Occipital Lobe Visual Cortex (V1)
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Anatomy of the Temporal Lobe
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Epilepsy Research and Treatment Volume 2012, Article ID 176157, 12 pages doi:10.1155/2012/176157 Review Article AnatomyoftheTemporalLobe J. A. Kiernan Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1 Correspondence should be addressed to J. A. Kiernan, [email protected] Received 6 October 2011; Accepted 3 December 2011 Academic Editor: Seyed M. Mirsattari Copyright © 2012 J. A. Kiernan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Only primates have temporal lobes, which are largest in man, accommodating 17% of the cerebral cortex and including areas with auditory, olfactory, vestibular, visual and linguistic functions. The hippocampal formation, on the medial side of the lobe, includes the parahippocampal gyrus, subiculum, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and associated white matter, notably the fimbria, whose fibres continue into the fornix. The hippocampus is an inrolled gyrus that bulges into the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle. Association fibres connect all parts of the cerebral cortex with the parahippocampal gyrus and subiculum, which in turn project to the dentate gyrus. The largest efferent projection of the subiculum and hippocampus is through the fornix to the hypothalamus. The choroid fissure, alongside the fimbria, separates the temporal lobe from the optic tract, hypothalamus and midbrain. The amygdala comprises several nuclei on the medial aspect of the temporal lobe, mostly anterior the hippocampus and indenting the tip of the temporal horn. The amygdala receives input from the olfactory bulb and from association cortex for other modalities of sensation. -
Visual Cortex in Humans 251
Author's personal copy Visual Cortex in Humans 251 Visual Cortex in Humans B A Wandell, S O Dumoulin, and A A Brewer, using fMRI, and we discuss the main features of the Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA V1 map. We then summarize the positions and proper- ties of ten additional visual field maps. This represents ã 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. our current understanding of human visual field maps, although this remains an active field of investigation, with more maps likely to be discovered. Finally, we Human visua l cortex comprises 4–6 billion neurons that are organ ized into more than a dozen distinct describe theories about the functional purpose and functional areas. These areas include the gray matter organizing principles of these maps. in the occi pital lobe and extend into the temporal and parietal lobes . The locations of these areas in the The Size and Location of Human Visual intact human cortex can be identified by measuring Cortex visual field maps. The neurons within these areas have a variety of different stimulus response proper- The entirety of human cortex occupies a surface area 2 ties. We descr ibe how to measure these visual field on the order of 1000 cm and ranges between 2 and maps, their locations, and their overall organization. 4 mm in thickness. Each cubic millimeter of cortex contains approximately 50 000 neurons so that neo- We then consider how information about patterns, objects, color s, and motion is analyzed and repre- cortex in the two hemispheres contain on the order of sented in these maps. -
Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans Ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai
Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai To cite this version: Hans ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai. Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, Frontiers, 2018, 12, pp.93. 10.3389/fnana.2018.00093. hal-01929541 HAL Id: hal-01929541 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01929541 Submitted on 21 Nov 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. REVIEW published: 19 November 2018 doi: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00093 Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans J. ten Donkelaar 1*†, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer 2† and Jürgen K. Mai 3† 1 Department of Neurology, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands, 2 IMN Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives UMR 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France, 3 Institute for Anatomy, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany The gyri and sulci of the human brain were defined by pioneers such as Louis-Pierre Gratiolet and Alexander Ecker, and extensified by, among others, Dejerine (1895) and von Economo and Koskinas (1925). -
The Human Brain Hemisphere Controls the Left Side of the Body and the Left What Makes the Human Brain Unique Is Its Size
About the brain Cerebrum (also known as the The brain is made up of around 100 billion nerve cells - each one cerebral cortex or forebrain) is connected to another 10,000. This means that, in total, we The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It is split in to two have around 1,000 trillion connections in our brains. (This would ‘halves’ of roughly equal size called hemispheres. The two be written as 1,000,000,000,000,000). These are ultimately hemispheres, the left and right, are joined together by a bundle responsible for who we are. Our brains control the decisions we of nerve fibres called the corpus callosum. The right make, the way we learn, move, and how we feel. The human brain hemisphere controls the left side of the body and the left What makes the human brain unique is its size. Our brains have a hemisphere controls the right side of the body. The cerebrum is larger cerebral cortex, or cerebrum, relative to the rest of the The human brain is the centre of our nervous further divided in to four lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and brain than any other animal. (See the Cerebrum section of this temporal, which have different functions. system. It is the most complex organ in our fact sheet for further information.) This enables us to have abilities The frontal lobe body and is responsible for everything we do - such as complex language, problem-solving and self-control. The frontal lobe is located at the front of the brain. -
Function of Cerebral Cortex
FUNCTION OF CEREBRAL CORTEX Course: Neuropsychology CC-6 (M.A PSYCHOLOGY SEM II); Unit I By Dr. Priyanka Kumari Assistant Professor Institute of Psychological Research and Service Patna University Contact No.7654991023; E-mail- [email protected] The cerebral cortex—the thin outer covering of the brain-is the part of the brain responsible for our ability to reason, plan, remember, and imagine. Cerebral Cortex accounts for our impressive capacity to process and transform information. The cerebral cortex is only about one-eighth of an inch thick, but it contains billions of neurons, each connected to thousands of others. The predominance of cell bodies gives the cortex a brownish gray colour. Because of its appearance, the cortex is often referred to as gray matter. Beneath the cortex are myelin-sheathed axons connecting the neurons of the cortex with those of other parts of the brain. The large concentrations of myelin make this tissue look whitish and opaque, and hence it is often referred to as white matter. The cortex is divided into two nearly symmetrical halves, the cerebral hemispheres . Thus, many of the structures of the cerebral cortex appear in both the left and right cerebral hemispheres. The two hemispheres appear to be somewhat specialized in the functions they perform. The cerebral hemispheres are folded into many ridges and grooves, which greatly increase their surface area. Each hemisphere is usually described, on the basis of the largest of these grooves or fissures, as being divided into four distinct regions or lobes. The four lobes are: • Frontal, • Parietal, • Occipital, and • Temporal. -
Translingual Neural Stimulation with the Portable Neuromodulation
Translingual Neural Stimulation With the Portable Neuromodulation Stimulator (PoNS®) Induces Structural Changes Leading to Functional Recovery In Patients With Mild-To-Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury Authors: Jiancheng Hou,1 Arman Kulkarni,2 Neelima Tellapragada,1 Veena Nair,1 Yuri Danilov,3 Kurt Kaczmarek,3 Beth Meyerand,2 Mitchell Tyler,2,3 *Vivek Prabhakaran1 1. Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA 2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA 3. Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA *Correspondence to [email protected] Disclosure: Dr Tyler, Dr Danilov, and Dr Kaczmarek are co-founders of Advanced Neurorehabilitation, LLC, which holds the intellectual property rights to the PoNS® technology. Dr Tyler is a board member of NeuroHabilitation Corporation, a wholly- owned subsidiary of Helius Medical Technologies, and owns stock in the corporation. The other authors have declared no conflicts of interest. Acknowledgements: Professional medical writing and editorial assistance were provided by Kelly M. Fahrbach, Ashfield Healthcare Communications, part of UDG Healthcare plc, funded by Helius Medical Technologies. Dr Tyler, Dr Kaczmarek, Dr Danilov, Dr Hou, and Dr Prabhakaran were being supported by NHC-TBI-PoNS-RT001. Dr Hou, Dr Kulkarni, Dr Nair, Dr Tellapragada, and Dr Prabhakaran were being supported by R01AI138647. Dr Hou and Dr Prabhakaran were being supported by P01AI132132, R01NS105646. Dr Kulkarni was being supported by the Clinical & Translational Science Award programme of the National Center for Research Resources, NCATS grant 1UL1RR025011. Dr Meyerand, Dr Prabhakaran, Dr Nair was being supported by U01NS093650. -
How Are Visual Areas of the Brain Connected to Motor Areas for the Sensory Guidance of Movement?
R EVIEW How are visual areas of the brain connected to motor areas for the sensory guidance of movement? Mitchell Glickstein Visual areas of the brain must be connected to motor areas for the sensory guidance of movement.The first step in the pathway from the primary visual cortex is by way of the dorsal stream of visual areas in the parietal lobe.The fact that monkeys can still guide their limbs visually after cortico–cortical fibres have been severed suggests that there are subcortical routes that link visual and motor areas of the brain.The pathway that runs from the pons and cerebellum is the largest of these. Pontine cells that receive inputs from visual cortical areas or the superior colliculus respond vigorously to appropriate visual stimuli and project widely on the cerebellar cortex. A challenge for future research is to elucidate the role of these cerebellar target areas in visuo–motor control. Trends Neurosci. (2000) 23, 613–617 OST HUMAN and animal movements are Munk4 discovered that unilateral lesions of the stri- Munder continual sensory guidance. In humans ate cortex of the occipital lobe in monkeys produced and the higher primates, the dominant sense that hemianopia, that is, the monkey became blind in controls movement is vision. One of the central the visual field on the opposite side to the lesion. problems in neuroscience is to understand how the Munk’s identification of the visual functions of the brain uses visual input to control whole body move- occipital lobe was confirmed in humans by ments, such as walking through a crowded railroad Henschen5. -
Brain Structure & Function Structure Function Central Sulcus Separates
Brain Structure & Function Structure Function Central sulcus Separates frontal from parietal lobe Cerebellum Regulation and coordination of movement, posture, balance, rhythm Cerebral Cortex Frontal lobe Planning, reasoning, impulse control, personality Occipital lobe Vision Parietal lobe Orientation of body, perception of stimuli (e.g. touch, pain, temperature) Temporal lobe Hearing, speech, memory Choroid plexus Makes cerebral spinal fluid Corpus callosum Connects two hemispheres Splenium, body, genu Gray matter One of the two components of the central nervous system, mostly consists of cell bodies Hippocampus Learning and memory, spatial orientation Hypothalamus 4Fs (feeding, fleeing, fighting, making love) Lateral ventricle Filled with cerebral spinal fluid Longitudinal fissure Separates two hemispheres Medulla (oblongata) Maintaining vital body functions (e.g. breathing, heart beat) Olfactory bulb Sense olfactory stimuli Olfactory nerve (Cranial nerve 1) Conveys olfactory information from nose to brain Optic nerve (Cranial nerve 2) Conveys visual information from eyes to optic chiasm Optic tract Conveys visual information from optic chiasm to brain Pons Motor control, consciousness, alertness Primary motor cortex Execution of movement Primary sensory cortex Processing information about touch Spinal cord Conducts sensory information from body to brain, conducts motor information from brain to body Afferent fibers Communicate sensory information from body to brain Efferent fibers Communicate muscle information from brain to body Thalamus Relay station, brain region that combines information from different sensory systems White matter One of the two components of the central nervous system, mostly consists of myelinated axons http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/CNS.html http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/kinser/Structure1.html . -
Seed MNI Coordinates Lobe
MNI Coordinates Seed Lobe (Hemisphere) Region BAa X Y Z FP1 -18 62 0 Frontal Lobe (L) Medial Frontal Gyrus 10 FPz 4 62 0 Frontal Lobe (R) Medial Frontal Gyrus 10 FP2 24 60 0 Frontal Lobe (R) Superior Frontal Gyrus 10 AF7 -38 50 0 Frontal Lobe (L) Middle Frontal Gyrus 10 AF3 -30 50 24 Frontal Lobe (L) Superior Frontal Gyrus 9 AFz 4 58 30 Frontal Lobe (R) Medial Frontal Gyrus 9 AF4 36 48 20 Frontal Lobe (R) Middle Frontal Gyrus 10 AF8 42 46 -4 Frontal Lobe (R) Inferior Frontal Gyrus 10 F7 -48 26 -4 Frontal Lobe (L) Inferior Frontal Gyrus 47 F5 -48 28 18 Frontal Lobe (L) Inferior Frontal Gyrus 45 F3 -38 28 38 Frontal Lobe (L) Precentral Gyrus 9 F1 -20 30 50 Frontal Lobe (L) Superior Frontal Gyrus 8 Fz 2 32 54 Frontal Lobe (L) Superior Frontal Gyrus 8 F2 26 32 48 Frontal Lobe (R) Superior Frontal Gyrus 8 F4 42 30 34 Frontal Lobe (R) Precentral Gyrus 9 F6 50 28 14 Frontal Lobe (R) Middle Frontal Gyrus 46 F8 48 24 -8 Frontal Lobe (R) Inferior Frontal Gyrus 47 FT9 -50 -6 -36 Temporal Lobe (L) Inferior Temporal Gyrus 20 FT7 -54 2 -8 Temporal Lobe (L) Superior Temporal Gyrus 22 FC5 -56 4 22 Frontal Lobe (L) Precentral Gyrus 6 FC3 -44 6 48 Frontal Lobe (L) Middle Frontal Gyrus 6 FC1 -22 6 64 Frontal Lobe (L) Middle Frontal Gyrus 6 FCz 4 6 66 Frontal Lobe (R) Medial Frontal Gyrus 6 FC2 28 8 60 Frontal Lobe (R) Sub-Gyral 6 FC4 48 8 42 Frontal Lobe (R) Middle Frontal Gyrus 6 FC6 58 6 16 Frontal Lobe (R) Inferior Frontal Gyrus 44 FT8 54 2 -12 Temporal Lobe (R) Superior Temporal Gyrus 38 FT10 50 -6 -38 Temporal Lobe (R) Inferior Temporal Gyrus 20 T7/T3 -
The Neuromodulatory Basis of Emotion
1 The Neuromodulatory Basis of Emotion Jean-Marc Fellous Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California The Neuroscientist 5(5):283-294,1999. The neural basis of emotion can be found in both the neural computation and the neuromodulation of the neural substrate mediating behavior. I review the experimental evidence showing the involvement of the hypothalamus, the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex in emotion. For each of these structures, I show the important role of various neuromodulatory systems in mediating emotional behavior. Generalizing, I suggest that behavioral complexity is partly due to the diversity and intensity of neuromodulation and hence depends on emotional contexts. Rooting the emotional state in neuromodulatory phenomena allows for its quantitative and scientific study and possibly its characterization. Key Words: Neuromodulation, Emotion, Affect, Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Prefrontal the behavior1 that this substrate mediates. The Introduction neuromodulation of 'cognitive centers' results in phenomena pertaining to emotional influences of The scientific study of the neural basis of cognitive processing. Neuromodulations of memory emotion is an active field of experimental and structures explain the influence of emotion on theoretical research (See (1,2) for reviews). Partly learning and recall; the neuromodulation of specific because of a lack of a clear definition (should it reflex pathways explains the influence of the exists) of what emotion is, and probably because of emotional state on elementary motor behaviors, and its complexity, it has been difficult to offer a so forth... neuroscience framework in which the influence of The instantaneous pattern of such modulations emotion on behavior can be studied in a (i.e. -
Brain Anatomy
BRAIN ANATOMY Adapted from Human Anatomy & Physiology by Marieb and Hoehn (9th ed.) The anatomy of the brain is often discussed in terms of either the embryonic scheme or the medical scheme. The embryonic scheme focuses on developmental pathways and names regions based on embryonic origins. The medical scheme focuses on the layout of the adult brain and names regions based on location and functionality. For this laboratory, we will consider the brain in terms of the medical scheme (Figure 1): Figure 1: General anatomy of the human brain Marieb & Hoehn (Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9th ed.) – Figure 12.2 CEREBRUM: Divided into two hemispheres, the cerebrum is the largest region of the human brain – the two hemispheres together account for ~ 85% of total brain mass. The cerebrum forms the superior part of the brain, covering and obscuring the diencephalon and brain stem similar to the way a mushroom cap covers the top of its stalk. Elevated ridges of tissue, called gyri (singular: gyrus), separated by shallow groves called sulci (singular: sulcus) mark nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres. Deeper groves, called fissures, separate large regions of the brain. Much of the cerebrum is involved in the processing of somatic sensory and motor information as well as all conscious thoughts and intellectual functions. The outer cortex of the cerebrum is composed of gray matter – billions of neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons arranged in six discrete layers. Although only 2 – 4 mm thick, this region accounts for ~ 40% of total brain mass. The inner region is composed of white matter – tracts of myelinated axons. -
Brain and Central Nervous System
ANATOMIC DRAWINGS OF THE BRAIN AND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Cerebral cortex C T H C = Corpus collosum H = Hypothalamus Pons T = Thalamus Medulla Cerebellum Spinal cord SAGITTAL CUT THROUGH THE BRAIN AND BRAIN STEM SEER Summary Staging Manual - 2000 263 ANATOMIC DRAWINGS OF THE BRAIN AND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 2 1 3 4 7 5 8 6 SAGITTAL CUT THROUGH THE HUMAN HEAD WITH CEREBRUM IN PLACE The cerebrum is comprised of the: 1 Frontal lobe 2 Parietal lobe 3 Temporal lobe 4 Occipital lobe Other parts of the brain include: 5 Pons 6 Medulla (oblongata) 7 Cerebellum 8 Tentorium (cerebelli) 264 SEER Summary Staging Manual - 2000 ANATOMIC DRAWINGS OF THE BRAIN AND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM A B C D E 7 5 6 8 F SAGITTAL CUT THROUGH THE HUMAN HEAD Internal anatomy of the brain: A Inner surface of right hemisphere of cerebrum B Corpus callosum C Velum interpositum D Middle commissure E Third ventricle F Fourth ventricle Other parts of the brain (as on previous drawing): 5 Pons 6 Medulla (oblongata) 7 Cerebellum 8 Tentorium (cerebelli) SEER Summary Staging Manual - 2000 265 BRAIN AND CEREBRAL MENINGES C70.0, C71.0-C71.9 Supratentorial (S) or Infratentorial (I) C70.0 Cerebral meninges C71.0 Cerebrum ? (S) C71.1 Frontal lobe (S) C71.2 Temporal lobe (S) C71.3 Parietal lobe (S) C71.4 Occipital lobe (S) C71.5 Ventricle, NOS (S) C71.6 Cerebellum, NOS (I) C71.7 Brain stem (I) C71.8 Overlapping lesion of brain ? C71.9 Brain, NOS ? ?See Note 1. SUMMARY STAGE 1 Localized only Supratentorial tumor confined to: Cerebral hemisphere (cerebrum) or meninges of cerebral hemisphere