. "alent expr. vdent expr. m'lle male male male male male Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 , 11 12 13 14 1 . Total Food il.63 13.f9 11.00 IS.53 9.98 49.40 11.09 46.51 10.22 42.25 11.60 35.06 2. Beverage 2.56 3.01 1.51 2.54- o. SI 3 .99 0 . 96 't. 02 1. 36 5 . 64 I. SO 5 . 45 3. Clothing. G.85 8.06 3.90 6.57 2.74 13.58 3.08 12.93 3.22 13.35 4.16 12.57 4. Ren t on land !-.S8 \ :).2-+ 22.02 37.10 5. Hired, labour, culti :20.90 H.GI 6.50 10.95 0.28 1.36 0.23 0.96 0.01 0.03 1.96 5.92 vation costs etc. 6. Remittances 3.40 2.09 3.52 0.13 0.89 0.15 0.61- 1.92 5.81 7. Education I. 75 0.3G 0.61 '0.17 0.S4 0.34 1.41 0.37 ],52 1.12 3.39 ~a. :> 0 0 cc ....UJ C> < IX W C> ~ UJ « (/) 0z ~ « 0 UJ w UJ ..J ~ c( X ~ 0 UJ 0 ~ ~ > w i 0 lL. >- .1. III lL. Z I I Z 0 0 .... -< ~ C> ..J -< :> x: a. -< 0 ~ a. w ....J: 0 ~ 14 CI 0 «CI (/) 0 ~ ::> UJ cr ... CI- W W ~ ct > ..J ~ 02 c=~==i==1~=~=~~===~~u.o CHAPTER IV SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE Population trends tion by age and sex. It is seen from this table that • 42.:i% of the population consists of persons Clged At the time of this sun{'\' in 1963 the population below 14 years: 1Uij;, arc aged between FJ and of Mahagaoll "'as 1~OO including 89 persons living .i9 years and ;i.9% are aged above 60 years. In the in the t';m institutions (hostels). The number of case of olle person the a~e has not been recorded. households (excluding the two institutions) was 790 . . \.t the time of cllum'eration in 1961 Census the The sex ratio "'orks om to 1012.23 females per population recorded was 414!~ and the number of 1000 males. This exceeds the ratio for India which hou~holds was 759. Thus between and 1961·1963 is 940 femal'es for every 1000 males and also for [he' population has registered an increase by 1.!\7 the State of Mysore where it is 9:>!1 females per 1000 per cent and the households by 4.08%. Th'C popula males. Excepting in the age groups 15-19, 30-34 and tion and Humber of households in the village in 4:'1·:i9, the females exceed the males in numb'er. Thc 1951 was 3116 and 600 respective! y. So the popula number of females is much higher particularly in the tion has increased by 21.28% and the number of 20-2-1 and :1;'1-44 are group. households by 26.;)0% during the 1951-1961 inter censaI period. During this 19;'11- I 961 p'eriod the in· crease in population for Gulbarga Taluk is 22.70% Vital Statistics and for the District it is 15.31 %. So the increase At the ,'ery outset it has to be observed that these registered in this village exceeds the increases recorded statistics are not maintained with as much care as is for Gulbarga Taluk and Gulbarga District. Apart required to be bestowed on them. Attempts were hom the natural caus'es like birth and death, the made .to obtain thes'e figures from both the Tahsil main reason for the increase in the population ap office and the village patil. The village Patil records pears to be due to the starting of several institutions the ;,gures of hirth and death and communicates I ike the High School, Co·operative Societies, Hostels them t~) the Tahsil Office, where it is ~x:pected to be de. consolidated. But surprisinglY 'eHough the figures supplied by the two agencies do not tally at all. Population by age and sex In fact the differences are vcry great as would be evident from t}le followillg figures supplied by the Tab] e II presents information regarding popula- two agenCIes: S. Source Parti· 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 19;)7 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 Xo, culars [. Police Patil Births Xot available 120 94 189 120 137 157 141 112 or :-'hhagaon Deaths 2'\ot avaibble G2 64 44 67 43 43 7 '/ Tah,il Births 38 28 50 30 60 80 36 40 61 75 office (;uI barg,; Deat)H 13 II 9 8 3 10 30 15 21 30 It appears th'e figures supplied by the Police Pati! Marital Status of .\Iahagaoll are more reliable. It is very likely 1 hat the consolidation work ill the Taluk has not Table ".I prcS<'nts illfnnnatiol1 regarding age and 1)('("11 attended to properly. The average number of marital status. The population in the different age births per annum according to the statistics supplied gTonps has bct:n classified into the following four hy th't, Police Patil comes to I :13.:) and the average broad categories viz. never married, married, widowed 1l11111iler of deaths comes to 57.3 per annum. and divorced or separate(!. It would be seen from 47 48 MAHAGAON this table that 1129 males and 891 females are never in spite of the fact that religion permits widow reo married i.e. about 5:)% of the male population and l11arria~s in the case of majority of the population. about 43% of th'c female population are !l('ver This only shows that though such widow remarriages married. Likewise 42% of the male and 43 % of are permitted, socially they are not looked at with the female population are married; 2% among males much favour. Anotner point that strikes the eye and 12% aDlong females are widowed and the remain is that there are vcry few never married persons aged ing are divorced or separated. above 30 years. One or two points need some further discussion. It is seen that there are 10 males and 44 females Puhlic Health and Medical Fadlities who are married in childhood only. It is said that some persons who have continuously lost young children, believe that marriage of their next child Generally speaking the village has a healthy cli in the cradle itself will bestow longevity on it. It mate. The common dis'eases that appear off and on is really unfortullate that 3 young children aged are dysentry, diarrhoea, bronchitis, colitis, round below 19 years are already widowed and 2 are worm trouble, skin diseases etc. The village has a divorced. Though post-puberty marriage is the Primary Health Centre started in 19:)4 with the general practice, there are some instances of child aid of UNICEF. Under the auspices of the National marriages. It may also be noted that the number Extension Schem'e, the following works in connection of widows as compared to tht~. widowers is large, with this Hospital were undertaken: SI. No. Nature of work Year in which Estimated Outlay Govt. Share Public con- undertaken cost to-date tribution Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. I. Construction of six beJded hospital building 1954-55 20,800.00 9177.00 14,383.00 4794'.34 2. Sanitary fittings 56-57 4,631. 31 4631. 31 4,400.00 231. 31 3. Construction of labour room 56-57 4,400.00 1,672.39 1,254.30 418.09 4. Comtruction of garden 57-63 560.00 439.09 329.32 109.77 5 Other amenities 58-59 627.69 627.69 627.69 This centre serves about 50 nearby villages. The staff Month Male Female Children Total consists of a medical officer. a health visitor, a health inspector, a compounder, three midwives, two peons June 163 tOI 359 623 and one social worker to do propaganda regarding family planning. For the last one year and more July 217 124 413 754 the post' of the medical officer is lying vacant and August 170 114 496 780 this has very much affected the attendance in the hospital as would he evident from the follm\'ing September 233 139 696 1069 attendance statement of outdoor patients: October 205 126 ·1.sS 769 November 201 38 409 69B Month Male Female (:hildren Total December 220 110 359 689 . JanualY 62 IS3 104 292 579 february 139 llO 310 :'.19 There are 31 cases of leprosy In the village and March 209 115 368 G92 every l\1onday a l'eprosy clinic is conducted. Though facilities for attending to maternity cases are proyided. April 154 137 437 728 their attendance is not so encouraging as IS dear May 131 115 304 550 from the following figur'es for ]962 remembering at SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE 49 the same time that this centre is serving about 50 lance Inspector and worker stationed at Kamalapur villages with a population of about 48,000: attends to this programme. An te Natal cases treated 222 . In the case of more serious diseases the patients are usually taken to Gulbarga, where the Civil Deliveries conducted 189 Hospital is being converted into a new 600 bedded Infant deaths 5 headquarters hospital. Abortions 3 The Village Panchayat is looking after the village :\liscarriages 2 sanitation. Its sanitary staff consists of 2 male swee· pers, 4 female sweepers and on'C scavenger. They ]\folar pregnancy 2 have a cart and two bullocks to collect and remove the refuse. Under the auspices of the National Actiyi tics under l\f alaria Eradication Sch'Cme were Extension Scheme, the Panchayat has taken up the started here from 1st April 195R. A Malaria Surveil· following sanitation works in th'e villages. Sl. No. Nature of Work Estimated costs Outlay ujJtodate Govt. share Public con- tribution Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. 1. Public l 4·. Sanitation 1,254.34 1258.3~ 1232.56 25.78 5. Drainage 11,800.00 2768.60 2321.19 447.41 6. Drainage 12,000.00 3691.46 2768.61 992.85 They have constructed separate latrines in the resi· GO'1ERNMENT HIGH SCHOOL dential area of Korawars and Yelawaru. But still The erstwhile Hyderabad State Government had the commission of nuisance near the village site opened a Primary School in th'C village, which in continues and the pigs roaming in the village help course of time was cOl1v:;rted into a middle school in the maintenance of cleanliness in the village by and in 1954 it was converted into a fullfledged High clearing it of human excreta and other rubbish. School. At present the sellaol is housed in a separate Education building, a little away from the., Girls' Primary School. The total cost of this building has come to An humble beginning of opening educational imti· about Rs. 77,000/- a goed portion of it being met tntiam in the village was mad'e in the last century by raising public contributions. The building has by the erstwhile Hyderabad State Governm~nt. But three wings and 22 rooms. With all this the accom· lhen the predominanl medium of instruction was modation is not sufficient far about six hundred Urdu and Marathi to a certain extent. Later on students. The school h25 a staff of 21 teachers of Kannada institutions also stilrted coming up. The whom 6 are graduates and the rest are trained and educational imtitutions now working in the village untrained matriculates. Strength of the students in are th'e school for the last 9 years is as follows: (i) Government High School. Year Number of students (ii) Girls' Primary School. 1955-56 493 1955-56 693 (iii) Primary School, Mahagaonwadi. 1956-57 439 1957-58 394 (iv'; Primary School, Waddat's Colony. 1958-59 403 (v) Rural Artisan Training Centre. 1959-60 426 1960-61 437 (vi) Child and Women Welfare Centre. 1961-62 498 (vii) Amhar Charkha Parishramalaya. 1962-63 541 10-8 Census/MysQre/73 50 MAHAGAON The school has a library of about 600 books. has PRnIARY SCHOOL) MAHAGAON WADI a play grmmcl and cordncts several extra curricular This school building with two rooms was construc actlviUes. It tcache~ nrto t.he Bif.!,h School final ted in I ~F)O. The school teaches llpto vernacular II standard and the: mll j Z'.L t~,;S ex !lIlinaLion from its ,tandard and is staffed with one teacher. The strength inception are as follow;. Tbe results are not at all of the scbool from' fme to time is as follows: encouraging --_._------Year I Standard II Standard Total ,-~--, r-----"----, strength )-:ear :1\0. of c;xilm;necs No, SlIcressful Percen- Boys Girls Bo~'" Girls ,..------>------. ,-__ ------A-__., tage of Boys Girl" Bnys Girls S'lcre,·; 1956-57 2 5 1954-55 15 8 53% 1957-;,8 7 11 3 22 1955-56 13 8 61°/ .0 1958-59 9 3 2 15 1956-57 27 11 40% 19:;9-60 6 2 10 2 20 1957-58 29 3 4 12°,,, 1958-59 30 4 8 24°'." 1960-61 3 4 15 5 27 1959-60 36 :3 ,'i 12% 1961-62 21 14 2 3 40 1960-61 38 9 23% 1962-63 IS 13 2 2 32 1961-62 50 16 33% 1962-63 34 7 21% \ PRDIARY SCHOOL) vVADDAR)S COLm,Y There being two hostels in the village, one of This school started functioning in 1959 and a which is meant exclusiYeh for the Scheduled Castes separate building for it was constructed in 1962 at and Scheduled Tribes, the scho:)! has an added a cost of Rs. 7.000 but now it has collapsed and the advantage. da,ses are conducted under the shade of a tree or in some private home. The school does not appear to GIRLS' PRIMARY SCHOOL run punctually, It is mainly meant for Waddar children and reaches upto the II standard. This school was starred in 1852 VasE and a new building for it was con·trllcted in 19:')0, The school RURAL, ARTISAN TRAINING CENTRE teaches vnto Kal1arcse IV standard and has a staff of four teachers, In 1962-63 there were II Scheduled This was started on 15-8-1956, under the auspices Caste girls studying in this school. Its strength from of the National Extension Scheme. It has a building year {o year is as folloy s: - collstructed at a cost of Rs. 7288-07, of which the puhlic co'1tributcd Rs. 1822-02. The school started \ ear .t\ o. of student, with training in basket making, wool weaving, mat 1951 101 weaving and carpentry. But after it was taken over lJ}' thc Department of Industries, it is imparting 1952 74 training onlY in making glass beads. The training 1953 81 ' bsts for ;1 W;lr and usually the number of trainees :5 ten to r Eleen. The local traine'es receiYe a stipend ] 954 103 of Rs. 20 and others reteive Rs. 30 per month. In 1955 10?} !':l61-G2, l2 candidates were trained, in 1962-63, 10 l'Iei(: traineli and at the time of survey 15 \\'cr'e under 1956 103 going training. 1957 89 CHILD AND WOMEN WELFARE CENTRE 1958 104 This institution located in the Harijankeri, was 1959 119 «)l1structed in 1962-63 at a cost of Rs. 37,jO. It is run 1960 ]08 b,· the Social WelLue Board. The staff consists of one organiser and a conductress. Between 10 A.M. 1961 106 and 1 P.M. nursery class'es are conducted. At present 1962 .II9 34 girls and 16 boys attend these classes. Provision en Q. ::;) a0 C) UJ oU} ~ ~~ 0 < z UJ ~~ c( !;i -LlJ LI. )( ex w UJ en I- -.J .J >- 0 10 - I/) Z >- 0 0 u 0 -c: c( 01 C) en, ~ ex - I ~ UJ 10 0 1: t- o ~ -..J ~ 0 0z w « «t- o ex: ,0 z w - U) 0 t- l&I o.J ...- -..J ~'( ~ ..J ~ :> § 0. 8 0' C\l 0. 0 II) (II 8 til SO al A LAN D C U L T U R ALL I F E 51 has been made to serve midday meals at a cost of 12 in the Co-operative, 2 L1 the P.W.D., 7 in the Rs. O-E> per child per day. Clothing is also supplied. State Read Transport, 5 i'l the Excise, 2 in the A training class for women is conducted between Medicll, 3 in tilr: Electr:cal ; in the St;:t:stlcs, II in 2 P.M. and:) P.M. Certain crafts like tailoring, embro the Local Bodies 1 in the !nsurance, 1 in Banking idery work etc., are taught in this class. etc. These p·cop'e are mostly now stationed in the mofussil and so have migrated from the village. AMBAR CHARKHA PARISHRAMALAY A T)'pes of Family This was slarted on 3-9-1959 under the sU~lJ;u,:s of Table I gives the details about t\ pes of families. the 'Karnatak Gram Seva Sangh', Raichur. It imparts For the pUl]JJses or this suney, the vari')us families training in spinning with ambar charkha to batches in the yjllag~ 1I Literacy (el) Others consisting of families which do not Table VII gives particulars about literacy and also come in any of the above three categories. the standards of education. It is noticed that the illiterate in tht: village number 3169, as against 560 According t:J the above grouping system, it is literates without educational standard, 257 literates evident from table 1 that there are 4.)'1 simple type who have studied only up to primary or basic SLan families. 1:)4 in tcnuc.:.b.te type families, 124 joint dard. 76 matriClllates, 5 P.U.c. passed, 13 graduates ,type bmilies and ;,)8 oth;"r t'pe of families. In other and 1 Diploma ·holder. Thus the percentage or words :i7 % of th ~ families :tre of simple type 20% literacy in the village is only about 22% and among are of the intermediate type, 16% are of the joint females it is just 11 %. type and 7% are of other mixed types. This clearly shows that the tendency is towards simple types of ;VI igyation families. In the table this information is available even castewise. \Vith tle slartillg of several instilutions, there has been immigration of several perwns, either for studies Composition of HomdlO!ds of for service. Prior ~o that, after (he Razaakar ruovemelJ t was curbed, a numb'er of Muslim house Tab c III pre5clhi i;lfonnatioll on this point. holds shifted from here to urban places like Gul The average size of t;~c hClseholds in the village bargJ, H rdcrabad and other towns. Another class ,;orks alit to :i.2. It is noticed that 7.6% of the of persons who have m;grated into the village are households are single member ones, 20.5% have 2-3 the \Vaddars for whom a separate colony at 'Chand members in them, 43.9% have 1-6 members, 22.7% ranagar' has been start'ed. Formerly they used to have 7-9 members and about 5.3% have more than visi.t the Yillage only seasonally in search of work. 10 Illelll bel'S in them. Some persons from this village have migrated to other places in the course of their occupation. The Police Intra family rela~iomhip Patil has maintained a record of Mahagaon residents who are in Government service. It shows that there Intra family relationship is generally found to be are 87 persqns in the education department, 9 in cordial in all types of families, In th'e bigger families, the Police, :: ill the Army, I in the Public Health, the diyis!un of labolll' is g"enerally ilTH defined. They 4 in th'c Revenue, 5 in the N .E.S., 3 in the Survey, have IT~l)(:ct for the elders in the family who generally 52 MAllAGAON guide the affairs of the family. In households where which are very popular here. They are Haridasi and the heads are women, generally the eldest son or Nagoshi". 'Haridasi Lavanis' arc the devotional songs oth'er male member attends to all the supervision of Lord Siva and are usually sung by women and work. 'N agoshi Lavanis' are the devotional songs of Parvati usually sung by male folk. During Mohurru~ and other Muslim festivals, programmes of Kavvalts are Inheritance of property ofeen arrangea. On Diwali day several elders play The Muslims have their own law of inheritance dice and they believe that gambling on that night in which th'e daughters inherit 1/8th of the share in is not a sin. the ancestral property. According to Hindu Law, There is a Public Library in the village called also, now women have to get an equal share. But 'Basave&hwara Vachanalaya' with a separate sectIOn according to the local custom here, it is generally serving as a reading room. Some people visit this only the sons who inherit the property. In library regularly and spend th'eir leisure there in the case of minor heirs, the property is managed reading newspap'ers and other books. Off and on by the widowed mother or any other elder member some dramas are staged by the boys in the school of the family. The property is generally shared equ· and also by others. In 1963 as many as four dramas ally by all sons. If a pen;on dies issueless, the pro were staged by .the students. Generally the female perty goes to his wife during her life time and then ' roles also are placed by males. For such occasions, goes back to the other next of kin from the decea preparations start days and months earlier and as sed husband's side. the important day approaches there will be great activity among all sections of the village. Even the Leisure and Recreation elderly persons forget their inhibitions and take pride in playing their own part in making the drama a The agriculturists generally find leisure in the complet'e success. The programmes are attended to evenings on return from the fields. But by then they by large crowds. Microphones and loudspeakers are too tired to attend t,:> any other activities and are also installed for such functions. gen'erally spend the time in gossip. During summer, they return home a bit earlier as the. sun gets too Religious Imtitutions hot in the noon to permit them to work in the fields and in the open. The traders will be in the As already stated in Chapter I there are more shops most of the time getting relief in short breaks than 25 religious institutions iii the village. There for food, tea etc. But whenever the customers come, are as many as 7 temples of God Hanuman alone. gossip starts and this provides them with some enier The, important institutions of the Lingayats are: tainment. The tea and coffee stalls are regular (i) Virakta Mutt also known as Jangina mutt gossiping centres. All subjects ranging from household affairs to international affaii-s figure in this gossip. (ii) Gachina mutt (iii) Kallin mutt On some moonlit nights a few adults entertain (iv) Sava.lige Mutt themselves by playing 'Kabaddi'. Youths play indoor gam'es like cards, carrom etc. and olltdoor games like There is one Venkatramanswamy temple in Chand volley ball, badminton, Hu-tu-tu, etc. The schools ran agar, the Waddars colony, and four temples in provide sport kit foy several games and the school Mahagaonwadi. Formerly there were 5 Asirkhanas children spend their time after school hours at these of Muslims. At present th'ere is only one Asirkhana games. Some aged, persons play dice, cards, chesl known as Thakkiya-Asirkhana which is said to be 'etc. Young children play with marbles, rubber ball more than 300 Veal'S old. In the midst of the and indigenous games locally known as 'Chinni', Muslim locality ~here is an open space where the 'Jadupalli Aata' etc. Some people sing Bhajans on Muslims offer prayers. The Idga is close to the every Tuesday and Saturday. Some musical program village site on its north w'estern direction. ·mes of Lavanis, Kavvalis etc., are occasionally arr anged. Thel (A) NAGANATH TEMPLE 120' x 50' of which the building occupies 30' x 45' of space. The sanctorum is 12' X 12' in A few facts about this institution have already size. The main deity consists of a linga with a human been mentioned at the end of Chapter 1. This is an face covering it. Water constantly drips on the deity ancient temple and covers an area of 300' x 180'. from a brass vessel hanging above it. In front, is a The temple proper is ISO' x 130' in size. The Nlwdi .. Behind the temple are four shops. structure is built more or less on the Moghul style of architecture. The Garbha Gudi or the sanctum The temple is managed by people of the Aadi sanctorum is surrounded by a Pradakshina. Besides Bnlike subdivision among Lingayatli. The day to this is the Gurumane, the place for mediation. Near day activities are managed by a Committee of 5 by there is a Granthalaya-a, library where some old members. Worship is offered in the noon every day. religious books are kept. The deity representing During Shravana special pujas are conducted and ~aganath Maharaj is made of brass and has a hood of on the last day the deity is taken in a procession a cobra at the top. There are some smaller temples after which the participants are feasted with rice and of Ishwara, Vitta-Rukmayi and Hanuman closeby. Huggi. A similar procession is conducted at the time From a distance !he temple has an appearance of at ncnuka Jayanti in Phalguna. a fort. The local people call the institution a Sam SOIllIl. The Samsthan Maharaj whose name is Manik Rao manages the affairs. He is assisted by an advisory All Aadi Balikes contribute towards the cost of committee of :i members. Sometime back the temple Pujas and Viniyogas at the temple. The principal used to run classes to teach Vedas. Worship is 50urces of income for the temple are the rent for offered twice daily. the shops, donations etc. During the month of Shravana reading of Bhag (C) AKKA MAHADEVI TEMPLE u'atlia Purana is arranged daily. The Nagarwtha Utsava is celebrated for II days in the month of Some bcts relating to this temple have already Ashadha, the celebrations ending on Ekadashi. On appeared in Chapter I. This t.emple is believed to Dashami a proce&sion of the 'Maharaj' is taken out have been constructed about 400 years ago. The foHowed by a DurbaT beld b\ him. On Ekarlashi temple is 30' x 30' in size and the Garbha Glldi the deity is moved round iJ) a palanquin and the is 12' x 12'. The deity representing Akkamahadcvi ceremonies end in the earlY hours of the Dwadashi consists of a silver head with a Linga. The temple with GojJaZa Kala (playing with curds etc., enacting is managed by a cOIllmittee of 5 trustees of Veer the Kreedas of Lord Krishna). During this whole shaiva faith. Worship is offered twice daily once period several religious discourses and ceremonies are in the morning and once after sunset. During Shra arrailged. So also several of the Hindu festivals arc vana special programmes of Bhajans, Abhishekhas, celebrated in the temple by offering special pujas. Japas etc. are arranged. In Bhadrapada the deity is taken out in a proC'Cssion. In 1962, a devotee III 1960-61, the institution started classes to teach donated about 6 acres of land to the temple. Dona music The temple owns about 500 acres of land tiol1S arc raised among all Lingayats of the village gifted to the institution bv one Challdnlal Bahadur to meet the cost of the activities at the temples. ;l!c then H'ajir of Hyderabad. These lands are spread in 49 villages of Gulbarga and Bidar Districts. (D) VIRAKTA MUTT OR JAKGINA Murr These lands are divided among three families, the Maharaj holding about 370 acres. The annual in-· This institutiun has an appearance of a fort, from come of the institution frolU the landed property is (E) GACHI:-lA Mt,Tr ali this day of gaity,· when many Hindus dress in new clothes after an oil bath. Some consume a This is said to be the oldest M lilt in the village. little of the bitter ingredients of neem leaves mixed The Samadlzi of Sri Gurubasappa, the founder of with jaggery. This mixture is said to I>emind them the lJlutt is the chief ohject of worship. This build that this life is not a bed of roses but that it has ing gives an appearance of a house. The institlltion it; 01\ n ups and downs. Holige-sweetened pan has a landed property of about 32 acres. Worship Lackes lllad'e of wheat and jaggery is a special dish is offered twice daily and on everyday Maho Puja for tIll: occasion. is offered. During Sh ravana special Pujas are con ducted. (ii) Basava Jayantt Celebration uf this festival in the village has (F) KALLI MUTT started recently. On this day the bullocks are wor shipped and fed with Holige. R'ecitation oE Bas(l,,'e This is believed to have been built about ::;00 years \Jzwara Vathanas 1S an important part of this cele ago by Sri ;\lahanta Shiv Some of the important festivals observed in the (vi) Clwwthi or Galles/! C/zaturthi village are This is celebrated on the 4th day of BhadrajJatla. In several households clay images of the elephant (i) Ugadi head'ed God are worshipped. They avoid seeing According to Hiudu Almallac it is a new year the face of the moon on this day. It is believed day falling on the firs~ of C/taitra (March-April). that (vii) ]okurrMra (xii) ,'lJahashivaratri This is celebrated by Kabbaligers on the full moon This falls on the dark fourteenth day of iHagh day of Bhndwpada. An image of Jokumara is taken and is considered to he one of the very important round the village to the accompaniment of some festivals. S'everal households observe fast and the songs and every hOlb'e pays them in cash or kmd. whole night is spent in singing Bhajans hearing This is repeated for five days on the 5th day 'Joku· Puralla etc. It is believed that these who ~pend mara' is brought to a house where an image ot this night in prayer are relieved of the cycle of Ganesha is placed but a curtain is hung between hirth and death, Ganesha and Jokumara so that the former does not get a sight of the latter. (xiii) Tenekattu This is a cultivators' festival, when they harvest (viii) Dasara the crops and bring the new ears of crop and tie It is also called j'inilaliabba. The festival st (x) rellll Amavasya pr (iVl Sliabhlln would be evidellt on entering into some detaih a bout the workillg of each organisation. This is a fe~tival ill memorv of the anctstors JI1 whose honour Fa/ihnl' arc offered. A. C\SI E PA:,>/CHAYAT (v) Ramzan SOlJ1'e of the major COlllll1Umtles in the village have their own Caste Panchayats which are more During this month \ll:slims ohserve fa'iting and or Ifss wluntarv organisations recognised by the on the concluding day they offer special prayers castc CllstOI11S. They han' been working for the (Narna1.) and then exchange greetings. A S\'.Tet last scyeral gcneratiolls. though their influence has called 'lharkJIIII'/fIa is a sp'ecial dainty prepared on comiderabh declined these days, Thus the Linga this cIa,'. Formerly the Police Sub Inspector's Office \ ats have mch all organisation called T' eerashaiva llsed to. be the place of Illeeting to exchange greet, Samaja which spoll'iur~ several activities of the Veera· ings. saivas of the yillage. file Kabhaligers have a Caste Panchayat of their OWll, with ;-) members in it. The~c (vi) Rakrid members are gellerally ,elected by the elder members On this da) Fa/ihas are offerecl in the name of of th" caste. The present l'anchayat was constituted Haaat·Ismail Ali Salam. ~fass Narnaz is also per· in 1960 bv nomination. These Panchavats, besides formed. BiriJftni-a non·vegetarian, preparation and \wrking for the g'eneral welfare of the respective sweets are the special dishes for the day. castes. aho ltd p in settling petty disputes. The Panchayat of Ka bbaligers had collected Rs. 2.200- From 1961. the villagers have started holding a from their castemen in 1960 and proposes to construct llew fair annually in memory of Sri Chandrasll'ekhar a building of their own. They have some big vessels Patil, M.L.A. who died in a motor accident. He was and other articles which the caste uses for marriage~, taking great interest in the development of the village. religious festivities etc. At the timE of marriage Several institutions that are seen to·clay in the village the Caste Panchayats collect some donations which owe th'eir exi ~tence to h is zeal, vigour and selfless range betw'een Rs. :'l / - :lnd Rs. 10 /- depending on work. This ]atm lasting for three days starts on the economi(: conditions of the parties. There are the 25th of Januan' every year and meets at the similar Panchayats among Madigas, Holeyas, Lamanis place where his mortal remains were interned. The etc. These Caste Panchayats also. try to settle several !:Ol1gregation is about 1().OOO. Competitions in petty disputes alTlong their cast'cmell. Kavvali singing, wrestling, games etc., are arranged on the day. There is a cattle fair at which the B. STATUTORY P ..\;,\CHAYAT best cattle are aW;lrcled prizes. Dramas provide entertainment. The expenses are largely met by The StatutorY Panchayat was comtituted in the raising donations. year 1960 under the M ysore Panchayat and Local Bodies Act PF)9. Prior to its constitution, the Hyde Village Organisation rahad Government had organised one informal Pancha\ at called :rha /l jlllll-D('hi with one of, thoe There are a number of org,lllisations workmg III local teachers as its Seen'tarv. The pre,;ent Panchayat the 'village. Some are statuton and some are volun· has got l!i members, who hold their se;,ts for 3 years. tary. A few of the volulltar: organisations like the All the members have been elected unanimously. Caste Panchayats etc., are working in the village 20 persons had filed thci r !laminations and 5 of for the bst several gencratiom. But most of the thelll \"ilhdrew their candidature before elections other organisatiom have started working only in on the Income Amount Expenditure Amount 1. Opening balance 1449.70 1. Administrative expenditure including 1984.00 2. All taxes 9069,00 Salary of Staff and contingency 3. Income from other Panchayat properties 953.00 2. Panchayat undertakings 1500,00 4. Government grant 1600.00 3. Development activities 1500.00 4. Drainage 265.00 TOTAL 13071,70 5. Health & Sanitation 3026.00 6. 'Welfare expenditure 2870.00 7. Donations 600,00 8. Closing Balance 1326.70 TOTAL 13071.70 The chief sources of income are the House tax annually to the library, General Hostel, the village at li% of the annual property tax in the case of fair etc. But it can play a more prominent role, rented buildings and 3% on others; occupation tax if it undertakes to recover all the taxes lying in payable by employees other than Government arrears and also takes care to see that no arrears employees; ,,'ater tax at the rate of Rs. 36/- per tap; are accumulated in future. It was noticed from (;o\'crnllll'llt grant in the form of a percentage of its audit report that in 1960, out of the total demand Lind rCWlltle; taxes on sale of rattle @ Re. I per of Rs. 7989-8! only Rs. 4458-77 was collected leaving cattle head; cattle slaughtering charges @ Rs. 2 per 311 3rn:ars of ll'ear!), 45 %. caltle head; tax on transfer of building property @ Rs. 5 per building etc. The annual demand of hOllsc (ax is about Rs. 2500 and that of water tax, The National Extension Scheme is ;ilJOllt Rs. ,1100. The Panchayat has been actively associating with several welfare activities in the The Community Development Scheme was intro village and has also collected large donations from duced on 4-7-1954 in this Taluk. It is a double unit (he matching public contributions in the construction block with Farhalabad as the sub he3d quarter of the o[ several public buildings and 'works of public second unit. On 1-4-1958 both the blocks entered utililY like water supply scheme, hospital building, into th'e II stage and from 1-4-1963 both of them ,chool building etc. are in post-stage II. The various activities sponsored under this scheme in the village have already been discussed in some details. Particularly the activities The Panchayat has several sub-committ'ees like in th'e agricultural field have been discussed under the Sub-Committee for Public Health, Sub-Commi.ttee the relevant para in Chapter III and it may not for Agriculture, Sub-Committee for Education, be necessary to repeat them here again. In the N)'a)'a Pancha),at etc. Majority of the disputes field of 'animal husbandry' two breeding bulls have referred to the Nyaya Panchayat are decided ami· been supplied to the village and also about 400 cabl y. It was learnt that 'even petty disputes like eggs and 220 birds have been supplied to improve quarrels between husband and wife, were at times the poultry breeds. Other activities undertaken in settled with (he assistance of this Sub-Committee. the village under the auspices of the scheme are:- At the tim'e of thi~ survey, a complaint charging one of (he Panchayat memb'ers with corruption was pending before this Committee. Starting of the Waddar's colony; construction of school buildings and community hall; one well; one internal road; starting of women's welfare centre; The Panchayat has undertaken several activities starting of Harijan hostel; helping in digging irriga useful to the village. Some of them are construction tion wells and obtaining oil engines; subsidising of latrines, drainage works, supply of water by taps, village industri'es; construction of latrines; construc street lighting etc. It has also been giving grants tion of six bedded hospital for the Health Centre; 11-8 Census/l\1ysore/73 58 MAHAGAON ~larling of adult literacy classes; conducting train (i) Tm: SERVICE CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY ing camps for youth leaders, Gramsevaks etc; conduct '[his Society was first registered as an agricultural ing baby shows: running Balwadi etc. co-operative society with unlimited liability under Co-operative Institutions the Hyderabad Co-operative Societies Act on 30-8-19:17 There are J Co-operative institutions in th'e village. and in February 1960 was converted into a Service They are- Co-operative, The area of its operation is limited (i) The Service Co-operative Society. to the village" Its source of finance is the D.C.C. Bank Ltd., Gulbargil. It has a membership of Ei1 (ii) The Multipurpose Cooperative Society. and th'e total share capital is Rs. 7718-00. The (iii) The Wool Industrial Co-operative Socit:ty. Board of Mallilgement consists of 10 members who (iy) The Oil Ghana Industrial Co-operative Society. are all agriculturists. According to the audit report for 1962-63 its assets and liabilities as well as receipts (y) The Urban Bank known as "Shahari Bank "Anjuman Imdade Bahmami" and expenditure are as follows: Assets Rs. Liabilities Rs. (I) Cash on hand . 3409.00 (I) Government share 5000.00 (2) Deposit in DCC Bank 1738!. 00 (2) l ...fember's shares 12193.00 (3) Share with DCC Bank 5400.00 (3) Loan from DCC Bank 39666.00 (4) Advances due from members 30432.00 (4) Miscellaneous 1255.00 (5) Miscellaneous 1492.00 ------TOTAL 53114.00 TOTAL -----58114.00 ----- Receipts Rs. Expenditure Rs. Opening balance 1674.00 Deposit in DCC Bank 16368.00 Shares 5305.00 Credited to DCC Bank 17668.00 Principal recovered 5787.00 Interest 1193.00 Advances from DCC Bank 39666.00 Loans advanced to members 19748.00 Def. Refund 5000.00 Miscellaneous 284.00 Miscellaneous 1238.00 Closing halance 3'W9.00 ------TOTAL 58670.00 TOTAL 58670.00 (ii) TIlE Mlll,TIPURPOSF. CO-OPER.\·! [VE SOCIETY it has a membership of only 27 who have paid so far onl\- Rs. 20 each towards the share capital. It This was registered on 19-3-1951 but commenced was started with the main object of purchase alld working only in 1956 on receipt of the Community sale of agricultural produce and that too to a Development loan of Rs. 5000. As per the byelaws very limited extent. The board of management the Society can operate in the Gulbarga, Aland, consists of :i members and th'e office is located in Chitapur and Chincholi Taluks but the field of actual operation is limited to only the village. The the residential house of one of the members. Its authorised share capital is Rs. 1,:10,000 distributed assests and liabilities etc., as they stood in 196?-6~ into 1:';00 shares of Rs. 100 each. But at present are as follows: Assets Rs. Liabilities Rs. (i). Cash on hand . 550.00 (i) Share Capital of mem bers 750.00 (ii) Deposits 964.00 (ii) Deposits 2750.00 (iii) Share of DCC Bank. 100.00 (iii) Go"ernment loan 5000.00 (iv) Stock 6360.00 (iv) Others 2516.00 (,,) Loans due etc .. 3042.00 TOTAL 11016.00 TOTAL 11016.00 ---- _~_r_ SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE 59 Receipts Rs. ExpMlditUfe Ks. U;:;el1lng balance 19.00 Loan advanced 11385.0U Other income . 72.00 Suspense 11785.00 Recovery of princip,tl 11333.00 Other expenditure 13.00 Interest 524.00 Towards cash account 550.00 Smpense 11785.00 TOTAL 23733.00 TOTAL 23733.00 (iii) 'VaaL I:\DLJSTRL\L CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY Lm. chases the blankets prepared by the Kurubars and arranges for their sale. Some rebate is allowed on This was registered on 13-8-1959 and covers the these II ansanions by the Khadi Commission. The limits of ~ villages including Mahagaon. It has a Society is financed by the Mysore State ·Woollen and lllembership of ;-)4. all belonging to Kurubar Caste. 1 he shares are of Rs. 25 each. The Board of Manage Handloom Co-operative Society, Bangalore. An idea of ment consists of seven members. The members arc t~le working of this Society can be had from its advanced long term loans bearing an interest of 8% . audit report for 1961-62 which gives the following . \part from the credit faciliti'Cs, the society also pur- position: ------Relcij)Is Rs. P,!vmellts Rs. Opening b.llance 1608.62 Loan to Members . 600.00 Shares 60.00 Recoverable entrance fee 3.00 Entrance fees 3.00 Blankets purchased 3996.25 From Bank 1000.00 T.A. etc. ; 4.50 From B.D.O 750.00 Stationery 95.45 Sale of blanket; 3224.95 Towards dead stock 104.02 Excess taken 4.90 Shop rent 60.00 Rebate allowed 100.30 Salaries 1230.00 Sale amount 106.00 Postage 15.32 l\liscellancolls 1.29 Recoverable advances 220.00 Rebate due. 100.30 Toward adjustment 106.75 Others 243.47 TOTAL 6859.06 TOTAL 6859.06 (iv) OIL GHA;\iI INDLJSTRL\L CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY incurred a loss of Rs. 2231.68 even when its activities LTD. were very much limited. This was established on 16-7-19;i8. It has a mem (Y) THE URBAN BANK-'Shalzari Banh-Aniumall bership of l(j of whom 8 are from this village. 14 lllldade Bah mani" of the memb'ers are Lingayats and 2 are Muslims. The Board of Managel1lent consists of 8 members This was established 111 1342 l;asli i.e. about the of whom 7 are Lingayats. In the initial years, it ,year 1932 and its area of operation covers :) villages "'as engaged in purchasing the raw materials re including Mahagaon. Its membership consists of 131. quired for oil-pressing and also selling the produce. The board of Management consists of 7 lllembers. But now these commercial activities have been totally The method of working of this institution is some suspended and its sole activity is restricted to the what strange. If a member wants to raise a ioan of recovery of loans already advanced. This Society has Rs. 60 he is made to execute an agreement for Rs. incurred heavy losses and does not appear to have 100 alld when clearing off the debt he pays the been mall aged well. U pto 1961-62, the Society has principal amount of Rs. 60 with interest charged on 60 1I1AHAGAON Rs. 100. This gives an impression of a new member is returned with interest (1n a higher sum. The being enrolled wh~newr the bank pays an advance, tlllanciaJ posilion of lhi, institution can be know1l and the membership being ,\'ithdrawn when rhe loan hOlll the follo'\'ing figules: Assets Rs. Liabilities Rs, Cash on hand 4833.00 Sh8,res paid Ill' 5552,00 Shares with DCC Bank 1000.00 Dep. from tnCtll bers 310,00 Loans recoverable from members 10782.00 Refund due 7925.00 Deposits 700.00 Suspense '1900.00 Share 100.00 i\Iiscellallcous 791. 00 Interest due 1001. 00 Miscell!lI1eou8 762.00 TOTAL 19478.00 TOTAL . 19478.00 Re Principal recovered • <, 9228.00 Suspense 11785.00 Interest recovered 532.00 Loalls advances j+80.00 Snspcnse 11949.00 Others 118.00 ~hare 610,00 Towards cash account 4833.00 Others 17'00 TOTAL 22711. 00 TOTAL • 22711.00 OUler Organisations in the village grants sanctioned by the Social Welfare Board. Deficit if am IS madc good bv raising local contri butions. (i) HUTATMA ApPARAO COSMOPOLlH.N HOSTEL. (iii) SRI BASAVESHWARA V ACHANALA,YA This wa3 start'ed on 4· 11·1948 and registered under the Hyderabad Societies Registration Act of Fasli This was started about 40 rears back and on 1350 on 3-4-1958. A building was bought for this J 9-4-1960 it was r'egi~tcred under the Hyderabad hostel in 1948 at Rs. 1JOO and in 1954 it was IT Societies R"gislratioll Act. The library has a collcT novated at a cost of about Rs. 3000, the cost being tion of auout 1551 books in differ(,llt languages, It met by raising public contributions. This building has a reading r00111 section also. Daily about 75 being insufficient to accommodate all the students, two persolls visit it to read newspapers. Ko f'ce is charged rooms in the Virakta Math are taken on a rent of for membership and books arc issued to any person Rs. 20 p.m. Steps are afoot to construct a new staying within a radius of 5 miles, building. The hostel started with 21 student in mates has now 50 students in it. It is open for ad Family Planning miSSIOn of sludents from standard 5. A Com The Primary Health Centre has a Social 'Yorker mittee of 10 members manages the affairs of the ill charge of f~mily planning. in the Yillage. He is [hostel. The Social Welfare Board sanctions a assisted by health visitors. The statistics maintained grant in aid of Rs. 15 p.m. for each boarder. The bY this social worker presellt the following details balan,ce is met by raising public contributions soon upto 1963: after the harvests. (i) Persons contacted for Family Plalluing 850 Education iii) THE SCHEDULED CASTES' HOSTEL (ii) No. of persolls practising family planning 26.i This was started in 1957·58. It has a building (iii) Clinic attendance 23 (iv) Sterilisation caSes ~ I (all males) of its own constructed at a cost of about Rs. 47,000 But so far the people do not appear to have taken between 1959 MId 1961. The board of management of this hostel is also the same as that of the other to this problem serioush. They still consider it a hostel but here it : s headed by the District Educational sin to practice an\' sort of birth control or family Officer, Gulbarga. The expenses are met out of the planning. SOC I A L AND CULTURAL LIFE 61 Removal of Untouchability like temples, public wells, hotels etc. and that there is protection for them under the law. But actually As \\'oliid be evident flOrn table 3, only 311 Ollt they do Iwl ha\"C the courage to exercise these rigllts. of the 790 households in the village have admitted In entering temples, they are afraid of the God's that they are aware of the laws prohibiting the prac fillY. Hotels, they do visit. But generally they tice of untouchability. Others have a vague idea of art served in separale vessels ill ol1e corner. The), the la\\'s. In the village :\Iadigs and Holeyas arc have their 0\1"11 residential locality \rhich is at one considered untaw hables. t\1 am' of them know that seduded end of the Gaoth CONCLUSION In the last four chapters an attempt has been mad'e In the co-operative sector, no doubt there are ;) to analyse the significant features of rural dynamics institutions working in the village. But from th'e as observed in operation in Mahagaon. They contain (iiscussions already done' in Chapter IV, it is clear a discussion and analysis of the socia-economic as· in what poor shapc they all are. The membership pects of the village, based on facts collected by of all these institutions togeth'er is only 379 in spite visiting ·each household and institution. In the of the fact that the mcmbership is neither restricted past one or two decades the village has been pulsat 110r limited to only this village. A number of the ing with several activities aimed at economic dcvdop members hail from other neighbouring area. They ment and social advancement. The large number do not also appear to b'e functioning properly with of public institutions like th'e Primary Health Centre, the result that they have not benefited many. In High school, five Co-operative Societies, two hostels spite of these five institutions which are doing more of which one is meant for the Scheduled Castes and of credit business, the villagers in common are forced Scheduled Tribes, and several others bear ample to look towards th'e private moneylenders for credit. evidence to the fact that the leaders of the village have made an attempt to turn Mahagaon into a Excepting for some fallow lands brought under model, self-sufficient unit in this rather backward the plough recently, there has not been much ad region. The village has an added advantage of vancement in the agricultural practices, The same being dose to the District and Divisional Head age-old practices are being continued even to this quarters at Gulbarga-it is only 17 miles away day. The village, it appears, has not been much from Gulbarga and also connected to it by a go()d receptive to the new practices advocated by the all-weather road. The village has also been bestowed various agencies. It is learnt that one of the leading with some good leadership, who have tried to take agriculturists of the village owns a tractor which is advantage of evel y good scheme sponsored by the more or less lying idle in spite of the fact that the Governmental agencies particularly under the N a village has got many large holdililgs which can with tional Ext~nsion Scheme. But with all this, one point advantage be ploughed by tractors. that does not easily escape notice is that the common villager lacks in sustaining this initial interest over The village has got a training centre which trains a long period. The leaders of the village have no persons in making glass beads. It was not possible doubt done a commendable job in starting so many to know how far the trainees have been able to institutiom in th'e village. But the follow-up activity, pursue the vocation after completion of the course. which large! y is the joint responsibility of all the Unless cafe is taken to see that the trainees are pro residents of the village, is not so promising. Now the vided with proper environments, where they can villagers -should be interested in not multiplying the put their skill to good use, the efferts at training number of institutions but in maintaining the insti· them may go waste. tutions which have already come into b'eing in the village. About 30 or 40 years back a large quantity of cotton was being grown in this village. Now ther'e In the field of education, the villagers have done is not a single acre of cotton grown in this village. well in establishing a High School. They have also The local people explain that some 30 years back tried to attract students from the neighbouring Rural there was a dispute between the Gulbarga Market areas by erecting two hostels. But the results of the and local cultivators regarding marketing and that as students taking public examinations have been far the cultivators were not getting good price they from satisfactory right from the inception of these have completely abandoned the growing of cotton. institutions. It would be useful to probe into the If a Taluk Agricultural Produce Society is started reasons for such poor results and also to create an the people may revert back to the, cultivation of atmosphere suited for th'e teachers to impart know cotton and th'e people say that cotton cultivation ledge and the students to assimilate it. Education would find favour if gins are established either at of the females also needs more attention. Gulbarga or in the village. It is also suggested that 62 CONCLUSION 63 when M.S.K. Mills was in private management, the fiotlt lhe MuslilllS and Hindus ar'e maintaining a management was not interested in the purchas'(' of cordial atmosphere in the village, All the villagers cotton and was getting it from Maratwada Districts. cooperate in observing the various fairs and festivals, without regard to caste or creed distinctions. Several In spite of all this, it should not be really difficult Hindu households reVere Muslim shrines and saints to set things on a proper footing by creating confi and observe vows to them. In short the social atmo dence, initiative and an attitude for self-help among sphere in the village is such that any development the ,-illagers. The various communities residing in the village live in peace and harmony. Some of the activity can be pursued in the village with success, old animosities which had become very demonstrative if the villagers ar'e made to know how to take SlIS during the Razaakar trouble, have all been forgotten. tained interest in them. TABLES 1~-8 Gensus/Mysore/73 TABLES TABLE I 67 Area, Houses and Population Area in Number of Number of Population houses Households r------______.A,_-~~--.. ------__"') r---- -~ -- .- _..A_ ___~ ___--... Density Persons l\fales Females •\cr<~s Hectares 2 3 4 6 7 8 9713 3931 'J.7.6persq. .. 790 -1:111 20!2 2069 Mile TABLE II Population by age Groups Total of all ages 5--9 10-1-1, 15--19 20--2-1: ----.. ------~------.------PenOllS Malcs Females M F M F M r M F ~1 F 2 3 .f 5 6 7 H 9 10 II 12 13 4111 20-1:2 2069 336 339 311 335 226 232 232 172 125 153 (Contd.) 2j-29 30-34 35-44 45-59 60+ Age not stated 1\1 F M F M F M F 1\1 F M 11 l.f 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2! 25 155 159 121 114 197 234 218 203 120 128 TABLE III Size and Composition of Households Tolal No. of Home Size of Households holds Single :\fcmbcr 2~3 members 4--6 membcrs 7-9 mcmhers 10 members ,---___ ~_------"-~ ______.. r---.A_~-~ ,--~.___.._A.___~~ r---~-..A.--~ r--_____.A,__-~ Households :VIalc, Females HH's 1\1 F HH's M F HH's M F HH's 1\1 F :2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 790 60 35 25 162 214 208 347 861 883 179 690 690 .f2 2-12 263 *NoTE: There are 2 Hostels \\>ith 89 inmates (M=88, F= 1) in addition to 790 households. MAliAGAoN TABLE IV Households Classified by Religions, Castes and Sub-Castes Religion Caste Sub-Caste :-lumber Population of house- r--'--.~___"_------"" holds I'ersons .Males Females 2 3 4 ;) 6 7 Hindu Lingayat Dixit 1+7 Wi2 no -}22 c\dibalike ti7 3~2 ]60 182 Jallgama 15 85 -12 43 Banajiga 9 H 19 25 Hadapadavaru ;) 31 lti 15 1vfadivala 3 10 3 Hatgar 2 7 4 3 Kumbara 2 I4 9 5 Panchamasalike I Sadhu 3 2 Scelavantharu 6 2 -} Uowli I Holeya LO 4H 206 208 Kurubaru U nne-Kallk Viswakarma Panchala 15 82 44 38 Kammara 2 10 5 5 Shilpi 3 2 Maratha Akra-Mashi 8 39 20 19 Bara-1vfashi -I 19 8 II Uoswamy 3 20 8 12 Ladaru 2 I Yada"a 2 2 Gondhali 6 4 2 Lambani 9 57 32 25 Yclavaru Telugu-Yelavaru 7 43 21 22 Korava Bhajantri 6 38 20 18 Rajaput 5 15 7 8 Vaishya 2 :) 2 3 Srimangalam . 5 3 2 Ediga 6 2 4 Beda -_._.. _ (Co"id.) TABLES - 69 TABLE IV(Concld.) Households Classified by Religions, Castes and Sub-Castes 2 :3 4 5 6 7 Hindu Madivala Telugu-;\fadivala 2 :\kdaru Kallllad,I-"'-Iedaru 2 :'vluslim Sheikh 132 67':; 321 3:J! Syed 32 Ili9 83 86 rvIahamad 10 ;";9 26 33 Pathan 2 10 3 7 Mulla " 2 3 ~adaj 6 3 3 1\lirza .J: 1 3 ~odaf 3 2 ChristiCLn Protestant 3 (j 3 3 Roman Catholic TOTAL 790 .J:III 2042 20(i9 TABLE V Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes Name of Sche- No. of HHs Persons ?-.Iales Femalcs Namc of No. of' HHs Persons • 1\Tales Females duled Caste Scheduled Tribe 2 :~ 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Holeya 80 -1H 20G 20B l\fadiga 21 116 58 58 Heda 1 TABLE VI Age and Marital Status ----- Total Population Never Married Married Widowed Divorced or Unspecified .\ge Group sepauted status ,----~ -, r--_A_-~ ,----"---, ,----A.._~ r-_____"'_-~ r------"-~~ Persons Males Females M F M F 1\1 F 1\1 F 1\1 F 2 3 4 5 (j 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 All ages 4111 2042 2069 1129 891 8S7 89;"; 45 261 11 22 0--4 675 336 339 336 339 5-9 646 311 335 310 329 6 10-14 458 226 232 217 19,t 9 38 15--19 404 232 172 195 :z4 36 144 2 2 20-24 278 125 1:,3 :)2 3 72 14G 3 25-29 314 IS;"; 1:-.9 10 HI 1+1- 6 3 8 30-3! 23;"; 121 lH 4 115 104 9 3'i-39 232 112 120 lOS 102 16 'i 2 40-44 199 85 .114 79' 79 4 30 5 45-49 172 94 78 91 46 2 29 2 50-54 141 67 74 61 36 3 38 55--59 108 57 51 ·f9 21 7 30 60+ 248 120 128 95 29 2l 98 Age not Stated MAltAGAON 70 ~ ... ~ I"", l~ o ~ ... N ~, L~ ( ... co 1 - ~[ 1 l~ "'I ~ ... ~. l""I"'" r"" I ~ L:8 r o It.; ~ 1_ l~ r ... co 1 ~ I~ l r~ 1 ~ I l~ (~ , TABLES 71 TABLE VIn Workers and Non-Workers by Sex and Broad Age-Groups Total Population Workers Non-\Norkers Age Group ,-______.A.- -, ,------"------, ,------"'------, Persons lVIales Females Persons Males Females Persons lVlales Females 2 3 4- 5 6 7 8 9 10 All Ages 4-111 204-2 2069 19+4- 1100 ·84-4- 2167 94-2 1225 0-14- 1779 873 906 162 107 55 1617 766 851 l'i-34- 1231 633 598 899 504- 395 332 129 203 35-59 852 4-15 4-37 7-4:3 400 34-3 109 15 94 60 & over 248 120 128 1+0 89 51 108 31 77 Age not Stated I TABLE IX Workers Classified by Sex, Broad Age-Groups and Occupation SI. Name of Occupation 0-14 15-34- 35-59 60 & above No. ,----"-----, ,-___..A. __ --, ,-__-..A..---, ,-___..A.. -----, IVIaies Females Males Females lV1ales Females Males Females 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Cultivation only 5 9 90 106 82 109 28 11 2 Cultivation & Agricultural labour 2 5 11 7 lI' 2 3 Cultivation, Agricultural labour & Cooli 4 Cultivation, Agricultural labour & Transport 5 Cultivation & Industry 6 6 Cultivation, Industry & Service 7 Cultivation, Industry & Money lending S Cultivation & Trade 2 8 1 9 Cultivation & Transport 27 9 14- 8 7 10 Cultivation, Transport & Trade 11 Cultivation, Transport & Profession 12 Cultivation & Service 13 2 13 Cultivation, Service & Agricultural labour 14 Cultivation & Money lending .1 2 B 2 5 15 Cultivation, Money lending & Profession 16 Cultivation & Contract 3 17 Agricultural labour 34 35 133 181 46 132 II 28 18 Agricultural labour & Cultivation 2 15 4 4- 19 Agricultural labour, Cultivation & Trade 20 AgricultUl;allabour, Cultivation & Trans- port 21 Agnculturallarn.;ur, and Industry 4- 72 MAHAGAON TABLE IX-(Conclrl.) 2 3 4 ;} 6 7 8 9 10 22 Agriculturd labour & Trclde 23 Agrieulturd labour, Transport & Cooli 2 24 Agricultural labour & Cooli 28 I 43 2 3 25 Agriculturd labour, Cooli & Profession 26 Agriculturd labour & Cattle grazing 2 2 27 Agricultural labour & Service 2 28 Agricultural labour & "{oney lending 29 Agricultural labour & Profession 2 30 Industry only 3 2 42 22 30 19 ;) 6 31 Industry & Cultivation 2 3 2 32 Industry, Cultivation & Tra',sport 33 Industry, Cultivation & l\{Ol1cy lending 2 34 Industry and Agricultura I labour 'l 11 35 Industry, Agricultural labour & Cultiva- 2 tion 36 Industry & Trade 37 Indu'itry and Service 38 Industry, Service & Agriculturallahour 39 Industry and M:mey lending 40 Industry and Profession 3 2 41 Trade only 22 18 4 4 42 Tracle & Cultivation 2 7 43 Trade, Cultivation and Tr:"lsport 44 Trade & Agricultural lahour 2 4.~ Trade & Industry 46 Transport only 4 47 Transport & C'.I1tivation 2 48 Transport and Agricultural labour 49 Service only . .~ R6 23 70 23 9 50 Service & Cultivation 3 51 Service, Cultivation, Transport and "'[oney lending 52 Ser,·ice and Agricultural labour 53 Service and Industry 54 Ser"ice and Trade 55 Service and Profession 56 Cattle Grazing .~6 4 7 2 57 Cattle Grazing and Profession 58 Profession only 59 Profession & Trade. 60 Cooli 2 2 61 Cooli & Agriculturallabonr 15 62 COntract 2 63 COntract & Cultivation TOTAL 107 55 504 395 400 343 89 51 TABLl.~ 75 N , a> :!: ~ ~ -et'I - g [!! ':;I .... ;::! (b ~ :2 ~ ! ~u ~ et'I J - - II .. •::I ~!l ..: .., le ~ 01 13-8 C'f'U'lMytOft/73 MAHAOAO~ TABLE XI Non-Workers by sell:, broad Age-Groups and Nature of activities AGE-GROUPS AND SEX r- ---, Activity Total 0-14 15-34 35-59 60 & above Age not stated ,- ....A. -v-~----y-~----v-~-----y-~---~r-~----~ Persons Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Female. 2 :3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 Dependents 1095 485 610 '453 539 5 5 2 12 24 54 Students 621 427 194 312 190 115 4 House workers 407 3 404 122 I 193 69 20 Un-employed 6 4 2 4 2 Beggars 5 5 3 Rent Receivers 31 16 15 3 8 II 5 3 Retired Persons 2 2 TOTAL 2167 942 1225 766 851 129 203 15 94 31 77 TABLE XII Households by nUDlber OtROODlS and by nUDlber of persons occupying Total No. of Total No. Total No. Households Households Hou~eholds Households Households Households Households households of rooms of family with no regu- with one with two . with three with four with five with five members lar rooms room rooms rooms rooms rooms rooms & more 790 1281 4111 9 24 485 2186 192 1186 50 359 32 202 II 80 11 74 TABLE XIII Households engaged in Cultivation, Industry, Business and Other Occupation Total Number of Gainfully Number Total Number of Persons Employed Persons Name of Occupations of House- r- ~ r- -, holds Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Cultivation Only 118 698 330 368 312 163 149 Cultivation and Service , 32 237 113 124 97 57 240 Cultivation and Trade 22 170 84 86 60 36 24 Cultivation and Agricultural labour 29 193 107 86 114 65 49 Cultivation and Transport 9 66 2!:J 37 27 13 , . 14 .<,-;" ! :-<-".,:/ .~' ':.~"_ tEl TABLE XIII~Contd; 2 3 4 5 Ii 7 8 Cultivation and household industry . 14 128 67 61 58 33 .25 Cultivation and Money lending 3 13 7 6 6 3 3 Cultivation and Livestock 2 16 8 8 9 3 6 Cultivation, Agricultural labour and Trans- 3 22 12 10 14 8 6· port Cultivation, Service and Agricultural labour 2 12 7 5 5 3 2 Cultivation, Transport and Agricultural 4: 22 13 9 12 7 5. labour Cultivation, Agricultural labour and Ser- 3 22 11 11 14 7 7 vice Cultivation, Iridustry and Lhestock 11 7 4 4: 3 Cultivation, Industry and Service 3 1 2 •... Cultivation, Service and Industry 3 21 10 11 7 4 3· Cultivation,.Jndustry and Agricultural labour 4 39 21 18 25 15 10 Cultivation, Agricultural labour and In- 3 19 9 10 13 - 8 5 dustry Cultivation, Agricultural labour and Trade II 6 5 7 4 3 Cultivation, Agricultural labour, Service 4 3 4 ' 3 & Transport ., Agricultural labour only. 137 533 257 276 318 159 IS!!" Agricultural labour and Trade 5 26 10 16 13 7· ; 6' Agricultural labour and Livestock 3 17 11 6 10 7 3 Agricultural labour and Household Industry 11 60 32 28 42 22 20 Agricultural labour and Trasnport • 2 17 10 7 9 7 2 Agricultural labour and Cultivation 2 15 7 8 9 5 4 Agricultural labour and Cooli 2 6 4 2 5 3 2 Agricultural labour and Money lending 1 3 2 3 1 2 Agricultural labour and Service 79 403 191 212 232 117 115 Agricultural labour, Transport and Service 8 6 2 4 3 1 Household Industry only 26 128 65 63 50 32 18 Household Industry and Agricultural labour 18 94 49 45 56 32 24 Household Industry and Service 5 39 16 23 22 11 11 Household Industry and Trade 2 16 8 8 4 2 2 Household Industry and Cultivation 4 33 17 16 11 6 5 Household Industry, Agricultural labour and 2 13 7 6 8 6 2 Service Household Industry, Agricultural . labour 5 2 3 3 2 and Livestock Household Industry, Service and Cultivation 5 2 3 Household Industry, Cultivation and Agri- 9 4 5 6 2 4 cultur~abour Trade only . . \8 95 48 47 29 25 4: Trade and Service 1 3 1 2 2 Trade and Household Industry 4 25 11 14 11 6 5 76 MAItAGAON TABLE XIII-Concld. 2 3 4- 5 6 7 8 Trade and Agricultural labour ;) 28 12 16 13 9 4 Trade and Cultivation 4 21 12 9 8 7 Trade, Agricultural labour and Household 8 .) 3 3 2 Industry Trade, Agricultural labour and Service 6 3 3 2 2 Trade, Household Industry & Service 8 4 4 I) 3 3 Money lending only 3 18 8 10 + 3 Transport only 2 4 4- 2 2 Transport & Agricultural labour 2 14- 9 !i 4 4 Livestock rearing 2 2 Livestock rearing & Agricultural labour 6 4 2 4 3 Service only . lOS 374- 194- 180 144 105 39 Service & Agricultural labour 37 201 96 1O!i 102 57 4-5 Service & Cultivation j 2 3 Service & Industry 2 11 j 6 .) 4- Service & Trade 8 3 5 2 2 Service, Household Industry & Agricul- 3 :! 3 2 tural labour Contractor, Cultivation, & Service 7 -} 3 2 2 Household which have no Gainfully Occu- 37 127 i3 54 pation TOTAL 790 4111 2043 2068 1944 1100 844 TABLES 7i 00 '" "" c:c ::0 If'') t.~ \C) o - - N ..... 0 '" -~ ,/") '" .... '" N '" ~ . zo!I:::l ""' 11 " l ...,- ... .s" ..l 0 g 1 Eo< t>D .!!l .5 0- > :.&i '"0- ..c:: '" u'" 1....c: :;:" S ..... "0 ..>I'" b 0 t:.O c: ~ 5 ~ ..c:: ..c::., .5 t:.O eo "c: "S '" 0 S .§ _g 0'" '0 Z'" 0- .~ '" [FJ 1 "0 ..0 .~ '6 J!u c: "0 >-. ~ '"till ·s till "'- c: 0 .5 >-. '">-. C!) .5 fr'f ~ > ,.. ..l4 .s 0 co .,., .,., ~ .,., .,., ...... ,., It") .,., .,., .,., ,.... e<> <.0 l() co :t:1'l (;i " N :£ l() IN <() -to '" ..... 8 en .s·~ c<) 5 '" 1ft r" r~"]0 >« ! §§Z j c<) ~ i3 l() l() M N IN 0 M <.0 co 11.1 §j~l (;i <.0 N -to -to ..... ::; " en 1ft .5 _SU ::!: 8 '" 1:1 ~ ~ ~ l~ j "O§ '0'';:: ( ~ M .,., J ila "0 l() ;> .... ~ ::l .., X ° u ~~ 11~ E ::z::o ~.s ~ ~.S U ~ ~ .~ ~ a..o ~ ~ 8 ...... <.0 N ..... -to IN <.0 e ..o::l 8·5 -to '" co "" -to - - "" " -to U - -< 1ft "0 E-t 1ft '0 p.., 1~ 11.1 ..0 l~ .9 U 1ft ::l 1:1 ~ =CtoI JL... _a ..... on -< -< .,., ..... l() " - c<) 0 So::z:: '" - "" - - '" - - '" 11.1 i ~ ...... <.0 (;i_g -to c') M M ..... M ..... M ~~ N M ------8 - - ~ ~ bO co .~ . ~ . .~ . .6 .S OJ ~., ~ ~ .S ~ '" :::I OJ '" '" .., '" II co I'l bO ., ~ :a ... o:l ?~·l .6 £ co "0 o:l ~ .S .6 5 t> ~ ... ~.., co :::I '5 :::I., ... ,51 rJJ° § ~ s rJJ "0 if -D '" :§ bO > ;>.. . OJ "0 '" "0 ~ d u i:4 bO 8 ., I':: d ~ ~ "0 :.§ I'l ] ·s ~ ~ o:l :.;;; '- I'l "0 -g co U 1.., ~ u ., fl I':: 0 co ::l ., ., .. I':: .., ~ ~ .5 ::a ° '"Po o:l "0 :::I s co .., f "0 .9 g- g- co '" I':: ., rJJ C II '" U I':: S _g .£ ~ j "3 ° 01 rJJ ..0 :s 01 .. ~., "0 ~ ~ (tl (5 0 J3t-I.a= :>-I.a :-=.: .a ~(c: "0 I " co co 0 t-- 0> 0 co t-- 0> ..... <.J:> 'f") ,.1:1 o ., u ~ .:: 1( e<') ~ F-< .g .,., <.J:> -0> ..... 0> III L c:: e c ~ U ..... !II ~ .::1...~ s:I M ;.. ::I e to~;:;~:!:$ Uj~~N~N ~co~co~~ \[) lr; ~ ~ ~ ~ 8Rf..!OOEgfr; "" o "d>'" ~o ~2 c<') ~_ ro ro - .Jo >2"'s ~ .S ~ au o \ 14-8 CensusjMysoreJ73 32 MAHAGAON o o cc o ~ - - 00 00 C"l o o o o "" C"l -o ~ 'o . ~~ o o 00 o ~ o , I ....o . ell j Z::t:: 1 OS c:: o .... ':1 o . .g ~~ "a o l'"l tr) <.0 co 8 o o -co o o 00 Ol ~ o ~ C'>! t!: o C"lo '1' A"B L E S 83 :g '" .,.. .,.. ~ ~ cg; -o eg ~ u.; ~ 0 ~ 0) g ffi 0 §2 ~ g) 0 ~ o ...... l.'"'j M ~ e--s ~ N N ~ ;:!; ~ ~ ~ ~ 8 ;:; g o ~ N C"; ~ 0 0 o 55 In ~ 0) ~ :8 ;; ~ ~ :.r: co ~ ~ tt co ~ ~ 0") 0 0 '" N 0 0 ,.; 000 ""co ~ g) co Z5 ~ ~ N 000 o N N N NO'" ..;: N - N 84 MAHAGAO.N .. to C"-J N c-r en L.~ ~~~~ ~ ~ S ~ ~ ~ ~ S N ;; ;1; r--r--O<.ONO r;(j ~ 0 ~ ~ i' 11') ~ ~ C'l c co ~~;t;f:! co ~2f3~L')~ o 0 r-: co r.1;"":- -.:r c<") 0 N C'1 "" :::0 o J; ~ 63 o ~ w ~ ~~~~~~ :;:) 0 '""l< \:) ("1 N C'I ""' :--; C"I :: N C'I 0 00 -o OOOIJ"')OL"': 11') L,) lJ""i r-... N C"~ "" o g]~;-:;g; ;$ ~ 6 ~ o g:~Zb~~~ o 0"": ~ 6 0 :!: I..C lr. l!'"; Ct") 0 e<") g C',J o ~~~~~~ 00:;:) '"o <.OM 00,,", 0" c<">:J:)C"l(.C """'" r..,:) ~ C"l tD O'J U"") 0 ; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ <0 '" 0 ~ ~~§5~~~ 0001:""1 ':',~ ~ ~ N N ~ 0 ~ o c 0 ~ r-... I.; .n ~ 0 e.; "" 85 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ " ~ ~ o to .... N ~ 0 CO c<":l -0 Lt') L~ e-I l-' CO en t.. 1'" ..... o ~ ~ ~ c<"i ~ N 0 ~ ~ 0 0". c ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ o e<': ~ co ~ Ol ~ e<'l Ol ~ 0 - c :3 ~ C'l -..:to ~ ~ 8 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 8' ~ ~ ~ ~ f". ~ ~ o 0 N N co ~ 0 ~ 0 c<"i 0 0 <"i N ! I. In I I co t!": r--- C'l o C"{ e--J \"):J N o 0 ':t') :.0 00 c N V \.0 o o C 0 o ~ ~ ~ ~ 8 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ CO Ol ..... 'Xl o c ~ C c<"i C N N ~ e<'l N N ~ 0 e<'l 0 "';"';0",", o o N o I ..... ~ .- ,-,.! ._e<'l .et'7- .{.O. 0 ~ ~ § i e<'l ~ ~ ~ N R S 0" o C'-S 0 C ~ ~ c ~ NOM 0 Ol ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ b ~ ~ ~ ~ o 8 ~ '~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 00 ~ ~ ~ N ~ ~ ;; ~ ~ o o c 0 c<"i ~ c<"i ~ ~ N c<"i ~ 0 ~ N 0 ~ to 0 c.:; N 86 TABLE XXII Household and Development Activities NIL TABLE XXIII Indebtedness, Indebtedness---A.. by______Income Group . Monthly r- Income group Total No. of Xo, of Ito use- Amount Percentage of Average indeb Remarks hou;eholds holds indebted ,--____;..__-, Col. 3 to Col. 2 tedness for Rs. np. household in debt Rs. np. ---- Rs. 25 and below 1',1, 60 7.14 60.00 Rs. 26 to 50 104- 36 9,340 34.61 259.44 R~. 51 to 75 120 51 18,050 42.50 353.09 Rs. 76 to 100 139 66 27,295 47.48 413.10 Rs. 100 and above 41'3 192 1,56,701 46.49 316.15 TABLE XXIII-A Indebtedness by Causes Indebtedness by..A.. causes ______of debts _ -., Cause Number of families Proportion of debt Amount in debt in debt due to cause to the Rs. total amount of debt 2 3 4 Marriage 54,425 98 25.74 To clear outstanding debts 53,414 88 25.26 Domestic Expenses 27,755 122 13.12 Purchase of livestock 15,420 55 7.29 Cultivation expenses 14,750 40 7.02 Purchase of land • 10,850 12 5.13 Construction of Irrigation. Well 9,200 14 4.3.5 Household Industry 8,53.5 14 4.03 House repairs and Construction 7,800 7 3.68 Business 5,560 13 2.63 TABLES 87 TABLE XXIII-A-Collcld. 2 3 4 Education. 1,250 3 0.59 Purcltase of cart 1,090 6 0.51 Sickness 1,000 0.47 Funerals 400 0.18 TOTAL 2,11,446 474 100.00 TABLE XXIII-B Sources of Credit Cultivators Having Lands -, Non-Cultivators Sources Below 3 Acres 3 to 10 Acres 10 Acres ~nd above ,-_____..A.. ___-, ,------"------, ,-___-----A- -, ,-___---"- ____-, Amount Amount Amount Amount Amount Amount Amount Amount Borrowed Outstanding Borrowed Outstanding Bon owed OutstandiLg Borrowed Outstanding 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Government 10,150 5,950 850 666 Banks 6,300 6,300 260 260 Co-operative Society 80 80 500 450 3,213 3,013 1,400 1,040 N.E.S. 260 150 Money lenders and Others 700 100 7,900 6,950 1,06,860 ~3,235 1,01,320 92,652 TOTAL: 780 780 8,400 7,400 1,26,783 1,08,648 1,03,830 94,618 88 MAH-AGAON ~ -rJl c ~ § ~,~ ~ ~ ~ l~ NO .,.~I , ~"' C-J ..;: g; N il... I ! I COO gggggg g~gg~ lG 0 0 ON""'" cO ':'1 ~ ~ ~ ~\~ ~ :t ~ LI""J ..,... ~ I L ~~~"'---~ ( ~ "~~ QJ ?2 N C'1 ! ;Q~.!i 6 ~~"'d",,~ ~ ~ ~t..S ~ '" u'5 o o c'" ~ 0 u; ~ O'l ~ ~ lr.- ~~CO~SC")cc8 U e<") L.(") lO I~ r.a ~ C"J v= C'O o r-... 0 _ r:-..: _.. en tn.... ~"' C'T L,~ o N o o N ~ $ 8 ;;! ~ ~ 63 c,> ~ ~ ~ " ~ ~ co ~ eo" r.c'" ~ '..Z" ~~g~8~g88~888gg ;s~;:cn~§~e ,N .~s so U ._ c:: ~ >-] ._~ "t:I""tj C~ .8~d TA B 1. E S " 89 0 t:; C t-- 0 0 0', 1:") ''::; f CO ,'") ... '" '" -r -+ '" "" t-- '_' C ,- C<') ~ -:l"> (5 g c '-6 ""I:: 0 ('. :c I:;' I:; L'"l :c ''::; ""-r 0 '"N N N '" "'J c<"l N "" f §. t-- t-- g (0"., f2 CO - ...... ""r~ :c .... :c .2 CO"") "" "'" ~ "" "" '.::; '" c<"l I:": c<"l t-- 0 :c 0 CO C I~ "" 'O' "" 'O, c; N '" "'" ~ "2! CO ':..) , X>- X 0 L'"") ~ 0 ~ CQ ~ f-; u ~. :.;; U ~ ., :c c.;; :c U ._l- _ ~ _, ~ ~ ::Ci -f- ~ ~ ~ ~ .-:: v <: <: ::Ci <: ::0:: - ....-; ~ <: T <: ~ <: ..-: <: ~ -+ ,~ I:) ~ Ii:' ~ " -l" I:) C'"l C'"l lC ...,. 0 cc 0 '"" N ,,., I:) I~ ;;: en 0 Ir": - CO J;; -j< en "" r-- ,- :; -t' 0" 0 '"''': C'"l ..... -+ ''': r::: C'"l '" 'r-- N I:; !? ;;.' oj N ~ C'"l N -l" § 0: '-' lC -+ .,j< oj ..... C'"l 0 "'" ~ '.:0 C'"J '"':'1 U 0 M N lC E '-' ~ § ;:: " 0 § '"0 c3 '" 0 ;;, I t >-l >- "S X ;; CC >< t: r::: ~ ;:: ...... :l r-- co 0 .....~ 0 L"; ii -'. p:; ~ N. lC ~I M '"0 '"'oj :- ''') ""§ '- ~ § -t' 'C '-' 0: ~ 0 II "~ :J ::::: "'-' <: e<'l <: ::::: <: <: ::::: r..; .J. <: ~ <: ::::: <: <: <: ..,-; ~ ,-,0 f: ',0 ~I It) ,~ e<'l -t' C "" "I C'"l "" '" ...7; ::?, f-< 0 f-< S ~ r. ~ ;; ;... '-' ::2 '-' oj ~, oj ..0 ;- > i3.. oj .~ ,5 " E oj ~ ;... '"0 ~ :~ r. 8 ~ 2 .~ ,~ 'C r. :: c ~ ~ 'C (; .,_.t j ;; ~ if)'" oJ ::::: '"",.i\ ,.i\ ~ ::s ""'"" ~ 2 1'ABLE~ 91 cc o c<')t---CCCCOC0 0'1 CC co 0'. C c o o ~l(-:~~f.22? CC C'I N N (.C~ ;_n C') , I - ~: o 0 C'-I C'I cc I;; o ~I ~ 0'1 00 • Of.' d ~=~ c 0'1 ~I 41 ..."tI 00 41 o G'i !'. ~ COl 00 cc .... ~ ~ C 00 C::. L~ .... GJ ... "tI .':"'1 '="1 C0 ...00 C'-I 41 0') 0,1 0'1 ~ l:; ,~ ""7'" cc J cc ct':: 0 C'.J .... 8 :;r-; ::c C'l ~ r..: C'I 0'1 c=; I;": o I:; _. g o CI 1.-; C"-I ,<') ::c o o 8 ~ 8 co I~ f5 Lr: ~ f.! ~ !; ~ ~ ,__ C'I t'-' C) :c I;; -t< ~ t""' C'; cc:o IY'; Vi .,..;.. Lf"' t--- C0 ~r c<") i..C L-; t-... U""; Ci =-l c 'fAULE XXVI General ;'I;umb ... r of Hous.-jwld, Total Xo. of housclwkls _" ____ ._ ._._c_~ ____ ·· -----., R(""l(ling dailv .:\kmber or :Mel1lb(''l'~ .:\le111b.-r or members ':\lcmber or lllC'mbcrs nc\\spaper of which work for of which take adive of which h'H'C joilled soci"l uplift. part in politics Co-operative Socie ties. " 3 5 790 '27 156 TABLE 1 Caste/Tribe or Community and Nature of Family ------To(aIXo. Typ~s of !it1uili ... s Jivillg ill the households ,, __. ______,", ____ , ___ ...A. ______.. ______..., RClllark, PI' hOll~("" Iwhl:; Silllple Intermediate J oillt Others '2 3 " 5 tJ 7 Lillgayat 25l 113 56 W 15 Holeya UO 5') 10 13 5 Kurubaru tJ:, 34- g 16 7 Woddaru H 21; H 7 Kabbaligaru -to 2·l 7 5 -{ Brahmills 29 17 '2 .') S Madiga ::1 15 '2 4 Viswak.;!rma IB 1'2 5 .:\Iaratha I"" 1'2 ~) Lambani t.l 'f '2 Yelavar 7 -{ Korava l' :) 'J Rajaput J '2 Vaishya '2 '2 Sreemallgalam icliga Bcda :Maclival (y_; ':\fcclaru .:\fuslim tHO 40 27 17 Christian -1 3 TOTAr. • 790 454 1!'i4 124 !'ill 't All L t s 93 TABLE :2 Association o( Deity and Object of Worship and Caste/Tribe Same of ])eity/Objcct uf \;VorshijJ r----.-----~-. _. ------_ ------. _-_- ----"---~---.------.-_. ------. ------:::- ~ ;; ~ ':: ~ ~ "r,-. A ;...... > ~ '- ;.., ~ ... :\,Il11C uf Caste :§'" '" l-<" .-c -= Remarks .::..'" >.. 2 ;.. "CO S p., V:: .~ E ~ g '" ~ c: " V5 c '" -3 ii:i '" ::: g , §' ~ c: ~ ~ ~ .9f: ,;!:l ;S ~ l-< ;.. <- ::: ~ ;.- "'" '--' " - ~ J -- -;0 ... ":) '" '- >, " ..... 0; ...... ::; '- .,;.; t ...... :: ,. ~ " '" - (:::: c;_; ~ iii "" ,...... , ~ ~ ;:r:; ,..; ,..; ,..... < .... ,..; U5 ;... ,..; ~ Lingayat Holey" Kuruoaru 46 Woudaru Kabbaligaru Brahmins ~Iadiga \Jis\vakarnla ~Iaratha 18 I.,;llnballi Ycbvar Koran, Rajput VaishY<1 SrcCmatl'b'liam Ediga Beda ~lauiyala l'vfcdaru ~Imlim laO Christian TOT.\L 2:jO 101 19 :! 37 30 IS 40 ~ 180 TABLE J Awareness of Untouchability Offences Act ::\u, or pcrSOllS ~o. of persons Caste in tcrvicweu aware of prohibitioll Remarks of untouchability under Law . 3 4 Lingayat ')1 Holeya 7(; Kuruhalll Ii \;Voddaru 17 14 Kabbaligaru +0 9 l3rahmim 29 22 :\Iadiga 21 7 Viswakarma 111 It -_------94 TABLE 3-Cullcld. MAHAGAON 2 3 Maratha 113 3 Larnballi 9 Yclavar 7 Korava () Rajaput ;) 3 Vaishya L SreemangaLu n Ediga Reda :-.radiv"l Mcdaru :-'Iuslim lllO 63 Christian l 2 TOT.\L 790 311 Contravention of Marriage Rules Frequencies of eacIL type of contravention l\'o. of marri ,-----.. --_._-...... ____,. --.- ----~--.-~--.------~-~~------.-----,------~ --.-~~ ag·;s ill COIl Remarks' trJ.vcHtioll of Type I Type II Type III Type IV Type \' Typt; VI Caste/Tribe 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Kurubaru The head has married a Muslim lady as II wife. TABLE 4-A Permissibility of Intercaste Marriages _------~o. of persons who consider it is permissible to form. marital tics ,\lith :{o. of Remarks inc luding run note Caste; Tribe persons on uaekground of persons inter. Caste Tribe Caste/Tribe Caste/Tribe Caste/Tribe giving aftiirmed reply (educated viewed I - 11 III IV young Panchayat Member) :\'ame ::- 2 3 4 5 6 7 Intcrcast(" marriages arc Ilot permitted amO!-1g any of the castes in this vill,tge TABLES' 95 TABLE 5 Awareness of Changes in Hindu Laws of Succession and Adoption Caste/Tribe! :'{umber of Persons ~o. aware that there No. aware that there Community interviewed have been changes in have been changes in Remarks Hindu succession .\ct. Hindu Adoption Act. Nil TABLE 5-A Inheritance of property as in practice. Xu, of Number indicating that relations of the following categories are entitled to Households inherit property in their respective casteitlibe Caste/tribe/community intt'r r-~---- .. _-- ---~--.---~~----../'._-----.--~------~-.------~------.--." viewed Son Daughter "'ile lVIother Brother Sister's Brother's Others son son 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lingay,,' 92 92 Holeya 30 30 KUl'ub;11'11 12 12 '''oddaru 3 3 Kabbaligaru 7 7 Brahmins 12 12 ;\f adiga 11 B Viswakarma (j h ]\;f"ratha 9 9 Lambani Ye1avar 2 2 Korava :) 3 Rajaput 2 2 \'aishya Srtemangalam Ediga Broda l\faclival" Muslim If; Christian TOTAL' illterview 205 178 NOTE-The remaining households were not interviewed. 96 :\f A HAn A 0 N" TABLE ,l-B Share of property for different categories of relatives.Sons :\I'mber indicating that sons inherit propelty in th" following manner r--.------"---.. - _J...... __ ------~~~~------,--, --~-~--~-__... All sons ()nk Only Larger Larger If there ;'\0. of get equal .. Iei,,:,t youngl',j share is "hare is are persons ,h:w" ~on 111- son in- ~ivFn to gi\'t>n to child,...'n inter- lwrits IWl'ils eld,.,t young",st by mort' \'il'\\' .. <1. son. son t1;all one .\m· l{f'mar~1 other other wijt" pro· othe; SOIl" in· SOllS in- perty first fll(lllnt':r herit h .. rit divicit'r] t' 2 3 + :> () 7 B 9 10 Lingayat 92 92 Hol .. ya :10 ,10 Kll1'llbanl 12 1~ Bmhmim 12 12 8 i:' Yiswakarma I; .. I) Ii l"nnbani 2 ,! Kora\'a :i :l Rajapllt 2 2 \-aishya \'\'oddarn 3 K a hbali,Q;aru 7 Sreemanga lam Ediga l\ fed aru Muslim 16 Christian TOThL Interviewed 205 178 );oTE---The remaining hO~ISeh()lds 'Vel'e not intt'rviell'ed. TABLES 97 TABLE 6 Reciprocal Aid in Agricultural practices ~o. of households No. of hOll'eholds No. of households Cas·ejTribe/Community practising agri- that tak~ help of that assist neigh- Remarks culture neighbour at the bours and receive time of sowing or help at the time the harvesting of cultivation in the shape of manual labour 2 3 ,! S Ling-ayat 138 16 17 Holeya 18 Kurubaru 20 Kabbaligaru H Brabmins 6 J\fadiga 9 Viswakarma 7 IVCar8!ha .5 Lambani "l 'I Yclavar 2 Rajaput Muslims 42 7 TOTAL 269 28 17 98 MAHAGAON to C-f C"I _ - - Co") o - N - o Co") c-,oo--~U') _ eo -N j -o ....fIl Iio4 ....I:IIl= ." .e <:0 (,I ....= ~-tO:::CO-N r! - , o ro 0 C'; <', ~of': ,S ~ ..., c 8 ;~ l~ "" F·l 7. r - , ~ J-ZI C1 0 '§ I ~ , ,S H"') N _ ...... 0'" ..c NCOOU"")O"'.IM-- Il~= <'"f-< ,0 C t-< '2 C ::l '§ S S S ::l S ::l cO ..::i 0 .... s ::l '" U s bb c ~ .... ::l ,~" ~ ...... '"t:: oj 2 ::l ,~ '" n '2 ::l '" ;.J .... '" '" ..c .... '5 .!l !.§ ~ n (;l '§ bJ) ~ cO (;l bJ) " ? ;.., .g" "C" ..c ;.., ..c -:::l 'S '" :;: ..c" ;. '" 0. .~ bJ) .., "C ..c :.a .., '"::l ..c "'" S bJ) ...... c M -:::l'" ..c :.a "~ ... "cO .... ~ "~ ::l 0 ,::" ... ..c S '" '(? " ::l - .... ~ '0 ::l 0 -.:; 0 '" " ;.a ..,. ..c ...... " '" ~ ".... '" j ~ ~ ;:: ~" ~'" ,.>; ;.::j :z: ~ ~ ~'" P:<'" ,.?, ;; ::E ..... >- ~ ~ rJl W or. U TABLES 99 e<") e<") ~ ~ ( e<") ., "'" 6 I '" o. ~ '"., r"'I ~Z 0;:-.,1 I~ '5~ , "" I"" "" ~,~ 1-0 .2. CO ! ..., <:5::s:: lZ "'" '0> e<'l .q- J L'i:I: < L() N co ' ::-, to L!') ~ L!') N - 0 ~ L'l s E ;J ..§ ~ ;:; E M ~ t¢ -;:; "<: 0 '" <= <.j _:{ ,_ - ... - '" " ..0 !':!.. 8 :> 's ,~ -:;; .B :> 5. ~ ,~ ,; ::>. -e ~ "" > '" E ".., ~" OJ) ..0 "C " ., b.O ~ ';:: .. E k '_, 'C ~ <= ~ ~ t¢ ;:;" '"0 '" ~ ,~ ;:; ~ ::J .,:; ~ ~ ~ ... :.a .<:: ~ " ~ ?, " ::'-l ~ ;:.; IX< :> ~ -l ~ ::.::" 00" ~ u ...- ~ >< ~ .2 Ul " "" 100 MAHAGA.ON TABLE 8 Village Industries-Products Name of Castes -__._---A.. ______. _____~ __..__. ___ .___ ~ r---- it '['otal Households engaged in Name of Produce" ::-..ro. Linga- Kuru- Wodd- 13rah- Madi- Vish",a- Mara- Yela- Kora- M,~d- MUE- Re- of yat baru aru ruin ga karma tha war va aru lim marks Hhs. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Tailoring .Garments 16 5 10 Spinning Threads .- 39 32 6 Carpentry Agricultural Implemellts 8 4 4 '\-'lcllving Rugs 7 6 Cobbling FOOL\,-ear -6 6 Grind stone making Grind stone 4 4 Mat weaving Mats 7 7 1vranufacture of tinde~ for fire-making Chakmakhi 7 7 Basket making Baskets 7 6 Blacksmithy . \gricultural Implements 4- 2 Goldsmith), Jewels . 6 6 Pottery Pots 1 Tinker Service 4 4 Flollr mill Service 2 2 Oil Ghana Oils 4: 4 Cycle Repair Sen-ice .1 TOTAL 123 12 38 4 6 12 2 14 6 27 TABLE 9 Land Reclamation and Development Activity Number of Families benefitted Brief description of Land Name of Caste by Land Reclamation and Reclamation aud Development Relllarks Development mcasurr:s measures 2 3 4 Lingayat 93 Holeya 4- Kurubaru :) Kabbaligaru 5 Brahmin 5 Maclig TOTAL 139 TABLES 101 . TABLE 10 Co-operative Society No. of Hhs. of the Mcm bers of the Co-operati\'e Society the heads of which belongs to Name of Co-operative Society r-----.--.---.------.-~ ------'----~---- '-", Linftayat Holeya Kurubaru Kabbali- Brahmin Macliga Viswa- l\faratha Muslim garu karma 2. 3 4 S \3 7 S 9 10 Service Co-operative Society 43 4- 5 2 4- 2 8 Co-operative Bank, Kurukotta 1 :Multi-purpose Society 42 2 4 5 Oil-ghana Industrial Co-operative Society . 17 Wool Industrial Co-operative Society 5 23 Dist. Co-operative Central Bank '1 Land Mortgage Bank Grain Society in Hirasoah 2 N.G.O's Co-operative Society Gulbarga Urban Bank 5 TOTAL 116 23 5 9 2 4- 6 18 TABLE 11 Habit of Taking Sugar as Correlated to Income Xu. ui" howehokb taking sugar with No. of households not taking sugar with motllhly income of monthly:.....A. iHcome ______of ....., CasteiTribeJCommunity r--~--~------~-~----~--A----.------__. r- .\boyc Rs.IOI- Rs. 76- Rs. >1- Rs. 26- Rs. 2:'> Above Rs. 101- Rs. 76- Rs.51- Rs.2b- Rs.25 Rs. ISO ISO 100 7" 50 or less Rs. 150 150 100 75 50 or less 2 3 4 5 G 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Lingayat 101 17 12 .j, 3 46 23 16 17 14 1 Holeya 2 1 2 15 4- 13 22 15 6 Kurubaru 3 2 17 7 5 12 18 Wodclaru 4 10 26 5 2 Kabbaligaru 5 1 7 2 11 5 7 Brahmin 10 10 4 1 2 2 Madiga 2 1 1 3 5 3 2 3 Viswakarma 7 2 3 2 1 Maratha 5 ') 2 2 3 Lambani 1 5 2 Yelavar 2 1 I 2 Korava 2 2 2 Rajaput 2 Vaishya Sreemangalam Ediga Beda Ma-divala . Meclaru Muslim 23 17 7 5 3 18 20 25 30 28 4 Christian 2 TOTAL 160 52 32 15 7 117 84 107 105 97 14 102 MAJtAGAON TABLE Il-A Habit of taking Tea/Coffee as Correlated to Income No. uf HIls. taking tea with mOllthly income of No. of households not taking tea with monthly . income of _..A.-----______-, CastejTribejCommu,lity r- r------A..------____-, Above Rs.IOl Rs.76- Rs. :,1- Rs.26- Rs.25 Above Rs. 101- Rs.76- Rs. 51- Rs. 26- Rs. 25 or Rs.150 150 100 75 50 or less Rs. 150 150 100 75 50 less 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 Lingayat 123 23 14 5 5 19 17 14 16 12 I Holeya 2 2 15 4 13 22 15 6 Kurubaru 5 3 2 15 6 3 11 18 Wodd,lru 4 10 26 5 2 Kabbaligaru 7 2 4 5 8 5 7 Brahmin 12 12 4 Madiga 2 I 3 5 3 2 3 Viswakarma 7 3 3 2 I Maratha G 2 3 2 3 Lambani 5 2 Yelavar \ 2 1 2 Korava 2 2 Rajaput 2 Vaishya Sreemangalam Ediga Beda Madivala Medaru I Muslim 24 21 11 8 2 17 16 21 27 29 4 Christian 2 TOTAL 195 68 45 20 12 82 68 94 100 92 14- TABLE 12 Material Culture-Possession of furniture No. of households possessing Caste/Tribe/Community r- -, Trunk llox Chair Table Cot Bench Stool Almara Iron Easy Sofa Safe chair set 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Lingayat 21 190 42 25 178 40 5 22 9 14- Holeya 43 73 2 Kurubaru 49 52 3 Woddaru 27 2 Kabbaligaru 1 21 23 2 Brahmin 7 20 12 \ 4 I 4 Madiga 13 19 Viswakalma 13 2 13 10 Maratha 2 16 2 10 3 4 Lambani 5 1 Yeavlar I I Korava 3 1 Rajaput 3 2 TABLES 103 TABLE 12-Concld. 2 3 4 5 6 7 B 9 10 11 12 Vaishya Sreemallgalam Ediga Beda Madivala Medaru Muslims 7 III 4 3 136 20 2 2 2 Christian 2 3 TOTAL 42 514 64 40 515 8;0, 12 33 10 16 2 TARLE 12-A Material Culture-Possession of ConsuDler Goods No. of Households Posse~sing Community ,- ____,.._ Watch Petro- Battery Kero- Bicycle Radio Iron Sewing Scoott'r Grama- Tran- Clock maux torch sene ~et box machine phone sistor or Hazak light stove 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Lingayat 31 30 138 20 18 7 2 ,~ 19 Holeya 10 Kurubaru 19 Woddaru 4 Kabbaligaru Brahmins 14 3 16 9 2 7 Madiga 3 Viswakarma 4 12 2 :NIaratha 8 Lamb,mi Ye!avar Korava Rajaput Vaishya Sreemangalam Ediga Beda Madivala .. Medaru Muslims 4 .') 42 5 5 6 Christian 2 2 TOTAL 57 39 255 38 30 9 :3 12 28 104 MAHAGAON TABLE 12-B Material Culture·-Habits No. of households that No. of households that ~o. of households that No. of households that do use mosquito curtain do not use mosquito use toilet soap/washing not use toilet/washing soap Caste/Tribe/Community ha\'ing mOllthly income of curtain having monthly soap having monthly in- having monthly income of income of ,..-----come__ of • .A-_ .. __. ______,------"-----., ,--.--_.. _-"------, ,-----~.------, Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. 150 101- .51- 50- 1.50 101- 5!.- 50 150 lOI- S I- SO 150 101- 51- .50 & 150 100 or & 150 100 or & 150 100 or & 150 100 or above less above less above less above less 2 3 4 .'i 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 Lingayat 5 142 40 49 18 140 24 40 13 7 16 9 5 HoIeya 17 4 38 21 17 3 38 16 5 Kurubaru 20 9 17 19 17 8 12 15 3 .5 4 Woddaru 1 10 31 2 4 10 31 2 Kabbaligaru n 12 .~ 17 Il 10 2 9 3 2 8 5 Brahmins 12 12 4· 12 12 S Madiga 5 6 7 3 4 3 6 3 3 Viswakarma .. \ 7 3 7 I 7 3 6 J Maratha 7 2 fi 2 7 2 6 1 Lambani I 5 3 1 5 3 Yelavar 2 1 1 3 2 2 Korava 2 4 2 4 Rajaput 2 2 2 2 Vaishya I Sreemangalam Ediga Beda Madivala Medaru I Muslims 41 37 67 35 41 37 59 28 8 7 Christian 2 2 TOTAL 5 2 272 136 257 118 264 114 225 89 13 22 34 29 No. of households that send clothes to washerman No. of households that do not send dothes to having monthly income of washerm:m having monthly income of CommuTlity r- .------"------, r------.. ___....-A- _____. ____ -, Rs. 150 & Rs. 101-150 Rs. 51-100 Rs. 50 or Rs. 150 & Rs.IOI-150 Rs.51-IOO Rs. 50 or above Jess abm'e less 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Lingayat . 59 5 4 88 35 45 18 Holeya 17 4 38 21 Kurubaru 20 8 17 19 Woddaru 4 10 31 2 Kabbaligaru 12 3 17 8 Brahmins 12 10 2 4 Madiga 5 6 7 3 Viswakarma 2 5 3 7 Maratha 2 5 2 6 2 Lambani 5 3 Yela~ar 2 3 Karava 2 4 TAB J. B s· 105 TABLE 12-B Coneld. 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Rajaput 2 2 Vaishya Sreemangalam Ediga Beda l\·fadivala . Medaru 1 Muslims 2 5 2 39 32 65 35 Christian 2 TOTAL 79 21 8 19B 115 251 117 TABLE 13 House Type-Root Number Number of households with ROOF of Community of r- --. House- Dhabi Pundi Stone Asbestos Leaf Bamboo Tin Stick Straw[ Leaf & holds stick stick Grass Thatched Lingayat 254 241 1 2 9 Holeya ~80 30 2 8 26 .'. 14 Karubaru 65 50 1 13 Woddaru 47 32 4 9 Kabbaligaru 40 28 2 6 3 Brahmins 29 25 4- Madiga 21 15 3 Viswakarma 18 18 Maratha 18 17 Lambani 9 9 Yelavar 7 1 5 Korava 6 4 Rajaput 5 3 Vaishya 2 2 Sreemangalam Ediga Beda Madivala Medam 1 MwlilllS 180 1!6 S 2 2 27 2 4- S Christian • 3 TOTAL 790 607 17 13 24- 96 2 4- 25 106 MAHAGAON ~ ,), 11') .. gt~ ~ - -N , I I o I I - .:. I I I I I co .. ' I 11') i o .....11') I 11') -~ .r-!. 0->- .... ~'~-'~:'_~ '-~ ~~'W~-=---S--~~~~ (.1;)' ~ N _.- ! "" 1 I